Technology For Translators and Interpreters

Arabic & Translation Studies Division
TECHNOLOGY FOR TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS

Student Handbook
This is a first draft of STTI101Technology for Translators and Interpreters Student Handbook (Fall 13)
All rights reserved. No part of this handbook may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information or retrieving system without permission in writing from the Arabic and Translation Studies Division, School of Continuing Education, The American University in Cairo. 2007
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Forward
Changes in how professional translators practice their profession have been recently frequent. They are not only derived by the growth of the young discipline of translation, which is the success story of the 1980s, but also by changes in the world around us such globalized societies and economies, the spread of internet, and the need for intercultural communication, not to mention the changes in the geography of translation with the move of the multi-million industry towards the Middle East and the Arabic language. Translation in the era of globalization requires interdisciplinary approach to translation that stresses the need for a translator with background knowledge in various fields. This necessitates training the learners in more than one field of specialization, and hence a career certificate which focuses on the specializations of legal, UN and economic translation on the one hand, and a career certificate which includes journalistic, literary and audio-visual translation on the other hand. Taking a quick path unto automation and digitalization, the translation profession nowadays looks into practical techniques to help translators produce more and waste less. The new course Technology for Translators and Interpreters in the Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting with a focus on CAT tools and translation software programs does not only train learners on computer-assisted translation, but takes them directly into the online translation environment. To satisfy a need for the translator as intercultural communicator, also derived from globalization and the spread of new technologies, new courses such as literary translation and audiovisual translation were offered in a Career Certificate in Media and Literary Translation. The changes in the translation market have been given due focus in the advanced courses such as Advanced Translation Problem-Solving Strategies and Translation Portfolio and Project, which focus on topics such as translation market and environment, project management in translation, code of ethics etc. Learners in the Professional Diploma in Translation and the Professional Diploma in Translation and Interpreting are nourished from day one on the highest standards of professionalism of translation as an activity in the market of service, of translation as a translator/client relationship and translation as a mental process. Furthermore, the translation diploma at ATS can be viewed as comprising three stages. The first stage (The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting) develops all basic translation skills required to produce an acceptable translation including command of the language, familiarity with
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culture, computer skills and e-tools for translators, background knowledge, and contrastive and transfer skills between the source and the target languages. Finishing this stage, a trainee can produce a good translation of a general text but not necessarily of a specialized text such as legal, UN and journalistic texts. The second stage (The Career Certificate in Legal and UN Translation and The Career Certificate in Literary and Audiovisual Translation) focus on the textspecific features in translation so that a trainee can be able to produce a translation in a specialized field. After the career certificate, the trainee can produce a sound translation in a certain specialization, but he may not be aware of many factors related to the environment of translation such as certain code of ethics, rates, project management etc. The diploma is the level of professionalism which makes the trainee ready to go to the market after being enlightened on many issues related to translation theory and the translation market.
Dr. Hussein Ali Director, Arabic and Translation Studies Division
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The American University in Cairo School of Continuing Education Arabic and Translation Studies Division
CURRICULUM DESIGN FORM

Course Title: Technology for Translators and Interpreters Course Code: STTI101 Course Type: (Regular/ Customized): Regular/Customized Number of Continuing Education Units (CEUS): 3.0 1 Target Audience: The course is designed for both beginner and experienced translators seeking knowledge about the uses of electronic tools in translation and interpreting; knowledge about the translation and interpreting on-line environment and market, and knowledge about website localization. Course Pre-Requisites (if any): 1. None Course Description This course is an exploration of the available tools for translators and interpreters on and off-line; application of electronic resources on translation and interpreting; introduction to website localization; and investigation of the on-line market and environment of translation and interpreting. Learning Outcomes: By the end of this course, learners will be able to 1. identify electronic resources available for translators and interpreters; 2. employ electronic resources for translators and interpreters effectively; 3. identify the on-line market of translation and interpreting; 4. use industry-specific jargon to communicate better with players in the field of translation worldwide; 5. explain fundamentals of localization; 6. contrast websites in Arabic and English; and 7. translate websites into Arabic. Instructional Materials: 1. Technology for Translators and Interpreters. ATS Student Study Guide. (Updated Every Term) 2. Bernardini, Silvia. (2003). "Corpora in translator education: An introduction". Federico Zanettin, Silvia Bernardini and Ddominic Stewart, eds. Corpora in translator education. Manchester: St. Jerome. 1-14. 3. Bernardini, Silvia. (2005). "Tools for translators: Machine readable corpora as resources for translators". The encyclopaedia of language & linguistics. 2nd Edition. London: Elsevier. 4. Chiew, Quah. (2006). Translation and technology. France: Lavoisier. 5. http://www.proz.com/ 6. http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/default.asp 7. http://www.wordfast.net/?whichpage=anywhere 8. http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/BiauPym_Technology.pdf 9. http://benjamins.com/jbp/series/Target/20-1/art/05alc.pdf
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Offered as customized; the number of CEUs depends on client's request.
Syllabus / Training Outline: Serial* Title/subtitle 1
Assignment Selected readings
Introduction to electronic resources in the field

of translation and interpreting
Computer-based resources in the field of

translation and interpreting
Selected readings and lab practice Lab practice
Web-based resources in the field of translation

and interpreting
Quiz 1
4 5
Terminology management CAT tools Quiz 2
Lab practice Selected reading
6 7
CAT tools Translation Memories Translation on-line market and environment Quiz 3
Selected reading Selected readings and Lab practice Web Exploration and search Writing report Selected readings Selected readings Distribution of the final project
9 10
On-line translation project management Introduction to Localization
11 12
Product and website translation Discussion of the project
Lab practice
Session: In this course one session equals 2.5 contact hours.
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Instructional Methods The course is mainly computer-based practice on the e-tools available for translators and interpreters, problem-based and enquiry learning of computer-based solutions to translation problems, collaborative learning of translation project management and case studies of website translation. Assessment of Learning Outcomes Frequency** : Three assessments and a project. Type: Written tests and/or projects. Classroom assessments should not take more than 30 minutes. The first two assessments should be recorded in the class folder by session 7. Learners grades are based upon three assessments during the course (70%) and an end -of-term project (30%). Instructors are required to provide learners with appropriate feedback on their performance throughout the course. For all written courses, three assessments at least should be conducted as follows: Session 3 Session 5 Session 8 Project Total 20 points 25 points 25 points 30 points 100 points
For further information or Inquiries: Please see the Assistant Division Director for Regular Programs in Room 617 SCE, or call 2797-6873, or email m_shorbargy@aucegypt.edu
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Exact dates will be announced in class two sessions before the quiz, exam, or project is due.
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Classroom Guidelines for SCE Learners

