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UNJvIM YNPcRN HJ 1 QH BSvIH^bPH QH 1__#' cSM HJ SbjHtIvS QH bPIMQNP HQOcNcI-M N JN
FSbJNcI-M QHJ cSPPH\I^IHMtS QH SNM /PIst-bNJ' IMIcINMQS cSM JSs MIvHJHs QH ]PHZ
jNPQRM' jNPQRM' & ]PI^HPS QH ]PI^NPIN tHMIHMQS cS^S TIJSsSTRN /S^]JH^HMtNP JN
;NbSP QHJ KS\NP' TNvSPHcHP JSs ]PScHsSs QH QHsNPPSJJS' ]PS]IcINP JN TSP^NcI-M
IMtH\PNJ' H IMtHP]PHtNP JSs vNJSPHs cOJtOPNJHs & JN `IstSPIN QH JN cS^OMIQNQ.=J
MS^bPH sOP\I- QHJ ]HMsNP OMN IMstItOcI-M aOH JS\PNPRN PHOMIP QHsQH HJ MIvHJ QH
]PHHscSJNP `NstN JN bsIcN sHcOMQNPIN QNMQS cO^]JI^IHMtS NJ QHcPHtS 18b6 QHJ X QH
N\SstS QH 1__# sSbPH JN cSMtIMOIQNQ QH JN HQOcNcI-M.=J /=@ UOcNPHJJ& sH cSMstItO&H
HMtSMcHs QHsQH OMN ]HPs]HctIvN SScISZ]SJRtIcN' PHcSMScIHMQS JN MHcHsIQNQ QH TSP^NP
MS sSJS QHsQH JS NcNQc^IcS sIMS tN^bIcM QHsQH JS ]HPsSMNJ' sScINJ & cOJtOPNJ'
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]PHsHMcIN cSMtIMON QH MIeSs & MIeNs ]HPtHMHcIHMtHs N JN GOMQNcI-M' OM sH\OMQS
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cSPPH\I^IHMtS & JO\NPHs NJHQNeSs N cstH.FNPN HJ NeS W66_ sH cSMtIMON cSM tPHs
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cOJtOPNJ' ]SJRtIcS' TN^IJINP & HQOcNtIvSk.FC=Y?BD< FC0U;=8<D@L<>0C</-^S
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cHMtPNJ JN OtIJIgNcI-M QH ^NtHPINJHs PHcIcJNbJHs cS^S `HPPN^IHMtN ]NPN HJ
HstR^OJS QHJ ]HMsN^IHMtS & JN Hh]PHsI-M QH H^ScISMHs QH ^NMHPN cPHNtIvN HM JN
]PI^HPN IMTNMcIN. =SF=/@G@/0S FSsIbIJItNP N JSs MIeSs & MIeNs QH JSs `S\NPHs
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QH QITHPHMtHs ^NtHPINJHs PHOtIJIgNbJHs aOH ]OHQNM QHsNPPSJJNP JN cPHNtIvIQNQ N
tPNvcs QH JSs JHM\ONjHs Hh]PHsIvSs. FPS]SMHP Hs]NcISs ]NPN JN Hh]PHsI-M NOt-MS^N
QH JSs MIeSs & MIeNs .. HM HJ ^S^HMtS QH cPHNP PS^]IHMQS HsaOH^Ns & ]SsIbIJItNMQS
MOHvNs cPHNZcISMHs sIM bSsaOHjSs QHtHP^IMNQSs ]HP^ItIHMQS QHsNPPSJJNP JN
cPHNtIvIQNQ. FSsIbIJItNP OM N^bIHMtH QH IMs]IPNcI-M & NPtH aOH ]HP^ItN aOH JSs
MIeSs & MIeNs Hh]HPI^HMtHM & cPHHM SbPNs QH NPtH cSM ^NtHPINJHs PHcIcJNbJHs. /PHNP
^NtHPINJHs JmQIcSs ]HQN\-\IcSs ]SP ^HQIS QH JN Hh]PHsI-M ]JstIcN ]NPN I^]JH^HMtNP
