Chapter 6

Chemical Quantities

Homework

Assigned Problems (odd numbers only)

Questions and Problems 6.1 to 6.53 (begins on page 168)

Additional Questions and Problems 6.59 to 6.77 (page 190-192) Challenge Questions 6.79, 6.81 (page 192)

Counting Particles By Weighing

If a person requests 500 quarter inch hexagonal nuts for purchase How would you count 500 hex nuts?
a) You could count the hex nuts individually b) Or, count the number of hex nuts by weight

First, find the average weight by weighing out 10 hex nuts and obtaining the total weight (10 hex nuts weigh 105 g)

105 g 10 .5 g / hex nut 10 hex nuts

Average Weight

Counting Particles By Weighing

What size (wt.) will contain 500 hex nuts? Calculate what weight will contain 500 hex nuts
10 .5 g 500 hex nuts 5250 g hex nut

So, weigh out 5.25 kg of the hex nuts

Using Atomic Mass to Count Atoms

Can do the exact same thing with atoms Too small to conveniently count Atoms of the same element dont always have exactly the same mass (isotopes) so use an Average Mass Grams are too large to use to measure an atom so use Atomic Mass Units (amu)

1 amu 1.66 10

24

Atomic Mass and Formula Mass

To calculate the mass of a sample of atoms Each element exists as a mixture of isotopes Use a weighted average for the atomic mass Number on the bottom of each square in the periodic table is the average weight of the element (in amu)

Atomic Mass and Formula Mass

Atomic masses are determined on a relative scale The standard scale references the carbon-12 isotope = 12.000 amu All other atomic masses are determined relative to carbon-12

Atomic Mass and Formula Mass

Using Atomic Mass to Count Atoms Calculating the number of atoms in a specific mass If you have a sample of an element, can calculate the number of atoms in that sample From the atomic mass per one atom a conversion factor can be made For example: One nitrogen atom has an atomic mass of 14.01 amu
1 N atom 14.01 amu

14.01 amu 1 N atom and 1 N atom 14.01 amu

Calculating The Number of Atoms in a Specific Mass You have a 1.00 g sample of lead. How many atoms of lead are present?
1.00 g Pb 1 atom Pb = 207.2 amu

1.66 10

-24

g = 1 amu

1.00 g Pb

1 amu 1.66 x 1024 g

1 atom Pb 207.2 amu

21

2.9 10 atoms Pb

Calculating Mass Example

Calculate the mass (in amu) of 1.0 104 carbon atoms

2) Plan: Convert from atoms to amu
12.01 amu 1 C atom and 1 C atom 12.01 amu

4 1) Given: 1.0 10 atoms C

3) CF 1atom C = 12.01amu 4) Set Up Problem

12.01 amu 1.0 10 C atom 1.2 10 5 amu 1 C atom

4

Formula Mass

The sum of atomic masses of all atoms in its formula Important role in nearly all chemical calculations Can be calculated for compounds and diatomic elements

Calculating Formula Mass

Calculate the formula mass of calcium chloride Write the formula from the name given Ca2+ (from group II) and Cl- (from group VII) Formula is CaCl2 due to charge balance Formula mass: Sum of the atomic masses of atoms in the formula (1 Ca atom + 2 Cl atoms)
1 Ca atom 2 Cl atom 40.08 amu = 40.08 amu 1 Ca atom

35.45 amu = 70.90 amu 1 Cl atom

110.98 amu

Formula mass of CaCl2

Counting Large Quantities

Many chemical calculations require counting atoms and molecules It is difficult to do chemical calculations in terms of atoms or formula units Since atoms are so small, extremely large numbers are needed in calculations Need to use a special counting unit just as used for other items A ream of paper One dozen donuts A pair of shoes

The Mole

It is more convenient to use a special counting unit for such large quantities of particles Mole: A unit that contains 6.022 1023 objects It is used due to the extremely small size of atoms, molecules, and ions

6.022x1023 particles in 1 mole Called Avogadros Number

Periodic Table

The average atomic mass in amu (one atom) The weight of 1 mole of the element in grams Avogadros number provides the connecting relationship between molar masses and atomic masses

