I TING NI VIT NAM TRNG CAO NG PT TH I

BI GING MN:

K THUT XUNG S

Ging vin: Trn Vn Hi Khoa K thut in t PT-TH Email: tranvanhoi@vov.org.vn

1

CHNG I: KHI NIM C BN V K THUT XUNG

BI 1: TN HIU XUNG I. Khi nim tn hiu xung

Xung in l nhng dng hc p ch tn ti trong 1 khong thi gian ngn c th so snh c vi thi gian ca qu trnh qu trong mch in m n tc ng.
Xung: l 1 i lng vt l c thi gian tn ti rt nh so vi ton b thi gian ma n tc ng.

Mc so snh: l thi gian qu - khong thi gian m h thng vt l chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc
2

BI 1: TN HIU XUNG

II. Phn loi tn hiu xung.

Xung vung

Xung nhn

Xung rng ca

Xung hnh thang

Xung hm m

Xung tam gic

3

III. Cc tham s ca tn hiu xung.

Dy xung rng xung : thi gian tn ti xung.(s) Khong cch xung : K/c gia 2 xung lin tip. Chu k xung: Tx. Tn s s xung trn 1 giy. dy:

Um

Tx

Qx > 0.5 - Xung rng Qx < 0.5 - Xung hp. rng(xp):

4

Tham s dng xung

: rng sn trc. : rng sn sau. Um :Bim ln nht ca xung. : st nh tuyt i. : st nh tng i.

Thc t chn h s <1. = 0.1, 0.05, 0.01 Thng chn = 0.05

Bi 2: Phng php phn tch tn hiu xung

Phng php xp chng:

u vo: S1(t), u ra S2(t).
Mch tuyn tnh

Ton t laplace.
Mi f(t) u c nh F(p).

I. Cc dng tn hiu xung n gin.

Dng t bin: U(t) =E.1(t) = E t t0 0 t < t0 Vi 1t0 =1(t-t0) = 1 t t0 0 t < t0 Dng tuyn tnh: K = const =

t to t< to
7

Cc dng tn hiu xung n gin.(tip)

Dng hm m.
t to t < to

Kt lun: Tn hiu xung rt a dng song tt c u c coi l tng hp ca 3 dng tn hiu ni trn.

V d
Ta c U(t) = U(t) + U(t) Cho t1 =0, t2 = T U(t) = E.1(t) . U(t) =-E.1(t-Tx) U(t) = E[1(t) -1(t-Tx) ]

V d

U(t) = U1(t)+U2(t)+U3(t)+U4(t)

10

II. Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu t bin: Mch RC:U1(t) =E.1(t)->

NX:

nh lut ng mch th nht: Ko bao gi c t bin U trn t in. Thng chn Hng s thi gian:c trng cho qun tnh ca mch, ch ph thuc tham s mch in m ko ph thuc tn hiu vo.
11

II. Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu t bin Mch RL

nh lut ng mch 2:Ko bao gi c t bin dng trn cun cm.

12

II. Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu tuyn tnh.

NX:

Nu thay RC bng RL:

13

II.Phn ng ca mch RC,RL

Tn hiu hm m.
Hng s thi gian ca ngun tn hiu. Hng s t/g ca mch.

Ur: q ln, Ur->U1. q gim th bin Ur gim q=1 th Ur =o.37E. Ur l xung nhn. Uc:khi q nh, Uc->U1 q tng, tc Uc gim nhanh khi q =100 -> Uc c dim un
14

III. Phn ng ca mch RC i vi dy xung vung.

T/h q/t qu sm k thc: Cho:

Do :
15

Qu trnh qu sm kt thc
Khi
Cc thnh phn Ura b/ chm,dng xung gn ging dng xung vo-> st nh xung st nh xung tng i.
Mch RC lm mch phn cch,truyn t/h xung.

