As The Future Catches You: How Genomics and Other Forces Are Changing Your Life, Work, Health, and Wealth

Created by: Anggi Paima Ulibasa Sibuea Ribka Febriana Yasinta Fajrin
Powerpoint Templates Page 1
Book Contents
I: Mixing Apples, Oranges, and Floppy Disks V: Data Drives Empire II: The 390:1 Gap VI: GeneticsThe Next Dominant Language X: Revolution... In A Few ZIP Codes III: The New Rich and The Poor VII: Genetics... Is A Hockey Stick XI: Technology Is Not Kind... It Does Not Say Please IV: Empires of The Mind VIII: The Most Powerful Information System XII: Sleepless... (And Angry) in Seattle
IX: Nano World
XIII: High Tech...High Pay...High Mobility
XIV: The DigitalGenomics Diaspora

Powerpoint Templates
XV: Time Warp

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Slide Contents
The background: Gap
The technology: Digital, Genomics, Nano
Patent
Reached by the future
Page 3
MIXING APPLES, ORANGE, AND FLOPPY DISK
The skin and pulp of the orange is just a packaging.
The floppy disk is simply the container for these 1s and 0s. It is reading and rewriting the code inside that drives change.
The seeds contain the code.
Page 5
To build a nation.. Become an economic superpower, Wage war effectively, Or launch a global business.. You need a fewer people, time, or capital, And you do need technologyliterate people. We are BEGINNING TO ACQUIRE direct and deliberate control over the evolution of all life forms ON THE PLANET
New technologies change LIVES COMPANIES COUNTRIES

YOUR FUTURE, that of your children, and that of your country depend on UNDERSTANDING A GLOBAL ECONOMY DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY, UNDERSTANDING CODE, PARTICULARLY GENETIC CODE, is todays most powerful technology.
THE 390:1 GAP

David Walton, a third-year Harvard medical student Went to Haiti for a clinical internship Was shocked by the poverty and disease Wrote a long, emotional e-mail to a lifelong friend And got a one-line response Sounds pretty depressing. What else is going on down there? Extreme income gaps.. Are so common And so large That we rarely question Why they occur? And why they are increasing so rapidly?
II
States are falling apart at an unprecedented rate Because governments and citizens do not understand Why technology is relevant to their daily lives and how it changes their future.
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United States
Europe India
China
Japan
THE NEW RICH AND THE NEW POOR

Differences in education, particularly in scientific literacy, can lead to extreme changes in relative wealth and position V E R Y . . . Q U I C K L Y
III
The World Economy 1960-1998

70 60 50 40
1960
Global Production (%)
30
20 10 0
Agriculture Manufacturing
1998
Services
Page 12
Fifty years ago

Mexico Produced twice that of someone living in Taiwan Taiwan
Being the poorest and most isolated country 1974, the industrial plant grew, as did exports and competitiveness (the averages Taiwanese produced twice as much as a Mexican) 1990s, Taiwan had become one of the world leaders in PC and chip manufacturing AND A TAIWANESE WAS PRODUCING FOUR TIMES MORE WEALTH THAN A MEXICAN. Powerpoint Templates Page 13
Diverging Hourly Wages

(total dollar wage for manufacturing workers in US $)
Years
Mexico
Taiwan
South Korea
0.32 3.71 6.71
Singapore
1975 1990 1999
1.47 1.58 2.12
0.40 3.93 5.62
0.84 3.78 7.18 Page 14
In the old economy Building a billion-dollar fortune required Decades of hard work A powerful host country Thousands of workers And thousands of storefronts. The rule of an economy Based on knowledge and networks Are very different from those Of a manufacturing-based economy.
TODAY IT IS JUST THE OPPOSITE.

When you are trying to spread, and sell knowledge KEEPING SOMETHING EXCLUSIVE and RARE often LEADS TO A LOSS OF VALUE. What matters most is that the purchaser becomes part of a network And that the network keeps growing.
What makes money today is the knowledge necessary to process and distribute information. Look at software, for instance. The first copy of a major computer program costs millions The second costs pennies. The more people who use the program The easier it is to exchange information The more valuable the program becomes And the richer the company and its Powerpoint Templates employees. Page 17
In general, the companies that grow fastest are those selling ideas, not those with the most assets.
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MUCH OF THE WORLDS NEW WEALTH IS CREATED BY KNOWLEDGE
MANY COUNTRIES
ARE FAILING,
FALLING APART,
AND DISAPPEARING. Powerpoint Templates
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EMPIRES OF THE MIND

