WORD FORMATION (tin t, hu t, v cc dng kt h!

i vi bi tp v ng vng nh WORD FORMATION (to ra 1 t phi sinh th 1 t

cho sn) nu vn t chng ta hn ch th chng ta c th ... "don v din". on
bng cch no? Bng cch hoc so qua cc tin t (tip du ng), hu t (tip vi ng)
hoc cc dng kt hop trong ting Anh. Khng ch dng li don, chng ta s c
th to ra nhng t mi mt cch t tin hon.
a-
Cch dng: ph dinh t di sau hoc gc t di sau.
V du: atypical, apolitical, asocial, aseptic, asexual = khng din hnh, phi chnh tri,
khng mang tnh cht x hi, v trng, v tnh.
-able
Cch dng 1: Kt hop vi dng t d to tnh t. Ting Vit thng dich l d...,
dng..., c th ... doc, kh...
Cch vit:
1. T tn cng l e th b e trc khi thm able (c 1 s ngoi l). ee th khng b
2. T tn cng l ate th b ate di trc khi thm able.
V du: lovable, enjoyable, readable, breakable, differentiable, desirable, notable =
dng yu (d thong), th vi, d doc (doc doc), d v, (Ton) kh vi, dng ao c,
dng ch .
Ch : mt s t c thay di cch pht m so vi t gc (v do d du nhn cng
chy di ch khc). Cc bc chiu kh tra t din.
prefer - preferrable
compare - comparable
Cch dng 2: kt hop vi danh t d to tnh t.
Cch vit: t tn cng l y th b y.
V du: comfortable, miserable, honorable = thoi mi, dau kh, dng knh
-ability
Cch dng: kt hop vi tnh t -able d tr thnh danh t.
V du: lovability, ability, differentiability, readability
Ch :
1. unable --> inability, unstable --> instability.
2. du nhn lun ability
-ant
Cch dng 1: vi dng t --> danh t ch ngi thc hin hnh dng
Cch vit: nh -able
V du: accountant, servant, combatant, assistant, assailant = k tan, k hu, ngi
tham chin (bn tham chin), tro t, k tn cng
Ch : confidant l ngi doc ngi ta tm s ch ko phi l ngi tm s.
Cch dng 2: vi dng t --> danh t ch vt c chc nng m dng t m t
V du: deodorant (nghi doc c 1 ci ) = cht kh mi
Cch dng 3: vi danh t --> tnh t lin quan
V du: combatant, tolerant = thuc v dnh nhau, kin nhn (bit chiu dng)
-ance
Cch dng: vi dng t (thng l tn cng -ant) --> danh t lin quan
V du: performance, tolerance, entrance, assistance = cuc trnh din, s chiu dng,
li vo, s gip d
anti-
Cch dng: kt hop vi hu ht danh t d to tnh t c nghia l "chng, chn,
ngn" hay "ngoc li"
V du: anti-Bush, anti-terrorist, anti-goverment, anti-war, anti-clockwise = chng
Bush, chng khng b, chng chin tranh, ngoc chiu kim dng h.
ante-
Cch dng: trong tnh t, nghia l "trc", tin t tri nghia l post- (sau)
V du: ante-war (tin chin), post-war (hu chin)
Sino-
Cch dng: nghia l "thuc v Trung Quc, lin quan ti Trung Quc, v pha Trung
Quc"
V du: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit - Trung), Sino-Japanese War (chin
tranh Trung - Nht), Sino-Soviet (X - Trung)
Ch : cc tin t sau c nghia tong t: Filipino- (Philppin), Anglo- (Anh),
Hispano- (Ty Ban Nha), Indo- (n ), v.v.
