ekaterine korZaZe

maTematikuri wigniereba

ekaterine korZaZe

maTematikuri wigniereba

Tbilisi 2012

proeqti ,,axali SesaZleblobebi saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone bavSvebs dafinansebulia evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mier da xorcieldeba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis institutis, asociacia zekarisa da marneulis axalgazrduli centris mier. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar gamoxatavdes evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mosazrebebs. Project New Opportunities for Educationally Deprived Children was made possible by the support of European Union and Open Society Institute. Project is implementing by the Civic development Institute, Association Zekari and Marneuli Youth Center. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of European Union and Open Society Institute avtori: ekaterine korZaZe recenzenti: simon janaSia dizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili sakonsultacio sabWo anTaZe ia boWoriSvili manana gorgoZe sofio mosiaSvili Tamar wignis SeqmnaSi gansakuTebuli wvlili Seitanes samoqalaqo ganviTrebis institutis TanamSromlebma, ganaTlebis eqspertebma, romlebmac SeimuSaves ganaTlebis meore Sansis qarTuli modeli. ideis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis procesSi aqtiuradmonawileobdnen: baqraZe maia TofaZe qeTevan kobalaZe qeTevan korZaZe ekaterine papava paata samsonia irina Wanturia Tamar daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobari Tbilisi, 2012 samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti,2012

ISBN 978-9941-0-4926-2

Sesavali
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac sxvadasxva mizezis gamo saTanadod ver auwyves fexi saswavlo process da gauWirdaT maTematikis saswavlo kursis daZleva. imisaTvis, rom davexmaroT am moswavleebs rac SeiZleba swrafad da advilad gadalaxon es winaRoba, Cven maT vTavazobT gakveTilebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili yvelaze fundamenturi maTematikuri cnebebi da operaciebi. TiToeuli paragrafi exeba maTematikis yvelaze aqtiurad gamoyenebad Temebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xvdeba yoveli moswavle. gakveTilebi ise Sedgenili, rom moswavlem Tavad gaiazros TiToeuli cnebis saWiroeba, gansazRvros maTi gamoyenebis areali da adgili. gakveTilebis teqstebi ar aris moculobiTi. dawerilia moswavleTaTvis gasagebi eniT. yovel paragrafs erTvis mravalferovani savarjiSoebi. isini gaTvlilia moswavleebSi sxvadasxva donis saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebaze. vimedovnebT, rom saxelmZRvanelo garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs moswavleebs, daZlion maTematikis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da SemdgomSi warmatebiT gaumklavdnen sxva, ufro rTul da kompleqsur maTematikur Temebs. saxelmZRvanelos momzadebaSi gaweuli wvlilisTvis madlobas vuxdiT maTematikis maswavleblebs: nona SiukaSvils, nana boWoriSvils, neli nasyidaSvils, asmaT CxituniZes, maia undilaSvils, Tamar WarbaZes, ekaterine CixlaZes, marina Tofurias, manana Tofurias, irma amiranaSvils, Tamar murusiZes, lali gveleTians, ekaterine WuaZes, mzia buaZes, aseve, fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtors-nino WeliZes

ekaterine korZaZe

sarCevi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. ricxvebi da maTi Cawera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ricxvebis Sedareba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 naturaluri ricxvebis Sekreba . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 11 naturaluri ricxvebis gamokleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 gamravleba . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .18 gayofa. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .21 moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .23 wiladebi. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .26 wiladis ZiriTadi Tvisebis Sesaxeb wiladebis Sedareba . . . .29 aTwiladebi. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .32 aTwiladebis Sekreba da gamokleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 ricxvebis damrgvaleba. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .37 zomis erTeulebi . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 39 proporciuli damokidebuleba . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 41 ukuproporciuloba. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .44 masStabi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 procenti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 amocanebi procentebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 gantoleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 geometriuli figurebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 wertili, wrfe, sibrtye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 simetria . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .63 marTkuTxedi. marTkuTxedis perimetri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 marTkuTxedis farTobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 marTkuTxa paralelepipedis zedapiris farTobi. . . . . . . . . . . 71 moculoba. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis moculoba. . .. . .. . .74 koordinatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 cxrili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 wriuli diagrama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 svetovani diagrama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 monacemTa saSualo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 kompiuteruli programa geogebra. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 93

ricxvebi da maTi Cawera

iciT Tu ara, rom uZveles adamianebs mxolod oramde scodniaT Tvla. yvela sxva ufro didi raodenobis gamosaxatavad sargeblobdnen sityviT `bevri~. albaT dame TanxmebiT, rom es sakmaod mouxerxebeli iqne boda imaTTvis, vinc ganizraxavda movlenebis odnav meti sizusTiT aRweras da gadmocemas. dRes ar arsebobs raodenoba, romlis zustad gamosaxvac SeuZlebeli iyos. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sul aTi simbolo - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, romlebsac cifrebs uwodeben. zogi ricxvis Casawerad erTi cifria sakmarisi, zogis Casawerad ki - ramodenime. magaliTad, adamians 2 xeli aqvs, Tbilisidan baTumamde manZili 350 kilometria, tokioSi daaxloebiT 21 000 000 (21 milioni) adamiani cxovrobs. ricxvis CanawerSi cifris mniSvneloba damokidebulia mis mier dakavebul poziciaze. magaliTad, 15Si, cifri1 aRniSnavs aTeulebis raodenobas, 5 ki erTeulebis raodenobas:

15

aTeuli 1

erTeuli 5

Canaweri 357 niSnavs, rom dasaTvleli obieqtebi ise daajgufes, rom gamovida 3 aseuli (100 _ 100 ad

dawyobili 3 jgufi nivTebisa), 5 aTeuli da kidev 7 cali nivTi. anu, ricxvi 357 Sedgeba 3 sruli aseulisagan, 5 aTeulisa da 7 erTeulisagan:

357

aseuli 3

aTeuli 5

erTeuli 7

ricxvi yovelTvis raodenobas ar aRniSnavs. magaliTad, fexburTelis nomeri konkretul adamianze an gundSi mis poziciaze mimaniSnebeli erTgvari simboloa. mekareebs maisurze xSirad 1 aweriaT, Tavdamsxmeli ki me-10 an me-11 nomriT aris xolme aRniSnuli.
savarjioSoebi

1. CawereT cifrebiT ricxvebi: ormocdasami, Tormeti, asocdaxuTi, samasormocdaTxuTmeti. 2. daasaxeleT da CawereT mocemuli ricxvebis wina da momdevno ricxvebi: 19, 51, 99, 171 3. ricxvis CanawerSi 647 romeli cifri gamoxatavs, ramdeni sruli aseulia ricxvSi? 4. ramdeni aseuli, aTeuli da erTeulia mocemul ricxvebSi: 135, 425, 980? 5. ramdeni orniSna ricxvi arsebobs? 6. CawereT yvela SesaZlo samniSna ricxvi cifrebiT 2, 3 da 7 ise, rom CanawerSi cifrebi ar gaimeoroT. 7. gamoiyeneT cifrebi 8 da 0 da CawereT yvela SesaZlo samniSna ricxvi (cifrebis gameoreba SesaZlebelia). daasaxeleT miRebuli ricxvebi.

8. Tu aRniSnavs aseuls, aRniSnavs erTeuls, maSin

aRniSnavs

aTeuls,

CanaweriT ra ricxvia aRniSnuli? aRniSnavs aseuls, aRniSnavs aTeuls, 9. Tu aRniSnavs erTeuls, maSin rogor CawerdiT am aRniSvnebis meSveobiT ricxvebs: 145, 236, 74? 10. ramdeniT gaizrdeba 77 , Tu mas marcxnidan mivuwerT 7 - s ?

ricxvebis Sedareba
yvela adamiani xvdeba situaciaSi, roca unda gaarkvios erTi nivTi ufro mZimea, Tu meore, erT yuTSi meti sagania Tu meoreSi, erTi qalaqi ufro Sors aris, Tu meore. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ricxvi faqtiurad sididis an movlenis maxasiaTebelia (anu, konkretuli wona, raodenoba, manZili ricxviT gamoisaxeba), zemoT dasaxelebuli problemebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia saTanado ricxvebis SedarebiT. SevadaroT ori ricxvi erTmaneTs - niSnavs, gavarkvioT romeli maTgania meti an naklebi. naklebi (Sesadarebel ricxvebs Soris mcire) ricxvi Tvlis dros ufro adre saxeldeba, vidre meti ricxvi. magaliTad, Tu 1-dan movyvebiT Tvlas 15 ufro adre dasaxeldeba, vidre 21, radgan 15 naklebia 21-ze. Tu sxva mxriv mivudgebiT am ricxvebis Sedarebis sakiTxs da wina gakveTilSi ganxilur ricxvis Caweris wess gavixsenebT, miviRebT: 15 niSnavs raRac sagnebisagan Semdgar 1 aTeuls da kidev 5 aseTive sagans:

15

aTeuli 1

erTeuli 5

21 ki aris igive sagnebisagan Semdgari 2 aTeuli da kidev 1:

21

aTeuli 2

erTeuli 1

am cxrilebidan aSkarad Cans, rom 21 metia, vidre 15. ase TvalnaTliv Tu warmoidgenT yovel gansaxilvel magaliTs, ricxvebis Sedareba arasodes gagiWirdebaT.

calke problebaa Sedarebis Sedegis ise Cawera, rom es yvelasaTvis naTeli iyos. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi sami simbolo: >, < da =. Canawers 15<21 - nebismieri adamiani ase waikiTxavs: TxuTmeti naklebia 21-ze. Canaweri 100 >95 - ikiTxeba, rogorc 100 metia 95-ze. Tu Sesadarebeli sidideebi tolia, maSin gamoiyeneba simbolo =.
savarjioSoebi

1. SeadareT ricxvebi: 54 da 58, 97 da 90, 126 da 100, 456 da 458. 2. daalageT ricxvebi zrdis mixedviT: 36, 120 da 68. 3. Tu zrdis mixedviT davalagebT ricxvebs: 26, 37, 65 da 19, romeli aRmoCndeba bolo adgilze? pirvel adgilze? 4. erTidaigive saxis kanfeti pirvel maRaziaSi Rirs 50 TeTri, meoreSi ki 65. romel maRaziaSia kanfeti ufro iafi? 5. mocemulia cxrili, sadac aRniSnulia 4 monawilis monacemebi: sportuli Sejibrebisas sarben bilikze 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gavlili manZilebi metrebSi.
monawile giorgi manana elene Salva manZili 465 487 399 400

romel monawiles aqvs saukeTeso monacemi? romeli monawile aRmoCnda yvelaze susti? 6. dawereT yvela ricxvi, romeli metia 24-ze, magram naklebia 30-ze. 7. ra udidesi ricxvi SeiZleba Caiweros cifrebiT 2, 3 da 5? 8. 0, 3, 6 cifrebis gamoyenebiT CawereT umciresi SesaZlo samniSna ricxvi. 9. Tbilisidan goramde manZili 90 kilometria, Tbilisidan xaSuramde - 120, xolo Tbilisidan baTumamde manZili 350 kilometria. romeli qalaqia TbilisTan yvelaze axlos? romelia Tbilisidan yvelaze daSorebuli qalaqi? 10. varskvlavis nacvlad CawereT romelime cifri ise, rom Canaweri swori gamovides. 23 > 238 96 < 9

10

naturaluri ricxvebis Sekreba

yovel adamians dReSi ramodenimejer uxdeba ori an meti ricxvis Sekreba. Tu jer 50 TeTri daxarjeT, Semdeg ki 80 TeTri, mTliani danaxarjis gasagebad, cxadia, rom 50-s unda miumatoT 80. Tu maRaziam dRis pirvel naxevarSi 45 kilogrami kartofili gayida, dRis meore naxevarSi ki _ 60 kilogrami, 45-s unda miumatoT 60, Tu gsurT gaigoT mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdeni kilogrami kartofili gayida maRaziam. Sekrebis moqmedebas `+~ niSniT aRniSnaven. vTqvaT, Sesakrebia 16 da 23. ukve iciT, rom Canaweri 16 aRniSnavs 1 srul aTeuls da kidev 6 erTeuls. 23 ki - 2 sruli aTeuli da kidev 3 erTeulia.

gamodis, rom gvaqvs 3 sruli aTeuli da 9 erTeuli, es ki 39-ia. 16 + 23 = 39 Tu gvinda SevkriboT ricxvebi 123, 24 da 52, ase unda moviqceT: 123 aris 1 aseuli, 2 aTeuli da 3 erTeuli. 24 aris 2 aTeuli da 4 erTeuli. 52 aris 5 aTeuli da 2 erTeuli. sul - 1 aseuli, 9 aTeuli da 9 erTeuli, anu 199.