Khi
Ut/h bin i nhanh, t/h ra bin thnh 2 xung nhn + v - ti t1 v t2 S dng mch RC lm mch vi phn.
16

Tn hiu ra trn t

Cho

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Tn hiu ra trn t
Khi: cc thnh phn U thay i chm,t/h ra c dng tam gic v sn trc gn nh ng thng.Trong khoang t/g t1-t2 ta c. y l trng hp dng mch RC lm mch tch phn U theo Macloranh:

-> U2 =Kt vi Khi Cc thnh phn U thay i nhanh,t/h xung ra ging xung vo nhng b mo sn trc . y l trng hp RC ging cc thnh phn k sinh ca ngun t/h vi R nh,C = Cra ca ngun.
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Qu trnh qu chm
Uc(t)

Uo t Ur(t) S1 t

S2

19

IV. Mch phn p xung

KN:l mch 4 cc c nhim v trch 1 phn tn hiu t ngun ua ti ti p/hp v mt bin . Y/c: khng gy mo tn hiu->h s truyn t l 1 hng s , ko f thuc vo f. Cc mch phn p: 1. Phn p in tr:

20

IV. Mch phn p

Phn p in dung

Thc t tn ti R k sinh v C k sinh nn h s phn p lun f thuc vo f. Phn p hn hp.

Ni chung

f thu vo f khi
21

K cn bng:

BI 3: KHA IN T
I. KHA IN T 1. Kha in t: l 1 van in c th ng hoc ngt 1 dng in di tc ng ca t/h iu khin. 2. Tnh cht: Ni tr kha: Khi ng: Rk = 0 Khi ngt: Rk = v cng. 3. Tc ng ngt: f iu khin ng ngt m kha lm vic tin cy. m bo tin cy:[Fmax] cho php < hoc = 1/(2 t/g thit lp). 4. Ngng iu khin: L mc t/h thp nht c th /k c kha 1 cch tin cy.

22

II. Kha in dng TRANSISTOR

T tt Kha m:Rkm= Ic = Ico nh: 10-100mA Uc=Ec T thng Kha ng:Rk =0 Ic = Icbh=Ec/Rc; Uc =Ucbh rt nh.
Ic X

Ec /Rc

Icbh
A

Rc
B O

Ucbh

Min ct dng

Uc

23

Nguyn l

Min ct dng: di im B. Min khuych i.(on AB). Ib Ic Uc Min bo ho:(Sau im A-ng Ox). ib>=ib boho->ic=icbh=const. iu kin T bo ho : ib>=ibbh. ch kha :Yu cu T thng ch bo ho vi dng in ln v: c dng ln. Kh nng chng nhiu cao. 24 Ic =Icbh = Ec/Rc

Qu trnh qu ca kho T
Udk

t1

E1

t3

E2

ib

Ibo
tt

Ib1

Ibbh

Ibo
Tiu tn

ic

Icbh

Tr t4 ts2 t3 t4

ico
Uc E
ts1

Ec

t2

Ucbh

25

t5

Nguyn l
Trong khong: Udk= E2<0-> T tt, ib=-ibo;ic=Ico, Uc=Ec. Trong khong: + Ti t=t1: Udk t bin dng,E1>0; Ib=Ib1=E1/Rb >Ibbh.-> T bo ho. Ic tng theo quy lut hm m to ra sn trc ts1. + Sau t2: tuy ic=Icbh=const nhng v ib=Ib1>Ibh nn c hin tng trn in tch t E->B to nn cc in tch tha trong cc B phi tip gip cc C. Qu trnh tch lu vn theo ng quy lut tng sn trc ca ic v tin ti xc lp ti t3. Khi:t-t3, Udk c t bin m,Udk =E2<0. L ra Ib=-Ibo song do R ngc tip gip u vo EB ca T cha kp thit lp-> Ib vn c gi tr rt ln> Ib2=E2/Rb. Dng Ib2 s duy tr trong 1 khong thi gian no ri dn dn gim v Ibo sau khi R ngc c thit lp. Ic vn duy tr Icbh trong khong thi gian t3-t4 to ra thi gian tr 26 ngt.

Nguyn l (tip)
T tr = t4-t3: l thi gian tiu tn cc in tch tha c tch lu trong giai on trc. Sau Ic gim . n thi im t5 c ic=ico v hnh thnh rng sn sau ts2=t5-t4. Chnh cc khong thi gian ts1, ts2, t tr to nn cc qu trnh qu trong mch lm chm tc ca kho. Do phi hn ch chng.

