Voltage Regulator

SEE 3263:
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
LECTURER:
CAMALLIL BIN OMAR

P05-415
@
camallil@fke.utm.myy
Tel: 07- 5535241
1
SEE 3263: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Chapter 1:
Voltage Regulators
2
SEE 3263 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
1.0 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Power supplies are the most commonly used circuits
in electronics.
Virtually every electronic system requires the use of a
power supply to convert the ac line voltage to the dc
voltages that are required for the system’s
system s internal
operation.
Power supplies range from simple batteries to
regulated electronic circuits where an accurate output
voltage is automatically maintained.
A battery is a dc power supply that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy.
Electronic power supplies normally convert 240V,
50Hz ac from a wall outlet into a regulated dc voltage
at a level suitable for electronic components. 3
A basic p power supply

pp y consists of a rectifier,, a filter
and a regulator.
A power supply filter greatly reduces the fluctuations
i th
in the output
t t voltage
lt off a half-wave
h lf or full-wave
f ll
rectifier and produces a nearly constant-level dc
voltage.
Filtering (accomplished using capacitors) is
necessary because electronic circuits require a
constant source of dc voltage and current to provide
power and biasing for proper operation.
Voltage regulation is usually accomplished with
integrated circuit voltage regulators.
A voltage regulator prevents changes in the filtered
dc voltage due to variations in line voltage or loadload.
4
DC POWER SUPPLY BLOCK

DIAGRAM
5
TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY
Linear Power Supply.
Non-Linear Power Supply.
6
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
Used power devices that operated at

ea /act e region.
linear/active eg o
Dissipates more power.

power
7
NON--LINEAR POWER SUPPLY

NON
Used power devices that operated at

saturation
satu at o and
a d cutoff
cuto a alternately.
te ate y
Dissipates less power.

power
Also named as switching power

supply or switching regulator.
8
These power supplies were constructed

using discrete components, integrated
circuits or combination of both.
both
Discrete power transistor, op-amp and

comparator were used to complete the
circuit.
9
POWER SUPPLY REGULATION
An ideal
A id l power supply l provides
id a
constant dc voltage despite changes to
th input
the i t voltage
lt or load
l d conditions.
diti
The output voltage of a real power

supply
pp y changes
g under load and is also
sensitive to input voltage changes.
10
VOLTAGE REGULATION
• 2 basic categories:
((i)) Load Regulation.

g
• Output voltage nearly constant
g
when load change.
(ii) Line Regulation.

Regulation
• Output voltage nearly constant
when line voltage change.
change
11
LOAD REGULATION
• Load regulation is a measure of how well a
power supply is able to maintain the dc
output voltage between no load and full load
with the input voltage constant.
• For real power supply, output voltage will
drop
p when load current increases.
VO(NL) – output voltage with no
∞ ∞ load.
VO(FL) – output voltage with full
load.
IL(FL) – full load current (maximum
current that coming out
from power supply).
12
• Load regulation
g can be expressed as a
percentage change in load voltage.
VO ( NL ) − VO ( FL )
Load Regulation = × 100%
VO ( FL )
• L
Load d regulation
l ti can also
l beb expressed d
in terms of percent change in the
output
t t per mA A change
h in
i load
l d currentt
(%/mA).
⎛ ∆VO ⎞ ⎛ VO(NL) − VO(FL) ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ V ⎟
Vreg = ⎝ V O ⎠
×100% = ⎝ O(FL) ⎠ ×100%
∆I L I L(FL) − I L(NL)
13
EXAMPLE:
A regulated power supply with an output
resistance of 1 Ω deliver a full load current of 1A
to a 25 Ω load. What is the load regulation?
14
VO(FL ) = IL(FL ) × RL = (1A )(25Ω) = 25V

⎛ RL ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
VO(FL ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟ × VO( NL ) = ⎜ × VO(NL )
⎝ RL + R O ⎠ ⎝ 25 + 1⎠
∴ VO(NL ) = 26 V
⎛ VO(NL ) − VO(FL ) ⎞ ⎛ 26 − 25 ⎞
%Vreg = ⎜ × 100% = ⎜ × 100% = 4%
⎜ VO(FL ) ⎝ 25 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
15
LINE REGULATION
• Line regulation is a measure of how well a
power supply l is
i able
bl to
t maintain
i t i the
th dc
d
output voltage for a change in the ac input
line voltage.
voltage
• When the dc input (line) voltage changes

changes, the
voltage regulator must maintain a nearly
constant output
p voltages.
g
16
LINE REGULATION
• Line regulation can be expressed as:
⎛ ∆VO ⎞
Line Regulation = ⎜⎜ ∆V ⎟⎟ × 100%
⎝ i ⎠
• Line regulation can also be expressed in

terms off percent change
h in
i VO per volt
l
change on the Vi (%/V).
⎛ ∆VO ⎞
⎜ V ⎟
⎝ O⎠
× 100 %
Line Regulation =
∆Vi
17
EXAMPLE:
When the input to a particular voltage regulator
decreases by 5V, the output decreases by 0.25V.
The nominal output is 15V. Determine the line
regulation in %/V.
(0 .25 V 15 V ) × 100 % = 0 .333 % / V