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odnav ufro rTulia, magaliTad, 78-is da 67-is jamis gamoTvla. 78 aris 7 aTeuli da 8 erTeuli. 67 ki - 6 aTeuli da 7 erTeuli. daviwyoT erTeulebis SekrebiT. 8 da 7 erTeuli 15 erTeulia, rac 1 sruli aTeulia da kidev 5 erTeuli. axla aTeulebi SevkriboT: 7 aTeuli da 6 aTeuli aris 13 aTeuli, anu 1 aseuli da kidev 3 aTeuli (radgan, 10 aTeuli adgens 1 aseuls). davTvaloT aseulebis, aTeulebisa da erTeulebis saerTo raodenoba: 1 aseuli, 4 aTeuli da 5 erTeuli. anu, miviReT 145.

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Tu yuradRebiT waikiTxeT gakveTili, albaT SeamCnevdiT, rom Sekrebis procedura erTgvarad 2 safexurad SeiZleba daiyos. pirveli: TiToeuli Sesakrebi unda davSaloT aseulebis, aTeulebisa da erTeulebis jamad (aseT daSlas saTanrigo erTeulebad daSlas uwodeben). meore: SevkriboT calke erTeulebi, calke aTeulebi. amasTanave, kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom 10 erTeuli 1 sruli aTeulia, 10 aTeuli _ 1 sruli aseuli. miRebuli Sedegis ricxvis saxiT Cawera arc Tu ise Znelia. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi admianebi zemoT aRweril operaciebs sakmaod swrafad da zepirad asruleben.
savarjioSoebi

1. nimuSis mixedviT wrmoadgineT ricxvebi: 26, 48, 35, 138, 347, 407. nimuSi: 459 _ 4 aseuli, 5 aTeuli, 9 erTeuli. 2. gamotovebul adgilSi CawereT Sesabamisi cifri: 13 erTeuli = ___ aTeuli da ___ erTeuli 17 erTeuli = ____ aTeuli da ____ erTeuli. 23 aTeuli = _____ aseuli da _____ aTeuli. 45 aTeuli = _____ aseuli da _____ aTeuli. 3. SeasruleT moqmedebebi: 35 + 20; 56+30; 237+50; 235+100 4. rogor Seicvleba ricxvis Canaweri, Tu am ricxvs 20-s mivumatebT? ganixileT sxvadasxva SemTxveva. 5. erT skolaSi 20 axali kompiuteria, meoreSi ki _ 18. ramdeni kompiuteria orive skolaSi erTad? 6. puri Rirs 65 TeTri, orcxobila ki 90 TeTri. ra Tanxa dagWirdebaT orives SesaZenad?

13

7. sacxobSi orSabaTs gamoacxves 145 funTuSa, samSabaTs ki 120. ramdeni funTuSa gamoacxves sacxobSi ori dRis ganmavlobaSi? 8. gaagrZeleT ricxvebisagan Semdgari mimdevroba (CawereT saTanado ricxvebi) 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, ____, ____, _____ 9. ori qalaqidan erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad gamovida ori avtomobili. erTma Sexvedramde gaiara 15 kilometri, meorem _ 25 kilometri. ra manZilia qalaqebs Soris? 10. ori ricxvis jami metia erTerT Sesakrebze 7-iT. risi tolia meore Sesakrebi?

14

naturaluri ricxvebis gamokleba

vTqvaT, maRaziaSi hqondaT 120 kilogrami Saqari, gayides 45 kilogrami. Tu gsurT gaigoT, ramdeni kilogrami Saqaria darCenili maRaziaSi, 120-s unda gamoakloT 45. an, Tu gqondaT 80 TeTri da SeiZineT 50 TeTriani funTuSa, 80-s unda gamoakloT 50, rom gaigoT ra Tanxa dagrCaT. vinc wina paragrafi guldasmiT waikiTxa, albaT, ar gauWirdeba gamoklebis operaciis Sesruleba. Tavidan, orive ricxvi (saklebic _ romelsac vaklebT da maklebic _ romelic akldeba) unda daSaloT aTeulebisa da erTeulebis jamad. mag., 65-s gamovakloT 34. 65 aris 6 aTeuli da 5 erTeuli. 34 aris 3 aTeuli da 4 erTeuli. aSkaraa, rom gamoklebis Semdeg gvrCeba 3 aTeuli da 1 erTeuli, anu 31.

analogiurad, vTqvaT, 248-s unda gamovakloT 125. 248 aris 2 aseuli, 4 Teuli da 8 erTeuli. 125 aris 1 aseuli, 2 aTeuli da 5 erTeuli. gamoklebis Semdeg gvrCeba 1 aseuli, 2 aTeuli da 3 erTeuli, anu, 123.

15

axla cota rTuli magaliTi gavarCioT. 120-s gamovakloT 45. 120 aris 1 aseuli da 2 aTeuli. es igivea, rac 10 aTeuli, 1 aTeuli da 10 erTeuli, anu 11 aTeuli da 10 erTeuli. 45 aris 4 aTeuli da 5 erTeuli. gamoklebis Semdeg miviRebT: 7 aTeuls da 5 erTeuls, 75-s.

258-s gamovakloT 189. 258 aris: 1 aseuli, 14 aTeuli da 18 erTeuli. 189 aris: 1 aseuli, 8 aTeuli da 9 erTeuli. gamoklebis Semdeg vRebulobT: 6 aTeulsa da 9 erTeuls, 69-s. Tu rmodenime SemTxvevas detalurad gaarCevT maswavlebelTan erTad, SemdegSi damoukideblad SeZlebT ricxvebis gamoklebas, swrafad da zepirad.

16

savarjioSoebi

1. 98 aris 8 aTeuli da ____ erTeuli, 67 aris ____ aTeuli da 17 erTeuli, 28 aris ___ aTeuli da 18 erTeuli, 127 aris _____ aTeuli da 17 erTeuli. 2. ipoveT sxvaoba: 45 23, 67 32, 16756, 45 29, 126 68. 3. ipoveT ucnobi Sesakrebi: ___ + 15 = 60, 45 + ___ = 120 4. ninos aqvs 3 lari da 20 TeTri. ra Tanxa darCeba mas, Tu is daxarjavs 1 larsa da 10 TeTrs? 5. milis sigrZe iyo 120 santimetri. CamoaWres 40 santimetriani nawili. ra sigrZis aris milis darCenili nawili? 6. gamoklebis Sesrulebis gareSe SeadareT ricxvebi: 70 15 da 70 25, 125 80 da 125 85, 69 40 da 89 40, 57 45 da 59 45. 7. maRaziaSi hqondaT 80 cali puri. dRis ganmavlobaSi gaiyida 55 puri. danarCeni qarxanas daubrunda. ramdeni puri daubrunes qarxanas? 8. erT skolaSi 90 pirvelklaselia, meoreSi 20iT naklebi. ramdeni pirvelklaseli swavlobs meore skolaSi? 9. erTi saxis limonaTi Rirs 80 TeTri. meore saxisa 20 TeTriT iafia. ra Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT, Tu orive saxis limonaTs SeiZenT? 10. erT ricxvs (saklebs) gamoakles meore ricxvi (maklebi) da Sedegad miiRes 20. rogor unda SecvaloT maklebi, rom sxvaoba miiRoT 25?

17

gamravleba

vTqvaT, maRaziaSi yoveldRe miaqvT 20 yuTi kokakola. 4 dRis Semdeg Tu daiTvlian miRebuli kokakolis saerTo raodenobas, cxadia mouwevT am jamis gamoTvla: 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 . Tu agrovebT fuls da kviraSi erTxel yulabaSi agdebT 50 TeTrs. 7 kviris ganmavlobaSi mogrovebuli Tanxa gamoiTvleba ase: 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 . advilad SeamCnevT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi jamis TiToeuli Sesakrebi erTidaigive ricxvia. aseT viTarebebSi Canaweris optimizaciis mizniT (an, gamartivebis mizniT) SemoiRebulia amgvari aRniSvna: 20 . 4; 50 . 7; pirveli Canaweri ikiTxeba - `20 gamravlebuli 4-ze~, meore Canaweri ki - `50 gamravlebuli 7-ze~. gamravlebis komponentebs Tanamamravlebs uwodeben, gamravlebis Sedegs ki _ namravls. Zalian martivia gamravlebis ori Tvisebis SemCneva. pirveli: Tu ricxvs 1-ze gaamravlebT, igive ricxvs miiRebT. meore: Tanamamravlebis gadanacv-

18

lebiT namravli ar icvleba (anu: 5 . 7 = 7 . 5). ricxvis 0-ze namravli 0-is tolia.
savarjioSoebi

1. CawereT gamravlebis saxiT naxatze gamosaxuli faqti.

2. CawereT gamravlebis saxiT: 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 , 45 + 45 + 45 + 45 + 45 + 45 , 125 + 125 + 125 + 125 + 125 + 125 . 3. CawereT jamis saxiT: 34 . 4; 25 . 6; 120 . 3; 90 . 5. 4. SeavseT gamotovebul adgilebi: 25 + 25 + _ + _ + _ = 25 . 5; 12 + _ + _ = _ . 3;

19

5. warmoadgineT jamis saxiT da ipoveT mniSvneloba: 20 . 4; 25 . 3; 100 . 4; 80 . 2; 6. puri Rirs 60 TeTri. ra eRireba 5 cali aseTive puri? 7. erT yuTSi 10 fanqaria. ramdeni fanqari iqneba 7 aseTive yuTSi? 8. erTi milis sigrZe 2 metria. ramdeni mili unda SeaduRon, rom miiRon 12 metri sigrZis mili? 9. rogor Seicvleba ori ricxvis namravli, Tu erTerT Tanamamravls 2-jer gavzrdiT? 10. rogor Seicvleba ori ricxvis namravli, Tu orive Tanamamravls 2-jer SevamcirebT?

20

gayofa

vTqvaT, 20 kanfeti Tanabrad unda gaunawiloT 4 bavSvs. jer yvelas TiTo-TiTos CamourigebT, Semdeg kidev TiTo-TiTos. 5 jer Camorigebis Semdeg gasanawilebeli kanfetebic amoiwureba da yovel bavSvs aRmoaCndeba 5 kanfeti. axla aseTi SemTxveva ganvixiloT: gaqvT 80 kilogrami fqvili, romlebic 10 kilogramian tomrebSi unda gadaanawiloT. gadanawilebis Sedegad miviRebT 8 savse tomaras, TiToeuls 10 kilogrami fqviliT. aRwerili procesebi maTematikuri simboloebiT ase Caiwereba: 20 : 4; 80 : 10. pirveli Canaweri ikiTxeba, rogorc `20 gayofili 4-ze~, meore ki _ `80 gayofili 10ze~. ricxvs, romelsac vyofT `gasayofs~ uwodeben, romelzedac vyofT _ `gamyofs~, gayofis Sedegs ki `ganayofi~ ewodeba. nebismieri ricxvis 1-ze gayofis Sedegi TviTon es ricxvia. sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT 0-ze gayofa ar SeiZleba.

21

savarjioSoebi

1. ramdeni kilogrami xorbali Sexvdeba 5 adamianidan TiToeuls, Tu isini 100 kilogram xorbals Tanabrad gainawileben. 2. ramden xuTeuls gamoyofT 20 erTeulisagan Semdgari grovidan? (ramden 5 _ erTeulian grovebad daSliT 20 erTeulisagan Semdgar grovas?) 3. 45 metri sigrZis kabeli 9 Tanabari zomis naWrad daWres. ra sigrZis aris TiToeuli naWeri? 4. ramdeni 5 kilogramis tevadobis yuTi dagWirdebaT 30 kilogrami burRulis Tanabrad gadasanawileblad? 5. Sokoladis fila 24 Tanabari zomis kvadratisagan Sedgeba. ramdeni kvadrati Sexvdeba 6 gogonadan TiToeuls, Tu isini filas Tanabrad gai nawileben? 6. puri 800 grams iwonis. ra wona eqneba puris TiToeul naWers, Tu purs 4 Tanabari zomis naWrad daWrian? 7. milis sigrZe 20 metria. ramden nawilad unda daWraT mili, rom miiRoT Tanabari sigrZis 5 naWeri? 8. ramden Tanabari zomis naWers miiRebT, Tu mils jer Suaze gaWriT, Semdeg kidev TiToeul nawils 3 Tanabar nawilad gaWriT? 9. SeasruleT gayofa: 80 : 4; 60 : 3; 120 : 4; 48 : 4; 10. SeavseT gamotovebuli adgilebi: 80 : _ = 20; 50 : _ = 5.

