:.

:.
: .

-:
( . Fertigation

.1 )
.2

FoliarFertilization

: (Fertigation)

Fertigation

) (
.

79

) ( .

PH

) ( .

)
(
) ( .

) (
) . (1990

:
)

( .

) ( .

) ( .

)
( .

) PH

6 5.5

( 60 55

PH

80

( )
(

( ) (2000

)
10 5 (

.

81

- :
q
q

3
) : ( 1 100

PPM

3
1 1

10000)

/ (PPM) - :
= (PPM)

)10000 (

EC

/ 25 . (EC.Meatar)
/ - :

= (PPM)

/ 640

-:

100 50 .
50 25 .
.
50 25
100 50

82

(Fertigation)
)(




.

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6

Index

Salt

PH

) (

.


50

100

.
-:

:(NPK)

.

83

( :

)(

-:
.1 .
.2 .

(1

(2

15

46

15.5

33

31

15.5

13.8

20.6

MAP)

(DAP

20

12
20

:
(1

) ( )(



.
(2

) (PH


.

84

(6) PH
3
0.3

15
.


.
(3

25


.

(4

) (





) ( .


...


.

10 : 1

85

(60) 1

200

.
(5

) (

.
(6 10 : 20


.

. :

.
25

(1

(2

75

MKP)

25

DKP)

MAP)
(DAP)

54

15

52

45.5

40

37

61
53

86

-:

- 1

PH

.
- 2

PH

) 80
(


3
0.2

.



)(
.
- 3

(MKP DKP)
(MAP DAP)

PH

(MAPDAP)

87

.
- 4

) ( ) ( ) (

) (

60
) (

- 5

- 6

:



.

( :

.

.

88

(K 2O)

46

)(

48

34

) (

63

54

83.9

K2HCO3

68.2

KNO3

MKP)

DKP)

KOH)

(K 2O)

51

)(

-:

(1

(KNo3)



.

(2

(MKP) (DKP)

(3

PH

(4

5
.
) ( )(
.

89

(5

)(



.

) (45 3 7) (40 7 3) . (34 52

PH

PH

) (

)( .

90

:)(

(Mg)

) (

)(MgSO4.7H2o *

18

10

(Ca++)

11

19

)(

13

)(

36

40

) (

20

) (

14

) (

22.5

22

26

24

19

)( ) (

) (

(S)

)(
*

) (
)(

100: 90
18

13

18 : 9

) (

)*(
.
) (

91

)(
(EDTA) (EDHA)
(Mg) ) (
7

: 6

++
(Ca ) ) ( 12 : 6

) (

:)(

) (

)
(


.

)
(

.

-:
(1


.
(2 (FeEDDHA)
(FeEDTA)

92

.
(3

5 3

.
(4

) +

( 50 )( 5
10 10
.
)

( ) -

) ( )
( .

93

94

ManagementofFertigation/ChemigationSystems


.

-:

.





.

: . .
.

95

: ModernIrrigationSystems

SprinklerIrrigation

:
(1

HandMoveSystems
StationarySystems

(2

(3

SideroleSystems

(4

CenterpivotSystems

(5

:
- 1

TravellergunSystems

.
- 2

) . (

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 6

- 7

- 8

- 9

- 10 .
- 11 .
- 12 .
- 13 .

:
- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- 5

) - -(

96

)LocalizedIrrigation(microIrrigation) (

:
- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 6

- 7

:
-1 Surface drip system

4 2

12

.
- 2

Subsurface drip system

30

) (.
- 3

)Bubbler system (

30

)(

97

)MicroJet (Spray) (

100 30

/ )(

ChemicalsApplicationThroughIrrigationSystems
Chemigation

PH

Fertigation

.
- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- 5

-:
- 1

- 2

98

- 1

(Nitrogen)

.
- 2

(Phosphorous)

.

.
- 3

(Potassium)

.
- 4

(TraccMinerals)Micronutrients

.



.