27

CHNG 2: MCH BIN I XUNG

28

CHNG 2: MCH BIN I XUNG

BI 1: MCH VI PHN I. Khi nim: - Mch vi phn:l mch 4 cc m t/h ra t l vi vi phn ca t/h vo.

Trng hp t/h vo ra l U th c mch vi phn in p.

S1(t)

II. ng dng: - To xung nhn t xung vung. - To xung vung t xung hnh thang. - Thc hin php tnh vi phn trong MTTT

d/dt

S2(t)

29

BI 1: MCH VI PHN
III. Mch vi phn iu kin:

Gi s: Ur << Uc ->

U1 E

/k mch RC l mch VP l: Ur<<Uc.

L tng

V tn hiu xung c: /k l: RC<<Tx

U2 E E

Thc t

t 30

BI 2: MCH TCH PHN

I. Khi nim: - Mch vi phn l mng 4 cc m Ur t l vi tch phn U vo. II. ng dng: - To xung rng ca, cung cp U qut trong VTTH, chn, m xung

Gi s Uc<<Ur do :U2 <<U1-> K l mch tch phn:

U2(t) S1(t) S2(t)

vi
U1(t)

31

BI 2: MCH TCH PHN Mun tch phn chnh xc phi tha mn iu kin tch phn: Xra c bin nh so vi xung vo -> Dng mch Tch phn RC kt hp vi mch KTT gi l mch KTT tch phn.
Mch tch phn Mch vi phn

32

Mch to in p rng ca

T/h U rng ca c s dng /khin mch li tia e trong cc n m cc my thu hnh, mn hnh MT -> U rng ca gi l U qut. Dng mch tch phn lm Uq Uq l nhng xung rng ca c cha 1 phn U thay i theo t i vi t. Cc on c th tng hoc gim nu o hm ca n + v U>0

U< 0
33

Cc tham s
Uo: in p d ban u. Uqm: Bin max ca Uq Tq = t2- t1. T/g hnh trnh qut thun. Tph= t3-t2 T/g hnh trnh qut ngc , gc tip tuyn ca ng cong Uq ti cc thi im u v cui ca q/t qut thun. Yu cu: Uo nh +Uqm ln, Uq thng +Tph : nh c th bt u 1 hnh trnh sm. H s mo phi tuyn:

ngha: l chnh lch v dc ca phn ng thng. Hiu sut:

34

in p rng ca
q

Uqm

t1 Uo

t2

35

Mch to in p rng ca
R Ngun in C Uq Rk K

S dng phng php np in cho t qua R ln tha mn iu kin tch phn. Trong tq: kha K ngt, C c np.

Khi t= tq->Uq=Uqm. Kha K ng, C phng in qua Rk,

36

Mch qut RC n gin

Udk t1 Rb R t2 t

in if
C

Ecc
Uq Um Ucbh t1 t2 t3 t Ecc

Udk

Ube

tq

tph

37

Nguyn l
Phn t tch phn:R,C Ngun np: Ecc, kha in t e. Trng thi u:T thng( bo ha). + K: +Uco=Ucbh=0 + , Uq=Uc Trng thi qut: C xung(-) iu khin vi rng C c np: +Ec->R->C->-Ec. voi Gi thit: theo chui Macloranh: ; T tt.

Trng thi phc hi: sau khi t bin xc nh t2, kt thc xung k u vo->T thngbo ha-> C phng rt nhanh qua rcebh
38

Mch Miller
R ir D Udk Rb Eb Uq
C

Udk Rc

ip

t1

t2

- +
Ube Uq Udk
t3

Uc

Cfng Uq
tq tqmax

Cnp
t4 tph
39

t5

tq

Nguyn l.
Do kt cu mch, to nn hi tip m t cc gp C n cc gc B thng qua t C. S hi tip ny khng ch chnh lch const-> I phng = const-> U trn t C gim tuyn tnh-> Uq gim tuyn tnh, Ic phng = const. Gi s Ic phng ->iR -> ->Ube -> Ib -> ic > Uq -> Ube. -> Do hi tip chng li s gim ca I phng.