Line Regulation =
5V
Note : For ideal voltage regulation, both

categories will give zero percent
regulation(0%)
regulation(0%).
18
ZENER REGULATOR
- Output voltage constant as long as VIN > VZ

- Changes in IL will caused IZ to change in equal & opposite
direction
- When IZ changes, VL will also changes
- The larger IZ change, the larger VL will change
- Higher power dissipation in zener
- Unable to control the changes in current 19
EXAMPLE:
Determine:
(a) IZ(min) and IZ(max) for Zener.
(b) PDZ(min)
DZ( i ) and PDZ(max)
DZ( ) for Zener.
Zener
(c) Suitable power rating, PRS for resistor, RS.
20
Vi − VO 18 − 12
IS = = = 60mA
RS 100
VO 12
IZ(min) = IS − IL(max) = IS − = 60mA
A− = 5.45mA
A
RL(min) 220
VO 12
IZ(max) = IS − IL(min) = IS − = 60mA − = 40mA
RL(max) 600
PDZ(min) = IZ(min) × VZ = (5.45mA )(12) = 65.4mW
PDZ(max) = IZ(max) × VZ = ( 40mA )(12) = 480mW
PRS = (IS )2 × R S = (60mA )2 × 100 = 0.36mW
21
EXAMPLE:
Determine:
(a) The branch currents and power dissipated by
circuit devices
devices.
(b) Percentage voltage regulation when the load RL
is open circuit and VO increased to 9.2 V.
22
EXERCISE:
For the regulator circuit shown below, determine the
minimum and the maximum load currents.
Given: VZ = 5.1
5 1 V at IZT = 35 mA
IZK = 1 mA, rZ = 12 Ω, IZM = 70 mA
23
add a series-pass transistor to greatly improve the
efficiency
ffi i and
d power-handling
h dli capability
bilit as well
ll as
to control the changes in output current.
IE IL
IB = =
(β + 1) (β + 1)
IL
IZ = IS -IB = IS −
(β + 1)
VO = VZ -VBE
24
EXAMPLE:
If β = 50, determine:
(a) output voltage, VO (b) voltage, VCE1
((c)) current,, IS ((d)) current,, IZ
(b) Vi = VCE + VO
VCE = Vi – VO = 20 –11
11.35
35 = 8.65
8 65 V
(c) Vi = IS RS + VZ
Vi − VZ 20 − 12
IS = = = 0.04
0 04 A
RS 200
(d) I = VO = 11 .35 V = 11 . 35 mA
L
RL 1k
IE I 11 .35 mA
IB = = L = = 222 . 55 µ A
1+ β 1+ β 51
((a)) VO = VZ – VBE =12 – 0.65 = 11.35 V ∴ IZ = IS − IB = 40 mA − 222 .55 µ A
= 39.78 mA
25
A Darlington pair transistor (a very high βDC) can be
usedd to
t increase
i the
th currentt gain.
i This
Thi will
ill reduce
d
the base current and the zener power rating will be
low.
IE1 IL
IB 2 = =
βDP βDP
βDP = β1 + β2 + β1β2
IZ = IS − IB 2
IL
= IS −
βDP
VO = VZ − 2VBE
26
Design a Darlington series-pass voltage regulator
lik that
like th t off figure
fi shown
h below
b l from
f the
th following
f ll i
requirements: VDC(in) = 18V, VDC(out) = VE = 12V, IL(max) =
2A.
27
REGULATOR CIRCUIT WITH

FEEDBACK
Q1
IL
R4 V2 = VBE 2 + VZ
IB1 R1
R2
V2 = VO
IC2 - VZ + R1 + R 2
VIN I4 +
Q2 RL R2
VO VO = V2
VB1 = VCE2 IB2 + + - R1 + R 2
R3 VBE2 V2 R2
⎛ R ⎞
- - ∴ VO = ⎜⎜1 + 1 ⎟⎟( VBE 2 + VZ )
⎝ R2 ⎠
Any change in VO must cause a change in VBE1 to

q y If VO decreases, VBE1 must
maintain the equality.
increase since VZ is constant. Similarly if VO
increases, VBE1 must decrease. 28
SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE

REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
29
Series Regulators
Series Regulator block diagram:
Control
VIN VOUT
element
Reference Error Sample

voltage detector circuit Basic series regulator circuit:
Control element
VIN VOUT
R1 Q1
+
VREF
The control element – R2

maintains a constant output D1
E
Error detector
d t t
Sample
circuit
voltage by varying the R3
collector-emitter voltage
across the transistor.
transistor
30
BASIC OP-
OP-AMP SERIES
REGULATOR
⎛ R2 ⎞
VO = ⎜⎜1 + × VZ
⎝ R3 ⎠
31
EXAMPLE:
For the series regulator circuit shown below:
(a) What is the output voltage?
(b) If the load current is 200mA
200mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
⎛ R2 ⎞
VO = ⎜⎜1 + ⎟ × VZ Q1 IL
⎝ R3 ⎠
R1
⎛ 100kΩ ⎞ 4 7k
4.7k
R2
= ⎜1 + × 3 .9 V 100k
⎝ 47kΩ ⎠ VIN
+ +
RL VO
= 12.2V 18V
-
R3
-
VZ
3.9V 47k
P = VI
= (18 V − 12.2V )(0.2A )
= 1.16 W
32
PROTECTION CIRCUIT
2 types of current limiting circuit:
Linear/Constant Current Limiting
Fold-back Current Limiting
33
LINEAR CURRENT LIMITING

CIRCUIT
Q1 IL
+
Vi RL VO
Control
20V Circuit 15V
-
VO is constant until IL(max) is reached. When IL > IL(max), VO

decreases and IL will slightly
g y greater
g than IL(max). This value
of IL will remain constant even when RL is short circuit.
34
SERIES REGULATOR WITH

CONSTANT CURRENT LIMITING
Current limiting prevents excessive The currentt

Th
load current. Q2 will conduct when the limit is:
current through RSC develops 0.7V 0 .7 V
across Q2’s VBE. This reduces base IL(max) =
R SC
current to Q1, limiting the load current.. 35
EXAMPLE:
A series regulator circuit shown above maintain a

constant output voltage of 25 V. What is the value of
resistor, RSC in order to limit the maximum current,
IL(max)
L( ) to 0.5
0 5 A? With the calculated value of RSC, what is
the value of VO when RL = 100 Ω and RL = 10 Ω?
36
FOLDBACK CURRENT
LIMITING CIRCUIT
37
During short circuit where VO = 0 V and IL = ISC,
PD =(Vi–VO)ISC = (20 – 0)1A= 20 W (for constant current

limiting)
PD =(Vi–VO)ISC = (20 – 0)0.5A=10 W (for foldback current

limiting)
During maximum operation where VO = 15 V and IL = 1 A,
PD= (Vi–VO)IL= (20 – 15)1 A = 5 W (for both current

limiting)
During short circuit condition, a regulator with constant

g has to dissipate
current limiting p 20 W of power
p in
transistor Q1 compared to regulator with foldback
current limiting i.e only 10 W. 38
SERIES REGULATOR WITH

FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMITING
Fold-back current limiting drops the load current

Fold-
well below the peak during overload conditions. Q2
conducts when VR4 + VBE2 = VRSC and begins current
limiting. 39
VBE2 = VRSC – VR4
VR4 will increase or decrease if VO increases or
decreases. At this instant, Q2 is still not conducting.
VR4 is
i found
f d by
b applying
l i the
th voltage-divider
lt di id rule:
l
⎛ R4 ⎞
VR 4 = ⎜⎜ (VRSC + VO )
⎝ R 4 + R5 ⎠
When IL increase to IL(max) or during overload, VR4 will
drop because VO drops. A smaller value of VRSC is
required to maintain VBE2 ≈ 0.7V. This means that less
current is needed to maintain conduction in Q2 and the
load current drops.
At this p
point,, current limiting
g occurs. IL will be limited
and Q2 conducting (ON).
40
If th
the regulated
l t d output
t t voltage
lt is
i 10 V,
V determine:
d t i
(a) The short circuit current, ISC
((b)) The maximum load current,, IL(max)
(c) Power dissipation in transistor 2N3055 during
shorted load. 41
Test Question Example:
For the circuit shown below, determine :
(a) Maximum load current.
((b)) Output
p voltage
g range.
g
(c) Values of VB1 and IR2 if RL = 10 Ω and VO = 15 V.
Q1 RSC
Vi =23V
1.2
R1
3k VB1
Q3 R3
3.3k
Q2
R2 RL
3k R4
5k
IR2
VZ =10V R5
10k
42
Final Exam Question Example:
A series voltage regulator circuit above produce an output voltage,

