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Introduction To Mechatronics
Professor Charlton S. Inao Defence University Bishoftu ,Ethiopia
Week 1
Orientation and discussion of syllabus Introduction Elements of Mechatronics Classification of Control systems Mechatronic Approach
Introduction
The word mechatronics was first introduced by the senior engineer of a Japanese company; Yaskawa, in 1969, as a combination of "mecha" of mechanisms and "tronics" of electronics, and the company was granted trademark rights on the word in 1971.
Mechatronics - Definition
Mechatronics is synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics and intelligent computer control in design and manufacture of products and processes.
The development of mechatronics has gone through three stages. The first stage corresponds to the years when this term was introduced. During this stage, technologies used in mechatronic systems developed rather independently and individually.
During the second stage, i.e., with the beginning of the eighties, a synergistic integration of different technologies started taking place, the no-table example is optoelectronics (i.e. an integration of optics and electronics). The concept of hardware/software co-design also started in those years.
The third and the last stage can also be considered as the beginning of the mechatronics age since early nineties. The most notable aspect of the third stage is the increased use of computational intelligence in mechatronic products and systems. It is due to this development that we can now talk about Machine Intelligence Quotient (MIQ). Another important achievement of the third stage is the possibility of miniaturization of components; in the form of micro actuators and micro sensors (i.e. micro mechatronics).
Actuators
Most mechatronic systems involve motion or action of some sort. Actuators are the devices used to produce this motion or action. This motion or action can be applied to any thing from a single atom to a large articulated structure. It is created by a force or torque that results in acceleration and displacement.
They also modulate the rate and power associated with these changes.
An important aspect of mechatronic system design is selecting the appropriate type of actuator.
Pneumatic and hydraulic actuation systems Mechanical actuation systems Electrical actuation systems
Sensors
A sensor is an element in a mechtronic or measurement system that acquires a physical parameter and changes it into a signal that can be processed by the system. Often the active element of a sensor is referred to as a transducer.
Transducers are grouped according to what they are being used to measure
Fluid pressure
Liquid flow Liquid level Temperature Light sensors
Smart Sensors
Conductometric Sensors Capacitive Sensors Piezoelectric Sensors Magnetostrictive Sensors Piezoresistive sensors Optical Sensors Resonant Sensors Semiconductor bases sensors Acoustic Sensors Polymeric Sensors Carbon Nanotube Sensors
Many of these these problems can be remedied and the desired signal information can be extracted through appropriate analog signal processing. The simplest and the most common form of signal processing is amplification, where the magnitude of the signal is increased.
Control Architectures
signal and
power electronics
into the most advanced mechatronic systems, microprocessor based control systems must be included.
An office copy machine consists of analog and digital circuits, sensors, actuators and microprocessors. Analog circuits control the lamp, heater and other power circuits in the machine. Digital circuits controls the digital displays, indicator lights, buttons and switches forming the user interface.
Optical sensors and micro switches detects the presence or absence of the paper, its proper positioning and whether or not doors and latches are in their correct positions.
Other sensors include encoders used to track the motor rotation. Actuators include servo and stepper motors that load and transport the paper, turn the drum and index the sorter. Microprocessors coordinate all the functions in the machine
clothes washer
Disadvantages of OLCS
The biggest problem with the open loop control systems is that they rely totally in calibration, and ca not effectively deal with exogenous disturbances. They can not effectively deal with changes in the process. Can not deal with uncertainty. Can not stabilize an unstable system. Often in accurate since there is no correction for error.
DISADVANTAGE More complex, and more expensive, greater chance of breakdown due to number of components. Very sensitive Hard and expensive to maintain; Requires highly specialized expertise and skill; Prone to throw away stuff - disposables.
The need Analysis of problem Preparation of Specification Generation of possible solutions Selection of a suitable solution Production of a detailed design Production of working drawings Manufacturing of prototypes Mass production
TRADITIONAL DESIGN VS
MECHATRONICS DESIGN
TRADITIONAL DESIGN: The temperature control for a domestic central heating system has been the bi-metallic thermostat of a closed loop control system. The bending of bi-metallic strip changes as the temperature changes and is used to operate an on/off switch for the heating system.
The bi-metallic thermostat is comparatively crude and the
temperature is not accurately controlled; also devising a method for having different temperatures at different times of the day is complex and not easily achieved.