40

Mch Bootstrap
Udk t1 t Uq X Rb Cb Udk
R

*C

D thng Uq T2 t2

Utt
Ux

D thng t3
Ur

ir ib2
Y
C

t4

ib1

T1

Re

Uq Uc *C U

Uy

Ecc t

tq

C*phng

* np C tph

t5

41

Nguyn l
Trng thi u: T1 ng vai tr kho in t- thng hon ton. T2 mch khuych i: Trng thi to qut: + Giai on 1: D thng. C* C np-> UY -> Uq Ux V D thng nn Uc ( UY) thay i theo quy lut bc 2. + Giai on 2:t=t2 Ux tng >=Ec-> D tt. T C c np vi I const, Uy-> Uq v tng tuyn tnh. Do Uy( ) -> Uq ( ) ( ) -> UR=UY-UX= const Trong giai on 2do C* c tr s ln so vi C nn C* ng vai tr nh ngun 1 chiu np cho cho C. Mch to qut ch tuyn tnh trong giai on D tt.Thi gian qut 42 thc. [tq] = t3-t2 < tq
C*>>C-> Ux

BI 3: MCH HN BIN I. Khi nim: l mng 4 cc phi tuyn m Ur thay i theo ng quy lut ca Uv khi Uv cha vt qu 1 mc cho trc - gi l mc ngng-> Ur gi 1 gi tr = const gi l U hn ch - c tuyn truyn t ca mch theo U2(t)=F[Uv(t) ] l 1 ng gm 2 phn: + Phn nghing: truyn tn hiu Hn ch + Phn thng: ct. tri phi
U2 Uhc Ung1 U1 Uhc
Hn ch trn Hn ch di

U2 Ung2 U1

U2

Ung2
Ung1 Uhc
43

U1

Mch hn ch dng it 1 pha.

Mch hn ch song song
Uhc Rhc U1 D E Dtt Ung1 U2 Dthng U2

U1

Khi U1<E -> UD < 0 -> D tt . Do RDtt >> Rhc-> U2 =U1. Khi U1>E : D thng. Do RDthng << Rh/c -> U2 =E Thc t : Khi truyn : RT U2 = U1 RT+Rhc Khi o chiu it : mch hn ch di mc E Ch :nh hng tham s k sinh: Cra =Cak+Cti+Clp

rp
44

Hn ch ni tip
U2 Uhc Rhc U1 D E Dthng U2 Ung1 Dtt U1

Khi U1<E -> D thng . Do RDthng << Rhc-> U2 =U1. Khi U1>E : UD<0 ->D tt. Do RDtt >> Rhc -> U2 =E Khi i chiu it ta c mch hn ch di.

45

Mch han ch 2 pha

Mch song song
U2 E2 Rhc U1 D1 E1 E1 D2 E2 D2thng D1,D2 tt D1thng U2 Uhc U1

iu kin hn ch : E2 < E1
46

Mch ni tip
D1 D2 Rhc2 E1 E2 U2 U2 E2 U1

Rhc1

E1
D1tt D2thng

U1 D1thng D2tt

D1,D2 thng

iu kin hn ch:E1<E2 Rhc2 > Rhc1

47

Mch hn ch dng Transitor

Rc Rb U2 U1 Ecc

Rb

K
U1 D

>

U2

Mch vo ca T l tip gip p-n : tng ng 1 it. Rb: tng ng Rhc -> Mch hn ch it song song u vo.

Tn hiu sau khi c hn ch c T khuych i -> Mch

khuych i hn ch.

Vi im cng tc thch hp v t/h vo ln: Mch K thng

thng cng c kh nng hn ch.1 pha do dng b ct, o pha48 do transitor bo ha.

BI 4: MCH GHIM MC

L mch gi cho t/h ra 1 mc U- no . Mch ghim di mc 0.