VO = 10 V and a maximum load current, IL(max) = 1 A. Given for all
transistors, Q1, Q2, and Q3 : β = hFE = 100, VBE(ON) = 0.7 V; for Zener
diode,, DZ : VZ = 4.3 V,, rZ = 0 Ω,, IZK = 1 mA and IZM = 40 mA. The
unregulated input voltage, Vi is 20 V. During optimum operation,
I1=2 mA, IZ = 14 mA, I3 = 1 mA and IB3 can be neglected.
43
D
Draw ab
basic
i block
bl k diagram
di for
f this
hi regulator
l circuit.
i i
Sketch an label clearly the graph of VO versus IO.

Briefly explain how the output voltage, VO is maintain constant even
when the input voltage, Vi varies within the permitted range.
44
Explain the function of resistors,

resistors R1 and R2.
Determine the resistor value of R1 and R2.
Determine the resistor value of R3 and R4.
Determine the suitable range value of RL.
45
Determine the power dissipation in Q1, Q2 and DZ at Optimum

operation.
The pass transistor Q1 will easily burnt when load RL is shorted.
Suggest one circuit that can be used to overcome the problem.
problem
Briefly explain how this additional circuit works.
46
SHUNT--TYPE VOLTAGE
SHUNT
REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
47
Shunt Regulators
Shunt Regulator block diagram:

R1
VIN VOUT
Control
Reference Error
element
voltage detector (shunt) Basic shunt regulator circuit:
Sample VOUT
circuit
VIN
R1
R2
Error detector
Control
VREF – element
The control element Q1

RL
R3
maintains a constant output D1
+
Sample
voltage by varying the circuit
R4
collector current in the
transistor.
48
SHUNT VOLTAGE
REGULATOR WITH OP-
OP-AMP
Shunt regulators use
a parallel transistor
for the control
element. If the output
voltage
g changes,
g , the
op-amp senses the
change and corrects
the bias on Q1. A
decrease in output Although it is less efficient than the
voltage causes a series regulator, the shunt regulator
decrease in VB and an h inherent
has i h t short-circuit
h t i it protection.
t ti
increase in VC. The maximum current when the output
is shorted is VIN/R4. 49
SWITCHING REGULATORS
To reduce power dissipation in pass transistor.
Gives higher efficiency.
Able to supply very large load current with low
voltage as required in the PC
PC.
3 basic configurations
step-down
p
step-up
inverting
Step-down switching regulator is widely used as
the power supply in PC.
50
Switching Regulators
All switching
it hi regulators
l t control
t l the
th output
t t voltage
lt by
b
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle
y that depends
p on the load. Because theyy use high
g
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

control
VC
VOUT
51
All switching
it hi regulators
l t control
t l the
th output
t t voltage
lt by
b
cycle
y that depends
g
An increase in the duty cycle increases the output voltage.

control VC
VOUT
52
All switching
it hi regulators
l t control
t l the
th output
t t voltage
lt by
b
cycle
y that depends
g
A decrease in the duty cycle decreases the output voltage.

control
VC
VOUT
53
BASIC SWITCHING REGULATOR

L
Q1 IL
D1 C
PWM
R 3
Gated +
Vi Latch R1
R L Vo
Pengayun - -
Vralat
+
+ R2
+ V2
VZ
- -
54
AS
STEP-DOWN
STEP- O SWITCHING
S C G
REGULATOR
A step
step--down switching regulator control the output
voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series
transistor. The duty
y cycle
y changes
g depending
p g on the load
requirement.
Q1 CLcharges
reverses
L VOUT
VIN off
on polarity−
+ +−
Because the transistor is D1 C RL
either ON or OFF on all Variable R2
switching regulators, the R1
pulse-width
oscillator
power dissipated in the –
transistor is very small and +
the regulator is very R3