CLASSROOM GUIDELINES FOR SCE LEARNERS
Attendance Policy: You must attend at least 75% of the class sessions. Failure to do so will result in failing the course, although you will be allowed to attend classes. Punctuality Policy: You are expected to arrive on time for all scheduled classes and laboratory sessions. You will be considered late if you enter the class any time after the start of instruction. You are allowed to be late twice without penalty. All successive instances of tardiness will be counted as absences, although you will be allowed to attend the class. Grading System: Learners are assessed throughout the term by tests, quizzes, assignments, projects or other means of evaluation. End-of-term achievement tests measure learners overall performance in the course. The final grade in each course is based on learners performance on continual assessment measures and the final test. Final course grades are NOT based on attendance, since in accordance with SCEs attendance policy, learners must attend at least 75% of the class sessions in order to be allowed to take the final examination. At the end of each term, final course grades are posted on the divisional bulletin boards along with learners ID numbers, NOT their names. Accordingly, the ID number is necessary to know your course grade. Incomplete Grade: An incomplete grade (I) for any scheduled course may be given at the discretion of the course instructor only to learners who have attended the course, but cannot sit for the final examination or cannot complete course requirements due to circumstances beyond their control. In order to record the final course grade, all requirements should be completed before the end of the second week of the following term. Failure to change an incomplete grade will result in the final grade being recorded as "F".

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Learner Evaluation of Instruction: Learner evaluation of instruction is very important. Based upon your response and comments, changes can be made. Please take these evaluations seriously and answer all the questions honestly. Remember that instructors are not permitted to see their evaluation results until after your grades are posted. SCE values your input. Learner Petitions and Grievances: You may appeal to a division administrator in any aspect pertaining to class instruction, learning environment, or administration processes. You may seek resolution at higher administrative levels if the matter is not resolved. The decision of the Associate Dean for Instructional Affairs is final. Anonymous complaints or petitions will be completely disregarded. All petitions are handled with discretion, protecting your best interests. Cheating: Cheating is not acceptable in an institution dedicated to learning. Cheating includes giving or receiving information during an examination, using unauthorized material during an examination, and other acts of academic dishonesty, including plagiarism. If you are caught cheating on the final examination, your final course grade will be recorded as F. The penalty for a second offense is automatic suspension from studying at SCE for one 12-week term and failing the course. In instances of a third offense, you will be permanently dismissed from SCE.
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Harassment: SCE does not tolerate any form of harassment, including sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is any conduct of a sexual nature that significantly impairs a persons ability or opportunity to perform his or her job or educational pursuits. SCE is committed to providing a secure educational and work environment for its learners, instructors, staff, and administrators. Photocopying: Photocopying textbooks and original content including computer software is a violation of AUC copyright and photocopying policies and thus will not be allowed in SCE classes.
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Smoking: Smoking is not allowed in any SCE building, including classes, lounges, workspaces, single-occupancy offices, balconies, stairwells, open-areas within buildings, and outside the entrance of buildings. Cellular / Mobile Phone: SCE prohibits the use of cellular/mobile phones in the classroom and during the administration of entrance and end-of-term testing sessions. You should turn off your phone during any class time and/or testing session. Misconduct: Acceptable adult behavior is expected of SCE learners in the classroom and on university campuses. Breach of such behavior will be reported by the instructor to the Division Director, and learners involved will be referred to the Learner Disciplinary Committee.
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Table of Contents
I Basic Dictionary Usage Skill .................................................................................................. 1 II American British Dictionaries Search ............................................................................... 4 III How to Google! .................................................................................................................... 6 IV Web Evaluation (*)........................................................................................................... 10 V Library Use ......................................................................................................................... 11 VI Translating Specialized Terms ........................................................................................... 14 VII Translating New Words .................................................................................................... 16 VIII Euphemisms ................................................................................................................... 22 IX Translating Proper Nouns ................................................................................................. 23 X Translation versus Transliteration of Proper Names ........................................................... 25 XI Translating Cultural Allusions ......................................................................................... 27 XII Quote Finding.................................................................................................................. 29 XIII Corpora in Translation ................................................................................................... 32 XIV Translation Memory Tools .............................................................................................. 37 XV Useful Links .................................................................................................................... 37 XVI More Exercises ................................................................................................................ 41
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
I Basic Dictionary Usage Skill Attempt a research-informed translation of the following sentences into Arabic paying special attention to the different senses of the words in bold. First, find an EnglishEnglish dictionary. Use it to find the exact shade of meaning that matches the context of the sentence. Then, use an English-Arabic dictionary to help you find the suitable translation for the words in bold.
The ship was listing badly We are listing the requirements They gave a round of parties last summer They rounded the figures off to 3 million We had to turn round and fly home There is a good restaurant just round the corner I go for a run every morning The ball-player hit a home run We took the new car for a run He built a new run for his chickens One of the most useful sites for English-English dictionaries is www.onelook.com. It allows you to search a plethora of English dictionaries, general & specialized with a single click, saving both time and effort. As for bilingual dictionaries, www.stars21.com is among the best as well in this area of search. If you are looking for monolingual Arabic lexicons, you can easily find them on www.alwaraq.net.
He kept a civil tongue They fear Lebanon would witness civil disobedience His salary barely keeps body and soul He entered the body of the cathedral The body was washed up on the beach There is a growing body of evidence to prove his innocence The United Nations is a respected body all over the world This conditioner shall give your hair more body The body politic called for elections Some students of the faculty of Medicine resort to body snatchers
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Now, attempt to translate the following sentences into Arabic, consulting an English-English dictionary first, to settle on the sense of the words in bold, and then consult a bilingual dictionary if the need still persists. Make sure you mention the sense you have chosen from the English dictionary before you translate.
I didn't think he was unfriendly. I put him down as shy. They put forward a number of suggestions. They put themselves down for a training course. I put in for a pay increase. Everyone gets rejected from time to time; put it down to experience. We have very little money in the bank. Banked clouds promised rain. The best part of the trip was the banks of the Willamette River.
He had a bruise just above his left eye. Free medical care for pensioners aged 65 and above. You can always hear her voice above everybody else's. For the above reasons, the management has no choice but to close the factory. His plans for opening a coffee shop are completely above board. He's been out of work for two years. I went out with the girls from work last night. The Collected Works of Shakespeare are amazing. He did his postgraduate work in Sociology. The official in charge of the engineering works is there. These guys do the grunt work in preparing tax returns.
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This time, attempt to translate the following Arabic sentences into English, paying special attention to the different senses of the words in bold. Consult an Arabic-Arabic dictionary first, to settle on the sense of the words, and then use an English Arabic dictionary to help you find the suitable translation, if needed.
. -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 . -6 . -7 . -8 . -9 . -11 . -11 . -12 . -13 . -14 . -15 . -16 -17 . . -18 -1 9 . - 02 . . -21 . -22
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II American British Dictionaries Search

There are two varieties of English, American and British. They are very similar except for a few differences in Grammar, Spelling, and Vocabulary. Sometimes, the same word has two different meanings in both varieties. However, Modern British English is heavily influenced by American English, so some of the contrasts are disappearing Attempt to translate the following Arabic words/phrases, giving the American and British equivalent for each. Mention the steps you followed to find your information.
American

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British
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Now that you have tried your hands with the previous exercise, learning how to make sure whether the word/phrase you are using is British or American, and how to fish for its alternative, try this exercise. 1. Orthographic Variation British Spelling 2- Lexical Variation British Word American Word American Spelling
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III How to Google!