HM JSs `S\NPHs cS^OMItNPISs' JSs cONJHs ]HP^ItIPM HJ QHsNPPSJJS IMtH\PNJ QH JSs
IMTNMtHs. CHcSMScHP & N]SPtNP HJH^HMtSs aOH cONJITIaOHM HJ PSJ aOH QHsH^]HeN JN
^NQPH cS^OMItNPIN ]NPN SbtHMHP PHsOJtNQSs ]SsItIvSs HM HJ tPNbNjS NPtRstIcS QH JSs
IMTNMtHs' ]NPtIHMQS cS^S `HPPN^IHMtN HJ ^NtHPINJ PHcIcJNbJH.@BDC0>?//@AB=J NPtH `N
sIQS QHsQH sIH^]PH OMN TOMcI-M HsHMcINJ QHJ `S^bPH' tNMtS ]NPN HJ IMQIvIQOS cS^S
tN^bIcM ]NPN JNs sScIHQNQHs' &N aOH ]SP ^HQIS QH JNs Hh]PHsISMHs NPtRstIcNs sH MSs
]HP^ItH OM IMtHPcN^bIS cSMstNMtH cSM tSQS NaOHJJS aOH MSs PSQHN =s \PNcINs N JN
]NJNbPN' HJ JHM\ONjH cSP]SPNJ' JN I^N\HM & JN ^msIcN aOH ]SQH^Ss tPNQOcIP '
HMtHMQHP' cS^OMIcNP' tPNMsTSP^NP & ^SstPNP MOHstPSs sHMtI^IHMtSs &
]HMsN^IHMtSs. UNsNQS HM 7NPtH ]NPN MIeSs.cS^7 ;N MHcHsIQNQ QH cS^OMIcNPsH Hs OMN
cNPNctHPRstIcN QHJ sHP `O^NMS & JN ^NMHPN cS^S JS JS\PH^Ss Hs JS aOH IQHMtITIcN
cS^S IMQIvIQOS' ]SP HJJS Hs I^]SPtNMtH SPIHMtNP N JSs MIeSs & MIeNs QHsQH tH^]PNMN
HQNQ IMcHMtIvNPJS JN HQOcNcI-M NPtRstIcN' ]OHstS aOH N tPNvcs QH JSs Hs]NcISs'
`NbIJIQNQHs S NJ\S aOH N]SPtH JN HQ NPtRstIcN cS^]JHtNP sH ]OHQHM cS^OMIcNP
Hh]PHsNMQS sOs IQHNs' ]HMsN^IHMtSs & MHcHsIQNQHsi QH HstN ^NMHPN sH bPIMQN JNs
`HPPN^IHMtNs N ..]NPN aOH cPHHM sO ]PS]IS ^OMQS QH ]NJNbPNs' sSMIQSs' cSJSPHs'
TSP^Ns' Hh]HPIHMcINs & sHMtI^IHMtSs & HM HstH cNsS' cSM HJ OsS QH ^NtHPINJHs Htc.
=s ]SP HstS aOH sH ]PHtHMQH cSM HJ ]PS&HctS CHcIcJ<PtH tPNMsTSP^NP HJ ]HMsN^IHMtS
QH ^NQPHs cS^OMItNPINs' MIeSs & MIeNs NcHPcN QH JN OtIJIgNcI-M QH ^NtHPINJHs
PHcIcJNbJHs' aOH ]HP^ItNM Hh]HPI^HMtNP QH NJ\mM O StPS ^SQS' HJ QHsNPPSJJS QH JN
cPHNtIvIQNQ QH JSs IMTNMtHs' JJHvMQSJSs N sO vHg N ]PS]SMHP MOHvNs IQHNs ]NPN
cPHNP SbPNs QH NPtH aOH MS tHM\NM MIM\OMN IMtHPvHMcI-M QH OM NQOJtS. >@<YBASD@/0
=M JN ?F< j?MIQNQ ]HQN\-\IcN QH N]S&Sk ObIcNQN HM HJ bNPPIS /NstIJJN'
]HPtHMHcIHMtH N JN cS^OMN d QH JN cIOQNQ QH 8HQHJJRM' sH HMcOHMtPNM # `S\NPHs
cS^OMItNPISs j;OMN vHPQH' FIcN]IHQPNs' BIeSs NJH\PHs & =J HMcNMtSk cSM OM tStNJ QH
dW MIeSs & MIeNs aOH PHs]SMQHM N JN HQNQ QH 1 N d NeS: HM JSs cONJHs sH