VREF
efficient The pulses are
efficient. D2
smoothed by an LC filter.
55
AS
STEP-U
STEP- UP S
SWITCHING
C G
REGULATOR
In a step regulator the control element
step--up switching regulator,
operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The
switch ON and OFF times are controlled by y the output
p
voltage.
+
L field
L field builds
collapses on C Ccharges
off discharges
+ VOUT
VIN
Step-up action is due to the +− L −+ D1
C
fact that the inductor
on
off RL
changes polarity during R1
Variable
pulse-width Q1 R2
switching and adds to VIN. oscillator
Thus, the output voltage is

larger than the input
– +
voltage
voltage. D2 R3
56
AN INVERTING
G SWITCHING
S C G
REGULATORS
In a voltage regulator, the output is the
voltage--inverter switching regulator
opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in
conjunction with a positive regulator from the same input
source.
off
on
Q1 D1 C discharges –V
OUT
+VIN off
on
Inversion occur −
+
L
because the inductor +
− C
C
R2 RL
reverses polarity when R1
Variable
pulse-width
charges
L field builds
collapses
the diode conducts,
conducts oscillator
ill t
+
charging the capacitor
–
with the opposite R3
polarity of the input
input. D2
57
THE OPERATION OF PULSE

WIDTH MODULATOR (PWM)
VIN Output
PULSE-WIDTH
MODULATOR
(PWM)
t t
VIN Output
PULSE-WIDTH
MODULATOR
(PWM)
t t
VIN Output
PULSE WIDTH
PULSE-WIDTH
MODULATOR
(PWM)
t t
58
THI
Duty Cycle =
T
⎛ THI ⎞
Vdc = VHI ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠
59
EXAMPLE
By assuming an ideal LC,
(a) Explain the function of PWM, D1, L and C.
(b) E l i th
Explain the operation
ti off th
the circuit
i it if VOUT decreases.
d
(c) Calculate VOUT.
((d)) If Vi increase to15 V, sketch the waveform at point B
in order to maintain the value found in (c).
60
PWM isi usedd to

t produce
d pulse
l trains
t i withith pulse
l width
idth depend
d d on
the changes in output, VOUT. These pulse trains (at point B) will
control the ON and OFF interval of Q1 thus will finally increase or
decrease the value of VOUT.
The diode D1 is used to eliminate the negative voltage.
Inductor, L and capacitor, C is used as filter to average the switched

voltage thus produce VDC. 61
When VOUT reduced, VR2 will also reduced thus Verror will increase
because VZ is constant.
PWM will produce pulse trains with large pulse width.
Q1 will ON and OFF with large duty cycle thus increase the dc current
flowing through it.
The increase of dc current in Q1 will then increase the VOUT that try to
reduce previously.
previously
This regulating action maintains VOUT at an essentially constant level.
62
⎛ TON ⎞ ⎛ 10m ⎞
VOUT = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × Vi = ⎜ ⎟ × 12 = 7.5 V
⎝ TON + TOFF ⎠ ⎝ 10m + 6m ⎠
⎛ TON ⎞ 8 ms
VOUT = ⎜ ⎟ × Vi
⎝ T ⎠
8 ms
⎛ TON ⎞
7.5 = ⎜ ⎟ × 15 = 8ms
⎝ 16m ⎠ 63
SWITCHING REGULATOR
WITH PWM CONSTRUCTION
64
VOSC , VERROR AND PWM

OUTPUT VOLTAGES -
VOSC (V )
+
VERROR (V )
V1 TON
VH
VAT
0 t
+
TON TOFF
( )
(a)
-
VOSC (V ) +
VERROR (V )
V1 TON
VH
VDC
0 t
+
TON TOFF
(b) 65
PWM GENERATION USING

SAWTOOTH GENERATOR AND
VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
66
SWITCHING REGULATORS: ADVANTAGES

• Higher efficiency.
• Light and compact.
• Filtering is easy to achieve at high frequencies.
• VO ≥ Vi
SWITCHING REGULATORS: DISADVANTAGES

• Generate EMI (electromagnetic
(electromagnetic interference)
interference) where switching at high
frequency for Q1 current will produce large magnetic fields which
i d
induced
d noise
i voltage
lt around
d conductor.
d t
• Limited performance of power transistor (pass transistor) to switch
ON and OFF at high
g speed.
p
• Contain large noise and ripple in VO.
67
IC REGULATOR BLOCK
DIAGRAM
IC voltage regulators are available as series regulators or as

switching regulators. The popular three-terminal regulators are often
used on separate pc boards within a system because they are
inexpensive and avoid problems associated with large power
distribution systems (such as noise pickup). 68
IC REGULATOR 78XX SERIES

The only external components required with the 78XX
series are input and output capacitors and some form of
heat sink.
These IC include thermal shutdown protection and
i t
internal
l currentt limiting.
li iti
The 78XX series is a fixed positive

output regulator available in various
packages and with standard voltage
outputs. D-PAK TO--220
TO
They are primarily used for fixed

output
p voltages,
g , but with additional
TO--3
TO
components, they can be set up for
variable voltages or currents. 69