========================================
aero-
Cch dng: xut hin trong nhng t c nghia l "khng trung, bng dng khng"
V du: aerodrome (sn bay), aerodynamic (kh dng lc), aeronaut (phi hnh gia),
aeroengines (dng co my bay), aerograph (biu d dng hng khng)
-age
- Cch dng 1: Kt hop vi dng t d to thnh danh t lin quan
- VD: assemblage (s tp hop), blockage (s tc nghn), shortage (s thiu hut),
seepage (s r qua), shrinkage (s co li), wreckage (s d nt, dng d nt),
storage (s tn tr)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch don vi do lng d to thnh danh t mi. Danh t
ny ni dn khong long
- VD: mileage (tng s dm d di), poundage (long cn), tonnage (trong ti tnh
bng tn. Cars with high mileage should not be driven. = Xe chy nhiu mile ri
khng nn chy na (= nn mua xe mi )
agro-
- Trong cc t c nghia l "dt" hay "nng nghip"
- VD: agrochemical (ha cht trong nng nghip), agronomy (nng hoc), agrology
(th nhng hoc)
-aholic, -oholic
- Kt hop vi danh t d to danh t mi nghia l "ngi nghin"
- VD: chocoholic (ngi nghin scla), workaholic (ngi ham lm vic), shopaholic
(ngi hay mua sm), cashaholic (k hm tin), bookaholic (k mot sch)
- Ch : nhng t ny xut hin nhiu trn bo ch, tra t din cha chc c.
anthrop-
- Trong cc t c nghia l "ngi, con ngi"
- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hoc), philanthropic (nhn dc, phi- c nghia l "tt,
hay, t t")
aqua-
- Trong cc t c nghia l "nc"
- VD: aqualung (bnh hoi tho ln), aquarium (h c cnh)
arch-
- Cch dng 1: Kt hop vi cc danh t ch tc vi trong gii qu tc hoc gio hi
d to danh t mi ch ngi c dia vi cao nht, c nghia l "tng, di"
- VD: archbishop (tng gim muc), archduke (di cng tc), archangel (tng lnh
thin thn)
- Cch dng 2: kt hop vi danh t d tuyt di ha danh t d
- VD: arch-enemy (k th khng di tri chung), arch-rival (di th s mt), arch-
traitor (k phn phc), arch-villain (tn cn d khn nn), arch-exploiter (k bc lt
qu sc)
-archy
- Trong cc t c nghia l "s cai tri" hoc "chnh ph"
- VD: anarchy (tnh trng v chnh ph), matriarchy (ch d mu h, matr- c nghia
l "me, mu"), patriarchy (ch d phu h, patr- c nghia l "cha, phu")
astr-
- Trong cc t c nghia l "sao, ngi sao" hoc "khng gian"
- VD: astrology (chim tinh), astronaut (nh du hnh), astrophysics (vt l khng
gian), astronomy (thin vn hoc)
-based
- Cch dng 1: Kt hop vi danh t d thnh tnh t. Tnh t ny din t mt s vt
m thnh phn quan trong v ni bt l danh t gc.
- VD: acid-based powder (bt c thnh phn chnh l axt), coal-based industrial
economy (kinh t cng nghip da vo khai thc than l chnh), market-based (theo
thi trng), computer-based TOEFL (TOEFL thi trn my tnh, tri vi paper-based l
thi trn giy)
-Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch noi chn d to tnh t. Tnh t ny din t s vic
doc t chc hoc xut x t noi d. Ting Vit dich nm na l "..."
- VD: British-based engineering group (nhm co kh Anh), home-based industry
(nn cng nghip sn xut t gia), Reuters is the London-based news agency
(Reuters l 1 hng thng tn dt ti London), ground-based telescopes (knh thin
vn dt trn mt dt)
bi-
- Cch dng 1: Trong cc t c nghia l "hai, di, song"
- VD: bifocals (knh 2 trng), bilateral (song phong), bigamy (ch d song phu hoc
song th), bilingual (song ng)
- Cch dng 2: kt hop vi 1 tn s thi gian d ch "bao lu hai ln"
- VD: , bi-monthly (mt thng 2 ln), bi-weekly (1 tun 2 ln).