Calculating the Number of Molecules in a Mole

How many molecules of bromine are present in 0.045 mole of bromine gas?
Avogadros number

Given: 0.045 mol Br2 Equality:

Need: molecules of Br2

1 mol Br 2 6.022 10 23 molecules Br 2

6.0221023 molecules Br2 mol Br2 Conversion factors: and mol Br2 6.0221023 molecules Br2
Set Up Problem:

0.045 mol Br2

6.02210 23 molecules Br2 mol Br2

2.7 10 22 molecules Br 2

Subscripts State Moles of Elements

The subscripts in a chemical formula indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a compound The subscripts in a chemical formula can also indicate the number of moles of atoms of each element present in one mole of a compound i.e. In one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) there are 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen

Calculating the Moles of an Element in a Compound

How many moles of carbon atoms are present in 1.85 moles of glucose?
subscript

Plan: moles of glucose

moles of C atoms

Equality: (One) mol C6H12O6 = 6 mols C atoms

Conversion Factors:
mol C6H12 O6 6 moles C atoms and mol C6H12 O6 6 moles C atoms

Set Up Problem:

1.85 mol C 6H12 O 6

6 mols C atoms 11.1 mol C atoms mol C 6H12 O 6

Molar Mass

The atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12.00 amu The atomic mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms 12.00 g One mole of any element is the amount of atoms (molecules or ions) that is equal to its atomic mass (in grams) This mass contains 6.022 1023 particles of that element Use the periodic table to obtain the molar mass of any element

When the number of grams (weighed out) of a substance equals the formula mass of that substance, Avogadros number of molecules of that substance are present

Molar Mass

Molar Mass of a Compound

Calculate the molar mass of iron (II) sulfate Formula is FeSO4 1) Calculate the molar mass of each element 2) Each element is multiplied by its respective subscript: (number of moles of each element)

Moles of Compound Formula Subscript Moles of Element in Compound

3) The molar mass is calculated by the sum of

the molar masses of each element

Molar Mass of a Compound

1) Formula is FeSO4: The molar masses of iron, sulfur, and oxygen are

55.85 g Fe mol Fe
1 mol Fe

32.00 g S mol S

16.00 g O mol O
1 mol S 32.00g S 32.00g S mol S

2) Multiply each molar mass by its subscript

55.85g Fe 55.85g Fe mol Fe 16.00g O 64.00g O mol O

4 mol O

3) Find the molar mass of the compound by adding the mass of each element

55.85 g 32.00g 64.00g 151.85g

Calculations Using Molar Mass

The three quantities most often calculated

Number of particles Number of moles Number of grams

Using molar mass as a conversion factor is one of the most useful in chemistry

Can be used for g to mole and mole to g conversions

Relationship between Moles, Molar Mass and Avogadros number

Avogadros Number

Moles of substance

Particles of substance

Molar Mass Moles of substance

Grams of substance

Converting Mass of a Compound to Moles

International Foods Coffee contains 3 mg of sodium chloride per cup of coffee. How many moles of sodium chloride are in each cup of coffee?
3 mg NaCl moles of NaCl

3 mg NaCl

1g NaCl = 0.003 g NaCl 1000 mg NaCl

MM NaCl 1(Na) 1(Cl) 1(22.99) 1(35.45) 58.44

Equality: 1 mol NaCl = 58.44 g

g NaCl mol

58.44 g NaCl mol NaCl and mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl

0.003 g NaCl 1mol NaCl 5.13 10 -5 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl

Converting Grams to Particles

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) has the formula C2H6O2. How many molecules are present in a 3.86 10-20 g sample?
Plan: convert g Molar mass moles Avog Number molecules of ethylene glycol

Equality 1:1mol C2H6O2 62.05g C2H6O2

Conversion 62.05 g C2H6O2 mol C2H6O 2 and mol C2H6O 2 62.05 g C2H6O 2 Factor 1

Equality 2: 1mol C2H6O2 6.022 10 23 molecules Conversion 6.0221023 molecules 1mol C 2H6 O 2 or Factor 2 1mol C 2H6 O 2 6.022 1023 molecules

3.8610

20

mol C2H6 O 2 6.022 1023 molecules g C2H6 O 2 375 molecules 62.05g C2H6 O2 mol C2H6 O 2

Percent Composition

Sometimes its useful to know the composition of a compound in terms of what percentage of the total is each element Percent

Parts per 100 The number of specific items per a group of 100 items 50% of $100 is $50 (50 items/100 total items)

Percent Example

You have 4 oranges and 5 apples. What percent of the total is oranges?