Search engines are software applications designed to seek out web pages using keywords. A search engine returns hits which are titles or identification or URLs for relevant sites. The way queries are entered and the way search is narrowed down varies from one engine to another. It is advisable to read the user guide before using a specific search engine. One type of search engines is called meta-search engine, which is a search engine that uses several different search engines to scan the web before compiling the results. Google is the most popular meta-search engine among translators. Other meta-search engines are Clusty.com which searches free search engines, not Google or Yahoo, and Dogpile.com which searches Google, Yahoo, LookSmart, Ask.com, and MSN and more. Both use Boolean operators. You can also try SurfWax.com and Copernic.com. You can even make your custom search engine using Google Custom Search at http://www.google.com/cse/ Since, so far, Google, a leader in the field, is translators favorite search engine, the following document is Googles Cheat Sheet, which your instructor will take you through, to learn how to refine your search.
Google Help : Cheat Sheet

OPERATOR EXAMPLE FINDS PAGES CONTAINING...
vacation hawaii Maui OR Hawaii "To each his own" virus computer Star Wars Episode +I ~auto loan define:computer red * blue I'm Feeling Lucky
ADVANCED OPERATORS
the words vacation and Hawaii . either the word Maui or the word Hawaii the exact phrase to each his own the word virus but NOT the word computer This movie title, including the roman numeral I loan info for both the word auto and its synonyms: truck, car, etc. definitions of the word computer from around the Web. the words red and blue separated by one or more words. Takes you directly to first web page returned for your query.
MEANING WHAT TO TYPE INTO SEARCH BOX (& DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS)
site: [#][#] date: safesearch: link: info: related:
Search only one website Search within a range of numbers Search only a range of months Exclude adult-content linked pages Info about a page Related pages
admission site:www.stanford.edu (Search Stanford Univ. site for admissions info.) DVD player $100..150 (Search for DVD players between $100 and $150) Olympics date: 3 (Search for Olympics references within past 3 months; 6 and 12-month date-restrict options also available) safesearch: sex education (Search for sex education material without returning adult sites) link:www.stanford.edu (Find pages that link to the Stanford University website.) info:www.stanford.edu (Find information about the Stanford University website.) related:www.stanford.edu (Find websites related to the Stanford University website.)
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GOOGLE SERVICES URL DESCRIPTION
Google Books Google News
books.google.com news.google.com
Find books related to your search term. Read the most up-to-date news stories about your search term.
(*) Adapted from Google Help: Cheat Sheet - www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Now that you have studied the Google Cheat Sheet, attempt answering the following questions. Mention the research steps that you have followed to reach your answer. 1. Locate sites that help you find : (1) Titles of Egyptian Ministries in both English and Arabic, and (2) Names of United Nations 6 main bodies and 15 specialized agencies in both English and Arabic 2. Locate sites that help you find information about government departments in the UK and the US. 3. Find information on the following: (1) the long and winding road, and (2) This was their finest hour. 4. Find quick definitions of the following using Google: (1) good governance, and (2) organizational structures. 5. Find two adjectives, two nouns, and two verbs that tend to collocate with "forces". [Hint: Wildcard Search] 6. Find the URL for Al-Ahram Weekly, and then use Google to find articles written by Hassan Nafaa on this site alone. 7. Find sites that deal with Islamic history during the period 622-700 AD. 8. Find sites that link to the site: www.onelook.com 9. Find information about the site: www.stars21.com 10. Find sites related to the site: www.onelook.com 11. Produce a list of sites for each of the following: (1) English-English Dictionaries, (2) English/Arabic dictionaries and (3) Thesauri. 12. Using Google Books give full citation for a book that includes the following quotation: Tahrir is and will remain totemic in the Arab Spring, whatever comes next, a sparkling moment when crowds of millions were beautiful. Its imagery may outlive and even replace Che Guevara as the iconography of right-on revolt, at least in this part of the world. 13. Use Google to locate the latest press release on the situation in Iran. 14. Use Google Translate to find the way is spelled in English.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Now attempt the following exercise. Mention the search steps you have followed:
1. Find information about: a) The history of Georgia (country). b) Equality excluding gender equality. c) Alienation as a sociological concept. 2. Translate the term "good governance". 3. Give as many synonyms as possible of the word analgesic. 4. Give a research-based definition of the term technical assistance. 5. Find research based information about this quote With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds. 6. Find the URL for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and then use Google to find its four specialized institutions on this site 7. Provide a list of: a) The western philosophers from 1800 to 1850 CE. b) Longman publications over the past 12 months. 8. Find websites related to Boston College site. 9. Use Google Translate to: a) Find the correct English spelling of the educationalist b) Find the Arabic translation of Cheops. 10.Using Google Book Search: a) Give full citation of The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth. b) Cite the page numbers in Gerlad Coreys Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy including Carl Rogers. c) Attempt an advanced search of Can You Hear Me Now? by Dallas Demmitt, 2003
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IV Web Evaluation (*)