- Ghi ch: bit doc nghia ca bi- gip ta phn bit doc biannual (1 nm 2 ln) v
biennial (2 nm 1 ln)
bio-
- Trong cc t c nghia l "sinh vt, di sng, s sng" hay "thuc v sinh hoc"
- VD: biology (sinh hoc), antibiotics (thuc khng sinh), biochemical (ha sinh),
biochip (con chip sinh hoc), biography (tiu s), symbiotic (cng sinh, sym- c nghia
"dng, cng")
cardio-
- VD: cardioid (hnh tim), cardiac (thuc v tim), cardiograph (my din tm d)
chron-
- Ch "thi gian"
- VD: chronicle (s bin nin), chronic (kinh nin), anachronistic (li thi)
-cide
- Trong cc danh t c nghia l "git"
- VD: homicide (ti git ngi), infanticide (ti git tr con), insecticide (thuc dit
cn trng), pesticide (thuc tr su), herbicide (thuc dit c), genocide (ti dit
chng)
circum-
- C nghia "vng quanh"
- VD: circumspect (thn trong, gc spect nghia l "nhn"), circumference (chu vi),
circumlocution (s quanh co)
co-
- C nghia "dng, cng"
- VD: co-author (dng tc gi), co-founder (dng sng lp vin), co-exist (cng tn
ti, tn ti song song)
counter-
- Vi dng t v danh t. C nghia "phn li, chng li, ngoc li"
- VD: counter-attack (phn cng), counterstrike (phn cng), counter-terrorism
(chng khng b), counterblow (c dm tr), counterfire (bn tr), counter-
productive (phn tc dung), counter-clockwise (ngoc chiu kim dng h)
- Ghi ch: anti- cng c nghia tong t nhng nhe hon. C ngi phn bit anti-
terrorism c nghia l "chng v quan dim m ko lm g", cn counter-terrorism c
nghia l "chng di km vi hnh dng (v lc chng hn)"
-craft
- Cch dng 1: vi danh t hoc hin ti phn t d to danh t mi. Danh t mi
ny ni v "phong tin di chuyn"
- VD: aircraft (my bay), hovercraft (thy phi co), landing-craft (tu d b),
spacecraft (tu khng gian)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t, nghia l "kh nng, ky nng, ky thut"
- VD: filmcraft (ky thut phim nh), bushcraft (ky thut chm bn cy cnh),
needlecraft (ky nng may v), witchcraft (ma thut, yu thut), woodcraft (ti di
rng; ngh mc), statecraft (s qun l nh nc)
cross-
- Cch dng 1: nghia l "xuyn, xuyn sut, xuyn qua"
- VD: a large cross-national survey (cuc thm d trn c nc), cross-border
(xuyn bin gii), cross-town (xuyn tnh thnh), cross-country (xuyn min dng
qu)
- Cch dng 2: nghia l "cho"
- VD: cross-reference (tra cu cho), cross-cultural study (cuc nghin cu v s
tong tc, ha nhp vn ha), cross-breed (ging lai cho)
crypto-
- Nghia l "ngm, b mt, cha duoc bit"
- VD: crypto-coalition (lin qun b mt), crypto-fascist (tn pht xt b mt), crypto-
democrat (dng vin dng Dn ch ngm)
-cy
- Cch dng 1: vi tnh t (thng tn cng l T)--> danh t lin quan ch "tnh
trng, trng thi".
- Cch vit: b T hay TE cui t gc trc
- VD: accuracy (s chnh xc), privacy (s ring t), dependency (s phu thuc),
infancy (la tui so sanh), proficiency (s tinh thng), hesitancy (s do d)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch "tc hiu, chc vu" hay
"ngh"
- VD: presidency (chc tng thng), accountancy (ngh k ton), piracy (ngh n
cp), bureaucracy (s quan liu), captaincy (bc di y), candidacy (s ng c)
de-
- CD1: Vi dng t --> dng t ch hnh dng di nghich li dng t gc
- VD: deactivate (v hiu ha), deallocate (t ny trong ngnh Tin, ko bit ),
decentralie (phn quyn v dia phong), decompress (bung nn), decontaminate
(kh nhim), decouple (tch ra), de-emphasie (khng nhn mnh), decolonie (tr
li dc lp), decongest (lm cho lu thng, ht tc nghn), dehydrate (loi nc)
- CD2: vi danh t --> "xa b, ty tr"
- VD: debug (tm v sa li), defrost (lm tan bng), descale (dnh vy), de-skill
(coi thng)
deca-
- Nghia l "mi, thp"
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), decahedron (khi thp din), decametre ( = 1
metres)