IQHMtITIcN ]ScN cN]NcIQNQ QH NtHMcI-M & ]NPtIcI]NcI-M HM JNs QITHPHMtHs
NctIvIQNQHs' PHTJHjNQN HM sO cS^]SPtN^IHMtS & sO cN]NcIQNQ QH NtHMcI-M HM JNs
NctIvIQNQHs ]HQN\-\IcNs sOs cN]NcIQNQHs cPHNtIvNs sSM \OINQNs ]SP JNs ^NQPHs
cS^OMItNPINs' tHMIHMQS cS^S PHsOJtNQS ]ScN PHs]OHstN N JN `SPN QH cPHNP SbPNs
NPtRstIcNs' =M JN SbsHPvNcI-M QINPIN' aOH sH PHNJIgN QHsQH JN TOMcI-M QHJ QScHMtH
HM JNs QITHPHMtHs NctIvIQNQHs HjHcOtNQNs ]SP JSs MIeSs & MIeNs Hs ^O& TcIJ
IQHMtITIcNP aOH JSs MIeSs QH JN ?F< HstM NTHctNQSs ]SP OMN PHNJIQNQ sScINJ
jvISJHMcIN' ]SbPHgN' ^NJtPNtS TN^IJINPk' aOH JHs tPNMsTSP^N sO sHMtIP' ]HMsNP &
sSeNP cS^S MIeSs QH tNM cSPtN HQNQ. FSP HstN PNg-M sH ]PHtHMQH IMtHPvHMIP ]SP
^HQIS QHJ NPtH ]NPN JN ]PSQOccI-M QH Hh]HPIHMcINs sI\MITIcNtIvNs aOH ^StIvNM N OM
cSMScI^IHMtS' OtIJIgNMQS ^NtHPINJHs PHcIcJNbJHs aOH sH HMcOHMtPHM HM JSs QITHPHMtHs
Hs]NcISs cStIQINMSs cS^S ]N]HJ' tObSs' tN]Ns' PHvIstNs Htc' aOH NbPH JN S]SPtOMIQNQ
QH sSeNP' tPNMsTSP^NP' cPHNP & cPHHP HM OM ^OMQS ^\IcS QITHPHMtH. ;Ns
NctIvIQNQHs NPtRstIcNs cOHMtNM cSM OMN NcS\IQN NOM ^N&SP' ]OHstS aOH N tPNvcs QH
HJJNs JSs IMTNMtHs sH vOHJvHM ^s PHcH]tIvSs & sH QHsNPPSJJN ^s sOs QIs]SsItIvSs
bsIcSs QHJ N]PHMQIgNjH cS^S JN ^StIvNcI-M & JN NtHMcI-M JNs cONJHs sSM
QHtHP^IMNMtHs ]NPN sO ]PScHsS QH N]PHMQIgNjH & TSP^NcI-M IMtH\PNJ' ]HP^ItIHMQS N sO
vHg QHsNPPSJJNP ^s sO cN]NcIQNQ QH sScINJIgNcI-M cSM sOs ]NPHs & N\HMtHs
HQOcNtIvSs QH OMN ^NMHPN cPHNtIvN & NsHPtIvN. l?SD@G@/</@AB=J ]PHsHMtH FPS&HctS
QHMS^IMNQS: CHcIcJ<CD= ' sOP\H QH JSs IMtHPHsHs & ]HPcH]cISMHs QH JNs 8NQPHs
MIeSs & MIeNs QH JSs QITHPHMtHs `S\NPHs cS^OMItNPISs JSs cONJHs `NcHM ]NPtH QH JN
?F< #' aOIHMHs QOPNMtH cNQN OMN QH JNs jSPMNQNs ]HQN\-\IcNs bPIMQNPSM NJ N\HMtH
HQOcNtIvS N]SPtHs QH ^NMHPN IMQIvIQONJ' tSQSs HJJSs NJOsIvSs HM HstN ScNsI-M N JSs
QIvHPsSs cPHNcISMHs aOH sH PHNJIgNPSM QOPNMtH JNs jSPMNQNs ]HQN\-\IcNs. FNPN JJH\NP
N HstN cSMcJOsI-M sH NMNJIgNPSM cNQN OMN QH JNs c]sOJNs QHJ sNbHP JNs cONJHs sSM
]PH\OMtNs S N]SPtHs aOH PHNJIgNM JSs IMTNMtHs QH NcOHPQS N sOs IMtHPHsHs &
]HPcH]cISMHs' HstNs ]HP^ItIHPSM IMtH\PNP JSs cSMScI^IHMtSs JJHvMQSMSs N NbSPQNP JN
