Electric Circuit

Armature Windings Armature winding of a machine is defined as an arrangement of conductors designed to produce emfs by relative motion in a heteropolar magnetic field. The action of rotating electromagnetic machines is dependent upon the conversion of power that takes place through the medium of magnetic field an emf being induced in the winding that experiences a change of flux linkages. Electrical machines employ groups of conductors distributed in slots over the periphery of the armature. The groups of conductors are connected in various types of seriesparallel combinations to form armature winding. The conductors are connected in series so as to increase the voltage rating while
they are connected in parallel to increase the current rating.
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Coil :A coil may consist of a single turn or may consist of many turns, placed in almost similar magnetic position, connected in series series. . In the former case, the coil is called a single turn coil while in the latter case, it is known as multimulti -turn coil coil. . A single turn coil is shown in Fig Fig. . (a) (a). . Fig Fig. . (b) shows a 3-turn coil coil. . However, any number of turns could be included in a coil before bringing out the coil ends ends. .

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Single Layer And Two Layer Windings (1) Single layer winding. Fig. (a) shows an arrangement for a single layer winding. In this type of winding arrangement, the whole of the slot is occupied by one coil side of a coil. Single layer windings are not used for machines having commutators. However, some advantages of these windings are
(1) Single layer windings allow the use of semi semi-enclosed and closed types of slots slots. . (ii) With single layer windings, coils preformed at one end can be used used. . These coils are pushed through the slots from one end of the core and are connected up during the winding process at the other end which happens to be free end end. . The use of preformed coils wherein the insulation can be properly applied and consolidated is a great advantage especially in large output high voltage machines machines. .
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Double layer winding : - The two layer windings have identical coils with one coil side of each coil lying in top half of the slot and the other coil side in bottom half of another slot exactly or approximately one pole pitch away away. . Fig Fig. . (b) shows a double layer winding with 2 coil sides per slot slot. . Each layer may contain more than one coil side in case large number of coils are required required. . Fig Fig. . (c) shows an arrangement wherein there are 8 coil sides per slot slot. . Open slots are frequently used to house double layer windings windings. .
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The advantages of double layer windings are : 1. Double layer windings give a neat arrangement with all coils being identical identical. . 2. Double layer windings give greater flexibility in design because of the ease with which the coil span (or coil pitch) can be chosen. chosen .

Closed And Open Windings

Armature windings are classified into two categories (i) Closed type and (ii) Open type. (1) Closed windings :In this winding there is a closed path around the armature armature. . Thus if starting at any point, the winding is followed through all its turns, the starting point is reached again again. .
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 The current flowing into a closed winding is through brushes placed on a commutator whose segments are connected to different armature coils coils. . The closed windings are used in dc, and ac. commutator machines Closed windings are always double layer type.

Open windings windings: : In alternating current machines where commutator is not used, it is not necessary to use a closed winding winding. . These machines use open winding. winding . In open windings, the armature may be left open at one or more points.
The ends of each section of the winding can be brought out to terminals and then any desired inter inter-connection can be made externally Where an open winding is possible, it is universally preferred to a closed winding because of the flexibility in design and the freedom of connections connections. .
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 Open windings may be either single layer or double layer type and are used in ac ac. . Machines like induction and synchronous machines. machines . Closed windings which are adapted for connection to a commutator are usually called D.C. Armature Windings while open windings which are exclusively used for ac machines are known as A.C. Armature Windings Windings. .

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CONCENTRIC WINDING Concentric windings are single layer windings which use concentric type of coils coils. . The coil span of the individual coils is different different. . The coil span of some coils is more than a pole pitch while the span of others is equal to or less than the pole pitch pitch. . They are of two types ::(i) Hemitropic or half coil windings (Unbifurcated windings) Arranged 2-plane overhang 3-plane overhang

(ii) Whole coil windings. (Bifurcated windings)

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(i) Hemitropic or half coil windings (2(2-plane overhang) These windings are also known as Unbifurcated windings windings. . In these windings the coils comprising a pair of pole phase groups under adjacent poles are concentric concentric. .

The coil spans of the two coils forming a coil group are different different. . One has a coil span of 7 slots and the other 5 slots. slots . With average or effective coil span being 6 slots (equal to slots per pole) and therefore the winding behaves as a full pitch winding. winding .