1 3
- C
Can produce
d output
t t currentt iin
excess of 1A Type number Output voltage
7805 +5.0 V
- VIN must be at least 2V- 3V above 7806 +6 0 V
+6.0
the output voltage 7808 +8.0 V
7809 +9.0 V
- C1 to prevent from unwanted 7812 +12.0 V
oscillation 7815
7818
+15.0 V
+18.0 V
- C2 act as a line filter to improve 7824 +24.0 V
transient response 70

2 3
The 79XX series is the negative Type number Output voltage
output counterpart to the 78XX 7905 –5.0 V

7905 2
7905.2 –5
5.2
2V
series, however the pin assignments 7906 –6.0 V
are different on this series. 7908
7912
–8.0 V
–12.0 V
7915 –15.0 V
Other specifications
Oth ifi ti are basically
b i ll 7918 –18.0 V
the same. 7924 –24.0 V
71
LINEAR IC REGULATOR LM317

The LM317 is an adjustable positive output IC regulator.
There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output
t t and d adjustment
dj t t terminals.
t i l There
Th is
i no ground
d pin.
i
• +ve output regulator

• VREF = 1.25V
• Maximum Current 1.5A
• Output y varies 1.2V → 37V
p may
• Input voltage 4V → 40 V
⎛ R2 ⎞
The output
p voltage
g is calculated by:
y V OUT = v ⎜
REF ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + I ADJ R 2
⎝ R1 ⎠
72
The LM337 is an adjustable negative output IC regulator.
Example:
What is the value of VOUT? (Assume IADJ is 50 µA):
⎛ 2kΩ ⎞
VOUT = 1.25 V ⎜1 + ⎟ + (50µA )(2kΩ)
⎝ 150Ω ⎠
= 16.8 V
73
IC REGULATOR WITH BOOSTER

CURRENT
IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current
before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an
external pass transistor to increase the maximum
available
il bl load
l d current.t
Qext
VIN
Rext sets the C1

point where Rext
Qext begins to VOUT

conduct: 78XX
0.7V C2 RL
Rext =
Imax
74
IC REGULATOR WITH EXTERNAL

CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT
Previous slide shows that the external transistor is not

protected from excessive current, such as would result
o as
from shorted
o ted output
output. An add
additional
t o a current-limiting
cu e t t g
circuit (Qlim and Rlim) can be added to protect Qext from
excessive current and possible burn out. 75
EXAMPLE
An IC voltage regulator shown below is able to operate
with a much higher
g output
p current,, IL. If g
given VEB1(ON) =
VEB2(ON) = 0.7 V, IO(max) = 1A and β1 = 15:
(a) Explain the function of transistors Q1 and Q2.
(b) Determine IC1C and IO when RL = 100 Ω and 1 Ω. Ω
76
R limit I C1
Q1
Q2
R1 Ii IO IL
LM340 -5
3 ohm +
IQ RL V
Vi o
-
(a) Explain the function of transistors Q1 and Q2.

Q1 act as an external pass transistor to handle excess
current that is unable to be handled by three-terminal
IC regulator.
Q2 act as the current limiting circuit to protect Q1 from

excessive maximum current.
77
R limit I C1
Q1
Q2
R1 Ii IO IL
LM340 -5
3 ohm +
IQ RL V
Vi o
-
(b) Determine IC1 and IO when RL = 100 Ω and 1 Ω.

When VEB1 < VEB1(ON), Q1 is OFF. Thus IL = IO = IR1.
If IL increase to IR1(max) = VEB1(ON)/R1 = 0.7/3

0 7/3 = 233
233.33
33 mA
mA, then
Q1 is ON where IL = IO + IC1 ≈ Ii + IC1 = IR1(max) + IB1 + IC1
= IR1(max) + IB1 + β1IB1 = 233.33 mA + (1+β1)IB1
Therefore IB1 = (IL - 233.33 mA) / (1+β1)

where IL = VO/RL, IC1 = β1IB1 and IO = IL − IC1
78
When RL = 100 Ω and 1 Ω,

Ω the values of IC1 and IO can
be found as tabulated in the table below.
RL IL IB1 IC1 IO
100Ω 50 mA 0A 0A 50 mA
1Ω 5000 mA 297.92 mA 4468.8 mA 531.2 mA
79
A CURRENT REGULATOR
IC regulators can be used as a current source when an
application requires that a constant current can be
supplied to a variable load. R1 is the current-setting
resistor.
V OUT
IL = + IG
R1
80
POWER SUPPLY WITH TWO