tH^tIcN &N ^HMcISMNQN./NbH NMStNP aOH HJ FPS&HctS' sOP\H QHsQH OMN ^IPNQN QScHMtH
& HJ IMtHPcs QH OtIJIgNP ^NtHPINJHs aOH MS sSM tHMIQSs HM cOHMtN ]NPN HJ QHsNPPSJJS
cPHNtIvS QH JSs IMTNMtHs cS^S HJ ^NtHPINJ PHcIcJNbJH. ;N cSMstNMtH IMtHPNccI-M
HMtPH ^NQPHs cS^OMItNPINs' N\HMtH HQOcNtIvS & JSs MIeSs & JNs MIeNs' ]HP^ItIHPSM
cSMScHP
HstH `NJJNg\S tSQS HstS N tPNvcs QH JSs ^S^HMtSs ]HQN\-\IcSs vIvHMcINQSs HM JN
?MIQNQ FHQN\-\IcN QH <]S&S j?F<k JSs QRNs ^NPtHs & HM JSs PHs]HctIvS KS\NP
/S^OMItNPIS JSs QRNs jOHvHs & vIHPMHs N tPNvcs QH vIsItNs & NsHsSPRNs tHJHT-MIcNs'
QH N`R JN I^]SPtNMcIN HMtPH HstNs PHJNcISMHs' &N aOH bIHM HMcN^IMNQNs ]PS^OHvHM N
MOHvNs Hh]HPIHMcINs' N tPNvcs QH sOs Hh]HctNtIvNs.FNPN QNP PHs]OHstN N JNs
MHcHsIQNQHs H IMtHPHsHs aOH ]PS]SMHM JSs IMTNMtHs' sH cPHN HMtSMcHs OMN ]PS]OHstN
]HQN\-\IcN QH IMtHPvHMcI-M' cS^S HstPNtH\IN ]NPN vIvIP ^s QH cHPcN JN PHNJIQNQ aOH
HJJSs & HJJNs PHaOIHPHM cS^]PHMQHP' ]SP HstS cSM JN I^]JH^HMtNcI-M QH ^NtHPINJ
PHcIcJNbJH' IMstPO^HMtSs QIQctIcSs' NPtRstIcSs' JmQIcSs & cPHNtIvSs. FSP HstN
PNg-M sH ]PHtHMQH IMtHPvHMIP ]SP ^HQIS QHJ NPtH ]NPN JN ]PSQOccI-M QH Hh]HPIHMcINs
sI\MITIcNtIvNs aOH ^StIvNM N OM cSMScI^IHMtS' aOH NbPH JN S]SPtOMIQNQ QH sSeNP'
tPNMsTSP^NP' cPHNP & cPHHP HM OM ^OMQS ^\IcS QITHPHMtH. ;Ns NctIvIQNQHs
NPtRstIcNs cOHMtNM cSM OMN NcS\IQN NOM ^N&SP' ]OHstS aOH sSM ]ScNs & sSM tS^NQNs
cS^S HJH^HMtSs MS ^O& sI\MITIcNtIvSs HM HJ ]PScHsS QH HQOcNcI-M QH JSs MIeSs & JNs
MIeNs HM JN ]PI^HPN IMTNMcIN. =J ]PS]-sItS HsHMcINJ Hs aOH JNs ]SbJNcISMHs
IMvSJOcPNQNs jBIeNs & MIeNsk' PHcSMSgcNM H IQHMtITIaOHM JN I^]SPtNMcIN QH
PHOtIJIgNP ^NtHPINJHs QH JN cStIQINMIQNQ & QH cS^S ]PS]SMHP MOHvNs IQHNs cPHNtIvNs
H IMMSvNQSPNs sIM JN sO]HPvIsI-M QH OM NQOJtS' aOH `NcHP cSM HJ cSM NJ\OMNs
bNsOPNs. /OJHs sSM JSs ^NtHPINJHs aOH sH OtIJIgNPN.' tSQS HstS ^HQINMtH
NctIvIQNQHs QH Hh]JSPNcI-M & QH IMtHPNccI-M cSMstNMtH cSM sOs ]NPHs' NQH^s QH JN
OtIJIgNcI-M QH MOHvSs HJH^HMtSs cPHNtIvSs ]NPN ]StHMcINP HstN tH^tIcN.SH `NcH
I^]SPtNMtH PHsNJtNP aOH JSs cSMScI^IHMtSs ]PHvISs sHPM QH \PNM N&OQN QOPNMtH tSQN
JN HjHcOcI-M QHJ ]PHsHMtH ]PS&HctS' ]OHs bPIMQNPM OMN `HPPN^IHMtN TOMQN^HMtNJ ]NPN