The empires of the future are the empires of the mind. WINSTON CHURCHILL
IV
Rich countries no longer need great deposits of gold or diamonds Or an abundance of land Or millions of people THEY NEED TO EDUCATE THEIR POPULATION.
NO MORE
THEY NEED SMART AND ENTREPRENEURIAL PEOPLE.
NO LESS
THEY NEED A GOVERNMENT THAT PROVIDES ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY.
NIGERIA has oil INDONESIA precious woods SOUTH AFRICA diamonds and gold BRAZIL jungles and minerals ARGENTINA vast fertile lands CONGO minerals and gems MEXICO silver and oil COLOMBIA emeralds SAUDI ARABIA oil VENEZUELA oil
Were sometimes able to create a knowledge economy and are now inhabited by some of the RICHEST PEOPLE on the planet.
SINGAPORE
CHINA INDIA MALAYSIA
UNITED STATES
CANADA
How can countries rich in natural resources get
SO
POOR
during this century?
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The future belongs to SMALL POPULATIONS who build empires of the mind, and who ignore the temptation ofor dont have the option ofexploiting natural resources. And a lot of people who were wealthy once upon a timewill once again become VERY POOR Powerpoint Templates
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DATA DRIVES EMPIRES

Perhaps there is no better example Of the power knowledge has To rapidly transform an economy Than the digital revolution.
What distinguishes people from animals is THE ABILITY to understand abstract concepts and to communicate these concepts.
Drawing on the cave wall and Hieroglyp hs
Stylized primitive drawings and language into simplifie d character s by Chinese
The Greeks simplifie d all concepts into a few letters
26 letters we use today
NOW, dominant alphabet no longer in 26 letters but in 2 1s and 0s
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The digital alphabet encodes and transmits information with extraordinary speed and accuracy and it has become the worlds main language.
Example: the phone may transmit 01001000 01101001 00100000 01101101 01101111 01101101 the person who receives these digital strings hears Hi, Mom Powerpoint Templates Page 29
When people share a common language Regions often come together So too do companies.
Things change very quickly in a digital world.
The power of technology, to build and destroy.
The digital revolution is just the beginning, because a new, far more powerful revolution is brewing.
VI
GENETICS THE NEXT DOMINANT LANGUAGE
Perhaps the most important discovery of the twentieth century was to learn to identify and read the code of life. And perhaps the most important challenge we will face in the twenty century.. Is how.. And when.. To apply this knowledge
The Structure of DNA

DNA contains the code of all life processes.. Bacteria, worms, fish, birds.. Humans..
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Genetics is a very powerful instrument So we all have a stake and a reason To understand And participate in debates As to what should not do As we study and alter The code that governs All life on the planet.
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How long you, your children.. And your grandchildren.. Live.. Depends increasingly.. On understanding the human genome.. And on understanding.. The genetic code of the organisms that attack our bodies.
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The variation between your genome and others is minuscule
Small variations within a genetic code can have enormous impact
Minutes change in a genome are enough to make differences of physical appearance and also to make some healthy and others very sick. Powerpoint Templates Page 35
How the World Lives and Dies

1900 Communicable diseases 1990 Flu Diarrhea Pregnancy problems Depression Heart disease 2020 Heart disease Depression Road accidents Strokes Chronic pulmonary disease Chronic noncommunicable diseases will cause 73% of deaths
How and when one gets these diseases depends in part on genes.. And in part on ones lifestyle. Smoking, for instance, can trigger gene mutations and lead to cancer.
Societies and peoples who understand the genetic alphabet.. Are likely to LIVE LONGER..AND GET RICHER. But most societies do not understand genetic discovery Or the challenges that arise from these discoveries.. And that makes them, for all practical purposes.. Functionally illiterate.. In the language that codes all life on this planet.
VII
GENETICS IS.. A HOCKEY STICK
We are learning the language in which God created life.. Without a doubt, this is the most important, most wondrous map ever produced by humankind
Robert Fleishmann & Craig Venter (1995) Published the first full genome of a living organism The first time that scientist could see a complete map of how a life was programmed. Marked the beginning of new era in mankinds history Bringing standarization, mechanization, and supercomputers-> unleash an avalanche of knowledge
The development of biology