2 - plane overhang. 2 slots per pole phase or 6 slots per pole in hemitropic winding Hemitropic winding having 3 slots per pole per phase with a 2 plane overhang.
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3 plane overhang Winding shown in Fig. the 3 coils in a coil group have an average (effective) coil span of 9 slots (which is equal to slots per pole).

The same winding may have a 3 plane overhang as shown in Fig. above
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Whole Coil Windings

These are also known as bifurcated windings. In these windings, each pole phase group is split up into two sets of concentric coils, each set sharing its return coil sides with those of another pole phase group in the same phase phase. . 3-phase whole coil winding can be arranged to lie in either 2 or 3 planes. planes . There are no cranked coil groups groups. .

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Draw the winding diagrams of a following 3-phase, 36 slots, 6 pole, a.c. armature for Following single layer concentric types of windings : (i) Hemitropic-2 plane overhang (ii) Hemitropic-3 plane overhang. (iii) Whole coil-3 plane overhang.
Solution

Slots per pole per phase = 36/3*6 = 2 Slots per pole = 36/6 = 6 \ Angle between consective slots
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s = 180/6 = 30 0

Pole pitch

Pole pitch

1 R

3 B

5 Y

7 R

9 B

10

11 Y

12

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25 13 1

34 22 10

4 16 28 5 17 29 7 19 31 M.V.Ramana Rao

9 21 33

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Hint

10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

33 34 35 36

RS1

RF1

RS2

RF2

RS3

RF3

SR FB SY

SB 10/29/2010 11:32 AM

FR
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FY

3-Phase, 36 slots, 6 Pole Sigle layer Hemitropic Concentric Winding 3 Plane overhang

Assignment
1. Draw the winding diagrams of a following 3-phase, 36slots, 6 pole, a.c. armature for Following single layer concentric types of windings (i) Hemitropic-2 plane overhang (ii) Whole coil-3 plane overhang. 2. Draw the winding diagrams for a 4 pole, 36 slots, 3-phase, MUSH connected armature. Instructions : 1. All assignment hat to send through ee-mail only as the attachment. 2. Assignment should be sent the following ee-mail e-mail : ramanarao2000@yahoo.co.in 3. Assignment should be in the creative nature. 4. Assignment must be sent on or before 15th August 2008
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Mush winding
Draw the winding diagrams for a 4 pole, 24 slots, 3-phase, MUSH connected armature.
Solution :Slots per pole per phase = 24 3*4 =2 This is an even number and hence winding is not Possible with coil span of 6 slots

Coil span = 24/4 = 6 slots

\ A coil span of 5 is used

R B Y

1,2 3,4 5,6

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7,8 9,10 11,12

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13,14 15,16 17,18

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19,20 21,22 23,24

20

10

11

12

13 14

15

16

17 18

19

20

21

22

23

24

20

SR
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FR
Hint

Double Layer Windings

Double layer windings are universally used for armatures of synchronous generators and motors and most induction motors of large and medium sizes. Double layer windings may be classified into two categories depending upon the method used to bring about the transition from the top layer to bottom layer. These are (i) lap type, and (ii) wave type. Lap windings have their widest field of application in the stators of high speed machines. Wave windings are used for wound rotors of medium and large size induction motors.
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 These windings are the same as used in d.c. machines and give two different shapes to the end connections. The coils used in double layer windings are diamond shaped as in dc machines The number of coil sides per slot in double layer windings of ac ac. . machines is invariably 2. There, number of coils is equal to number of slots or C = S. The windings used for ac ac. . machines are usually chorded chorded. . The advantages of a chorded (short pitch or fractional pitch) winding are (i) The amount of copper used in the overhang is reduced, and (ii) The magnitude of certain harmonics of the ,mmf and also emf is reduced. reduced .

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Double layer windings can be either i) integral slot, or

ii) fractional slot slot. .

When the number of slots per pole phase q = S/mp is an integer integer, , it is known as an integral slot winding. For example, consider a stator having 24 slots and wound for 4 poles and 3 phases. phases . The number of slots per pole per phase q = 24 24/ /4 x 3) = 2, which is an integer integer. . The winding is thus an integral slot winding. winding . When the number of slots per pole and also the number of slots per pole per phase are not integers integers, , the winding is known as

fractional slot winding winding. . The value of q is usually an improper

fraction such as 8/5, 25 25/ /7 etc etc. . Consider a stator having 78 slots to be wound for 3-phases and 8 poles, q = 78 78/( /(8 8*3) = 13 13/ /4 =3 . Thus q is not an integer and therefore it is a fraction slot winding.
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Integral Slot Lap Winding

Example : Give the layout of a lap winding for the stator of a 3 phase ac having 4 poles and 24 slots. There are 2 coil sides per slot.