22

moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRmoCndeT amgvar situaciaSi: Tqven da Tqveni 3 megobari SebrZandiT kafeSi, aiReT 4 naWeri namcxvari, 2 limonaTi da 2 finjani Cai. danaxarji oTxivem Tanabrad unda gadainawiloT. namcxvris 1 naWeri Rirs 80 TeTri, 1 boTli limonaTi 70 TeTri, 1 finjani Cais Rirebuleba 40 TeTria. Tanxa, romlis gadaxdac mouwevs TiToeul Tqvengans ase gamoiTvleba: jer unda gaigoT 4 naWeri namcxvris Rirebuleba, Semdeg 2 limonaTisaTvis saWiro Tanxa, gamoiTvaloT ra Rirs 2 finjani Cai, SekroboT miRebuli ricxvebi da jami gayoT 4-ze. aRwerili qmedebebis maTematikuri Canaweri aseTia: (80 . 4 + 70 . 2 + 40 . 2) : 4. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi Canawerebi ikiTxeba iseve, rogorc Cveulebriv enaze dawerili raime teqsti. mTavaria icodeT moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba

23

da maTematikuri simboloebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, gamravleba da gayofa ufro prioritetuli moqmedebebia, vidre Sekreba da gamokleba. anu, jer gamravleba sruldeba da Semdeg Sekreba. frCxilebi, am SemTxevvaSi, jams aRniSnavs da miuTiTebs, rom 4-ze unda gaiyos samive namravlis jamis mniSvneloba da ara, magaliTad, marto 40-isa da 2-is namravli. maTematikuri Canaweri ise unda gakeTdes, rom is erTnairad iqnas gagebuli yvela `mkiTxvelis~ mier.
savarjioSoebi

1. aRwereT moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba CanawerebSi: (30 . 5 + 2) : 2; 16 : 4 + 30 : 5; (20 + 15) . 60 : (5 + 2) 2. gamoTvaleT gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba: (125 + 45) : 10 + 3; 3. gamoTvaleT gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba: (120 : 4 + 90 : 3) . 2; 4. SeadareT gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi: (30 + 15) : 5; da 30 + 15 : 3; 5. CasviT ricxvebs Soris moqmedebebis niSnebi, frCxilebi da tolobis niSani ise, rom miiRoT WeSmariti toloba: 50 40 9 10 6. oTxi aTianis meSveobiT CawereT 4 sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis mqone gamosaxuleba. 7. vTqvaT, sacxobs 1 puris gamocxoba ujdeba 50 TeTri. ra Tanxa darCeba sacxobs mogebis saxiT 1000 puris gayidvis Semdeg, Tu puri gaiyideba 70 TeTrad? qvemoT moyvanil gamosaxulebebidan airCieT

24

is, romliTac amoixsneba amocana: (70 + 50) . 1000; 70 . 1000 + 50 . 1000; (70 _ 50) . 1000; 1000 : (70 _ 50).

8. SeadgineT gamosaxuleba da amoxseniT amocana: erTerTi satelefono kompaniis pirobebi aseTia: zaris wamowyeba Rirs 5 TeTri, yoveli nalaparakebi wuTisaTvis ixdiT 2 TeTrs. ra Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT 15 wuTiani saubrisaTvis? 9. SeadgineT gamosaxuleba da amoxseniT amocana: erTi tomara fqvili iwonis 50 kilograms. 2 tomara fqvili Tanabrad unda gadaunawilon 4 ojaxs. ramdeni kilogrami fqvili Sexvdeba TiToeul ojaxs? 10. qvemoT moyvanilia amonaridi maTematikis Cinuri saxelmZRvanelodan. Tqveni azriT, ra SeiZleba eweros aq? (20 + 30) : 5 20 + 30 : 5

25

wiladebi

gTavazobT ramodenime amonarids qarTul vebgverdebze ganTavsebuli informaciebidan: `12 wlamde asakis bavSvebma, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, unda miiRon abis meoTxedi dReSi 1-jer~. `Semowiruli Tanxis naxevari moxmardeba bavSvTa saxlisaTvis kompiuterebis SeZenas~. `gamokiTxul moswavleTa mesamedi nawili isurvebda, rom gakveTilebze ufro meti sixSiriT yofiliyo gamoyenebuli kompiuteri~. samive winadadebaSi gvxvdeba sityvebi, romlebic raRac raodenobas Seesatyviseba. es raodenoba aris mTlianis nawili. ricxvebs, romlebic mTlianis nawils gamoxataven wiladebi ewodebaT. meoTxedi ase Caiwereba 1 . es niSnavs, rom mTeli dayofilia 4 4 amJamad ganvixilavT am nawilebidan tol nawilad da mxolod 1-s. wiladi 5 (ikiTxeba _ xuTi meeqvsedi) 6 Seesabameba Semdeg raodenobas _ 6 Tanabar nawilad dayofili mTelis 5 nawili. wiladis xazs zemoT gamosaxul ricxvs ewodeba mricxveli, xazs qvemoT

26

gamosaxuls ki _ mniSvneli. mniSvneli gviCvenebs, ramden tol nawiladaa mTeli gayofili. mricxveli ki miuTiTebs, nawilebis mTliani raodenobidan ramdenia aRebuli (an, ramdenze vmsjelobT amJamad).
savarjioSoebi

1. figurebis meramdenedi nawilebia gaferadebuli?

2. ramdeni meoTxedia mTelSi? meoredi? mesamedi? 3. romel figurazea iasamnisfrad gaferadebuli am figuris 3 nawili? 4

4. romeli figura Seesabameba wilads

8 ? 10

27

5. CawereT naxazis Sesabamisi wiladi:

6. gaaferadeT figuris 1 nawili 3

7. gaaferadeT konfiguraciis (figuraTa erTobliobis) 1 1 nawili 3

8. klasis moswavleTa 3 nawils vaJebi Seadgenen. 5 klasis ra nawilia gogonaTa raodenoba? 9. gamoSrobisas vaSli kargavs wonis 8 nawils. vaS9 lis wonis ra nawili rCeba gamoSrobis Semdeg? 10. daalageT zrdis mixedviT: 8 ; 1 ; 7 ; 3 ; 4 . 9 9 9 9 9

28

wiladis ZiriTadi Tvisebis Sesaxeb. wiladebis Sedareba

1 2 2 4

3 6

tolmniSvneliani wiladebis Sedareba martivia da ar Txoulobs gansakuTrebuli wesebis codnas. 7 8 metia 6 -ze, radgan, wiladis ganmartebis Tanxmad, 7 aris 88 tol naWrad daWrili raRac mTelis 7 8 nawili; 6 ki _ 8 tol naWrad daWrili mTelis 6 8 nawili. cxadia, 7 metia 6-ze, Sesabamisad _ 7 > 6 . 8 8 Tu zemoT moyvanil msjelobas mainc mivcemT wesis saxes, maSin es wesi ase Camoyalibdeba: tolmniSvneliani wiladebidan metia is, romlis mricxvelic metia. modiT axla SevadaroT erTmaneTs wiladebi: 1 , 2 da 2 4 3 . ilustraciaze TvalnaTliv Cans, rom es wiladebi 6 tolia. aseve tolia wiladebi: 2 da 4 . 6 3

2 3

4 6

29

tol wiladebze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba wiladis ZiriTadi Tvisebis aRmoCena: Tu wiladis mricxvelsa da mniSvnels gavamravlebT (an gavyofT) erTsa da imave 0-isagan gansxvavebul ricxvze, miviRebT Tavdapirveli wiladis tol wilads. wiladis am Tvisebas xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxva mniSvneliani magaliTad, Tu unda davadginoT, romelia meti 3 Tu 7 , 3 -is mricxvelica 4 8 4 da mniSvnelic unda gavamravloT 2-ze. miviRebT 6 -s. 8 axla, vfiqrobT, aRaravis gauWirdeba imis mixvedra, rom 7 metia 3 -ze. 8 4
savarjioSoebi

wiladebis

Sedarebisas.

1. CawereT 3 -is toli ramodenime wiladi. 5 TvalsaCinoeba da amoiwereT toli 2. gamoiyeneT wiladebi

30

3. ujraSi CawereT ricxvebi ise, rom swori tolobebi miiRoT: 3 6 = 8 3 4. daalageT zrdis mixedviT ricxvebi: , 2 ; 8 da 1. 5 10 15 5. figuraTa mTliani raodenobis meramdened nawils Seadgenen mwvane figurebi? 8 4 = 10 6 2 = 3

6. SeadareT wiladebi: 5 da 3 ; 8 da 7 ; 1 da 1 . 7 7 9 9 5 7 7. ra ricxvi SeiZleba eweros *-is nacvlad, rom utoloba swori iyos? * < 3; 1 > 1; 4 8 * 6 8. savaWro jixurSi miitanes 45 kilogrami kartofili. dRis pirvel naxevarSi gaiyida am raodenobis mesamedi. mTliani raodenobis ra nawili darCa gasayidi? ramdeni kilogrami kartofili darCa gasayidi? 9. pirvel dRes moaasfaltes 200 metri sigrZis gza, rac mTeli gzis meoTxedi nawilia. ra sigrZisaa mTliani gza? 10. giorgim Seagrova 150 lari. am Tanxis 2 iT man 3 SeiZina wignebi. darCenili Tanxis naxevari daxarja zooparkSi. ra Tanxa darCa giorgis?

31

10

aTwiladebi

albaT SeamCnevdiT, rom zomis erTeulebis gamoyenebisas yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba wiladebi: 1 , 1 , 1 10 100 1 1000. 1 metri kilometris 1000 nawilia, 20 santometri metris 20 nawilia, 600 grami kilogramis 100 60 40 nawilia, 40 TeTri laris nawilia _ rogorc 1000 100 wesi, am saxis mimarTebebi ufro sWirdebaT adamianebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. maTematikosebi SeTanxmdnen, rom aseTi saxis ricxvebi (anu, wiladebi, romlebsac mniSvnelad aqvT 10, 100, 1000 da a.S.) Caweron mokled, mniSvnelis gareSe. mTel nawils wiladis mricxvelSi mocemuli ricxvisagan gamoyofen mZimiT. amasTan, wiladis mricxvels weren ise, rom igi Seicavdes imden cifrs, ramdeni nulic aris mniSvnelSi. magaliTad, 4 25 -is nacvlad weren 4,25 (ikiTxeba: 4 100 mTeli da 25 measedi). Tu mricxvelSi cifrebis raodenoba naklebia mniSvnelSi nulebis raodenobaze, maSin mricxvelis win weren nulebs. magaliTad, 2 1 100 Caiwereba ase: 2,01 (ikiTxeba: 2 mTeli da 1 measedi). wiladi 67 Caiwereba ase: 0,67 (radgan, mTeli nawili 100 0is tolia) da ikiTxeba: 0 mTeli da 67 measedi.
savarjioSoebi

1. figuris ra nawilia gaferadebuli? CawereT aTwiladis saxiT.

32

2. CawereT aTwiladis saxiT: 2 2 ; 4 9 ; 24 25 ; 2 . 10 10 100 100 3. CawereT aTwiladebi: 5 mTeli da 45 measedi, 3 mTeli da 5 measedi, 0 mTeli da 35 measedi. 4. gamosaxeT larebSi: 3 lari da 5 TeTri, 20 TeTri, 80 TeTri, 5 lari da 75 TeTri. 5. metris meramdenedi nawili 5 sm, 20 sm, 85 sm? CawereT aTwiladebis saxiT. 6. raime modelis meSveobiT gamosaxeT ricxvebi: 0,2; 2,7; 0,4; 31,4; 1; 1,4. 4,076. 7. CawereT wiladis saxiT mocemuli aTwiladebi: 8. gamosaxeT metrebSi da CawereT aTwiladis saxiT: 15 santimetri, 60 santimetri, 7 decimetri. 9. ramdeni kilogramia 20 grami, 300 grami, 5 kilogrami da 400 grami?. 10. SeadareT aTwiladebi: 0,55 da 0,12; 4,25 da 7,15. 3.9 da 3.19999; 0,8 da 0,2; 2 da 1.99999999

33

11

aTwiladebis Sekreba da gamokleba

vTqvaT, pijakis Sesakerad daixarja 3,14 metri qsovili, kabas ki sWirdeba - 2,83 metri (did samkervalo sawarmoebSi, sadac seriulad uSveben tansacmels, sul aseTi sizustiTaa aRricxuli romeli saxis Casacmels ramdeni qsovili sWirdeba). rom gavigoT, sul ra masala daixarjeba pijakisa da kabis Sekervaze, unda SevkriboT ricxvebi - 3,14 da 2,83. 3,14 + 2,83 = 3 83 97 14 +2 =5 = 5,97 100 100 100

maSasadame, sul daixarjeba 5,97 metri qsovili (anu, 5 metri da 97 santimetri). modiT, axla aseTi magaliTi ganvixiloT: erTi sazamTro iwonis 6,4 kilograms, meore ki - 5,28-s. ras iwonis orive sazamTro erTad?