tPNgNP & ]PS]SMHP MOHvSs sNbHPHs aOH sHNM QH IMtHPcs & aOH JH QHM ]NPtIcI]NcI-M
NctIvN N cNQN OMN QH JNs HstPNtH\INs aOH sH JH JJH\OHM N ]PS]SMHP.DHMIHMQS HM
cOHMtN HJ QIN\M-stIcS ]JNMtHNQS' Hs ]PI^SPQINJ PHcSPQNP NJ\OMSs QH JSs
IMtHPPS\NMtHs & N]SPtHs aOH TOHPSM ^s sI\MITIcNtIvSs QOPNMtH JNs jSPMNQNs
]HQN\-\IcNs & aOH cPHNPSM cIHPtN cOPISsIQNQ: FPSTH ' aOH ]SQH^Ss `NcHP cSM HstN
bStHJJN.' 1aOIHPS ]IMtNP JN TJSP MH\PN ]HPS ^I ]PSTH QIjS aOH QH cSJSP PSjS'
FPSTH: ]NPN aOH sSM HstNs tN]ItNs' `N& ^H sNJI- sNM\PH N^NPIJJN HMtPH StPSs <]SPtHs
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PHNJIgNP OMN NccI-M. .=M HJ ]PHsHMtH tPNbNjS QH IMvHstI\NcI-M' sH PHtS^N NJ\OMNs
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STPHcH.=J HMTSaOH sH QN HM cNQN MIeS' MS NIsJNQN^HMtH' sIMS' HM cSMjOMtS cSM StPSs
MIeSs' cSM JN TN^IJIN' cSM JSs ]PSTHsSPHs' cSM HJ N^bIHMtH HscSJNP' cSM JN
cS^OMIQNQ & HJ PHstS QH JN sScIHQNQ. <aOR sH cPHH aOH HJ bIHMHstNP QHJ MIeS QHbH
HstNP \NPNMtIgNQS ]NPN aOH ]OHQN N]PHMQHP. >HbHM tN^bIcM cSMScHPsH JSs QHPHc`Ss QHJ
MIeS MS sSJS sOs MHcHsIQNQHs' JN]NPtIcI]NcI-M QH JSs ]NQPHs Hs HsHMcINJ & sH ]OHQH
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QRN ^s jsOs cS^]HtHMcINs ]PSTHsISMNJHsk QNMQS JO\NP N JN PHTJHhI-M QH sOs
]HMsN^IHMtSs' ]PSvScNMQS cN^bISs HM JNs NccISMHs.=stNs HscOHJNs MS tIHMH cOPPRcOJS
MI ]PS\PN^NcISMHs' ]HPS JSs bOscNM tPNMsTSP^MQSJSs HM StPN cSsN' vIvIHMQS cSM JSs
MIeSs' tPNbNjNMQS cSM JN cHPtHgN' JN IMcHPtIQO^bPH & cSM JS MOHvS. ;N I\MSPNMcIN Hs
JN aOH JSs I^]OJsN N IMvHstI\NP ]NPtIHMQS QH JNs IQHNs' sO\HPHMcINs' IMtHPPS\NMtHs
& ]PSbJH^Ns aOH sOP\HM QH JSs MIeSs.FNPN aOH tSQS HstS sHN ]SsIbJH sH `N QH cPHNP
OM N^bIHMtH QH cSMTINMgN & sH\OPIQNQ HMtPH HJ NQOJtS & HJ MIeS.;Ss ]PS&HctSs sH
bNsNM HM Hh]HPIHMcINs' gSMNs cSMtI\ONs' OM tNJJHP QH NPtH S NtHJIHP' aOH cSMtIHMH
OMN \PNM vNPIHQNQ QH ^NtHPINJHs PHOtIJIgNbJHs ' `HPPN^IHMtNs & PHcOPsSs OsNQSs ]SP
tSQSs JSs MIeSs & ^NHstPSs ]NPN Hh]JSPNP' Hh]PHsNP & cPHNP ]HMsN^IHMtSs' OM NOJN QH
^msIcN' StPN ]NPN NPc`IvS' OM PHN QH ]sIcS^StPIcIQNQ & PHNs vHPQHs.