Systematically observing and experimenting on live organism In vivo
Moved indoors into small breakers, test In vitro tubes, petri dishes, and other glass containers
Combining the power of lab with that of a In silico computer
By using the in silico method:

Increase the identification of gene-data
Dropping the cost of sequencing

Cost collapse, KNOWLEDGE AND PATENTS EXPLODED
Patent
Include anything under the sun made by man 1971: allowed patents on living organism and genes
1988: patentable not just bacteria and plants, but entire animals.
1991: USPTO received an overwhelming 4000 request for patents on various expressed sequences tags (ESTs)
1995: patents increased to 22.000/year

1996: increased to an unmanageable-> 500.000/year
Patent office was forced to change the rules as to how one could apply for basic genetic patents.
Patent statistics reflect just part of the change Scientist are overwhelmed by new knowledge.. Every week, every day.. If you graph this knowledge.. It is not a straight upward curve Or a gradual curve.. Genetic knowledge is a hockey stick.. It bounces along the bottom of the graph for decades.. And suddenly explodes upward
Having the gene maps of basic life forms will allow us to begin to understand the genomes a lot faster
We are way past the time when major genetic discoveries could be made even in a little garden
To cope with and organize the masses of data emerging from every lab, it helps to have supercomputers or massive parallel processing, machines that are concentrated in very few places.
As the digital and genetics revolutions converge.. So will their languages.. A, T, C, Gs And 1s and 0s,, Are interchangeable.. Ever more powerful data processors,, Some of which.. Could be based on
DNA
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VIII
THE MOST POWERFUL INFORMATION SYSTEM
Do not explain why it cant be done. DISCOVER how it CAN be done
The machines and technology coming out of the digital and genetic revolutions may allow people to leverage their mental capacity a thousand.. A million.. A trillionfold. The worlds best programmers are increasingly gravitating toward biology, BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOCOMPUTING
The worlds most powerful and compact coding and informationprocessing system .. Is a GENOME
Blend silicon chips with DNA, so memory chips could grow organically and pack a lot more processing power into much smaller space.
SMASH- Simple, Many, and Self-healing

Computers are increasingly designed to act as collection of individuals cells that work in parallel to solve problems and can fix themselves
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One way to understand how genes code what they do is through gene chips Instead of placing transistors on the chip, it placed hybrid bits of DNA Lights up under the laser Chips are the result of convergence and synergy among various technology
Gene chips will lead to personalized medicine

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Genomics, bioinformatics, and biocomputing are merging and they are beginning to explode a lot of myths
Medicine is going to change
fast
IX
NANO WORLD
We can already build pretty small things.. Japanese engineers have produced a car.. That looks and operates like any other car.. Except that it is the size of a grain of rice. Fun.. But trivial compared to what Is coming
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NANO TECHNOLOGY
Nov 2000 Robert Curl Jr., Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley discover and build new molecules: Carbon
Nanosubs: partly organic and partly inorganic Someday, nanonurses may be able to seek specific diseased cells within the body and deliver molecular doses of medicine
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Genomics is teaching us what life really is on a nano scale
What is extraordinary is how widespread and powerful the technology base of the knowledge economy is getting
And how discoveries in one area lead to breakthroughs in other fields quickly
Age of Knowledge Economy

Computers Digital Alphabet
Internet
It Revolution
Combinatorial Chemistry
Molecular Revolution
Bioinformatics Biocomputing
Lasers
Genomics
Robotics
Proteomics
Nano Tech
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But as these changes accelerate.. Much of the world remains isolated and ignorant About technologies that.. Will fundamentally alter everyones relative economic status.. And life expectancy.
Revolution In a Few Zip Codes

The World is divided into a golden billion.. and everyone else.
Vladimir Putin President of Russia
Talking About Patent

Protect the application with the "Licensing" or "patent. Number of patents that are considered to be one of several measures as an indication of the ability to compete. Not all patents are good or valuable, but being unable to generate patent is VERY BAD
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Talking About Patent (cont.)
If you can not create knowledge and patents, It is impossible to launch new-high tech companies
Means
There was little new knowledge to sell

Impacts
Y 1995 Number of Companies listed on Buenos Aires Stock Exchange
Y 2000
example
145 125
And little economic growth

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PEOPLE NEEDED TO PRODUCE A SIGLE U.S. PATENT

Country
United States Japan
People Per Patent (1998)