28 4 +5 . gavixsenoT, rom wiladis 100 10 4 40 ZiriTadi Tvisebis Tanaxmad = . amis gaTval10 100 28 68 40 iswinebiT, 6 +5 = 11 = 11,68 . 100 100 100 6,4 +5,28 = 6 amgvarad, davadgineT, rom ori sazamTro erTad iwonis 11,68 kilograms, rac aris 11 kilogrami da 680 grami. uTuod SeamCnevdiT, rom aTwiladebis Sekreba

34

iseve SeiZleba moxdes `qveSmiweriT~, rogorc amas vakeTebT naturaluri ricxvebis SemTxvevisas, anu, Cveulebriv wiladad warmodgena yovelTvis aucilebeli ar aris. 6,40 3,14 +2,83 +5,28 11,68 5,97 axla wesis saxe mivceT aTwiladebis Sekrebas: ori aTwiladis Sesakrebad saWiroa: 1) SesakrebebSi gavaTanabroT mZimis Semdeg niSnebis ricxvi; 2) Sesakrebebi erTi meoris qveS ise davweroT, rom mZime mZimis qveS aRmoCndes; 3) miRebuli ricxvebi ise SevkriboT, rogorc naturaluri ricxvebi; 4) miRebul jamSi mZime davsvaT Sesakrebebis mZimeebis qveS. aTwiladebis gamoklebis SemTxveva Sekrebis analogiuria. 35 45 80 114,8 _ 71,35 = 114,80 _ 71,35 = 114 + 71 = 43 = 43,45 100 100 100 `qveSmiweriT~ igive magaliTi ase Caiwereba: 114,80 + 71,35 43,45
savarjioSoebi

1. SekribeT aTwiladebi: 0,125+2,355; 2. gamoakeliT: 9,4-7,3; 11,1-2,8; 88,256-4,69. 3. 30 metri sigrZis mavTuls CamoaWres 4,75 metri. 3,25+7,128; 12,36+45,98.

35

ra sigrZis mavTuli darCa? 4. velosipedistis siCqarea 15 kilometri saaTSi, fexiT mosiarulisa ki 6,3 kilometri saaTSi. ramdeniT metia velosipedistis siCqare fexiT mosiarulis siCqareze? ra siCqariT miuaxlovdebian isini erTmaneTs, Tu erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad imoZraveben? 5. Turme, paraSutisti paraSutis gaxsnamde 4 wamis ganmavlobaSi vardeba simaRlidan. pirvel wamSi is gadis 4,9 metrs, yovel Semdeg wamSi ki - 9,8 metriT mets, vidre winaSi. ramden metrs gadis haerSi paraSutisti am 4 wamis ganmavlobaSi?

36

12

ricxvebis damrgvaleba

vTqvaT, erT skolaSi 87 meoTxeklaselia. calkeuli SemTxvevebis garda, roca sizuste gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, SegviZlia `davamrgvaloT~ ricxvi da vTqvaT, rom im skolaSi daaxloebiT 90 meoTxe klaselia. aseve iqcevian, roca amboben, rom Tbilisidan baTumamde manZili daaxloebiT 400 kilometria, rom lomi 190 kilogramamde iwonis, rom eifelis koSkis simaRle daaxloebiT 300 metria. ricxvebis damrgvaleba SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasxva sizustiT. magaliTad, davamrgvaloT 529 aseulebamde niSnavs, rom vipovoT dasaxelebuli ricxvis uaxloesi aseuli. Tu aTeulebamde gvsurs damrgvaleba, maSin unda vipovoT 529-is uaxloesi aTeuli. modiT, orive SemTxveva ganvixiloT detalurad. 529 aris 5 aseuli da kidev 29 erTeuli. 529 metia 5 aseulze da naklebia 6 aseulze, Tumca 5 aseuls aRemateba mxolod 29 erTeuliT, maSin roca 6 aseulamde rom SevavsoT, 529-s unda daematos 71 erTeuli. maSasadame, 529 ufro axloa 5 aseulTan, anu 500-Tan. 529 aris 52 aTeuli da kidev 9 erTeuli. 529 metia 52 aTeulze da naklebia 53 aTeulze. Tumca, 53 aTeulamde Sesavsebad mxolod 1 erTeulia sakmarisi. amgvarad, 529-is uaxloesi aTeulia 53 aTeuli, anu 530. calke ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca dasamrgvalebeli ricxvi `zustad SuaSia~, magaliTad, rogorc 550, roca vamrgvalebT measedebamde sizustiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze,

37

virCevT met ricxvs, anu 600. analogiurad, 75-is aTeulebamde damrgvalebiT miiReba 80.
savarjioSoebi

1. daamrgvaleT aTeulebamde: 51, 78, 86, 91. 2. daamrgvaleT aseulebamde: 248, 456, 871, 918. 3. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic mocemulia Tbilisidan saqarTvelos zogierT qalaqamde manZilebi. daamrgvaleT TiToeuli ricxvi aseulebamde sizustiT da upasuxeT SekiTxvebs: Tbilisi-quTaisi Tbilisi-Telavi Tbilisi-axalcixe Tbilisi-zugdidi Tbilisi-ozurgeTi 276 km 147 km 207 km 339 km 321

romeli qalaqia Tbilisidan daaxloebiT 200 kilometris manZilze?

38

13

zomis erTeulebi

adamians xSirad sWirdeba raimes gazomva. gazomvis gareSe igi ver SeZlebs saxlis aSenebas, tansacmlis Sekervas, manqanis gakeTebas. Cven vzomavT iseT sidideebs, rogoricaa dro, temperatura, sigrZe, moculoba. sidide rom gazomon, amisaTvis mas adareben zomis raime erTeuls. magaliTad, Tu raime milis sigrZis gazomva gindaT, unda aiRoT cnobili sigrZis mqone joxi, an Zafi da daakvirdeT, ramdenjer moTavsdeba joxi an Zafi milis sigrZis Sesabamis monakveTSi. Tu gindaT, rom Tqvens mier gazomili sididis Sesaxeb yvelas erTgvarovani warmodgenaa Seeqmnas, saWiroa isargebloT zomis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli erTeulebiT. sazomTa metrul sistemaSi sigrZis ZiriTad erTeulad miRebulia metri. danarCeni erTeulebi miiReba ZiriTadi erTeulisagan 10-jer, 100-jer, 1000jer da a.S. gadidebiT an SemcirebiT. am erTeulebis saxelwodebebi iqmneba TavsarTebis gamoyenebiT. erTeulis 10-jer Semcirebisas iyeneben TavsarTs `deci~, 100-jer Semcirebisas _ `santi~, 1000-jer Semcirebisas _ `mili~. erTeulis 10-jer gadidebi-

39

sas iyeneben TavsarTs `deka~, 100-jer gadidebisas _ `heqto~, 1000-jer gadidebisas _ `kilo~. magaliTad, metris meaTed nawils ewodeba `decimetri~, meased nawils ki _ `santimetri~. metrze 1000-jer did sidides ewodeba `kilometri~. TiTqmis igive wesebi moqmedebs masis erTeulebis saxelwarmoqmnaSic. yvelaze gavrcelebuli erTeulia kilogrami. mis meaTased nawils ewodeba grami, xolo gramze 1000-jer nakleb erTeuls miligrami. didi masebis gasazomad iyeneben erTeulebs _ tona (1000 kilogrami) da centneri (100 kilogrami).
savarjioSoebi

1. ramdeni santimetria: 2 metri, 3 metri da 20 santimetri, 5 decimetri. 2. ramdeni santimetria: 20 milimetri, 50 milimetri, 125 milimetri. 3. ramdeni metria: 2 kilometri, 8 kilometri, 5 kilometri da 50 metri. 4. metris meramdenedi nawilia santimetri? milimetri? 5. kilometris meramdenedi nawilia metri? 100 metri, decimetri? 6. ramdeni gramia: 2 kilogrami, 12 kilogrami? 3 kilogrami da 400 grami? 7. kilogramis meramdenedi nawilia 1 grami? 10 grami? 200 grami? 8. iyides sami 250-gramiani da ramdenime 500-gramiani qila mawoni. ramdeni 500-gramiani qila uyidiaT, Tu sul SeiZines 2 kilogrami da 250 grami mawoni? 9. 1 kilogrami Saqari Rirs 2 lari. ra eRireba 400 grami Saqari?

40

14

proporciuli damokidebuleba

erTi nayini Rirs 40 TeTri. arcerT Tqvengans ar gauWirdeba gamoTvalos, ra eRireba imave saxis 3 nayini (120 TeTri, anu 1 lari da 20 TeTri). modiT sqematurad gamovsaxoT es monacemebi. nayinis raodenoba 1 3 nayinis fasi 40 TeTri 120 TeTri

dakvirvebuli adamiani aucileblad amoicnobs Semdeg kanonzomierebas: ramdenjerac gaizarda nayinis raodenoba, imdenjerve gaizarda gadasaxdeli Tanxac. 6 nayinis yidvas Tu moviwadinebT mogviwevs 240 TeTris, anu 2 larisa da 40 TeTris gadaxda. aseve martivad SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT nebismieri sxva raodenobis nayinis safasuric. or sidides Soris amgvar damokidebulebas proporciuli damokidebuleba ewodeba. davalebis pirobis sqematuri gamosaxva araerTi amocanis amoxsnaSi gvexmareba. modiT, ganvixiloT ramodenime maTgani. davaleba 1: 10 kilogrami fqvilisagan cxveba 15 kilogrami puri. ramdeni fqvilia saWiro 60 kilogrami puris gamosacxobad? SevadginoT cxrili. fqvilis wona 10 kg ? gamomcxvari puris wona 15 kg 60 kg

41

radgan 60 4-jer metia 15-ze, Sesabamisad, 4-jer meti fqvilia saWiro. 10 unda gavamravloT 4-ze. miviRebT 40-s. davaleba 2: 120 kilogrami qliavisagan amzadeben 9 kilogram Cirs. ramdeni Ciri miiReba 40 kilogrami qliavisagan? qliavis wona 120 kg 40 kg Ciris wona 9 kg ?

Ciris dasamzadeblad aRebuli qliavis masa 3-jer Semcirda. Sesabamisad, 3-jerve Semcirdeba miRebuli Ciris masac. anu, miviRebT mxolod 3 kilogram qliavis Cirs. gogonebi kargad erkvevian amgvar sakiTxebSi: vTqvaT, namcxvrebis receptebis wignSi weria, rom mTeli porcia namcxvris dasamzadeblad saWiroa 2 kg fqvili, 4 kvercxi da 1 Wiqa Saqari. Tu gaqvT mxolod 1 kilogrami fqvili (anu, saWiro raodenobis mxolod naxevari), maSin Sesabamisad unda SeamciroT namcxvris sxva ingredientebic, anu, aiRoT 2 kvercxi da naxevari Wiqa Saqari da miiRebT igive namcxvris naxevar porcias. raodenobasa da fass Soris proporciuli damokidebuleba ar aris yvela savaWro dawesebulebaSi. magaliTad bazarSi, 1 kona qinZs yidian 15 TeTrad, magram 2 konas xSirad 20 TeTradac gviTmoben (nacvlad 30 TeTrisa).

42

savarjioSoebi

1. manqana 1 saaTSi gadis saSualod 80 kilometrs. ra manZils gaivlis manqana 4 saaTSi (aseTive siCqariT moZraobisas)? 2. 1 brigada asfalts agebs dReSi 200 metrze. ramdeni dRis muSaobaa saWiro 1 kilometri (1000 metri) sigrZis gzis dasagebad? 3. rveuli Rirs 20 TeTri. ramdeni rveuli mogivaT 1 larad da 20 TeTrad? 4. 1 tomara fqvilisagan cxveba 120 cali puri. ramdeni tomara fqvili unda SeiZinon sacxobSi, Tu maT daukveTes 600 cali puri? 5. oTaxis iatakis SesaRebad 2 qila saRebavia saWiro. ramdeni qila saRebavi dasWirdeba 5 daaxloebiT igive zomis oTaxis iataki SeRebvas? 6. 1 porcia namcxvars sWirdeba: 600 grami fqvili, 1 Wiqa Tafli, 3 Wiqa rZe. ra raodenobiT unda aviRo saWiro ingredientebi, rom gamovacxo 3 porcia namcxvari? 7. moifiqreT sidideebs Soris araproporciuli damokidebulebis ramodenime nimuSi.