My ci ny gp trong don vi do lng hoi, chc ai cng bit --> khi ni na
demi-
- Nghia l "bn, 1 na"
- VD: demi-god (na ngi na thn), demi-world (na th gii)
derm-
- nghia l "da, b"
- VD: dermal (thuc da), dermatitis (vim da), dermatology (khoa da liu),
epidermis (lp biu b, epi c nghia l " trn, b mt")
dis-
- Vi danh t (c khi tnh t) hay dng t --> ch "s di nghich, tri ngoc"
- VD: disconnect, disagree (bt dng), disallow (ko cho fp), disarm (gii gip),
disband (gii tn), discredit (lm mt uy tn), disprove (phn chng, bc b),
disobey (ko nghe theo), dislike (ko thch), disadvantage (s bt loi), disorder (s ln
xn), disrespect (s bt knh), dissimilar (khc nhau)
-dom
- "Tnh trng, trng thi" (tru tong ha danh t hoc tnh t)
- VD: freedom, stardom (gii ngi sao), princedom (tc hong thn), wisdom (s
thng thi), martyrdom (s t v do)
dys-
- "khc thng, bnh hon, kh chiu"
- VD: dysfunction (ri lon), dysentery (bnh l), dystrophy (s yu co bp)
eco-
- Lin quan ti "mi sinh, sinh thi"
- VD: ecology (sinh thi hoc), ecosystem (h sinh thi), ecosphere (sinh quyn),
eco-disaster (thm hoa sinh thi)
-ectomy
- Vi danh t ch b phn co th, thng trong cc t y hoc, nghia l "phu thut ct
b" b phn m danh t gc d cp
- VD: appendectomy (PTCB rut tha), splenectomy (PTCB l lch), tonsillectomy
(PTCB amidan)
-ee
- Vi dng t --> danh t ch ngi nhn hnh dng d.
- VD: interviewee (ngi doc phng vn), trainee (thc tp vin), employee (nhn
vin), addressee (ngi nhn th), appointee (ngui doc b nhim), examinee (th
sinh)
- Ghi ch:
1. du nhn lun lun vn EE
2. tri nghia vi gc ny l ER (ngi thc hin hnh dng), VD: trainer, examiner,
interviewer, employer.
3. Vi 1 s dng t th li c nghia l "ngi thc hin hnh dng" (c thy tu cha?
): devotee (ngi nhit tnh), returnee (ngi tr v), retiree (ngi v hu),
escapee (k do tu), divorcee (ngi li di)
em-, en-
- Vi danh t hoc tnh t --> "lm cho" c dc tnh m danh hoc tnh t d m t
- VD: enrich (lm giu thm), enfeeble (lm cho yu t), enjoy (thng thc),
ensure (bo dm), entitle (dt ta)
-en
- Vi tnh t --> dng t, nghia l "lm cho"
- VD: darken, blacken, sharpen, sadden, strengthen, moisten
- Ghi ch: 1 s t c c 2 gc en- v -en ---> li tu na
VD: enlighten (lm sng t), enliven (lm si ni)
equi-
- "bng, bng nhau"
- VD: equidistant (c khong cch bng nhau), equilateral (du, trong Hnh hoc)
-ery
- Ch "noi chn"
- VD: bakery (l bnh m), nursery (nh tr), nunnery (nh dng n), winery (nh
my rou)
-ese
- Trong tnh t ni v ci cht din hnh, hay "phong cch" ca danh t m n kt
hop
- VD: Americanese (phong cch ngi My), journalese (vn vit bo, vn phong nh
bo), officialese (giong diu quan liu)
- Du nhn lun ESE.
-esque
- Vi danh t ---> tnh t ch "mang phong cch", hay "ging nh phong cch" ca
danh t gc
- VD: Beethovenesque (ging nhc ca Beethoven), Taranesque, picturesque (dep
nh tranh)
- Du nhn lun ESQE
-ess
- Vi danh t ---> danh t ging ci
- VD: lioness (s t ci), tigress (cop ci), hostess (n gia ch), actress, waitress
(n hu bn)
ex-
- Vi danh t ---> ch "cu, c"
- VD: ex-wife (vo c), ex-chairman (cu ch tich), ex-pupil (cu hoc sinh)
extra-
- CD1: vi tnh t --> "rt"
- VD: extra-fine (rt min), extra-bright (rt sng), extra-large (rt rng), extra-long
- CD2: "ngoi, ngoi"
- VD: extra-curricular (ngoi kha), extra-European (ngoi Chu u), extra-
terrestrial (ngoi tri dt), extra-marital (ngoi hn nhn), extra-territorial (ngoi
lnh th)
-first
- Kt hop vi danh t ch b phn co th d to trng t (adverb) ch "theo hng
ca b phn d"
- VD: fall head-first (ng chi du). When gorillas descend, they do so feet-first,
lowering themselves with their arms. (Khi kh tut xung, chng tut chn xung
trc ri h thp ngi bng cnh tay.)
