78

Mappings between Facts and

Representation
79
Three Representations of a
Mutilated Checkerboard
80
Representation of Facts
81
Properties of a Representation
System
Representational adequacy
Inferential adequacy
Inferential efficiency
Acquisitional efficiency
82
Simple Relational Knowledge
83
Inheritable Knowledge
84
Viewing a Node as a Frame
86
Inferential Knowledge
87
Using LISP Code to Define a Value
88
Procedural Knowledge as a Rules
89
Issues in Knowledge Representation
Are there any basic attributes of objects?
Are there any basic relationships among objects?
At what level should knowledge be represented?
How should sets be represented?
How should knowledge be accessed?
90
Representing Inverses
Reversible representations that ignore focus :
Pairs of focused entities :
91
Choosing the Granularity of the Representation
Suppose we are interested in the following fact :
We could represent this as
Questions :
Who spotted Sue?
Did John see Sue?
We could add facts, e.g.:
An alternative representation:
92
Redundant Representations
93
Are There Primitive Concepts
Mary is Sues cousin.
An alternative:
94
Intensional and Extensional Representations
{Earth}
Extensional :
Intensional :
95
Selecting an Initial Structure
Index structures by English words
- John flew to New York.
* He rode in a plane from one place to another.
- John flew a kite.
* He held a kite that was up in the air.
- John flew down the street.
* He moved very rapidly.
- John flew into a rage.
* An idiom.
Index structures by concepts
Use one major clue.
96
A Similarity Net
The Frame Problem
Representing the state
- Store all the facts at each node.
* Problem : a lot of facts get represented a lot of times.
above (Ceiling, Floor)
Computing the new state : Frame axioms
- Store a representation of the changes.
- Modify the state but record how to undo.