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15

ukuproporciuloba

vTqvaT, muSebis jgufi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi asfalts agebs 5 kilometr sigrZis gzaze. ramden kilometr gzas moaasfaltebs es jgufi 4 dRis ganmavlobaSi? cxadia, rom 4-jer mets, vidre 1 dRis ganmavlobaSi, anu 5 . 4 = 20 kilometrs. axla aseTi amocana ganvixiloT: muSebis erTi jgufi gzis garkveuli monakveTis moasfaltebas andomebs 8 saaTs. ra dro dasWirdeba igive monakveTis moasfaltebas, Tu erTdroulad imuSavebs muSebis 2 aseTive jgufi? gavyveT `logikis jaWvs~: Tu ori jgufi imuSavebs, samuSao ufro adre dasruldeba. amasTan, radgan raodenoba 2-jer gaizarda, saWiro dro zustad 2-jer Semcirdeba. anu, 2 jgufi saqmes daasrulebs 5 : 4 = 20 saaTSi. Tu muSaTa jgufebis raodenoba 4-mde gaizrdeba, maSin samuSao dasruldeba 2 saaTSi. 8 jgufi samuSaos daasrulebs 1 saaTSi. modiT, monacemebi warmovadginoT cxrilis saxiT da davakvirdeT. jgufebis raodenoba 1 2 4 8 davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro dro 8 saaTi 4 saaTi 2 saaTi 1 saaTi

ramdenjerac izrdeba muSaTa jgufebis raodenoba, imdenjer mcirdeba davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro dro. sidideebs Soris amgvar damokidebulebas ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba ewodeba, TviTon

44

sidideebs ki _ ukuproporciuli sidideebi.

savarjioSoebi

1. erTi Tivis zvini erT cxens yofnis sakvebad daaxloebiT erTi Tve. ramden xans eyofa igive zomis Tivis zvini 3 cxens? 2. xuTi adamiani yurZnis mokrefas andomebs 3 dRes. ramden dReSi mokrefs igive raodenobis yurZens 15 kaci? 3. mSeneblebis erTi jgufi saxls aSenebs 8 TveSi. ramdeni jgufi iqneba saWiro, rom saxlis aSeneba dasruldes 2 TveSi? 4. avtomobili Tbilisidan quTaisSi Casvlas andomebs 4 saaTs, Tu is moZraobs 60km/sT siCqariT (anu, yovel saaTSi gadis 60 kilometrs). ra droSi Cavidoda avtomobili quTaisSi, 120 km/sT siCqariT rom emoZrava? 5. cxrilSi mocemulia ukuproporciuli damokidebulebis mqone sidideebi. SeavseT cxrilis gamotovebuli ujrebi 1 32 2 8 4 16 1

6. moifiqreT sidideebs Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebulebis magaliTebi.

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16

masStabi

yovel Tqvengans unaxavs, albaT, ruka. is dedamiwis calkeuli adgilebis erTgvar `models~ warmoadgens. dedamiwis zedapiris garkveuli nawilebis realur zomebs qaRaldze, cxadia, Semcirebulad gamosaxaven. magaliTad, 1000 metri sigrZis monakveTi zogierT rukaze 1 santimetri sigrZis monakveTiT aris gamosaxuli. 1000 metri = 100 000 santimetris. maSasadame, realuri zomebi 100 000-jer aris Sem1 cirebuli. ricxv -s rukis masStabs uwodeben. 100000 yovel rukazea miTiTebuli masStabi. is damokidebulia rukis sasurvel zomaze da gamosasaxavi teritoriis zomebze. vTqvaT, rukaze A da B soflebs Soris manZili 8 santimetria. vipovoT manZili am soflebs Soris, 1 Tu rukis masStabia . masStabis mniSvneloba 100000 migviTiTebs, rom rukaze 1 santimetrian monakveTs realur viTarebaSi Seesabameba 100 000 santimetri,

46

anu 1 kilometri. proporciiT advilad daadgenT, rom 8 santimetrs Seesabameba 8 kilometri. maSasadame, or sofels Soris manZili 8 kilometri yofila.
savarjioSoebi

1. realur viTarebaSi 100000 santimetriani mona kveTi rukaze 2 santimetrs ikavebs. ipoveT rukis masStabi. 2. Tbilissa da sagarejos Soris 36 kilometria, rukaze ki es manZili 2 santimetriani monakveTiTaa gamosaxuli. ipoveT rukis masStabi. 3. or qalaqs Soris manZili 650 kilometria. ra sigrZis iqneba rukaze am qalaqebs Soris sarkinigzo xazis aRmniSvneli monakveTi, Tu rukis masStabad 1 avirCevT -s? 10000000 4. rukaze or qalaqs Soris manZili 5 santimetria. ra manZilia am qalaqebs Soris sinamdvileSi, Tu 1 rukis masStabia ? 10000000 5. gazomeT saklaso oTaxis sigrZe da sigane. daxazeT rveulSi am oTaxis gegma (oTaxis gamosaxeT marTkuTxedis saxiT, romlis zomebi 100-jeraa Semcirebuli).

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17

procenti

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xSirad gvWirdeba sxvadasxva sididis meased nawilze saubari an maTze moqmedebebi. TeTri laris measedi nawilia, santimetri aseve measedi nawilia metris, farTobis erTeuli kvadratuli metri sxva, aseve Zalian gavrcelebuli farTobis erTeulis - aris measedi nawilia. albaT aman ganapiroba, rom measedi nawilis aRsaniSnad specialuri sityva SemoiRes - `procenti~. es sitya laTinuri warmomavlobisaa da niSnavs swored measeds. (SeiZleba istoriidan TqvenTvis cnobilia kidec, rom Zvel romSi 100-100 kaciani samxedro legionebi hyavdaT, romlebsac `centuriebs~ uwodebdnen, maT meTaurs ki `centurioni~ erqva. dola ris meased nawil `centi~ qvia. am sityvebis fuZec igive laTinuri sityvisganaa miRebuli). mokled:

48

raimes erT meased nawils procenti ewodeba. procentis aRsaniSnad iyeneben amgvar simbolos: % . bevr Tqvengans eqneba uTuod nanaxi maRaziebis vitrinebze warwera - `fasdakleba 20%-iT~. es niSnavs, rom maRaziaSi sadResaswaulod, an sxva raime mizeziT saqonlis didi nawili iyideba pirvendel fasze iafad, amasTan fasdakleba Seadgens sawyisi Rireb2 ulebis nawils. 100
savarjioSoebi

25 60 5 1. ramdeni procentia ; ; ? 100 100 100 2. gamosaxeT wiladis da aTwiladis saxiT: 30%, 45%, 100%. 3. ipoveT 50-is 10%, 20%, 25%. 4. daxazeT kvadrati, romlis gverdi 10 ujris tolia. gaaferadeT kvadratis 40%. 5. romel figurazea iasamnisfrad gaferadebuli am figuris 75%?

6. romeli figuraa gaferadebuli 80%_iT?

49

1 1 7. CawereT wiladebi procentis saxiT: ; ; 2 4 1 1 ; . 10 5 8. ricxvis ramden procents Seadgens misi naxevari? meaTedi? meoTxedi? 9. skolis moswavleTa 55% vaJia. ramden procents Seadgenen gogonebi? 10. biblioTekaSi wignebis 70% qarTulia. ramden procents Seadgens ucxoenovani wignebi?

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18

amocanebi procentebze

albaT iciT, rom saSobaod TiTqmis yvela maRazia aiafebs saqonels. dResaswaulebis dros araerTi maRaziis vitrinaze amoikiTxavT gaiafebis mimaniSnebel warweras. modiT, warmovidginoT amgvari situacia da ganvixiloT ramodenime amocana. amocana #1. vTqvaT fexsacmeli Rirda 80 lari. ra eRireba is 25%-iani gaiafebis Semdeg? 25% aris ricxvis 25 100 nawili. wiladis ZiriTadi 25 anu, fexsacmeli gaiafeTvisebis Tanaxmad 100 = 1 4 bula pirvandeli Rirebulebis meoTxedi nawiliT. 80-is meoTxedi ki 20 laria. 80 _ 20 = 60. gamodis, rom amJamad fexsacmlis Rirebuleba 60 laria. amocana # 2. albaT iciT, rom Ciris mosaRebad xils aSroben specialuri teqnologiiT. amasTanave, cnobilia, rom gamoSrobisas xili kargavs Tavisi wonis 80%-s. ramdeni kilogrami gargari unda gamovaSroT, rom miviRoT 2 kg. Ciri? amocana amovxsnaT etapobrivad.

51

pirveli daskvna: Tu xili gamoSrobisas kargavs Tavisi wonis 80%-s, maSasadame gamoSrobis Semdeg miiReba xilis Tavdapirveli wonis 20% (radgan 100% _ 80% = 20%). 1 nawili. gamodis, rom meore daskvna: 20% aris 5 sabolood miRebuli 2 kg Ciri xilis Tavdapirveli wonis mxolod mexuTedi nawilia. mesame daskvna: ricxvi, romlis mexuTedi nawilia 2, aris 10. ese igi, unda aviRoT 10 kg gargari, rom gamoSrobis procesis Semdeg dagvrCes 2 kg Ciri.
savarjioSoebi

1. ricxvebi: x = 20 -is 10%, y =50 -is 10%, z =15 - is 10%, t = 5 -is 10%, daalageT zrdis mixedviT 2. samusiko skolis moswavleebis 70%-s gogonebi Seadgenen. moswavleTa ramden procents Seadgenen vaJebi? 3. 20 kilogram zRvis wyalSi 1 kilogrami marilia. ramden procents Seadgens zRvis wyalSi marilis Semcveloba? 4. erT maRaziaSi saSobaod mobiluri telefonebi gaaiafes 25%-iT. ra eRireba fasdaklebis Semdeg telefoni, romlis Tavdapirveli fasi iyo 120 lari? 5. puris fasma moimata 10%-iT. ra eRireba puri gaZvirebis Semdeg, Tu adre is 50 TeTri Rirda? 6. adre puri Rirda 40 TeTri. amJamad igive puri Rirs 70 TeTri. ramdeni procentiT gaZvirda puri? 7. qalaqis mosaxleoba 10%-iT gaizarda. romeli

52

gamosaxuleba Seesabameba qalaqis mosaxleobis amJamindel raodenobas, Tu qalaqis mosaxleobis raodenobas gazrdamde iyo 1 milioni? 8. SeecadeT axsnaT Semdegi winadadebebis azri: `navTobis gadamuSavebiT miiReba 30% navTi~, `Warxali 20% Saqars Seicavs~. 9. xili gamoSrobisas (Cirad damzadebisas) kargavs Tavisi wonis 80%-s. ramdeni kilogrami Ciri miiReba 20 kilogrami xilisagan? 10. WurWelSi asxia zRvis wyali, romelic, rogorc cnobilia Seicavs marils. rogor Seicvleba wyalSi marilis Semcvelobis procentuli maCvenebeli, Tu zRvis wyals davumatebT mtknar (umarilo) wyals?

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gantoleba

vTqvaT, sasworis erT TefSze devs erTkilogramiani Svidi sawoni, meoreze ki _ or kilogramiani erTi sawoni. ramden kilogramiani sagani unda davdoT meore TefSze, rom saswori gawonaswordes? amgvari amocana martivad amoixsneba, Tu ucnob sidides aRvniSnavT x-iT. maSin, am TefSze sagnisa da sawonis wona iqneba (x + 2) kg. radgan amis Semdeg saswori gawonaswordeba, SegviZlia davweroT toloba: x+2=7 saidanac gamomdinareobs, rom x = 5 pasuxi: meore TefSze unda daidos xuTkilogramiani sagani. ganxiluli amocanis amosaxsnelad Cven SevadgineT toloba, romelic Seicavs ucnob sidides. amgvar tolobas gantoleba ewodeba. maSasadame, x + 2 = 7 toloba gantolebaa. ricxvi 5 am gantolebis amonaxsnia (zogjer amonaxsns gantolebis fesvs uwodeben). es niSnavs, rom Tu gantolebaSi x -is nacvlad CavsvamT 5-s, gantoleba WeSmarit ricxviT tolobad gadaiqceva. zogierT gantolebas erTze meti amonaxsni aqvs, zogs ki SeiZleba ar hqondes amonaxsni. sityva `gantoleba~ indoeli maTematikosebisagan momdinareobs. isini gantolebas uwodebdnen sity vas _ `wonasworobaSi~. ucnobis x-iT aRniSvna ki SemoiRo saxelganTqmulma frangma maTematikosma rene dekartma 1637 wels.