TERMINAL VOLTAGES
In Out
7815
24V 4000 uF Gnd 10 uF
240V C1 C2 VO1
30V 20V
50 Hz 24V
N1 : N2
In Out
7915
4000 uF Gnd 10 uF
C3 C4 V O2
30V 20V
81
IC Voltage Regulators
Thee 78S40
8S 0 is
saan IC
C co
containing
ta gaall o
of tthe
eeelements
e e ts needed
eeded
to configure a switching regulator, using a few external
parts.
It is
i a universal
RCS
i l switching
it hi VIN
Noninvert Invert CTTiming Ipk Driver Switch
Gnd VCC
regulator subsystem input
99
input
10 11
cap VCC sense collector collector
10 11 1212 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
because it can be configured
as a step-down,
step down step-up,
step up or Oscillator
Oscillator
S S Q Q Q1 Q1
inverting regulator by the

Flip-flop
Flip-flop Q2
R Q2
– R
user. The data sheet shows
–
Comp.
Comp.
+
+
typical circuits for these 1.25 V
1reference
1.25
25 V
–
+
–
D1
reference
configurations. 8 7 6
+
5 4 3 2
D1
1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 L1
R2 VOUT
Here is the step-down R1
Reference Invert Noninvert VCC
voltage input input op-amp
Output
Switch
emitter
Anode Cathode
CO
configuration.
82
83
84
SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WITH CONSTANT CURRENT
LIMITING USING LM 723
85
SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WITH FOLDBACK CURRENT
LIMITING USING LM 723
86
Summary
Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an
essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current
current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output

voltage for a given change in input (line)
voltage.
L d regulation
Load l ti The percentage
Th t change
h i output
in t t voltage
lt
for a given change in load current.
Linear regulator A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
Switching A voltage regulator in which the control
regulator element operates as a switch.
87
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The
e load
oad regulation
egu at o of
o an
a ideal
dea power
po e supply
supp y is
s
________.
(a) 0%
((b)) 25%
(c) 50
(d) 100%
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
88
An AC-DC
C C coconverter
e te po
power
e supp
supply
y co
contains
ta s aall o
of tthe
e
following except a ________.
(a) rectifier circuit
((b)) filter circuit
(c) sample-and-hold circuit
(d) regulator circuit
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
89
The
e ideal
dea voltage
o tage regulator
egu ato maintains
a ta s a co
constant
sta t DC
C
output voltage regardless of changes in __________.
(a) its input voltage
(b) its output voltage demand
(c) its load current demand
(d) both (a) and (c)
(e) none of the above

90
Under full load condition,

condition ___________.
((a)) the input

p voltage
g is at its maximum value
(b) the load resistance is at a minimum value
(c) no load resistance is present
(d) the load current is at a minimum value
((e)) none of the above
91
__________ is a measurement of how well the
power supply maintains a constant voltage across
the load with changes in load current.
( )
(a) V lt
Voltage control
t l
((b)) Load voltage

g control
(c) Load regulation
(d) Line regulation
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
92
What is the load regulation
g of a power supply y with a
no load voltage of 16.5 V and a full load voltage of
15 V?
( )
(a) 1 5%
1.5%
((b)) 9.1%
(c) 10%
(d) 90.9%
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
93
__________ is a measurement of how well the
power supply maintains a constant output voltage
with changes in input voltage.
( )
(a) V lt
Voltage control
t l
((b)) Load voltage

g control
(c) Load regulation
(d) Line regulation
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
94
The pass transistor in linear regulators will
_________.
((a)) t iin th
operate the li
linear area att all
ll times
ti
((b)) be in cutoff at all times
(c) be in saturation at all times
(d) switch between cutoff and saturation
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
95
Switching regulators have _________ than linear
regulators.
l t
( )
(a) l
longer life
lif
((b)) simpler
p circuitry
y
(c) a higher cost in all cases
(d) greater efficiency
( )
(e) none off the
th above
b
96
A correct formula for load regulation is _________.
⎛ ∆VOUT ⎞
a. Load Regulation = ⎜ ⎟100%
⎝ ∆VIN ⎠
⎛ VNL − VFL ⎞
b. Load Regulation = ⎜ ⎟100%
⎝ VFL ⎠
⎛ VFL ⎞
c. Load Regulation
g =⎜ ⎟100%
⎝ VNL − VFL ⎠
( ∆VOUT / VOUT )100%
d. Load Regulation =
∆VIN
97
An alternate way to express load regulation is in
terms of the _________.
(a) output resistance and the full-load

resistance
(b) output resistance and the shorted-load
resistance
( )
(c) i
input
t resistance
i t and
d the
th full-load
f ll l d resistance
i t
(d) input resistance and the shorted-load
resistance
98
In the circuit shown,, R4 = 0.7 Ω. The output
p current
will be limited to _________.
Q1 R4
(a) 0.5 A VIN
0.7 Ω
VOUT
R1 Q2
(b) 0.7 A +
R2
Current limiter
(c) 1.0 A –
(d) 14A
1.4 R3
99
The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a _________.
(a) control element