Anyone can publish a web site. Therefore, researchers in general, and researchers for translation purposes in particular, should evaluate the quality of information appearing online or in print based on five criteria--scope of coverage, authority, objectivity, accuracy and timeliness. Before you rely on information, you should: 1. Determine the origin. In order to determine the source of a web site, type the URL in one of the following source detectors to uncover ownership of Web sites using the domain of their hosting service. Whois Source <http://www.whois.sc/> BetterWhois <http://www.betterwhois.com/> ICANN-Accredited Registrars <http://www.icann.org/registrars/accredited-list.html> ALLWHOIS <http://allwhois.com/> 2. Discover the author AND the publisher. Read "about us" and author biographies, and examine links to and from other Web sites. Look for other publications by the author or publisher. Ascertain the author's and publisher's credentials. Authors recognized as experts amongst their peers are usually cited and reviewed in the literature. Examine grammar and spelling. Amazon.com <www.amazon.com> U.S. Copyright Search < http://www.copyright.gov/records/> Library of Congress Online Catalog < http://catalog.loc.gov/> 3. Establish the Date of Publication Examine creation and revision dates. Assess the writing for time-sensitive information. Be cautious about descriptive words such as always, never, all, none and most. Stay away from undated information whether it is presented as fact or commentary. 4. Verify the source. Find another reputable source that provides similar information. Look for cited references. (*) Adapted from Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP (1996-2007) http://www.virtualchase.com/quality/index.html For more information and practical examples on web evaluation, visit: Lesley University Guide to web evaluation http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/research/evaluating_web.html Western State College of Colorado http://www.western.edu/lib/guides/examples.html Legal Translation 1 Page 10
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V Library Use
A library is an integral part of a researchers toolbox. Most library catalogues are now digital. A researcher needs to enter keywords in the catalogue search box in order to locate a book whether online or on shelf. Most library catalogues use Boolean operators. They are as follows: (the following table is extracted from http://catalog.loc.gov/help/boolean.htm)
You can also use Wildcard symbols in your search. (The following table is extracted from http://www.csa.com/help/Search_Tools/boolean_operators.html) Use For Truncation. This expands a search term to include all forms of a root word, e.g., * patent* retrieves patent, patents, patentable, patented, etc. * Multi-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. Use to indicate an unlimited number of characters within a word, e.g., behavi*r retrieves behaviour or behavior. Single-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. The ? represents a single character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters, and so on. Use within or at the end of a word, e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as women, and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre.
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AUC Library One Search

As of Fall 2010, the AUC Library shall release Library One Search, a new service that provides researchers a single, Google-like search of books, journals, newspapers, articles, chapters, dissertations, DVDs, music recordings and scores available to the AUC community. It has a full-text filter. It also gives clear and immediate results, with Did you mean? suggestions.
For Search Query Tips, visit libguides.aucegypt.edu/content.php?pid=125839&sid=1105608 For Library One Search, visit http://library.aucegypt.edu/one/
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA) is another breakthrough. It has an online catalog that uses the abovementioned Boolean Operators. The BA catalog is available at http://cwg.bibalex.org:8000/cgibin/chameleon?skin=default&lng=en. The BA has an online service called DAR which is short for Digital Assets Repository accessible at http://dar.bibalex.org/#AdvancedSearch. DAR is a system developed at the BA, to create, reserve, and maintain the Library's digital books and collections. For instance, under the category Language, a researcher has online access to 5416 books related to language, 39 of which are online copies of Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. The BA also has another impressive service called the Internet Archive, which is a recorded
memory of the all the web pages on every website on the Internet since it started in 1996. The BA Internet Archive is the first center of its kind established outside US borders. It is designed not only as a backup for the mother archive in San Francisco, but also as a hub for Africa and the Middle East2. It is available at www.bibalex.org/isis/frontend/archive/archive_web.aspx. For live and archived access to all the conferences, lectures and presentations that take place in Bibliotheca Alexandrina, you can go to http://webcast.bibalex.org/home/home.aspx. This can especially valuable to simultaneous interpreters who would wish to practice with live conferences.
Adapted from http://www.bibalex.org/InternetArchive/IA_en.aspx
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VI Translating Specialized Terms

Availability of terminological sources is a must to guarantee high quality service. Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries and glossaries, whether paper or online, can be of some help to a translator. However, sometimes the need arises when a translator has to search for a document that is translated into either English or Arabic in order to be able to find the equivalent for a certain specialized term. Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web, and locate a relevant website that provides an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary. It is common sense to search for a relevant UN organization website that might be providing an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary of animal and agriculture terms. .1 . .2 . . : .3 . . .4 5. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a Swedish naturalist. He is considered the "Father of Taxonomy" because he developed the system by which we name organisms today: the taxonomy he devised classifies living kingdoms into five main categories: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web, and locate a relevant website that provides an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary. It is common sense to search for a relevant organization website that might be providing an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary of IT terms. 1. The memory on a graphics card that stores information not being displayed onscreen is called a frame buffer.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division 2. This programming technique uses two buffers to speed up any computer task when the hardware can process and push information around at the same time. In graphics cards, double buffering is often used to store the next frame in a video clip in an off-screen frame buffer while displaying the current frame. This way, when the present frame is finished, the next frame is ready to write to the displayable portion of the buffer. 3. Why file or disk fragmentation occurs? How does defragmentation work? 4. S-HTTP (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) was designed by E. Rescorla and A. Schiffman to secure HTTP connections. 5. The router sends IGMP membership reports on the upstream interface when queried, and sends unsolicited reports or leaves when the database changes. 6. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a simple authentication protocol in which the user name and password is sent to the remote access server in a plaintext (unencrypted) form. 7. Current methods for designing embedded systems require tospecify and design hardware and software separately. 8. Note that this does not protect against an "upstream loop," where one router's upstream interface is considered to be another's downstream interface and vice versa. spanning-tree algorithm is required to resolve loops like this. Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web, and locate a relevant website that provides Arabic/English texts in this domain. It is common sense to search for a relevant organization website where you can find such relevant texts. A
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( .1 .4002
.2 )4002 / 42
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VII Translating New Words