54

savarjioSoebi

1. ricxvebidan 2, 5 da 4 romelia 2x _ 3 = 5 ganto lebis amonaxsni? 2. amoxseniT gantolebebi: a) x + 10 = 45 b) 2x + 5 = 25 g) x . 2 = 50

3. SeadgineT gantoleba amocanisaTvis: gogonam Caifiqra ricxvi, gasamkecebul Cafiqrebul ricxvs gamoaklo 20 da miiRo 70. ra ricxvi Caifiqra gogonam? 4. SeadgineT gantoleba amocanisaTvis: erT qvevrSi 3-jer meti Rvinoa, vidre meoreSi. oriveSi erTad ki 240 litri Rvinoa. ramdeni litri Rvinoa TiToeul qvevrSi? 5. sacxobSi 1 cali xaWapuris fasia S lari. SesaZlebelia xaWapuris SekveTa saxlSi mitaniT. am SemTxvevaSi, damatebiT gadasaxdelia mitanis fasi 6 lari, rac ar aris damokidebuli xaWapurebis raodenobaze. romeli gamosaxulebiT SeiZleba imis dadgena Tu ra eRireba 3 xaWapuris SekveTa saxlSi mitaniT? 3S + 6 9S 6S + 3 3S + 18 6. erTi maisuris Sekerva sawarmos ujdeba a lari, masze suraTis daxatva ujdeba b lari. sawarmos mogeba aris sxvaoba maisurebis gayidviT miRebul

55

Tanxasa da maisurebis damzadebaze daxarjul Tanxas Soris. sawarmom daamzada 100 maisuri da gayida TiToeuli c larad. romeli gamosaxuleba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sawarmos mogebis gamosaTvlelad? 100(c _ a) 100(c _ b) 100(c _ a _ b) 100(a + b _ c)

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20

geometriuli figurebi

geometria erTerTi yvelaze Zveli mecnierebaa. es bunebrivicaa, radgan misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia Cvens irgvliv arsebuli sxeulebis formebis Secnoba, maTi gazomva da sxva manipulaciebi maTze. Tu Cveni garemomcveli realobis aRweras moisurvebT, aucileblad dagWirdebaT geometriuli terminebis da geometriis ZiriTadi faqtebis codna. magaliTad, am naxatze gamosaxul nagebobebs geometriuli figuris `piramidis~ saxe aqvT:

geometriul figuras `cilindrs~ moris saxe aqvs:

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konusi~ qviSis grovas, an nayin kornetos gavs:

yvelaze gavrcelebuli geometriuli figura `marTkuTxa paralelepipedia~. mas yuTis an aguris moyvaniloba aqvs:

ganasxvaveben prtyel da sivrcul geometriul figurebs. brtyeli figurebia marTkuTxedi, kvadrati, wre, samkuTxedi.

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savarjioSoebi

1. suraTebze mocemulia mravalwaxnaga geometriuli figurebis Slilebi. SeecadeT am Slilebis meSveobiT aagoT geometriuli figurebis modelebi.

2. plastelinisa da asanTis Rerebis meSveobiT daamzadeT geometriuli figurebis karkasebi.

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wertili, wrfe, sibrtye

sawyisi geometriuli cnebebi, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba yvela geometriuli figuris gansazRvra - aris wertili, wrfe da sibrtye. geometriuli figurebi wertilebisagan Sedgeba. sibrtyeze warmodgenas gviqmnis fanjris minis an magidis zedapiri, qaRaldis furceli. Tumca, dasaxelebuli sagnebisagan gansxvavebiT, sibrtyes sazRvari ara aqvs. igi yvela mimarTulebiT `vrceldeba~ da usasruloa. wrfe ki - swori xazia, romelic aseve usasrulod grZeldeba orive mxridan. d M

C naxazze gamosaxulia d wrfe. M wertili am wrfeze mdebareobs, C wertili ki - ara. yovel or wertilze mxolod erTi wrfis gavlebaa SesaZlebeli. O A monakveTi wrfis nawilia. is orive mxridan SemosazRvrulia wertilebiT. AO monakveTia. A da O wertilebs monakveTis boloebi ewodebaT. wrfes, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, monakveTisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aqvs boloebi. wrfis yoveli wertilidan am wrfeze orive mxares SeiZleba aigos nebismieri sigrZis monakveTebi. wrfis nawils, romelic mxolod erTi mxridan aris SemosazRvruli sxivi ewodeba.

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B naxazze sxivia gamosaxuli. B wertils sxivis saTaves uwodeben.

savarjioSoebi

1. gaavleT wrfe. aRniSneT A, B, C, D, E, F wertilebi ise, rom D, E, F ekuTvnodnen wrfes, A, B da C ki ara. daasaxeleT miRebuli monakveTebi. 2. romel wertilebze gadis m wrfe? b wrfe? daasaxeleT wertilebi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis m wrfes. daasaxeleT wertilebi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis arc b wrfes da arc m-s. D C m B E b A F 3. daxazeT ori urTierTgadamkveTi wrfe. ramden nawilad yofen isini sibrtyes? 4. naxazze mocemuli paralelepipedi. daasaxeleT monakveTebi, romlebic erTmaneTis tolia. romel monakveTebs aqvT saerTo wertilebi? romlebs - ara? D A E

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5. SeiZleba Tu ara or sxvadasxva wirs hqondes 2 an meti saerTo wertili? pasuxi axseniT. 6. daxazeT AX sxivi da masze saTavidan aageT erTimeoris mimdevrobiT sami 2 sm-iani monakveTi. ramdeni aseTi monakveTis ageba SeiZleba am sxivze? 7. AB monakveTze aRniSnulia C da D wertilebi. daasaxeleT AB wrfeze mdebare yvela sxivi, romelTa saTave C da D wertilebSia. maTgan romeli Seicavs CD monakveTs? 8. CamoayalibeT raime debuleba wertilebTan dakavSirebiT. wrfesTan da

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simetria

sityva `simetria~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs garkveuli wesrigis, kanonzomierebis arsebobas sagnebis an maTi nawilebis ganlagebaSi. simetrias xSirad vxvdebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. ornamentebi dekoraciul qsovilebsa da Spalerebze, arqiteqturuli morTulobani Senobebze da TviT Senobebis fasadebi, Cveulebriv, raime RerZis mimarT simetriul figurebs warmoadgenen. bunebaSic xSirad gvxvdeba simetriuli formebi. magaliTad, xisa da yvavilebis foTlebs simetriuli forma aqvs Sua Reros mimarT. Tavisi tanis mimarT simetriuli forma aqvs pepelas frTebs da frTebis moxatulobas. brtyeli simetriuli figuris modelis damzadeba arc Tu ise Znelia. unda gaavloT wrfe da qaRaldi gadakecoT am wrfeze. daxateT TqvenTvis sasurveli figuris naxevari da makratliT gamoWeriT ise, rom gadakecvis xazi ar gaiWras. gaSaleT miRebuli figura. igi simetriulia gadakecvis xazis mimarT, gadakecvis wrfe ki am figuris simetriis RerZia.

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zogierT figuras erTze meti simetriis RerZi aqvs. magaliTad, marTkuTxeds simetriis 2 RerZi aqvs, kvadrats _ 4, wrewirs ki _ uamravi.

savarjioSoebi

1. daxazeT figurebi: marTkuTxedi, kvadrati, wre da gaavleT am figurebis simetriis RerZebi. 2. gaavleT naxazze mocemuli figurebis simetriis RerZebi

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3. romel naxazzea mocemuli RerZis mimarT simetriuli figurebi?

4. SeqmeniT ramodenime RerZulad simetriuli ornamenti.

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marTkuTxedi. marTkuTxedis perimetri.

gadauWarbebeli naTqvamia, rom erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli geometriuli figuraa marTkuTxedi. maRaziis vitrinebs, saxlebis kedlebs, skolebisa Tu sacxovrebeli saxlebis ezoebs xSir SemTxvevaSi swored marTkuTxedebis forma aqvT. marTkuTxedebs, romlebsac Cven amovicnobT Cvens garemomcvel ama Tu im nivTSi, erTmaneTisagan ansxvavebs albaT gverdebis sigrZe da, Sesabamisad, perimetri da farTobi. modiT, jer perimetris arsi gavigoT. figuris perimetri gverdebis sigrZeTa jamia. Tu gvinda gavigoT, ra sigrZis Robea saWiro marTkuTxa formis nakveTis SemosaRobad, an ra sigrZis ficari sWirdeba suraTis CarCos damzadebas, swored perimetri unda gavigoT.

Tu marTkuTxedis ori mezobeli gverdidan erTs aRvniSnavT a asoTi, meores - b asoTi, perimetrs ki - p asoTi, maSin perimetris gamosaTvleli formula ase Caiwereba: p = a + b + a + b = 2a + 2b = 2(a + b) kvadrati marTkuTxedis kerZo saxea. kvadrati aris iseTi marTkuTxedi, romlis yvela gverdi a-s tolia. kvadratis perimetris gamosaTvleli formulaa: p = 4a , sadac a kvadretis gverdis sigrZes aRniSnavs.

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savarjioSoebi

1. kvadratis gverdis sigrZe 5 santimetria. risi tolia kvadratis perimetri? 2. marTkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebia 12 sm da 18 sm. gamoTvaleT marTkuTxedis perimetri. 3. kvadratis perimetri 40 metria. risi tolia kvadratis gverdis sigrZe? 4. marTkuTxa nakveTis sigrZe 10 metria, sigane ki 7 metri. nakveTi mavTulbadiTaa SeRobili. ra sigrZisaa mavTulbade? 5. nakveTis sigrZe 20 metria. ra SeiZleba iyos nakveTis sigane, rom am nakveTis SemosazRvras eyos 60 metri sigrZis mavTulbade? 6. marTkuTxedis perimetri 20 santimetria. erTi gverdis sigrZe 8 santimetria. ipoveT meore gverdis sigrZe. 7. marTkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebia 5 sm da 7 sm. ipoveT im kvadratis gverdis sigrZe, romlis perimetric marTkuTxedis perimetris tolia. 8. romlis periametria didi, marTkuTxedis, romlis gverdebia 4 m da 6 m, Tu kvadratis, romlis gverdis sigrZec 5 metris tolia? 9. gamoTvaleT naxazze mocemuli figuris perimetri:

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marTkuTxedis farTobi

modiT, davakvirdeT naxazs. naxazze ujrebian furcelze marTkuTxedebia gamosaxuli (zogierTi maTgani kvadratia). pirvel marTkuTxeds ukavia 18 ujra, meores - 4 ujra, measmes - 4 jraze meti, magram 6-ze naklebi, meoTxes - 4 ujra, mexuTes ki dakavebuli aqvs - 16 ujra.

#1

#4 #5

#2

#3

naxazidan Cans, rom yvelaze meti ujra daikava pirvelma marTkuTxedma. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom farTobi, es aris figuris zoma, romelic gamosaxavs, ra sididis adgili uWiravs figuras zedapirze (zedapirze), SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom pirveli figuris farTobi naxazze mocemul figuraTa farTobebze metia. ai meore da meoTxe figurebs ki erTnaeri farTobi aqvT. zustad rom gavigoT yoveli marTkuTxedis farTobi, unda visargebloT farTobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli erTeulebiT: kvadratuli santimetri, kvadratuli decimetri, kvadratuli metri, heqtari. kvadratuli santimetri aris is adgili, ra-

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sac ikavebs 1 santimetri sigrZis gverdebis mqone kvadrati. kvadratuli metri ki Seesabameba im adgils, rasac ikavebs 1 metri sigrZis gverdebis mqone kvadrati. Semdeg am erTeulebiT zomaven nebismier marTkuTxeds. B A C D E F

K L ABCD kvadratis farTobi 1 kvadratuli santimetria, KEFL marTkuTxedSi ki Tavsdeba 6 aseTive kvadrati. ese igi, KEFL marTkuTxedis farTobi 6 kvadratuli santimetria. am faqts maTematikuri 2 simboloebiT ase Caweren: S KEFL = 6 sm . Tu marTxkuTxedis sigrZea b , sigane ki - b , maSin farTobi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

savarjioSoebi

1. marTkuTxedis sigrZe 10 santimetria, sigane ki - 5 santimetri. risi tolia marTkuTxedis farTobi? 2. kvadratis gverdis sigrZe 4 metria. risi tolia kvadratis farTobi? 3. marTkuTxedi diagonalis gaswvriv gaWres. miRebuli samkuTxedis farTobi 10 kvadratuli santimetria. risi toli iyo gauWreli marTkuTxedis farTobi? 4. gamoTvaleT naxazze mocemuli ABC samkuTxedis farTobi:

69

5. venaxi gaSenebulia nakveTze, romelsac marTkuTxedis forma aqvs. nakveTis sigrZea 50 metri, sigane ki - 20 metri. ipoveT nakveTis farTobi. 6. or kvadrats toli perimetri aqvT. toli iqneba Tu ara maTi farTobebic? 7. or marTkuTxeds toli perimetrebi aqvT. toli iqneba Tu ara maTi farTobebic? 8. vTqvaT, gTavazoben or nakveTs. erTis zomebia 20 metri da 10 metri, meore nakveTs ki kvadratis forma aqvs da misi gverdis sigrZea 15 metri. romel nakveTs airCevdiT? ganmarteT Tqveni arCevani.