2,955 3,914 5,244 5,812 8,227 8,778 13,653 14,658 16,568 22,169 25,735 127,273 772,414 778,261
What matters in modern economy is:
knowlegde
It is what you live off.. It is what power growth.. And from patents in the last twenty years Is not that hard to predict who gets rich..
Switzerland
Taiwan Canada Germany South Korea France United Kingdom Australia Singapore Spain Venezuela Argentina Mexico Brazil India Indonesia
And who gets poor
1,267,532
1,869,318 10,647,319 Templates Powerpoint 21,610,345
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Not only Indonesian who produces less patent, but as less as Brazilian and Mexican do.
Brazil generation less breakthrough knowledge, and Brazil is less relevant in the globalknowledge market
In 1997, the Mexican patent office received 10.531 patents requests, but only 4% of the request came from Mexican nationals.
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Things do not have to be this way.

Given the right training, capital and instruments, Brazilian and Mexican scientist can be competitive.
For example:
published
Sao Paulo gives 1% of its tax revenue to a research institute, FAPEST.

And in 2000, FAPEST published the world first plant-disease genome, Xylella Fastidiosa, which destroy oranges, grapes, almonds, plums, peaches, oaks and elms.
Xylella Fastidiosa
the world first plant-disease genome
Most developing country are not competitive it the global knowledge economy.
In 1998, a single company IBM obtained more US patent than the total granted to 139 countries 139
IBM generate more patent alone than 139 countries did together (u.s
patent granted 1998)
Countri es 2522
IBM 2685
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Not only Company that accumulating global brain power. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) alumni and faculty : have founded more than 4000 companies Generating over $230 billion in a yearly sales Had 1.500 patents pending in 2000
In fact, Many of MITs alumni and Faculty.. Are Foreigners who chose to stay in USA
In a borderless world, those who do not educate and keep their citizens, will lose most intellectual wars..
Page 64
As a developing country, you can lower inflation, reduce corruption, cut your budget, privatize, and still not get rich.
WHY?
Because you are not generating knowledge, but product.
We can get a sense how knowledge-intensive an economy is by dividing: Value Added Exports Commodity Exports
If the result: >1 : the country exports more knowledgebased products than raw materials <1 : the economy remains vulnerable to commodity cycle High Tech vs Low Tech Exports
Year Chile Argentina Brazil G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA Asian Tigers (Hongkong, south korea, singapore, taiwan)
1997 1995
0.01 0.01
0.12 0.07
0.22 0.23
2.17 1.67
0.74 1.80 Page 66
If you dont export knowledge, you dont get rich
How can we increase the ability to generate knowledge?

Growth and wealth Will be distributed unevenly.. As long as few commodities.. Pay more attention,
To their They are getting childrens richer. science A lot richer. education Powerpoint Templates
And for those who understand this, countries or company, will generating knowledge and invest in technology
Page 67
A scary world when,

The long term.. Is no longer measured in century, or decades.. But in years.. And some times, In months.
Technology accelerates trends
It took the telephone 35 years to get into 1/4 of us home Tv took 26.. Radio 22.. PCs 16 The Internet took 7
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Technology is NOT KIND IT DOES NOT SAY
XI
PLEASE
In the last decade of the twentieth century, the global economy bred Mergers and start-up on an unprecedented scale.. $908,000,000,000 in mergers during 1997 alone A 47% increase over the previous year. By January 2000.
In one month.. Powerpoint Templates There were $244,500,000,000 worth of mergers
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Talking About Technology

Largest mergers and most successful new companies related to telecommunications, Internet, Software and Finance, there is quite a lot of the "Digital Revolution" merger. but the Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals and Agribusiness as well as the digital revolution cause a very large merger and restructuring. In this latter group is the strength of Genetics Code application, which is likely to underestimate the power you have.
Massive changes Knowledg e Economy
Not only computer and telecom
se e
The most basic industry on the planet
Agriculture, Agribusines s
Instead of growing grain for flour. Farmers are starting to grow Medicine, Plastic, Fuel But only those farmer with knowledge and access to new technology, can hope to prosper Powerpoint Templates Page 70
Talking About Technology (cont.)
A seed is an instrument designed to execute a genetic program. that transform soil, water and sun into wood.. Flower fruit
Whoever can read an understand a seeds genetic code. Can
Change IT
Agriculture is simply one example.
Page 71
Today we have seen a change in Talking About Technology (cont.) the nature of Agribusiness "Plant Reprogramming What is Year 1999 Monsanto and Dupont sale up to 40% of all different is, soybeans produced in the U.S. and nearly 80% of the seed corn. we are not just Dow Chemical has produced corn that become a biodegradable plastic. extracting substances, Dupont Polyester fibers are like silk. but reprograming Banana and tomato mixture is adjusted to a mixture of edible vaccines to prevent diseases, such as cholera, hepatitis. plants to express Treatment of heart failure derived from the Foxglove extracts specific compounds
aspirin is derived from the wool and so on.
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SLEEPLESS(and angry) in SEATLLE