-fold
1. Vi s dm -> tnh t ch gp bao nhiu ln
- VD: twofold (gp di), fourfold (gp t)
2. Vi s dm -> tnh t ch c bao nhiu thnh phn quan trong.
- VD: The aims of the new organiation are eight-fold. (Muc tiu ca t chc mi c
phn.)
fore-
- Nghia l "trc", "pha trc ca"
- VD: forearm (cnh tay), foredeck (boong tu pha trc), forefoot (chn trc),
forepart (phn trc), forefathers (t tin), foresee (thy trc), forewarn (cnh bo
trc), foreword (li ni du)
Franco-
- "Thuc v Php"
-free
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch "khng c trong thnh phn"
- VD: cholesterol-free cooking oil (du n khng cha cholesterol), meat-free diet
(ch d n king khng thit), risk-free investment (s du t khng ri ro), carefree
(v t l), debt-free (khng mc no)
- Ghi ch: -less cng c nghia l "khng c", nhng khc vi -free ch -less ch
"dng ra phi c m khng c". VD: careless (bt cn, dng l phi "care" nhng
khng "care"), carefree (khng "care" g ht, v t l), a childless couple = 1 cp vo
chng khng c con (mun c con m khng c), a childfree couple = 1 cp vo
chng khng (mun) c con (khng mun bi con ci rng buc)
-ful
- Vi danh t ch vt cha --> danh t mi ch s do lng
- VD: a teaspoonful of salt (mt mung mui), a boxful of chocolates (mt hp dy
scla), mouthful (dy 1 ming), handful (dy 1 nm tay)
full-
- "ton, tron, ht mc"
- VD: full-color (ton l mu, dy mu), full-sie (c ln), full-year (tron nm)
geo-
- "dt"
- VD: geography (dia l hoc), geology (dia cht hoc), geophysics (vt l hoc dia cu)
-gon
- "gc"
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), polygon (hnh da gic, poly- = nhiu, da), hexagon
(hnh luc gic)
-graph
- ch "v", "thu", "vit
- VD: autograph (ch k), photograph (hnh chup)
great-
- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia dnh -> danh t mi ch thnh vin cch hai
hay nhiu th h vi bn (ch khng phi danh t gc).
- VD: great-grandmother (b c), great-aunt (b thm), great-grandson (chu c),
great-great-great-great-grandfather (????????)
haem-
- "mu"
- VD: haematology (huyt hoc), haemoglobin (huyt cu t)
half-
- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia dnh --> mi quan h khng phi cng cha v
me
- VD: half-brother (anhem trai cng cha khc me (hay cng me khc cha)
-hand
1. "tay cm"
- VD: cup-hand (tay cm tch), gun-hand (tay cm sng). The blond man held his
bloody knife-hand over him. (G tc vng chia tay cm dao vy dy mu vo chng)
2. "ngi lm"
- VD: cowhand (ngi qun l b sa), factory-hand (ngi lm trong nh my),
fieldhand (ngi lm vic trn dng)
-headed
- vi tnh t -> "c du c"
- VD: big-headed (kiu ngo), empty-headed (dt), hard-headed (cng du), soft-
headed (kh kho), level-headed (dim dm)
hetero-
- "khc", tri vi "homo"
- VD: heterodox (khng chnh thng), heterosexual (tnh duc khc gii),
heterogeneous (hn tp)
hom-, homo-
- "dng, cng"
- VD: homosexual (dng tnh), homogeneous (dng nht), homonym (t dng m
khc nghia)
-hood
1. Vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tnh trng, thi dim mt vic d kinh
qua. i khi nm na ch "thi..."