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marTkuTxa paralelepipedis zedapiris farTobi

D A H G C

rogorc ukve iciT, suraTze gamosaxulia marTkuTxa paralelepipedi. igi SemosazRvrulia 6 waxnagiT. zeda - EFGH da qveda - EFGH waxnagebs fuZeebs uwodeben, danarCen 4 waxnags gverdiT waxnagebs. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis eqvsive waxnagi marTkuTxedia. amasTanave, mopirdapire waxnagebi erTmaneTis tolia, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT farTobic erTnaeri aqvT. Tu gvinda paralelepipedis sruli zedapiris farTobis povna, unda vipovoT TiToeuli waxnagis farTobi da miRebuli Sedegebi SevkriboT. bevri Tqvengani mixvdeba, rom sul 3, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli waxnagis farTobis povnac sakmarisia, radgan danarCeni sami maTi tolia. Tu SevajamebT naTqvams, miviRebT sruli xedapiris farTobis formulas: a,b da c sadac a,b da c marTkuTxa paralelepipedis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli gverdebis (wiboebis) sigrZeebia. modiT warmovidginoT aseTi situacia: unda SeReboT oTaxis kedlebi, romlis zomebia (sigrZe, sigane

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da simaRle) 4m, 5m da 3 m. 1 qila saRebavi yofnis 9 kvadratuli metris SeRebvas. gamovTvaliT, ramdeni qila saRebavi dagWirdebaT. modiT warmovidginoT aseTi situacia: unda SeReboT oTaxis kedlebi, romlis zomebia (sigrZe, sigane da simaRle) _ 4m, 5m da 3 m. 1 qila saRebavi yofnis 9 kvadratuli metris SeRebvas. gamovTvaliT, ramdeni qila saRebavi dagWirdebaT.
savarjioSoebi

1. radgan iatakisa da Weris SeRebva ar gvaqvs ganzraxuli, amitom marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis mqone oTaxis mxolod gverdiTi zedapiris farTobi unda gamovTvaloT. Sgv = 4 . 3 . 2 + 5 . 3 . 2 = 54 kvadratuli metri 2. Tu 1 qila saRebavi yofnis 9 kvadratuli metris SeRebvas, maSin 54 kvadratuli metri farTobis mqone zedapirs SeRebavs 54 : 9 = 6 qila. 3. ipoveT marTkuTxa paralelepipedis gverdiTi zedapiris farTobi, Tu paralelepipedis wiboebis sigrZeebia 10sm, 2sm da 5sm. 4. ipoveT kubis sruli zedapiris farTobi, Tu kubis waxnagi 5 santimetris tolia. 5. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis simaRle 10sm-a, fuZis perimetri ki _ 16 sm. ipoveT paralelepipedis gverdiTi zedapiris farTobi. 6. oTaxis zomebia 5m, 4m da simaRle _ 5m. oTaxis kedlebze unda gaakran specialuri filebi

72

(kafeli). 10 fila ikavebs 1 kvadratul metr farTobs. sul mcire ramdeni aseTi fila iqneba saWiro? 7. erTi didi dafisagan, romlis farTobic 18 kvadratuli metria, unda daamzadon yuTi (erTi mxridan Ria, anu, saxuravis gareSe). moxerxdeba Tu ara es, Tu ki yuTis zomebi iqneba 2m, 3m da simaRle 2 m? 8. erTi didi dafisagan, romlis farTobic 18 kvadratuli metria, unda daamzadon yuTi (erTi mxridan Ria, anu, saxuravis gareSe). ise SearCieT yuTis zomebi, rom gamouyenebeli dagrCeT rac SeiZleba cota masala.

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26

moculoba. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis moculoba

Tu erTsa da imave qilaSi CavasxamT wyals, zeTsa da Tafls da avwoniT, aRmovaCenT, rom samive nivTierebis masa gansxvavebuli gamova. toli mxolod maTi moculobebia. or WurWels erTnairi moculoba aqvs, Tu erTi savse WurWlidan meoreSi gadasxmuli siTxe masac gaavsebs. Tu WurWelSi svel qviSas CavyriT da Semdeg am WurWels gadmovapirqvavebT, maSin qviSisagan miRebul figuras igive moculoba eqneba, rac WurWels.

figuris moculobas farTobis msgavsi Tvisebebi aqvs: tol figurebs toli moculobebi aqvT. Tu figura dayofilia nawilebad, maSin mTeli figuris moculoba am nawilebis moculobaTa jamis tolia. moculoba izomeba kubur santimetrebSi, kubur decimetrebSi, kubur metrebSi. 1 kubur decimetrs

74

litrs uwodeben (litri yofiT cxovrebaSi moculobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli erTeulia). kuburi santimetri aris iseTi kubis moculoba, romlis wibo 1 santimetris tolia.

Tu suraTze gamosaxuli patara kubis moculoba 1 kuburi santimetria, maSin didi kubis moculoba iqneba 8 kuburi santimetri. modiT, gamoviyvanoT marTkuTxa paralelepipedis moculobis gamoTvlis wesi. vTqvaT, marTkuTxa paralelepipedis sigrZea 3 metri, sigane - 2 metri, simaRle ki - 5 metri. davyoT es paralelepipedi iseT kubebad, romelTa wibo 1 metris tolia. miviRebT 5 horizontalur fenas, sadac TiToeuli fena Sedgeba 2 . 3 = 6 kubikisagan. xuTive fenaze kubikebis raodenobaa 5 . 6 = 30. Sesabamisad, mTeli paralelepipedis moculoba gamova 30 kuburi metri. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis moculoba rom vipovoT, saWiroa misi sigrZe gavamravloT siganeze da simaRleze. sxva sityvebiT, marTkuTxa paralelepipedis moculoba misi 3 gan-

75

zomilebis namravlis tolia. formulis saxiT es ase Caiwereba: V = a . b . c.

savarjioSoebi

1. gamoTvaleT naxazebze mocemuli figurebis moculobebi, Tu cnobilia, rom patara kubebis moculoba 1 kuburi santimetria. = 1 sm3

2. marTkuTxa paralelepipedis sigrZe 13 santimetria, sigane - 4 santimetri, simaRle ki - 25 santimetri. ipoveT moculoba. 3. ipoveT im kubis moculoba, romlis wibo 2 metria. 4. ramdeni kuburi santimetria kubur decimetrSi? kubur metrSi? 5. oTaxis simaRle 3 metria, sigane - 5 metri, sigrZe - 6 metri. ramdeni kuburi metri haeria oTaxSi? 6. sabZeli gavsebulia TiviT. sabZels marTkuTxa paralelepipedis forma aqvs. misi sigrZe 10 metria, sigane - 6 metri, xolo simaRle - 4 metri. gansazRvreT sabZelSi moTavsebuli Tivis masa, Tu 10 kuburi metri Tiva iwonis 500 kilograms.

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27

koordinatebi

Tqven SesaZloa iciT, rom kinoTeatris bileTi ase gamoiyureba:

kinoTeatrSi zustad rom miagnoT sakuTar adgils, ori ricxvis codnaa saWiro. es ricxvebia: rigis nomeri da rigSi adgilis nomeri. suraTze gamosaxuli bileTis mepatrone me-3 rigis me-15 adgilze mjdara. 3 da 15 kinoTeatrSi konkretuli adgilis `koordinatebia~. sibrtyeze Tu gavavlebT erTmaneTis gadamkveT horizontalur da vertikalur wrfeebs, SevZlebT mivuTiToT am sibrtyeze gamosaxuli nebismieri obieqti.

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magaliTad, mwvane burTula mdebareobs me-4 vertikaluri da me-3 horizontaluri xazebis gadakveTis wertilSi, wiTeli ki _ me-5 vertikaluri da pirveli horizontaluri xazis gadakveTis wertilSi. mwvane burTulis koordinatebia 4 da 3 _ (4; 3), wiTelisa ki _ (5; 1). igive principiT aris SemoRebuli dedamiwis koordinatebi _ gavlebulia grZedebi da ganedebi (ekvatoris paraleluri da perpendikularuli wrewirebi), romlis meSveobiTac zustad SeiZleba dedamiwis Tundac yvelaze mcire dasaxlebis mdebareobis miTiTeba.

savarjioSoebi

1. romeli figuris koordinatebia (5; 2)? 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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2. aRniSneT A wertili, koordinatiT (3; 3) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3. CawereT spilos Tvalebis, yurebis, kudis aRmniSvneli wertilebis koordinatebi y

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4. romel geometriul figuras miiRebT, Tu TanmimdevrobiT SeaerTebT wertilebs: (1; 1), (1; 4), (5; 4), (5; 1)? 5. qalaqi West Vancouver - mdebareobs B2 kvadratSi. romel kvadratSia qalaqi New Westminster?

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cxrili

informaciis warmodgenis erTerTi yvelaze gavr celebuli formaa cxrili. cxrili iZleva monacemebis struqturirebis saSualebas. kargad dastruqturebul monacemebSi ki Zneli ar aris kanonzo mierebebis SemCneva da maT safuZvelze daskvnebis gakeTeba. modiT, ganvixiloT cxrilis erTi nimuSi. warmodgenil cxrilSi aRnusxulia erTi klasis moswavleTa Sedegebi xuT saganSi.
bunebismetyveleba mSobliuri ena

maTematika

ucxo ena

moswavlis gvari da saxeli

abaSiZe zurab bolqvaZe nino gogelia Tamaz durgliSvili nino ebrliZe arCil maisuraZe daTo qadeiSvili irakli jafariZe Tamar

8 10 6 8 9 9 8 10

7 8 6 7 9 10 8 10

7 8 7 8 9 10 7 9

6 7 7 8 10 10 8 10

10 8 8 10 9 9 10

cxrilis saSualebiT martivad miviRebT CvenTvis saWiro informacias moswavleebis Sesaxeb. klasis 3 moswavles _ jafariZes, maisuraZes da ebraliZes aqvs saukeTeso Sedegebi. maTi qulebi meryeobs 9-sa

musika 8

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da 10s Soris. amasTanave, yvelaze meti Sefaseba `10~ aqvs jafariZes. maTematikaSi yvelaze dabali qula aqvs gogelias, bunebismetyvelebaSi _ abaSiZes. musikaSi sagnebs Soris yvelaze kargi Sedegebia _ arcerT moswavles ara aqvs 8-ze dabali qula.
savarjioSoebi

1. cxrilSi mocemulia supermarketis bostneulis seqciis mier aprilSi realizebuli produqciis dasaxeleba, raodenoba, Sesasyidi da sarealizacio fasebi
produqciis dasaxeleba 1-kg Sesasyidi fasi 1-kg sarealizacio fasi realizebuli produqciis raodenoba kilogramebSi

kartofili kombosto stafilo Warxali kitri pamidori

50 TeTri 30 TeTri 60 TeTri 40 TeTri 2 lari 2l. 50 T.

65 TeTri 40 TeTri 80 TeTri 60 TeTri 2 l. 50 T. 3 lari

2000 600 300 150 90 120

cxrilis mixedviT upasuxe kiTxvebs: a) ramdeni kilogrami Warxali gaiyida? b) ra mogeba aqvs supermarkets 1 kg stafiloSi? g) ramdenia kartofilis realizebiT miRebuli mogeba? d) ramdenia pamidoris realizebiT miRebuli mogeba? 2. cxrilSi mocemulia informacia ofisis xarjebis Sesaxeb ori kvartlis (eqvsi Tvis) mixedviT.

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Tve

masala (larebSi)

sawvavi (larebSi)

ianvari Tebervali marti aprili maisi ivnisi

210 170 190 180 150 120

300 210 330 400 450 500

cxrilis mixedviT upasuxeT kiTxvebs: a) ramdenia ofisis xarji aprilSi? b) ramdeni lariT metia ofisis xarji ianvarSi, vidre TebervalSi? g) romeli TveSia ofisis xarji udidesi? d) ramdenia masalis xarji I kvartalSi? e) ramdenia masalis xarji II kvartalSi v) ramdenia masalaze danaxarji ori kvartlis ganmavlobaSi?