U1
C + D U2

t1
E

t2

t3

t4

U1 R

U2

49

Mch ghim trn mc 0

C + D U2 U2 1 2 3 U1

U1 R

50

Mch ghim mc bt k
C + A U1

t1
U1 R D

t2

t3

t4
U
t

U2

E E B

Ti t =t1.U1=0, U2=E, D thng, C c np n E Khi t=t1: + u vo c t bin dng E1, UAB =U2 = E+E1 + D tt, C phng qua R chm, U2 gim chm Khi t=t2: c t bin m E1->U2 gim 1 lng E1-> hnh thnh xung ghim mc E
51

Chng 3: Mch dao ng xung

52

Bi 1: B to dao ng tch thot

Ch cha 1 phn t tch ly nng lngl C. Sau khi tch ly nng lng C, ri nh thit b chuyn mch n li phng n mt mc xc nh no ri li c np in. Nu mch phng c cha R th hu nh NL c tch ly u tiu hao trn R di dng nhit. K1 ng, K2 m :C np. K1 v K2 ng m nh K1 m, K2 ng: C phng qua R t/b chuyn mch

K2
Ngun NL

K1

Phn t tch tr NL

Mch phng in

T/b chuyn mch

53

Bi 2: Mch dao ng a hi
I. Mach dao ng a hi.
Rb1
C1 T1 Ub1 Ub2 Rb2 C2 T2 U2 Ecc Rc2

Rc1

+ +

Mch gm 2 tng K ni tip nhau. Rb1 v Rb2 ni trc tip ln Ec m bo mch dao ng. Mch c 2 trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T1 thng, T2 tt. T1 tt, T2 thng.
54

I. Mach dao ng a hi.

Rc1

Rb2

Rb1
Rc2

- Ecc

C1

C2

T1
Ub1 Ub2

T2

U2

T1 tt, T2 thng: + C1 c np: +Ec->reb2->C1->-Ec. + C2 phng qua T2: +C2 ->Rb1->E->recT2->-C2. T1 thng, T2 thng: + C1 phng. + C2 np.

55

Mch dao ng a hi

V ta c:

nn khi T thng bo ha

xung ra n nh th Ib2 >= Ib2h hay

Ub1

C2 phng
Ub1h

C2 phng

C2 phng

UcT1 Uc1h C1 np

Ub2 UcT2

Ub2h

Uc2h
56

II. Mch a hi i dng T ghp cc pht

-Ec R1 Cb T1 Ukt Rc1 C T2 UcT2=Ura bc2 Rc2

Ube2
R2 Ub1 Re Ue

57

Dng sng mch a hi i dng T

UcT1

Ico2.Rc2 Ube2

Ec

Ue

UcT2 Ico2.Rc2 -Ec

58

Nguyn l
Mch c 2 trng thi n nh:
T1 tt, T2 thng. K: Do Rb2 ca T2 u ln Ec nn c UbeT2<0 v UbeT2=Ube2bh. UcT2= Uc2bh + Ic2bh.Re. C c np in : +Ec->Re->RbeT2->C->Rc1->-Ec. Ucmax = Ec-Ico1.Rc1-Re.Ic2bh. Khi u vo c xung (-) kch thch vo BT1-> T1 thng bo ha-> T2 tt. C li phng: +C->Rb2->-Ec->+Ec->Re->T1->-C. Do s phng ca t C: +Trn Rb2 c in p (+) a vo BT2 gi cho T2 tt hn trong 1 khong t/g. +I phng ca C gim -> Ube2 trn T2 bt dng-> t n U thng ca T2 -> T2 bt u thng, chm dt qu trnh to xung. t bin ln 2: khi Ube2 =0, T2 thng xut hin qu trnh t bin ln 2 nh trn, C li c np.

59

III. Mch Trig

Gm 2 tng K ghp vi nhau. C hi tip dng. C 2 trng thi cn bng v n nh v c kh nng chuyn t trng thi c/b ny sang trng thi cn bng khc khi c kch thch. ng dng: phn tn, to xung /khin cc mch vi tch phn; lm cc b nh thc hin cc php tnh logic.
60

Mch in
Rc1 C4 R1 Co1 Ukt1 Rb1 Rb2 R2 Co2 Ukt2 Eb T2

+Ec Rc2 C3

C1

C2

T1, T2: cc phn t K. C1R1,R2C2 dn t/h hi tip a v B cc T Rb1,Rb2 ni vi ngun Eb nh thin cho T. T1 thng, T2 tt. Co1,Co2 dn t/h kch thch Trig chuyn trng thi. Cc trng thi c th : c 2 T thng, T1 thng T2 tt hoc T1 tt T2 thng. 61