Some think that the only people anguishing about massive economic change are the colorful protesters who gather dressed as bioengineered vegetables outside meeting of the World Trade Organization the World Bank. Or the World Economic Forum .. Wrong Corporate kahunas are just as concerned and scared Powerpoint Templates about the rate of rapid change
XII
Page 73
Talking about sleepless in Seattle why do people were sleepless, frustrated, angry in Seattle?
Everyone, just as people and regions are scare of multinational behemoths. EVEN MEGA-COMPANIES are also terrified, that they might be not be large enough, or fast enough
to compete & survive.

Talking about sleepless in Seattle (cont.)
Genomics Revolution, could potentially lead to:
Example
4000 to 10000 new medicine
But even if large companies, GROW, MERGE and DOMINATE.

They still hard to monopolize, or even attract the best brain
1 Drugs
Which means require the pharmaceutical industry spend over $ 2,000,000,000,000 for R&D
May cost $500,000,000 Take over a decade
Thats why THEY MADLY MERGE
Some do not need a lot of resources, time or people to get very rich.
Small companies can generate a great deal of wealth and get very large, very quick, even fewer employees. Page 75
To stay on top of genetic revolution

The major chemical companies. Many had also feared Genomic Co., Because technology has developed very quickly. And not to be underestimated. Because the sample in the Computer industry and the company, but is later able to acquire a business is worth more than an old company. And for a long time as well.
Microsoft, Intel AOL Yahoo, Amazon
VS. VS. VS.
IBM Time Warner The New York Times or Any other medias Sears Roebuck Page 76
eBay
VS.
Knowledge and databases, continue to expand at unprecedented rates. Even after the U.S Patent and Trademark Office revised the rules of gene patents.
At year 2000, Genomics drove 25,000 new patent. 25% more than in 1999. more than all internet or computer business.
Page 77
XIII
High Tech. High Pay. High Mobility
The Great thing in this world is not so much where we stand, as in what direction we are moving.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Powerpoint Templates
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High Tech. High Pay. High Mobility
Distance and Abstract changes in technology

They will change your life, where you live, what you do, what you earn. Whatever your current profession.
Your ability to understand and surf waves of change, will determine how well you do as you change Jobs. Every decade, or 5 years, or every few months.
If you are not stolen away by some company every few years (or months) means.. You are not CONSIDERED A HOT PROPERTY
stability is a mark of shame

High Tech. High Pay. High Mobility (cont.)
The only way to make a successful transition from being a corporate man or woman,
is to learn how to understand and use new concepts and technologies.

meanwhile, a skill usually learned in college and graduate school
Page 80
High Tech=High Pay

U.S. MEDIAN SALARY JOB (1997) ALL OCCUPATION $22,734 Engineering 72,675 managers Electrical 59,155 engineers Geologists 52,395 Computer 50,606 engineers Chemists 43,971 Biology scientists 43,701
In the U.S., the difference in salary as a result of the study was based at the High Tech salary will be higher than other occupations (All Occupations) at least 2-3 times
Page 81
Various Country have come up with different method to support Education

South Korea The United State Mexico
Page 82
South Korea
The country spends 3.7% of GNP on Education South Korean parents spend almost the same amount on educating their children as the state does. Paying for best tutors in English, Math, and science because the country is a strict meritocracy So At the end of high school, they take a standardized test.
The Major depends on the Test score Top Score Student Korea Universit y Must go to
They not choosing their major
Page 83
(Still)South Korea
And Even after you graduate..
You still tested