99

.
:
(1

) . (

(2

(3

(4

) . (

(5

) . (

(6

(7

(8

(9

(10

(11

(12

) . (

(13

-
...

(14

(15

(16

:
.
(1
(2

(3

) ( .

(4

) ( .

(5

) ( .

(6

) ( .

(7

) ( .

(8

(9

(10

100

Fertigation/ChemigationSystems

.




-:

...

) (
.

InjectionEquipment


- :

DifferentialPressureSystems

) (

101

.

.






.

.

D=(24.4Q/P)..1

C=Co(Q2/Q1)exp(Q2/V)t..2

(t)

3
/

Co

3
/

Q1

Q2

InjectionPumps

102

.




.

.

FertilizersInjectionRate

:
Qr=FrxA/Nc.T.tr..3

Qr

Fr

2
/

Nc

tr

-:

Nc

103

00CF=100Fr/D..4

CF

Fr

QF=0.36.CF.Q/PY..5

QF

CF

DF=0.36.C.Q/Y..6

?
DF

Chemigation
Chemical water treatment

Acids

PH

) ( .

(PH)

.

104

PH

7 6

Bactericides

PH

) ( ) (

10 0.5

Chlorination

PH

0.05

.
- :

4

40

40

10

.
.
40

:
15 5
(Na0CI)

Ca(0CI)

_ 70 65 (

5 )

CO2

20

( .

10 20

- :

105

0.5

10 20

3.6 8.4

0.5

- :

R=QXCf/C..6

R
Q
CF
C

(PPM)

267

6 0.5
6

0.6 .

6.35 .

:
0.08 = 6 / 0.5 /

:
(4)

2102 = 6.35 / (0.5

267) 100 =

/ ) (

106

0.68

32) 1.33

100

/ / /

/ (5)

Qf=0.36.Cf.Q/P.Y
0.58 = 32 1.33 / 0.68 100 0.36 =

2.44 3.66

0.5

/ 0.6.

5 (ET /
)
11 12

119

45 .

: /2/0.5 10000 = 8842 = 2 (2/0.6)

:(4)

/.

5493=(12/11)0.5/0.450.5 1119100= /
400 18.2 /
400 50000

50

20

1.5

0.65

/ .

6.93 = 4200 / 18.2 400 4 =

12

0.5

35.5 = 12 0.5 0.65 / 6.93 20

(1)

2 (400) = 119.6 = 4200 /

153 = 24 1 0.65 / 119.6 20 =
:

16 0.5
8.93 = 400 / 0.5 1.5 50000 =
34.3 = 16 0.5 0.65 / 8.93 20 =/

107

FoliarFertilization

- :

) ( .

:
) : (1999

(1

: .

(2

:
.

(3

:


.

(4

(5

( 5)

( 15)
.
(6

:
)

108

(

)
(75)
( 25 10)



.





.
(7

(0.5)

)

. ( ...

:
PracticalimpotanceofFoliarApplicationofMineralNutrients
(1 :

LowNutrientsAvailabilityinSoils.
(Calcareous Soils)

PH

Limeinduced)

(Chlorosis


.

109

(Mn)
(Gettieret.al,1985) .


(Hansonet.al,1985Hanson1991a,b) .

(2

DryTopsoil

Semiarid regions

(3 :

DecreaseinRootActivityduringReproductiveStage





.

(4 :

IncreaseinCalciumContentofFruits

BitterPit

(SchumacherandFrantenhauser,1968) .

110

(5 :

Sprinkerirrgation

Saline

(BernsteinandFrancois1975) . Water
)

) ( .

)100/(

110

20

20

110

118

121

51

26

97

121

165

76

48

86

113

Dripirrigation

) (

Francois and Clark, )

(Maas,1985 ) (1979



.

)

Epidermis

) (
.

111

(1 ). (
(2 .
(3
) ( .
(4 .
(5 )( .
(6 .

(1

.
(2
) .(..
(3
.

(4
.
(5
.

112

(1

.
(2
.
(3 .
(4 .
(5
.
(6 .
(7
.

.

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122