- VD: adulthood (tui trng thnh), bachelorhood (tnh trng dc thn), girlhood
(thi con gi), childhood (thi tho u), studenthood (thi sinh vin), wifehood (cong
vi lm vo, s lm vo), parenthood (cong vi lm cha me)
2. "tnh"
- VD: brotherhood (tnh anh em), sisterhood (tnh chi em), neighborhood (tnh hng
xm)
hydr-
- "nc"
- VD: hydrant (vi nc cha chy), hydro-electric (thy din), hydro-power (thy
lc), hydrology (thy hoc), hydrophobia (chng so nc, phobia- = chng so)
hyper-
- "qu mc cn thit", di khi dng nh super-
- VD: hyper-active child (da b qu hot bt), hypersensitive (qu nhy cm),
hyperdevoted (qu tn tm)
hypo-
- " di"
- VD: hypodermic (di da, derm- = da)
-ian
1. Ch ngi lm cng vic
- VD: beautician (chuyn vin sc dep), comedian (ngh si hi), historian (s gia),
magician (nh o thut, ph thy), mathematician (nh ton hoc)
- Du nhn lun vn ngay trc -ian: mathemaTICian
2. Vi danh t ring --> danh t hoc tnh t ch "theo phong cch ca ngi d,
chiu nh hng ca ngi d"
- CV: tn cng l E thung kt hop vi -AN hon l -IAN
- VD: Darwinian (theo hoc thuyt c-uyn, Shakespearean (thuc Shakespeare),
Victorian clock (dng h thuc thi Victoria), Jeffersonian democracy (nn dn ch
theo hoc thuyt Jefferson)
-iana, -ana
- Vi danh t ch ngi hoc noi chn --> danh t mi ch "tp hop vt th hay tin
tc lin quan ti danh t gc"
- VD: the middle-class disdain for Americana (thi d coi thng ca giai cp trung
lu di vi hng Hoa K), the display of Wellingtoniana (s trng by nhng tc
phm ca Wellington)
-ibility
- To danh t t tnh t tn cng -ible
- VD: possible -> possibility, eligible -> eligibility (d doc)
-ible
- Nh -able
- CV: trc khi thm -ible: tn cng l E -> b E, tn cng D hay DE -> chuyn
thnh S, tn cng l IT th chuyn thnh ISS
- VD: collapse -> collapsible (c th gp li), divide -> divisible (c th chia doc,
chia ht cho), permit -> permissible (chp nhn doc)
-ic
- To tnh t lin quan danh t gc, thng di vi danh t tn cng bng -IST
- VD: demon -> demonic (thuc ma qu), atomic (thuc nguyn t), diplomatic
(ngoi giao), symbolic (tong trng), optimist (ngi lc quan) -> optimistic,
moralist (ngi dc hnh) -> moralistic, capitalistic (theo ch nghia t bn)
-ics
- Trong t c nghia lin quan ti mt b mn hay ngnh khoa hoc
- VD: physics, athletics, politics, acoustics (m hoc), electronics (din t hoc)
-ide
- C trong nhng t ch hop cht ha hoc
- VD: bromide (cht brm), cloride (cht clorua), hydroxide (hidrxit), oxide (xt)
-ify
- To dng t lin quan danh t hoc tnh t gc.
- VD: classify (phn loi), falsify (gi mo), horrify (lm khip so), intensify (tng
cng), purify (lm tinh khit), simplify (don gin ha), solidify (lm cho rn li;
don kt)
il-, im-, in-, ir-
- Dng rt thng dung d ph dinh tnh t gc
- CV: IL- ch di vi tnh t bt du bng L, IR- ch di vi tnh t bt du bng R, IM-
thng di vi tnh t bt du bng M hay P, cn di vi IN- th l A hoc C, D hoc S.
- VD: illegal (phm php), illegible (kh doc), illiterate (m ch, khng bit ch),
illogical (phi l), immature (non nt), impatient (khng kin nhn), impossible (bt
kh thi), imperfect (khng hon ho), impratical (khng thc t), inaccurate (khng
chnh xc), incorrect (khng dng), insecure (khng an ton), irresponsible (v trch
nhim), irregular (khng theo quy lut), irrational (phi l)
Indo-
- "thuc v n "
infra-
- "di, di"
- VD: infra-red (tia hng ngoi), infrasonic (siu m), infrastructure (co s h tng)
inter-
1. Vi danh t --> tnh t ch lin quan gia ci ny vi ci khc
- VD: inter-city (lin thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph vi nhau), intercontinental (lin
luc dia), international (quc t, gia cc nc), interstate (gia cc bang, lin bang)
2. Vi dng t, danh t, tnh t --> dngdanhtnh t mi ch s lin kt
- VD: interlock (mc vo nhau, g vo nhau), interact (tong tc), interlink (ni
lin nhau), intertwine (xon vi nhau), interchange (trao di), interplay (s phi
hop), interdependence (phu thuc ln nhau)