New words enter the English language all the time - the exact number is uncertain but there are thousands appearing every year. It is mandatory that a translator knows how to research new words especially that sometimes dictionaries fail to keep abreast of them. Below are some of the ways in which new words come into being. 1. 2. 3. 4. Coinage Blending Clipping Abbreviations & Acronyms
(1) Coinage
This is the creation of entirely new words - quite unusual given the competition from all the other, perhaps easier ways of creating words. These can be based on similar sounding words - 'Hobbit' was based on rabbit - or change from a brand or product to common usage - Kleenex and Hoover. They can also of course have no roots in anything, such as the scientific terms 'googol' and 'quark', or slang terms such as to 'chug' a drink. Another way of coining new words is Derivation. It is accomplished by means of a huge number of affixes as un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism, -ness which appear in words like unhappy, misrepresent, prejudge, joyful. careless, boyish. terrorism and sadness. The Following are sentences with coinages. Using your research skills, attempt to find what these coinages mean, then translate them into Arabic. (N.B. Mention your search string): 1. English dramatic poets have been shakespearizing now for two hundred years. 2. He Xeroxed a copy for everyone in the meeting. 3. If ebooks have ejackets then I can perhaps add an ewarning about elanguage. 4. Looking at Michael Jackson, you would think you were looking at a multi-facelifted old woman. 5. The Camillagate has become the talk of the hour. 6. I never saw my uncles Ferrari, but I could always hear it going vroom as it flew past by my house. 7. I am googling at the moment.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division 8. The Americans seem to be suffering from an Iranophobia. 9. The tabloidification of American life - of the news, of the culture, and of human behavior - is such a sweeping phenomenon that it can't be dismissed as merely a joke. 10. Straw is only a demi-Blairite. He does not like Liberal Democrats much, and is an opponent of electoral reform. 11. Today California saw its first court case brought under a 'cyberstalker' law that came into force on 1 January. 12. Oprah Winfrey has barnstormed Iowa for Barack Obama in what can only be described as "Oprahpalooza", complete with fainting fans, all the usual trappings.
(2) Blending
Blends are words created by combining elements from two words - normally beginning and end - and so combining their meaning to create a new one. (e.g. breakfast + lunch = brunch). There are also newer words such as 'dancercise' which is the outcome of blending dancing and exercise.
The Following are sentences with blends. Using your research skills, attempt to find what these blends compose of, and translate them into Arabic. (N.B. Mention your search string):
1. As our car broke down, we can spend our night in a nearby motel. 2. Every researcher in the field of the US economics has to be familiar with the Reagonomics. 3. The Peters are good at Spanglish. 4. Brave Heart will be telecasted next Friday. 5. Carbon dioxide is a real hazmat. 6. Agribuiness are very profitable. 7. The attack was carried out by a shuicide bomber. 8. He has an extensive wordrobe. 9. The carjacking incident has left the local residents shocked.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division 10. Investors and netizens alike were left wondering what went wrong. 11. Producers of teen-oriented movies are accused of teensploitation. 12. This is the latest edutainment video. 13. This new docu-soap follows day-to-day lives of hairdressers. 14. The public school plus Oxbridge system has never perceived any need for vocational education. 15. She plunged the house into darkness one night trying to electrocute herself. 16. The Central Statistical Office has reduced its guesstimate of the expected monthly surplus from 300million to 100million. 17. There are rules of email Netiquette that help us communicate better via email. 18. Parascending cruises are fun for all the family. 19. In the last few months, protests have sprung up all over Europe, against products they called Frankenfood.
(3) Clipping
This is the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one syllable. Examination becomes exam, laboratory lab. Many examples are very informal or slang, like 'bro' from brother
The following sentences have Clippings. Using your research skills, state their origin then translate them into Arabic: (N.B. Mention your search string)
1. The UK grad Program provides support, advice and resources to postgraduate research students. 2. Training to be a computer wiz may be easier than you ever imagined. 3. When I registered I made a typo on my email address and now I cannot get into my account to confirm. 4. It is doubtful that decaf coffee is any better than regular coffee. 5. Wellesley College offers a co-ed summer program for college students and graduates. 6. The appointment of a large number of ex-cons as school teachers was largely due to the poor levels of education in Australian schools. 7. This project was concerned with an evaluation of the role of co-ops and other rural institutions.
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Abbreviations & Acronyms

Acronyms and initialisms are specific types of abbreviations. An acronym is a word formed from the first (or first few) letters ofmust several words. It is pronounceable as a normal word. An abbreviation is merely the shortened form of a word. An initialism is a type of abbreviation pronounced one letter at a time. For instance, PGA, AARP, IOU, etc. Basic abbreviations are pronounced like the full word it represents. So "St." is pronounced "Street" (or "Saint") and "Ct." is pronounced Court and "Mr." is pronounced "Mister," etc. These basic abbreviations are usually followed by a period. Clues: There are search engines dedicated to the purpose of abbreviation finding. Use your research skills to locate them. However, do not depend upon them solely. Use them as an initial step in your search for abbreviations. (e.g. www.acronymfinder.com and www.thefreedictionary.com). The United Nations website has a multilingual dictionary of terms. It is of great help when you are translating UN terms and abbreviations
Using your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following abbreviations as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. National policies must control emissions of ODS and POPs. The CPU is the main component in a computer, where all operations take place. The World Bank provides financial support to developing countries through the IDA credits and the IBRD loans. CLD Program is developing civilian leaders for the future of the USMC. CLD tries to help post-secondary students with disabilities to complete a high quality post-secondary education. CLD International provides training to legislatures, government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. The Third TAF supported the advance of Fourteenth Army against the Japanese forces. TAF has increased the professionalism of trade associations. The United Statesone of Turkeys NATO allieslists the PKK as a foreign terrorist organization. Andrews AFB is the home of Air Force One in MD. AFB Expanding possibilities for people with vision loss. SEATTLE, WA - A federal court has ruled in favor of a widely recognized researcher seeking detailed statistics from the IRS about how the agency enforces the nation's tax laws. There are three principle types of civilian organizations which are IO, NGO, and IHO. UNDP helps countries to build the institutional capacity, policies and programmes needed to achieve the MDGs. UN is involved in the entire spectrum of "humanitarian assistance" including UNDRC and UNHCR. AFESD provides development assistance only to the members of the LAS, whereas the BADEA extends development financing to African countries.
13. 14. 15. 16.
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17. 18. 19.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division Upon the events of 9/11, the AUC-IMD announced a comprehensive program for USAOSHA. OWS protests against corporate greed began in Canada a month ago and moved to US, Asia and Europe In 1988 the UNEP and WMO established the IPCC to assess the human induced climate change
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Now, try your hands with the following abbreviations and acronyms exercise. Using your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following abbreviations as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. 1. 2. 3. 4. IRA is one of the most effective ways to accumulate retirement savings. After the Easter Rising, the IRA emerged to fight for the Independence of Ireland. The IRA in Italy is engaged in the development of the next generation radio telescopes. The IRA supports the government of Tanzania in the assessment of human and natural resources. The IRA represents students living within the residence halls at the University of Vermont.
5.
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VIII Euphemisms
A Euphemism is "A mild word or phrase that substitutes for another that would be undesirable because it is too direct, unpleasant, or offensive. For instance, the word joint is a euphemism for the word prison, and WC is a euphemism for bathroom. It can also be the substitution of a mild or less negative word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one, as in the use of pass away instead of die.(*) Clues: There are sites that provide lists of euphemisms and their intended meaning. Use your research skills to locate them. Otherwise, depend on your research skills. (http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/eup hemism.html and http://www.proz.com/personalglossary/46939?glossary=15369) There are print dictionaries of Euphemism that you can resort to as well. Research the AUC library catalogue to locate them.
Using your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following euphemisms as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. 1. I had no idea that she has gone to meet her maker. 2. Doctors are calling for a debate over proposals for the "mercy killing" of severely disabled babies. 3. "The more the electorate expects from the politicians they elect, the more likely it is that politicians will be economical with the truth," says Dr Newey. 4. The defense department budget includes $130 billion to support overseas contingency operations, primarily in Iraq and Afghanistan. 5. Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes said that protecting the Libyan people obviously involves kinetic military action. 6. The Latvian foreign ministry has expelled the first secretary of the Belarussian Embassy in Riga, Latvia's capital, for actions incompatible with diplomatic status 7. He received orders to service the target 8. The director of the plant reported a spontaneous energetic disassembly 9. He was remanded in protective custody 10. The recent economic crisis has led to massive rightsizing 11. I have joined the long row of job-seekers 12. Three soldiers were killed by friendly fire when a mortar bomb hit their truck. 13. They suspect he has the big C 14. The soldiers returned home in transfer tubes 15. Solid wastes are put in sanitary landfills 16. The prime minister authorized a pre-emptive air strike against the rebels 17. We received orders of executive action 18. The Bush administration prosecuted the few bad apples stationed in the Abu Gharib. 19. Obama has pledged to wind down Operation Iraqi Freedom within 16 months. (*) Adapted from the University of Victoria Writer's Guide <www.baylorschool.org/academics/english/studentwork/stover/toolbox/figlang.html> Legal Translation 1 Page 22
IX Translating Proper Nouns