VIN VOUT
(b) sample circuit

(c) error detector ?
( )
(d) reference voltage
g
100
The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a _________.
(a) control element VIN

R1
VOUT
(b) sample circuit

(c) error detector ?
(d) reference voltage
101
The circuit in the blue shaded area is a _________.
(a) high speed switching circuit

(b) fold-back current limiter
((c)) reference source Q1 R4
+VIN VOUT
(d) shunt regulator R1

R5
+ R2
R6 Q2
–
D1
R3
102
A major advantage of all switching regulators is

_________.
(a) low noise

(b) high output impedance
(c) high efficiency
(d) all of the above
103
The type of regulator circuit shown is a _________.
off
on
(a) series linear Q1 D1
C –VOUT
+VIN offon − discharges
+
(b) series switching L
C
C
Variable + R2 RL
−
id hL L fildcharge
fi field
field ld b
builds
ild
(c) shunt switching
R1 pulse-width
l
oscillator collapsess
+
(d) none of the above –

R3
D2
104
The output
p voltage
g from a 7912 is a regulated
g
_________.
(a) +5 V
(b) +12 V
(c) −5 V
(d) −12 V
105
THE END
106

Voltage Regulator

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Voltage Regulator

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SEE 3263:

CAMALLIL BIN OMAR

1.0 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

A basic p power supply

DC POWER SUPPLY BLOCK

TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY

 Linear Power Supply.

 Non-Linear Power Supply.

LINEAR POWER SUPPLY

 Used power devices that operated at

 Dissipates more power.

NON--LINEAR POWER SUPPLY

 Used power devices that operated at

 Dissipates less power.

 Also named as switching power

 These power supplies were constructed

 Discrete power transistor, op-amp and

POWER SUPPLY REGULATION

 The output voltage of a real power

((i)) Load Regulation.

(ii) Line Regulation.

VO(FL ) = IL(FL ) × RL = (1A )(25Ω) = 25V

• When the dc input (line) voltage changes

• Line regulation can also be expressed in

(0 .25 V 15 V ) × 100 % = 0 .333 % / V

 Note : For ideal voltage regulation, both

- Output voltage constant as long as VIN > VZ

PDZ(min) = IZ(min) × VZ = (5.45mA )(12) = 65.4mW

PDZ(max) = IZ(max) × VZ = ( 40mA )(12) = 480mW

PRS = (IS )2 × R S = (60mA )2 × 100 = 0.36mW

REGULATOR CIRCUIT WITH

 Any change in VO must cause a change in VBE1 to

SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE

Reference Error Sample

The control element – R2

2 types of current limiting circuit:

Linear/Constant Current Limiting

Fold-back Current Limiting

LINEAR CURRENT LIMITING

VO is constant until IL(max) is reached. When IL > IL(max), VO

SERIES REGULATOR WITH

Current limiting prevents excessive The currentt

A series regulator circuit shown above maintain a

PD =(Vi–VO)ISC = (20 – 0)1A= 20 W (for constant current

PD =(Vi–VO)ISC = (20 – 0)0.5A=10 W (for foldback current

During maximum operation where VO = 15 V and IL = 1 A,

PD= (Vi–VO)IL= (20 – 15)1 A = 5 W (for both current

During short circuit condition, a regulator with constant

SERIES REGULATOR WITH

Fold-back current limiting drops the load current

Final Exam Question Example:

A series voltage regulator circuit above produce an output voltage,

Final Exam Question Example:

Sketch an label clearly the graph of VO versus IO.

Final Exam Question Example:

Explain the function of resistors,

Final Exam Question Example:

Determine the power dissipation in Q1, Q2 and DZ at Optimum

Shunt Regulator block diagram:

The control element Q1

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

Linear Power Supply.

Non-Linear Power Supply.

Used power devices that operated at

Dissipates more power.

Used power devices that operated at

Dissipates less power.

Also named as switching power

These power supplies were constructed

Discrete power transistor, op-amp and

The output voltage of a real power

Note : For ideal voltage regulation, both

Any change in VO must cause a change in VBE1 to