4 oranges 100% 44% oranges 9 total

In parts per 100

44 oranges 100% 44% oranges 100 total

Percent Composition

It is the percent by mass of each element in a compound Can be determined By its chemical formula Molar masses of the elements that compose the compound The percent of each element contributes to the mass of the compound

mass of each element mass percent of each 100% molar mass of the compound element in a compound

Calculating Percent Composition Example

What is the percent composition of each element in NH4OH?

Determine the contribution of each element

14.01 g N: 100 % 39.97%N 35.05 g H: 5.04 g 100 % 14.38%H 35.05 g

N : 1 14.01g = 14.01g H : 5 1.0078 g = 5.04g O : 1 16.00 g = 16.00g

Molar mass = 35.05 g

16.00 g O: 100 % 45.65%O 35.05 g

Empirical Formulas

The simplest ratio of elements in a compound It uses the smallest possible whole number ratio of atoms present in a formula unit of a compound If the percent composition is known, an empirical formula can be calculated

Empirical Formulas
To Determine the empirical formula: 1) Calculate the moles of each element

2) Calculate the ratios of the elements to

Use molar mass (atomic mass)

each other 3) Find the lowest whole number ratio

Divide each number of moles by the

smallest number of moles present

Empirical Formula: Converting Decimal Numbers to Whole Numbers

The

subscripts in a formula are expressed as whole numbers, not as decimals The resulting numbers from a calculation represent each elements subscript If the number(s) are NOT whole numbers, multiply each number by the same small integer (2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) until a whole number is obtained

Relating Empirical and Molecular Formulas

n represents a whole number multiplier from 1 to as large as necessary

molar mass ( g / mol ) n empirical formula mass ( g / mol )

Calculate the empirical formula and the mass of the empirical formula Divide the given molecular mass by the calculated empirical mass Answer is a whole number multiplier

Relating Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Multiply each subscript in the empirical formula by the whole number multiplier to get the molecular formula

Calculate Empirical Formula from Percent Composition

Lactic acid has a molar mass of 90.08 g and has this percent composition: 40.0% C, 6.71% H, 53.3% O What is the empirical and molecular formula of lactic acid? Assume a 100.0 g sample size

Convert percent numbers to grams

Calculate Empirical Formula from Percent Composition

Convert mass of each element to moles Divide each mole quantity by the smallest number of moles
mol C 3.33 mol C 12 .0 g C

40 .0 g C

6.71 g H

mol H 6.66 mol H 1.008 g H

3.33 1.00 3.33 6.66 H: 2.00 3.33 C: O: 3.33 1.00 3.33

53 .3 g O

mol O 3.33 mol O 16 .00 g O

The ratio of C to H to O is 1 to 2 to 1

Empirical formula is

CH2O

Empirical formula mass = 12.01 + 2 (1.008) + 16.00 = 30.03 g/mol

Determination of the Molecular Formula

Obtain the value of n (whole number multiplier) Multiply the empirical formula by the multiplier
90 .08 g / mol 3 30 .03 g / mol

molar mass ( g / mol ) n empirical formula mass ( g / mol )

Molecular formula = n empirical formula Molecular formula = 3 (CH2O)

C3H6O3

Formulas for Compounds

Empirical Formula

Molecular Formulas The actual formulas of molecules It shows all of the atoms present in a molecule It may be the same as the EF or a wholenumber multiple of its EF
Molecular formula = n Empirical formula

Smallest possible set of subscript numbers Smallest whole number ratio All ionic compounds are given as empirical formulas

end