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No natural predators, competition, or parasites. They also costed millions of dollars in damage 2: Define the following species interactions: * Competition: Both species get harmed * Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: One benefits while the other specie is harmed * Mutualism: Both species benefit 3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition? -Food, space, mates, water, shelter, sunlight 4: Define Competitive Exclusion: -One species completely blocks another species from using the resource 5: What must happen for species to co-exist? -Neither species should fully exclude the other form resources, so that they both are in peace. 6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldnt fulfill its fundamental niche? -Fundamental niche is an organism fulfills its role by using all the resources. A realized niche is the portion of fundamental niche that is filled. Specie might not fulfill its fundamental needs to co competition 7: Give an example of resource partitioning: -One specie hunts in the morning while nocturnal specie hunts at night. 8: How does character displacement help with competition? -Species adapt physical traits that are based on helping them obtain the resources they need 9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other: Predator population increases as prey population increases. Increased predator population decreases prey population Decreased prey population increases the starvation of the predator Decreased predator population increases prey population 10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population fitness? -Predators will adapt better hunting traits prolonging their lifespan. Prey adapt form elaborate defenses 11: Define the following: * Cryptic Coloration: Coloring that disguises an animal's shape or color *Warning Coloration: Coloration that serves as a warning to predators, such as the skunk
Yessica Pacheco Per 1 * Mimicry: An animal mimicking another 12: Define Parasitism: -Parasitism is when one organism depends on another organism (the host) for nourishment or other benefits 13: What is the idea of convolution? -Host and parasite organisms become intertwined in continuous adaptations. Each gains a new adaptation in response to a new adaption of the other. 14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivore? -Chemicals and physical adaption both help the plant defend against herbivores 15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism: -Pollination is a form of Mutualism because the flowers get pollinated and the animals doing the pollination get fertilization for their eggs 16: Define the following: * Allelopathy: Certain plants harmful chemicals * Commensalism: A relationship where one organism benefits while the other is not affected * Facilitation: Plants create shade and litter leaves allowing seedlings to grow 17: What is a community of organisms? -A community of organisms is when all of the members interact with one another. Those interactions determine the composition and structure of the community
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below: Autotrophs Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers 19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem? -Most energy is lost through as waste heat through respiration 20: Explain why this statement is true: A human vegetarians ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eaters footprint. -A meat-eater's ecological footprint is smaller than that of a meat-eater's because meat-eaters get less energy due to 10% law. The law states that a Trophic level only has 10% of the energy below it.
Yessica Pacheco Per 1 21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? -A food chain is the relationship of how energy is transferred up the Trophic levels. A food web shows the feeding relationship and energy flow 22: What are a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed? -Keystone specie is one that has a wide-reaching impact on its ecosystem far past its abundance. The food chain can get altered as a result of the absence of keystone specie. 23: What is a tropic cascade? Why is it important? -A trophic cascade is when predators at high trophic levels can alter the population of low tropic species by keeping in check the species in the intermediate tropic level 24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience. -Resistance is when a community of organisms resist change and remains stable during the disturbance. Resilience is when a community reacts to the disturbances by change, but that community later returns to its original state. 25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways) -An invasive species is a non-native organism that spreads widely and becomes the dominant specie in the area. We can control an invasive specie by: removing them manually, toxic chemicals, drying them out, taking their oxygen, and stressing them out with "heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, and UV lights" 26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades? -Depletion is being caused by flood control practices, and irrigation. The population of the wading bird, dropped 90-95%. This restoration project will take 30 years, and billions of dollars 27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following: *Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soil *Temperate rainforests: Susceptible to erosion and landslides *Tropical rainforests: poor acidic soil *Tropical dry forest: erosion prone soil * Desert: Saline soil *Tundra: Permafrost *Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and acidic soil 28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain. -The higher up the biome, the lower the temperature. This means that based on the altitude of the biome, the animals and plant that leaves at each are different