Hall-Petch Relation

ky D where ky is Petch parameter, also known as unpinning constant y = i +

Strengthening Mechanisms
(see notes pp.164-165)

y = l

Gb

Model 1
Imagine a pile up at a grain boundary so that the stress at a point r from the pile up in the next grain is given by, L at r = rss r where L is the pile-up length and rss is the effective resolved shear stress on the slip plane due to an applied stress (). i.e., if i is the resistance or back stress due to lattice friction etc, the stress at point r from the pile-up is, L at r = (rss-i) r . Let d be the stress required to nucleate slip in the next grain. That means yielding would occur when at r = d. Or, D d = (y-i) r . Here, we replaced L by D since the F-R source may be regarded as in the center of the grain and the nucleation point in the next grain is also perhaps at the center. So that, d r ky = i + . y = i + D D This relation is valid for large pile-ups and not too small D ( 60).

Forest Dislocations

Taylor Eqn. y = i + Gb
Strain or Work Hardening

= o + Km ; m = 0.9 - 1 y = i + Gb o + Km
Solution Hardening

(Cottrell Atmosphere Locking) c = con. of solute atoms (/cc) y = KT c , for large c, y = KI c subscripts T and I stand for tetragonal and isotropic hardening terms
Precipitate Hardening

N=ppt density (/cc) 1 3 so that y=Gb N ) <l> = 3 N

Precipitation Hardening

(Orowan Bowing) if the mean distance between ppts is l, Gb y = l In some cases, the ppts are sheared by the dislocation cutting through them.
Grain-Size Hardening

Model 2
In general the dislocation density () is inversely proportional to the grain size (D) : 1 =D . We know from Taylor equation relating the yield stress to the dislocation density, k . y = i + Gb = i + D

at low temp (0.4TM) Hall -Petch relation smaller the grain size harder the material ky y = i + D at high -temp (!!!) - GBS makes small grain sized materials weaker .