Its a brutal system, but it brings South Korea became one of the worlds fastest-growing economies and technology leader country
USA
Us parent spend extra money on their childrens education Plus all those extracurricular activity, such as karate, summer camp, music, basketball, soccer, art, etc.
For instance, US provide education most likely as South Korea does. US succeed maintaining current leadership in technology, and also attracting extraordinary talented people from other countries
Mexico
In many developing countries, the educational situation is dire. Many Latin American parents profess a passion for educating their children But statistic and government policies seems to negate this Only 60% of the richest children getting a collage degree And only 35% from upper middle class bother graduating from college.
XIV
The Digital-Genomic Diaspora
When Progress is moving as fast as it is now. Recalling its victims is difficult
Michael Lewis American Non-Fiction Author and Financial Journalist Powerpoint Templates
Page 87
Do we have choices? Such a life.
Page 88
The Digital-Genomic Diaspora (cont.)
Many of those people wishing to work in US. Can now do so freely, Without visa, or visit or visits form INS.
Manufacturing Economy
You had to travel to the factory and put things together or process paper at specific desk
Knowledge Economy
You can work at your desk, in your home, in a hotel, in a plane. Everywhere.
It caused: Only 1 out of 3 people in California 9-5 job, working on site. 80% of Sun Microsystems employee work home parttime annual income of up to $ 50k Home-Only Teleworkers are more than two times the average income.
Page 89
The Digital-Genomic Diaspora (cont) Why the sudden impulse to secede?
And why are so many now successful?
Part of the answer is that . . . Technology empowers individuals . . . And makes it hard to prevent democracy . . . Which in turn allow people to ask . . . Do I really wish to remain a shareholder of this state? (increasingly often the answer is NO!)
The Digital-Genomic Diaspora (cont)
So.. Governments have far less leeway . . . If they abuse their power . . . If they ignore citizen-shareholders They will tear apart the state
Page 91
XV
TIME WARP
Getting a genome sequence has never been an end.. Just a start
Clones
Is not a photocopy Teach us a lot about what is nature and what is nurture about how much our genes govern out thoughts and actions
Scientist and companies are racing flat-out to decode, understand, rewrite portions of various genomes.
Page 93
What our world looks like in fifty or hundred years.. Depends to a significant extent.. On our ability to adopt and adapt.. The ethical, political, and economic challenges.. Of the digital-genomics area.
You can stand on the sidelines and assume that fate will guide things Or you can help yourself, your family, your company, and your country navigate this wondrous and scary adventure
Page 96

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Powerpoint Templates Page 1

IX: Nano World

XIII: High Tech...High Pay...High Mobility

XIV: The DigitalGenomics Diaspora

XV: Time Warp

The background: Gap

The technology: Digital, Genomics, Nano

Reached by the future

MIXING APPLES, ORANGE, AND FLOPPY DISK

The skin and pulp of the orange is just a packaging.

The seeds contain the code.

New technologies change LIVES COMPANIES COUNTRIES

THE 390:1 GAP

THE NEW RICH AND THE NEW POOR

The World Economy 1960-1998

Fifty years ago

Diverging Hourly Wages

1975 1990 1999

1.47 1.58 2.12

0.40 3.93 5.62

0.84 3.78 7.18 Page 14

TODAY IT IS JUST THE OPPOSITE.

MUCH OF THE WORLDS NEW WEALTH IS CREATED BY KNOWLEDGE

EMPIRES OF THE MIND

How can countries rich in natural resources get

during this century?

DATA DRIVES EMPIRES

Drawing on the cave wall and Hieroglyp hs

Stylized primitive drawings and language into simplifie d character s by Chinese

The Greeks simplifie d all concepts into a few letters

26 letters we use today

NOW, dominant alphabet no longer in 26 letters but in 2 1s and 0s

Things change very quickly in a digital world.

The power of technology, to build and destroy.

The Structure of DNA

The variation between your genome and others is minuscule

Small variations within a genetic code can have enormous impact

How the World Lives and Dies

The development of biology

By using the in silico method:

Dropping the cost of sequencing

1995: patents increased to 22.000/year

SMASH- Simple, Many, and Self-healing

Gene chips will lead to personalized medicine

Medicine is going to change

Genomics is teaching us what life really is on a nano scale

Age of Knowledge Economy

Revolution In a Few Zip Codes

Talking About Patent

Talking About Patent (cont.)

There was little new knowledge to sell

Y 1995 Number of Companies listed on Buenos Aires Stock Exchange

And little economic growth

PEOPLE NEEDED TO PRODUCE A SIGLE U.S. PATENT

Talking About Patent (cont.)

People Per Patent (1998)

What matters in modern economy is:

And who gets poor

Talking About Patent (cont.)

Talking About Patent (cont.)

Things do not have to be this way.

Sao Paulo gives 1% of its tax revenue to a research institute, FAPEST.