Nguyn l mch Trig

Gi s ban u T1 thng, T2 tt. Ti t1: u vo T1 c kch thch xung (-) ->T1 ang thng chuyn sang tt ->UcT1 dng ln->UbT2 dng ln-> T2 thng. n t2: c xung (-) vo bT2-> T2 tt,T1 thng do UcT2(+) tng> UbT1(+) tng thng qua R2C2 -> T1 thng. Qu trnh tip tc cho cc xung tip theo-> u ra ta c cc xung vung. Cng c th a xung kch thch vo 1 u ca mch nhng cc xung lin tip ngc cc tnh. iu kin 2 trng thi cn bng n nh ca Trig: Icbh1(2) Ube2(1) <=0; Ib1(2)>= min1(2)
62

Dng sng mch Trig

Ukt1

Ukt

Ukt1

Ura1

Ura1

Ura2

Ura2

63

IV. ng b cc mch dao ng xung

Mch dao ng t kch th T, f ca xung ra f thuc vo cc tr s R,C, Ri ca kho. Bin li ph thuc ngun cung cp v h s khuych i. Thc t ta cn 1 dy xung c T v f xc nh-> Mch xung s phi cng tc ch i. Ch ny, qu trnh bin i trng thi nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo xung kch thch. Khi Txra = Txkt Xung kch thch gi l xung ng b. Dng ca xung kch thch l nhng xung nhn dng hoc m kch thch. Khi c xung kch thch, mch dao ng xung lm vic theo quy lut ca xung kch thch gi l s ng b ca mch to xung kch thch v mch dao ng. Txra =T xKT =T ng b. H s ng b l 1 Txra = nTxKT H s ng b l n Mch m xung, mch phn tn u lm vic theo nguyn l ny. 64

V d mch phn tn.

1 2 3
Rc1

4 5 6

7 8

Rb1
C1

Rb2 C2

Ecc Rc2

To
T2

T1 UKT

t2 T t3 T t

Khi khng c xung ng b : T1 tt -> thng v chu k dao ng ca n l To. Khi c xung ng b : trong khong T: T1 ang thng nn xung ng b + t vo khng nh hng g. Nhng trong khong T: xung ng b + t vo-> n thi im t2, T1 lt trng thi-> Chu k dao ng ca mch l T= T+T<To, T=6Tb. H s ng b l 6 65

Mch chn xung

KN: chn xung l tch t/h xung c ch ra khi c nn nhiu hay chn t/h ring bit ra khi ng t/h chung. - Cc du hiu chn:cc tham s ca xung: bin , rng hoc tn s. - B chn xung l t hp cc s xung khc nhau. - Yu cu: n gin, cc phn t trong mch phi cng tc ch tuyn tnh. Cc mch chn xung. Chn xung theo bin : Ura =f(Ux) vi Uxlaf bin xung vo. +chn xung theo cc tnh (+) hoc (-). +chn xung c bin ln hn mc cho php. +chn xung c bin nh hn mc cho php. + chn xung c bin : Umin<Ura<Umax
66

Mch chn xung c bin nh hn mc cho php.

n1 a) 1 n2 b) 3 c) 4
d/dt

2 5 d) e) 6

u vo 1 c cc xung vi bin khc nhau chng chia thnh 2 nhnh song song n1 & n2. + n1 qua mch vi phn (a). + n2 qua mch hn ch di(b) -> mch lm tr . u ra ca 2 nhnh l 2 v 4 n b cng (d). U tng a n mch chn cc tnh xung( ghim trn mc 0) a xung ra l xung nhn nh du thi im kt thc xung c bin a<Umax
67

Dng sng mch chn xung

Uv

du/dt

Uhc

Utr U tng

Ur
68

Chn xung theo rng

D1 D2

+ Uv C R1 R2

Ur

+E Cu to gm 1 mch tch phn RC v mch hn ch bin gm D2, R1, R2 vi mc hn ch: Um: l bin xung vo. rt ngn thi gian hi phc ca mch tch phn RC ta mc thm D1. Trong thi gian np in cho C th D1 tt-> ko nh hng g n mch tch 69 phn.

Dng tn hiu mch chon xung theo rng.

Uv

Uc

Ur

70

Ti liu tham kho

K thut xung Vng Cng.

71