MECHATRONIC DESIGN: A mechatronic solution to the problem might be to use a microprocessor controlled system employing perhaps a thermo-diode as the sensor
The microprocessor-controlled system can, however, cope easily
with giving precision and programmed control. The system is much more flexible. This improvement in flexibility is a common characteristic of mechotronics systems when compared with traditional systems.
THERMOSTAT
TRADITIONAL DESIGN
MECHATRONICS DESIGN
HIGH RESOLUTION & ACCURACY REDUCES HOUSE HOLD HEATING COST SELF CALIBRATING FLEXIBLE DESIGN
ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY
Applications in Mechatronics
Manufacturing
Vehicle diagnostics and health monitoring. Various sensors are used to detect the environment or road conditions; Sensors to monitor engine coolant, temperature and quality; Engine oil pressure, level, and quality; tire pressure; brake pressure. Pressure, temperature sensing in various engine and power train locations Manifold control with pressure sensors; exhaust gas analysis and control; Crankshaft positioning; Fuel pump pressure and fuel injection control; Transmission force and pressure control. Airbag safety deployment system. Micro-accelerometers and inertia sensors mounted on the chassis of the car measures car deceleration in x or y directions can assist in airbag deployment. Antilock brake system, cruise control. Position sensors to facilitate antilock braking system; Displacement and position sensors in suspension systems. Seat control for comfort and convenience. Displacement sensors and micro actuators for seat control; Sensors for air quality, temperature and humidity, Sensors for defogging of windshields.
Aerospace Industry:
Landing gear systems; Cockpit instrumentation; Pressure sensors for oil, fuel, transmission; Air speed monitor; Altitude determination and control systems. Fuel efficiency and safety systems; Propulsion control with pressure sensors; Chemical leak detectors; Thermal monitoring and control systems. Inertial guidance systems; Accelerometers; Fiber-optic gyroscopes for guidance and monitoring. Communication and radar systems; High bandwidth, lowresistance radio frequency switches; Optical instrumentation using laser communications.
Consumer Industry:
Consumer products such as auto focus camera, video, and CD players; Consumer electronic products; User-friendly washing machines with water level controls, dish washers, and other home appliances. Video game entertainment systems; Virtual instrumentation in home entertainment. Home support systems; Garage door opener; Sensors with heating, ventilation, and airconditioning system; Home security systems.
Monitoring and control of the manufacturing process; CNC machine tools; Advanced high speed machining and quality monitoring; Intelligent machining and on-line quality check; Digital torque wrenches, variable speed drilling and other hand tools. Rapid prototyping; Manufacturing cost saving by rapid creation of models done by CAD/CAM integration and rapid prototyping equipment. Autonomous production cells with image-based object recognition; Flexible manufacturing and other factory automation systems. Specialized manufacturing process such as the use of welding robots; Procedure for automatically programming and controlling a robot from CAD data; Robotics in nuclear inspection and space applications. Automatic guided vehicles, space application; Use of automated navigation system for NASA projects; Use of automated systems in under water monitoring and control.
Other Applications:
Telecommunications. Biorobotics, which utilize the biofunctions for applications in environmental control. Magnetically levitated vehicles. Scanners and copying machines and other office eqpt
The mechatronic related design objectives for this printer are shown in Table below.
MECHATRONIC DESIGN
Figure illustrates the mechatronic design of the printer. The printer uses three motors: a dc motor drives the scanning carriage, one permanent magnet tin-can stepper motor drives the paper feed system, and a second permanent magnet stepper motor actuates the print cartridge service station.
All three of these motors are controlled with less than 10% of the bandwidth of an inexpensive 8-bit Z-80 microprocessor
Simulators for training of pilots and operators; Show-industry; Control and measuring devices and machines; Micro machines; Non-conventional vehicles.
Fundamental Problems
Structural integration of mechanical, electronic and information departments into a uniform creative staff; Education and training of engineers specialized in mechatronics and managers able to organize integration and supervise work of strictly specialized experts with different qualifications; Integration of information technologies from various scientific and technical fields into a uniform toolkit to provide computer support of mechatronic problems; Standardization and unification of all used elements and processes at designing and manufacturing MS.
operated power machines (turbines and generators), machine tools and industrial robots with numerical program management