Thus there are 3 phase groups per pole each comprising of q = 2 slots. The distribution of slots, of phase sequence RYB, is

R B Y

1,2 3,4 5,6

7,8 9,10 11,12

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13,14 15,16 17,18

19,20 21,22 23,24

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 Considering the coils at the end opposite to the connections, coil side 1 (top) is connected to coil side (1 + 13 13) ) = 14 (bottom) (bottom). . Coil sides 1 and 14 form a coil this coil may be single turn or a multiturn coil coil. . Coil side 14 is connected to coil side (14 11 = 3, (top) at the front end end. . This connector C connects the last turn of the first coil of pole phase group to the first turn of second coil of the same group group. . Coil side 3 is connected to coil side (3 + 13 13) ) = 16 (bottom) at the back. back . Coil sides 3 and 16 form the second and the last coils of this pole phase group group. . (If there were more coils per phase group, they would have been also connected in series) series). .
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Clock diagram of a 3phase, 4 pole, 24 slot double layer winding with full pitch coils

SR
23 24 1

600 SY

R Y' R 22 Y' B' Y' R R B 21 Y' B B' B B' 20 B B' R' Y R' Y 19 R' R' Y Y

s =300

18 Y Y Y Y 17 16
B'

B' B' B' R R R R

15

R' R' 7 R' R' 8 B B B 9 Y' Y' B 10 Y' Y'

SB

14
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13

12

11

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Yb = 11 Yf = 9
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Integral Slot Wave Winding

Example : Give the layout of a wave winding for the rotor of a 3 phase, 4 pole induction motor having 24 slots. Each slot contains 2 coil sides. Solution :24 Slots per pole per phase q = 3*4 Slots/pole = 24/4 = 6 =2

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R B Y

1,2 3,4 5,6

7,8 9,10 11,12

13,14 15,16 17,18

19,20 21,22 23,24

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1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

11 10

13 12

15 14

17

19

21 20

23

25

27 26

29 28

31 30

33 32

35 34

37 36

39 38

41 40

43 42

45 44

47 46 48

16 18

22 24

40 38 3 4

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Fraction Slot Windings

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Give the layout of a double layer lap type winding for a 3 phase, 8 pole. 54 slot armature.
Solution ::-

The basic unit of this winding consists of d = 4 poles poles. . As there are 8 poles, so the winding has 2 units units. . Each unit of 4 poles has M = 4 slots of each phase or the total number of slots in a unit is mM = 27 27. .

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These slots, when arranged according to their position in the machine are 1,2,3 8,9 15,16 22,23

These slots, when arranged according to their position in the machine are 4, 5 10, 11, 12 17, 18 24, 25
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The remaining 9 slots out of total of 27 in a unit, belong to phase Y. These, when arranged according to their sequence in the machine, are

6,7
R B Y

13,14

19,20,21
15,16 17, 18 19,20,21

26,27
22,23 24, 25 26,27

1,2,3 8,9 4, 5 10, 11, 12 6,7 13,14

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R B Y

1,2,3 8,9 4, 5 10, 11, 12 6,7 13,14

15,16 17, 18 19,20,21

22,23 24, 25 26,27

R
1X 2 3 4
X X X
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B
X X X X X
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Y
X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X

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+ -

+ -

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Give the winding layout of a 30 slot, 4 pole 33-phase wave wound rotor of an induction motor.

Each unit covers 2 poles and there are two such units. Each unit contains 5 slots of each phase. Each phase in a unit has

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=8

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SR

1 + 15 = 16 31 + 15 = 46 3 + 15 =18 33 + 15 = 48 5 + 15 = 20 35 + 15 = 50 4 + 60 15 = 49 34 15 = 19 2 + 60 15 = 47 32 15 = 17
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16 + 15 = 31 46 + 15 = 61 (1) 3 18 + 15 = 33 48 + 15 = 63 (3) 5 20 + 15 = 35 50 + 15 = 65 (5) 4 49 15 = 34 19 15 = 4(2) 47 15 = 32 17 15 = 2 FR

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y = yb = 15
f

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3 Phase, 30 Slot, 4 Pole, Double Layer Fractional Slot Wave Winding.

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