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wriuli diagrama

aris SemTxvevebi, roca informaciis `gaTvalsaCinoeba~ xdeba saWiro. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca informacia datvirTulia ricxvebiT da msmenelebis did nawils uWirs mosmenilis gaazreba da damaxsovreba. cnobili faqtia, rom TvaliT nanaxi ufro martivad aRiqmeba. swored informaciis aRqmis gaadvilebis funqcia akisria diagramasac. qvemoT gTavazobT cxrils geografiis saxelmZRvanelodan, romelSic aRnusxulia dedamiwis yvela okeanis zedapiris farTobebi milion kvadratul kilometrobiT:
okeanis saxelwodeba wynari atlantis indoeTis CrdiloeT yinulovani msoflio okeane (anu, mTlianad) farTobi, milioni kvadratuli kilometri 179,7 93,4 74,9 13 361

modiT, okeaneebiT dafaruli dedamiwis farTobi, rogorc erTi mTliani, wris saxiT warmovadginoT, calke aRebuli okeaneebi ki ise gadavanawiloT wreSi, rom maT Soris Tanafardoba warmovaCinoT. Tu gavixsenebT, rom wris gradusuli zoma 360 gradusia, martivad daadgenT, rom wris 1 graduss Seesabameba daaxloebiT 1 milioni kvadratuli metri. wynar okeanes daaxloebiT 180 gradusi uWiravs, anu wris

84

naxevaria. atlantis okeane wris meoTxeds daikavebs. darCenil meoTxedze ki gadanawildeba indoeTisa da CrdiloeT yinulovani okeaneebi. sabolood, daaxloebiT aseT suraTs miviRebT:

wynari atlantis indoeTis Crd.yinulovani

vfiqrob, es suraTi sakmaod naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis msoflio okeanis farTobis ganawilebaze okeaneebs Soris.
savarjioSoebi

1. erTi skolis moswavleebs Soris gogonebisa da biWebis gadanawileba wriul diagramaze ase gamoisaxeba:

vaJi gogona

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ra SegiZliaT TqvaT am skolaSi gogonebisa da biWebis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb? 2. diagramaze gamosaxulia zamTarSi gripiT daavadebuli adamianebis monacemebi maTi asakis mixedviT:
10 wlamde asakis 20 wlamde asakis 20-dan 40 wlamdeasakis 40-dan 60 wlamdeasakis

aRwereT diagrama,upasuxeT kiTxvebs: vin sWarbobda gripiT daavadebulTa Soris, ra asakis xalxi daavadda naklebad. 3. eqimebis rCevaa, rom saWmlis dRiuri norma oTxad ase gadanawildes: sauzme 25%, sadili - 45%, samxari - 15% da vaxSami - 15%. aageT saWmlis dRiuri normis ganawilebis diagrama (miaxloebiT). 4. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic mocemulia gamokiTxul moswavleebi ra saxis nayins aniWeben upiratesi~obas. am monacemebis mixedviT aageT wriuli diagrama
Sokoladis nayini vanilis nayini eskimo xilis nayini 60 30 30 15

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30

svetovani diagrama

modiT, gavagrZeloT informaciis `gaTvalsaCinoebis~ sakiTxi da amjerad svetovani diagramis ageba SeviswavloT. davuSvaT, rom romelime sawarmos sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis menejeri xarT da gindaT sazogadoebas miawodoT masalebi Tqveni sawarmos saqvelmoqmedo aqciebSi CarTulobis Sesaxeb. vTqvaT, ianvris TveSi saqvelmoqmedo aqciebisaTvis sawarmom gaiRo 5 aTasi lari, TebervalSi _ 6 aTasi, martSi _ 8 aTasi, aprilSi _ 8 aTasi, maisSi ki _ 6 aTasi. Tu monacemebs davakvirdebiT, aSkaraa saqvelmoqmedo miznebisaTvis gaRebuli Tanxebis odenobis zrdis tendencia ianvar-aprilis TveebSi. roca gvinda, rom aqcenti erTdroulad gakeTdes Tanxis odenobazec da zrdazec, sasurvelia monacemebi grafikulad warmovadginoT svetovani diagramis saxiT. ai ase:

dameTanxmebiT albaT, rom Tveebis mixedviT ricxvebis cal-calke dasaxelebas am saxis diagra-

87

mis Cveneba jobs. diagramidan aSkarad Cans, rom yvelaze mcire Tanxa gadairicxa ianvarSi, martSi da aprilSi Tanabari raodenobis Tanxa gaiRo sawarmom. garkveul situaciebSi meti detalizacia arc aris saWiro. svetovani diagrama Zalian efeqturia, roca kategorizirebuli monacemebis Sedarebaa saWiro, magaliTad, wina magaliTis analogiurad, amjerad ukve 2 sawarmos monacemebi Tu unda SevadaroT erTmaneTs Tveebis mixedviT.
ianvari Tebervali marti aprili maisi pirveli sawarmo meore sawarmo 5000 6000 8000 8000 6000

5000 6000 7000 4000 5000

amgvari monacemebis safuZvelze agebuli svetovani diagrama iqneba:

88

savarjioSoebi

1. erT-erT supermarketSi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi misul myidvelTa raodenoba dRis 9 saaTidan 21 saaTamde, or-or saaTian intervalebSi, warmodgenilia diagramis saxiT.

2. romel saaTebSi aris am monacemebis mixedviT yvelaze meti da yvelaze naklebi myidveli? daaxloebiT ramdeni momxmarebeli midis supermarketSi dRis ganmavlobaSi? 3. cxrilSi warmodgenilia moswavleTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, Tu romelia maTi sayvareli nawarmoebis Janri.
nawarmoebis Janri deteqtivi samecniero fantastika sportuli saTavgadasavlo moswavleTa raodenoba 19 8 25 38

am monacemebis safuZvelze aageT svetovani diagrama.

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31

monacemTa saSualo
bevr Tqvengans uTuod eqneba mosmenili amgvari teqstebi: `sawarmos yovelTviuri mogeba saSualod 1 milioni dolaria~, `puris fasma saSualod 10 TeTriT moimata~, `dedamiwaze temperaturam moimata saSualod 2 gradusiT~. savaraudod sawarmos mogeba yovel TveSi erTidaigive ricxvi ar iqneba, ase TiTqmis arasodes xdeba. arc puri gaZvirdeboda yvela maRaziaSi zustad 10 TeTriT _ albaT iarsebebs maRaziebi, sadac gaZvirebam 20 TeTri Seadgina, an iseTi maRaziebi, sadac puri mxolod 5 TeTriT gaZvirda. temperatura yvela yveyanaSi erTnairad ar moimatebda, zogan SesaZloa matebam 3 an 4 gradusi Seadgina, zogan ki saerTod ar momatebula. maS, saidan modis es `gasaSualoebuli~ monacemebi? aris situaciebi, roca informaciis detalizacia saWiro ar aris. raRac procesis aRwerisas `tendenciis~ codnac sakmarisia _ anu, CvenTvis saintereso procesis Sesaxeb iseTi miaxloebiTi informaciis flobaa sakmarisi, romelic zogad warmodgenas Segviqmnis procesze masSi metismetad CaRrmavebis gareSe. aseTi saxis `miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobaa~ saSualo ariTmetikuli. Tu lias gadasaxadi satelefono momsaxureobisaTvis dekemberSi Seadgenda 4 lars TeTrs, ianvarSi 8 lars, xolo TebervalSi 6 lars, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zamTris Tveebis ganmavlobaSi lias yovelTviuri satelefono gadasaxadi Seadgenda saSualod (4 + 8 + 6) : 3 = 18 : 3 = 6 lars. saSualo ariTmetikuli, an monacemTa saSualo gamoiTvleba amgvarad: unda Seikribos monacemebi da jami gaiyos monacemebis raodenobaze. modiT axla aseTi amocana ganvixiloT: vTqvaT gvainteresebs imis dadgena, Tu rogoria aWaruli

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xaWapuris tipiuri fasi qalaqSi. amisaTvis ase unda moviqceT: davrekoT 8 an 10 saxaWapureSi da gavigoT fasebi (mag., 7,35 lari, 7 lari, 6,75 lari, 6,50 lari, 6,10 lari, 6 lari, 6 lari, 5,50 lari). unda SevkriboT maT mier dasaxelebuli fasebi da jami gavyoT monacemebis raodenobaze (am amocanis SemTxvevaSi 8-ze). (7,35 + 7 + 6,75 + 6,50 + 6,10 + 6 + 6 +5,50) : 8 = 6,40 ese igi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalaqSi aWaruli xaWapuris saSualo fasi 6 lari da 40 TeTria.
savarjioSoebi

1. gamoTvaleT ricxvebis saSualo ariTmetikuli: 5, 6, 8, 7, 8, 8. 2. ras udris sami ricxvis saSualo ariTmetikuli, Tu am ricxvebis jami 21-is tolia? 3. ras udris 5 ricxvis saSualo ariTmetikuli, Tu am ricxvebis jami 50-is tolia? 4. risi tolia 5 ricxvis jami, Tu am ricxvebis saSualo ariTmetikuli 10-is tolia? 5. mSeneblis xelfasi 10 Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 800 lars Seadgenda. sul ra Tanxa aiRo mSenebelma am 10 Tvis ganmavlobaSi? 6. sami sazamTros saSualo masa 10 kilogramia. erTerTi sazamTro 12 kilograms iwonis. ras udris danarCeni oris saSualo masa? 7. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ricxviTi monacemebis saSualo iyos udides monacemze meti? pasuxi daasabuTeT. 8. yovelTviurad, mobiluri telefoniT sarge-

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blobis pirveli 200 wuTi ninos eZleva ufasod. yoveli momdevno wuTisTvis igi ixdis 5 TeTrs. cxrilSi mocemulia ninos satelefono saubrebis xangrZlivobebi 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. Tve ianvari Tebervali wuTebis raodenoba 230 wuTi 300 wuTi

marti 250 wuTi am 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, TveSi saSualod ra Tanxas ixdida nino? 9. fermers surs daadginos axali sasuqis efeqtianoba. amisaTvis man SearCia 5 nergi da gazoma maTi simaRleebi. amis Semdeg man dauyara am mcenareebs sasuqi da 2 kviris Semdeg gazoma maTi simaRleebi. svetovani diagrama gviCvenebs nergebis simaRleebs sasuqis gamoyenebamde da sasuqis gamoyenebis Semdeg. am diagramis mixedviT, risi tolia mcenareebis
25 20 15 10 5 0
I mcenare II mcenare III mcenare IV mcenare V mcenare sasuqis dayramde

sasuqis dayris Semdeg

saSualo zrda?

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32

kompiuteruli programa geogebra

kompiuteri sul ufro did adgils ikavebs yoveli adamianis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia informaciis moZieba, damuSaveba, komunikacia, teqsturi Tu media-failebis Seqmna da redaqtireba. arsebobs saganmanaTleblo kompiuteruli programebic. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia ukeT swavla. aseTi programaa `geogebra~. `geogebra~ gaZlevT saSualebas ganaxorcieloT geometriuli agebebi kompiuterSi, aRmoaCinoT kanonzomierebebi `geometriul movlenebze~ dakvirvebisas, CamoayaliboT hipoTezebi, moaxdinoT TqvenTvis ukve cnobili faqtebis vizualizacia. geometriuli figurebis daxazvis Semdeg yvela sawyisi monacemi eqvemdebareba cvlilebas - SesaZlebelia wertilebis gadaadgileba mausiT, monakveTebis zomebis Secvla da sxva. Tqven SeZlebT daadginoT, magaliTad, yovelTvis izrdeba Tu ara marTkuTxedis farTobi, roca izrdeba misi perimetri; erTnairi perimetris marTkuTxedebs Soris romels aqvs yvelaze didi farTobi. `geogebras~ moxmareba Zalzed advilia. kompiuteruli programis gaSvebis Semdeg ekranze Cndeba amgvari gamosaxuleba:

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naxazebis Sesasrulebel velSi daxazavT TqvenTvis sasurvel figuras. Tu wertilis dasma gindaT, instrumentebis panelze unda CamoSaloT Sesabamisi aRniSvnis mqone meniu da mausiT daawkapoT wertilis naxatze (rogorc qveda suraTzea naCvenebi).

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Tu ramdenime wertili moniSneT da maTi SeerTeba gindaT monakveTebiT, maSin is meniu unda CamoSaloT, romelsac monakveTi axatia.

modiT, davxazoT samkuTxedi.

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kompiuteruli programis qveda marjvena kuTxeSi aris brZanebebis nusxa, saidanac unda airCioT `perimetri~.

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naxazis gverdze, sadac wertilebis koordinatebi da samkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebia mocemuli, dafiqsirdeba samkuTxedis perimetric. instrumentebis panelze mausiT daawkapeT isrian niSnulze. Semdeg gadaaadgileT samkuTxedis wveroebi da SecaleT samkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebi. dainaxavT, rom imavdroulad Sesabamisad Seicvleba samkuTxedis perimetric.

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ekaterine korZaZe - maTematikuri wignierebis eqsperti. daamTavra Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis meqanika-maTematikis fakulteti. wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo skoleb is kompiuterizaciis programa irmis naxtomi-s maTematikisa da bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebelTa sagnobrivi qselis koordinatori. monawileobda zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis maTematikis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis SemuSavebaSi. aris maTematikis swavlebis araerTi publikaciis Tanaavtori. muSaobs ilias saxelmwifo universitetSi, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministroSi maTematikis eqspertad.