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HM JSs IMTNMtHs JN cSMcIHMcIN sSbPH cOIQNP HJ ^HQIS N^bIHMtH & N sO vHg JSs
IMcHMtIvN N cPHNP MOHvNs TSP^Ns QH IMtHPvPMIP HM HstSs ^NtHPINJHs' Hs ]SP HstS
PHJHvNMtH tHMHP HM cOHMtN aOH HJ PHcIcJNjH Hs OMN TSP^N QH sS^HtHP N OM ^NtHPINJ
OsNQS ]SP OM ]PScHsS ]NPN OsNPJS MOHvN^HMtH & NQH^s sNcNPJH ]PSvHc`S. =J PHcIcJNjH
Hs OMN QH JNs TSP^Ns ^Ns ]PNctIcNs QH PHMSvNP JNs cSsNs & HM tSQNs ]NPtHs ]SQH^Ss
HMcSMtPNP HstSs ^NtHPINJHs./SM PHs]HctS N JS NbSPQNQS' cSMvIHMH QIstIM\OIP JSs
cSMcH]tSs QH JSs NOtSPHs aOH QNM PHs]OHstN N JNs cNtH\SPRNs QH NMJIsIs HhIstHMtHs'
bNsMQSsH IMIcINJ^HMtH HM JSs JHM\ONjHs Hh]PHsIvSs' sH\mM JS IMQN\NQS HstSs
]HP^ItHM I^]JH^HMtNP JN JmQIcN & HJ jOH\S' cS^S HjHs QHJ QHsNPPSJJS HM JN ]PI^HPN
IMTNMcIN' sH ]JNMtHN cS^S ^HtSQSJS\RN JN I^]JH^HMtNcI-M QH JSs JHM\ONjHs
Hh]PHsIvSs' cS^S OMN TSP^N QH N]PHMQHP' Hh]JSPNP' Hh]PHsNP & vIvHMcINP. ;N cONJ'
PHs]HtN NJ MIeS & JN MIeN' HM sOs PIt^Ss & Hs]NcISs' \OstSs' cN]NcIQNQHs &
]StHMcINJIQNQHs & JH ]HP^ItH cPHcHP cS^S ]HPsSMN & QHsNPPSJJNP JNs `HPPN^IHMtNs
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HMcOHMtPS TSP^N^Ss N tPNvcs QHJ NPtH' HJ jOH\S' JN cPHNtIvIQNQ' HJ ^SvI^IHMtS & sO
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PHJHvNMtHs: JN NctIvIQNQ cSMstPOctIvN & JN IMtHPNccI-M cSM JSs StPSs. SH\mM >NvIQ
<OsObHJ' HstH N]PHMQIgNjH sH PHTIHPH N aOH HJ ]PScHsS QH cSMstPOccI-M QH
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^Is^S MNQIH ]SQP sO]JIP NJ QScHMtH HM sO tNPHN QH SPIHMtNP & PSQHNP NJ HstOQINMtH
QH sItONcISMHs ]PS]IcINs ]NPN ]StHMcINP sO QHsNPPSJJS QH OM N^bIHMtH cNP\NQS QH
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