A challenge that translators often face in their work comes from proper names. People and places have their own names. Any organization, institution, or agency has its own set of titles, as well as publication titles, departments, projects, products, etc. A translator, thus, has to acquire the skill to find the way a certain proper name is spelled in English or Arabic. Usually, this is a common problem encountered in translating into English names that are not originally Arabic. Translators must be very careful where they get their information, as anyone can publish a website. Clues: Try Google Language Tools in translating proper names Don't forget to use the clues found in the sentence you are translating. (e.g. dates, titles, etc.) Try Noodle Tools: Choosing the Best Search Strategy "I need Facts" http://www.noodletools.com/deb bie/literacies/information/5locate /adviceengine.html
Using your online research skills, find the proper spelling of the following proper names as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. . .1 .1541 9 .2 . 161 131 .3 . .5 . .4 . .6 .7 . . .1 .9 .1174 .11 . . .11 .1172 ( ) .12
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Using general internet search engines or specialized websites give the proper spelling of the proper names in the following passages. Document your sources. .1 24 1943 . .2 " " " " . .3 " " . 1934 . 1951 . .5 . - : - .. .4 " " " " 6. Andalusia is an autonomous region overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is Spain's largest and most populous region, it covers most of S Spain, comprising the provinces of Almera, Cdiz, Crdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jan, Mlaga, and Seville (Sevilla). It is known for its Islamic architecture. Famous monuments include the Alhambra in Granada and the Mezquita in Crdoba. 7. Alfraganus wrote Elements of Astronomy (the book on celestial motion and thorough science of the stars), which was translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted great influence upon European astronomy. 8. Avenzoar made significant contributions to medicine. He wrote many titles including: Book of simplification concerning Therapeutics and Diet, a detailed description of pathological conditions and the therapies prescribed; Book of the Middle Course concerning the Reformation of Souls and the Bodies, a summary of diseases, therapeutics
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Clues: It should be noted that certain historical and religious names of people or places should often retain Arabic and Translation Studies Division their translated forms. There are and hygiene written specially for the benefit other reasons for employing of the layman; and Book on Foodstuffs, a transliteration, central to which is description of different types of food and when a concept in the SL is too big drugs and their effects on health. for a TL word or phrase to accommodate. Transliteration, thus, is used to create shortcuts. X Translation versus A selection of the most frequently Transliteration of Proper Names used transliteration systems can be found in the following links: The Writing of Arabic proper names in English texts presents a number of difficulties, even for those who are familiar with both languages. A translator should avoid inconsistencies in the spelling of proper names. One approach is to take Arabic words as they are pronounced and write down approximately similar sounds in the Roman alphabet. This is called transliteration or Romanization. The ideal solution would be to have a standard, internationally agreed, system. Several have been proposed but unfortunately none has been universally accepted. (*) ALA-LC Romanization Tables (Adopted by the US Library of Congress and the American Library Association for cataloguing books)
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roma nization/arabic.pdf UNGEGN System of Romanization (set by the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names)
In the following sentences, decide on translation/transliteration for rendering the http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar. parts in bold. To inform your decision, look up pdf the meaning of these words in online dictionaries, and then browse through the Internet to see for which purpose each is used: HINT: In order to use transliteration codes in an MS Word document, you need to click on INSERT, and then choose SYMBOL. Search for the symbol you are looking for in the table that appears before you, and click on it once you find it and click INSERT. CLOSE the table. You will find the symbol you chose on the page you are using.
.1 . : .2
.
.3 .1891 .4 : .
.5 : : : .
(*) Adapted from al-bab (Arab Gateway) http://www.al-bab.com/
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XI Translating Cultural Allusions

An Allusion is "a reference to a famous person, place, thing or part of another work of literature. It is assumed that the reader understands the allusion."(*) Allusions are either religious such as "the patience of Job", mythological such as "Achilles' heel", literary such as "Big Brother", philosophic such as "cogito, ergo sum", or geographical such as "Mecca". In translation, it is essential to be able to recognize allusions, to understand them, and to be able to translate them in light of their connotations. Due to the cultural gap between English and Arabic, an allusion can be translated either literally (or semantically) supported with a footnote that attempts to bridge the gap, or by means of paraphrase where the cultural element in the allusion is sacrificed and only the message is maintained. (*)http://contemporarylit.about.com/cs/literaryterm s/g/allusion.htm Clues: 1. There are several dictionaries dedicated to allusions and their meaning. Research them in the AUC library catalog. 2. In order to insert a footnote on MS Word, click Insert, then Reference. Choose Footnote, then adjust the settings, and press Insert 3. You can use an online Thesaurus to help you find a suitable communicative translation for the allusions in Arabic after you research their meaning. 4. Al-Waraq site offers a plethora of books that can assist with Arabic allusions especially poetry. This site also has books that help with Arabic proverbs such as

Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following Arabic cultural allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines.
" .1 " " ." . .2 .3 . . .5 .4 .6 . . .7
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!! : .8 . .9 . " " .11 . .11 : .12

Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following English cultural allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines to explain the context of the allusion. 1. It was a road to Damascus moment. His closest friends could hardly recognize him. 2. The extension of the Panama Canal project is much more than a mere apple of discord. 3. It was an occasion for memento mori as the preacher waxed eloquent on the vanity of human wishes. 4. The Iranians are going ahead with their nuclear enterprise. They seem determined never to go to Canossa. 5. He took no action as he found himself between Scylla and Charybdis. 6. Waving the bloody shirt characterizes all speeches of the new candidates for presidency. 7. When he made up his mind, his enemies knew that the die was cast. 8. Many third world countries put Draconian laws into effect. 9. Rising like Lazarus, the ex-prime minister nominated himself for the presidency. 10. New Labour is Dorian Grey, and Tony Blair is its portrait, but, in true post-modern style, on the TV screens rather than in the attic. 11. The debate showed up the Achilles' heel of the government --; its excessively dictatorial tendencies. 12. The new head of the division will have to clean the Augean stables. 13. The Camilla-gate tapes remain a sword of Damocles hanging over Prince Charles's head. 14. Nuclear fusion --; the process which powers the sun --; is the Holy Grail of energy production.
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XII Quote Finding

When a translator encounters translated direct or indirect quotations, these quotations should not be backtranslated as they have an original version which should be researched and used instead. A quotation could be a statement made by a politician, or an extract from a contract or an agreement. A quotation could also be a citation from a holy book, the Qura'n or the Bible. In this case, there are certain sites that can be resorted to in order to get the exact quote or an authentic translation. Clues: For researching biblical quotes, the BibleGateway is a multilingual searchable database of the Bible with several versions available. <http://www.biblegateway.com/> 5. Al-Waraq provides a searchable database of the Holy Qur'an. 6. For sites that offer several translations of the meanings of the Qur'an, try the QuranBrowser http://quranbrowser.com/, and Islamicity.
Using your online research skills, attempt to locate the original quotation for the following translated quotes (using the contexts provided if available), and document your source of information. 1. Taking you back to Ancient Egypt, Rhadopis of Nubia starts with: The first light of dawn peered over the eastern horizon that morning in the month of Bashans, more than four thousand years ago. The high priest of the temple of the god Sothis gazed at the expanse of sky with tired eye, for he had not slept the whole night. On the 11th of February 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces issued a statement that declared that At this historical juncture in the history of Egypt, and in light of the decision by President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak to relinquish the office of the presidency of the Republic and the tasking of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces with the administration of the affairs of the nation, and with awareness of the seriousness of the demands of our great people everywhere for fundamental change, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces is examining this matter, asking the aid of God Almighty, to fulfill the aspirations of our great people. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces will issue further statements that will announce forthcoming steps, measures and arrangements, and it affirms at the same time that it is not a replacement for the legitimacy that is acceptable to the people. Gadhafi vowed in a live audio broadcast on state television on the 7th of June 2011 that "we will not surrender," even as NATO airstrikes bombarded his compound in Tripoli. He added:"I am now speaking as planes and bombs fall around me," Gadhafi said in a live audio broadcast on state television. "But my soul is in God's hand. We will not think about death or life. We will think about the call of duty."
2.
3.
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4.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division Saad Al Katatni addressed the first parliamentary session following the 25 th of January Revolution, saying "Our revolution continues and we will not rest until all the goals of the revolution are met and we avenge our martyrs", adding that "We will "never betray the blood of our martyrs. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said at a press briefing in the Kenyan capital World leaders have a unique opportunity at this critical moment to evaluate achievements and gaps in the global AIDS response. We must take bold decisions that will dramatically transform the AIDS response and help us move towards an HIV-free generation. Statement by Egypts Permanent Representative before the 65th Session of the General Assembly on Agenda Item 122 (a) The recent positive developments in the situations in Guinea and Niger are examples of the significant impact of the cooperation between the two organizations, as well as with other sub-regional organizations, in supporting peace and stability on the African continent. Furthermore, the African Union - United Nations hybrid operations in Darfur (UNAMID) and UN support package for the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) are other prominent examples of cooperation between the two organizations in the field of peacekeeping.
5.
6.
.7 2/ 2002" : . . ( ) ". . " : ". " ". . .8
" .9 " . . " : "... " . "...
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Attempt a research-based translation of the following quotes drawn from the Bible, the Holy Qur'an, and the tradition of Prophet Muhamad (pbuh). Document the source of your information.
1. The Holy Bible reads "The ear tests words as the tongue tastes food". 2. The Holy Bible reads "I tell you the truth, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, "Move from here to there" and it will move." 3. The Holy Bible reads "Pairs of all creatures that have the breath of life in them came to Noah and entered the ark" 4. The Holy Bible reads "Be not overcome with evil, but overcome evil with good" 5. The Quran addresses the issue of women giving the bai'ah to Prophet Muhammad and God tells Muhammad to accept the pledge of the women: "O Prophet! Whenever believing women come unto thee to pledge their allegiance to thee...then accept their pledge of allegiance." 6. The Quran says about justice: "If you do judge, judge between them justly. God loves the just." " .7 " . . " : .1 ." ": .9 ." ( : ) ( .11 . ) .) " ( " .11 .) " (. " .12
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XIII Corpora in Translation

Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools are designed to increase the productivity of translators. Among these tools is Corpus Data (plural Corpora). An e-corpus is a large collection of electronic texts that have been gathered according to explicit criteria (Lynne Bowker, 2002, p. 44). There are different types of corpora designed to meet the needs of translators. There are monolingual and multilingual (bilingual) corpora.
Putting a word in context means breathing life into it. If you want to know how words behave you must study them in their natural environment, and the natural environment of words is text, context. (Roumen and van der Ster, 1993, p. 215)
Monolingual Corpora
A monolingual corpus is a corpus which consists of texts in one language. Monolingual corpora can be general as the case is with the 100-million-word British National Corpus (BNC) and the 400-million-word Bank of English, or specialized corpora which are restricted to a particular genre and/or topic domain such as art, politics, or medicine. Monolingual corpora can also be enriched with Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging annotations, or raw without any. They can be ready made, or a translator can do it him/herself.
Now, your instructor will take you on a tour to visit: English Monolingual General Corpora A raw version of the British National Corpus (BNC) An enriched version of the BNC corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ Arabic Monolingual General Corpora Arabic Corpus Tool arabicorpus.byu.edu/ Leeds Collection of Internet Corpora http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html
www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk
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Multilingual Corpora
Multilingual corpora can be parallel corpora, i.e. a collection of texts, where the source texts are aligned with their translations, or comparable corpora, i.e. a collection of texts where the target texts are not translations of the source texts, but are texts originally written in the target language of the same type text and on the same topic of the source texts.
Bilingual Dictionaries vs. Parallel Corpora Bilingual dictionaries are repertoires of lexical equivalents (general or specialized). The translator has to assess the appropriateness of the candidate to the context by referring to definitions Parallel corpora are repertoires of STRATEGIES deployed by past translators when faced with similar problems that prompted the search. Parallel corpora also offer equivalents and non-equivalents at word level i.e. how lacunae have been dealt with.
The problem here is one of unavailability to the public of a free Arabic-English parallel corpus unlike the case is with European languages e.g. Europarl Another problem occurs with the option of building a Do-it-Yourself parallel corpus, as one needs a special piece of software called a Parallel Concordancer for alignment purposes. With this software one can ask the computer to find all the examples of a word or phrase in L1, along with all the corresponding translated sentences in L2. Two widely-used parallel concordancers are ParaConc and Multiconcord.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Due to the unavailability of free parallel English-Arabic corpora, you are encouraged to create a comparable text corpus from two document collections in English and Arabic. The collections can be very different in origin. You can build a comparable corpus from articles by an Arabic news agency and a U.S. newspaper, for instance. The keys with best resolution power are extracted from the documents of one collection, the source collection, and are translated into the language of the other collection, the target collection. The translated queries are run against the target collection. You will need to learn how to use certain corpus analysis tools to help you with your self-made corpus!
Corpus-analysis Tools
Word-frequency Lists Word-frequency lists produce lists of words that can be sorted according to the frequency of their occurrence ascendingly or descendingly, or their alphabetical order. Concordancers Concordancers are a corpus-analysis tool that retrieves all occurrences of a particular query in its immediate contexts. They can operate monolingually or bilingually. Monolingually, the most common display format is known as KWiC or key word in context display. The benefit of concordancing is that they reveal the context in which individual occurrences of words are found. Collocation Generators Collocation generators can produce lists where characteristic cooccurrence patterns of words are located. Collocations can be displayed in alphabetical or frequency-ranked order
There are many corpus-analysis tools that you can use. Here is a list that your instructor will take you through:
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Mike Scotts Wordsmith ConCapp (it supports Arabic) Simple Concordance Program (you can upload more than one file; it does not support Arabic) KWIC Concordance Tool (it does not support Arabic) Putting a word in context means breathing life into it. If you want to know how words behave you must study them in their natural environment, and the natural environment of words is text, context. (Roumen and van der Ster, 1993, p. 215)
Exercise (1): A. All the examples below originally contained the word IMPORTNANT in the gap. Try to choose a better word to use instead, using a monolingual English corpus.3 (a) But this Congress has refused to fight another [ ] battle here at home: the fight against gun violence in America. (b) The prosperous Disneyland Tokyo has become a(n) [ ] destination for many tourists attracted by its magic. (c) This system suffers from a(n) [ ] weakness, that is it does not keep secret the political leanings of the citizens, and everybody knows for which candidate you will vote during the Primaries. (d) The gap between black and white income is still very [ ] and blacks in the service industries still represent a minority.
B. Now, attempt to translate the pervious sentences into Arabic, paying special attention to the way you are going to translate the word important. Use a monolingual Arabic corpus to choose an adjective other than " "that collocates with the noun modified. Exercise (2): Translate the following phrases into English, choosing a suitable collocate using Mark Davies' VIEW corpus. Mention your steps. Exercise (3): Translate the phrases in bold into English using a negative prefix with the assistance of Mark Davies' VIEW corpus:
3
.1 .2 .3 .5
This exercise is adapted from Applied Corpus Linguistics: a Multidimensional Perspective (2004) by Ulla Connor and Thomas Albin Upton, Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division Exercise (4):
.1 .2 .3 .5 .4 .6 .7 .1
The following semantic groups of verbs and adjectives are usually confused. Use Mark Davies VIEW corpus to compare the differences in their usages: (a) Achieve, reach, acquire, obtain, gain (b) Take on, assume, adopt, take over, accept (c) Carry out, commit, undertake, perform (d) Reject, refuse, oppose, disapprove of, object to (e) Create, establish, set, set up (f) Reduce, cut (g) Kill, murder (h) Increase, raise (i) Legal, lawful, legitimate
Exercise (5): Use the World Wide Web to find articles written about the Swine Flu in English and in Arabic, with a minimum of ten articles for each language. Be selective in your choice. Save them as Rich Text Format documents. Use your corpus-analysis tools to make a list of the most frequent terms used in English, and then try to find their equivalents in Arabic.
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XIV Translation Memory Tools

Translation Memory (TM) is a technology that allows the user to store translated phrases or sentences in a special database for future re-use. These tools work my matching terms and sentences in the database with their counterparts in the source text. The system would propose ready-made translations in the target language whenever a match is found during the translation process. Not all TM tools support different file formats. Before using a TM tool, make sure that it supports all required file formats.
Dont Confuse TM and MT

Translation Memory (TM) tools should not be confused with machine translation (MT). The major difference is that in MT, a computer does the translation automatically, whereas in TM tools, a computer stores translated segments for further use by the translator. TM tools support translators in their tasks, whereas MT tries to replace the translator. Alignment is a feature provided by most translation memory systems, where the user can match previously created translations. Alignment is used to enable translators to do parallel concordancing of translations previously created. Example of alignment tools are WinAlign Trados and SDL Align, and MuliTrans Alignment Agent.
Now, points that must be borne in mind are: - TM systems are not worth the expenditure of money and time unless they have extensive memories to draw upon. - TM tools are useful with repetitive materials which use a large number of recursive, largely identical phrases or sets of documents.
The leading TM brands are MultiTrans, SDL Trados, Star Transit, Dj vu, Wordfast, IBMs Translation Manager, and Trans Suite 2000, among others.
You can give Trados a try before you decide to buy it by downloading its 30-day trial version available at http://www.translationzone.com/en/landing/sdl-trados-studio-trial/default.asp
The aggressive marketing campaign launched by Trados sometimes blinds translators to other TMs, and not only are they free of charge, but are also as good as Trados. It is also surprising to know that so-called "only-Trados" projects can be handled by one of these free TMs known as Wordfast. Wordfast is free to download at http://www.wordfast.net/ Another free and easy-to-use TM tool is OmegaT. To download it, go to http://sourceforge.net/projects/omegat/ Legal Translation 1 Page 37
XV Useful Links
1. CyberBabel, compiled by Hazem Azmy, is "a site in constant flux, intended primarily to serve the needs of students and lovers of translation looking for websites related to the field. Like many sites of a similar nature, however, it is not meant to be exhaustive". http://hazemazmy.8m.net/cyberbabel.html 2. A comprehensive site for Arabic sites including Arabic e-books, transliteration rules, and links for interesting Arabic sites http://www.uga.edu/islam/Arabic.html 3. Onelook - A powerful search engine in several online general and specialized dictionoaries in English http://www.onelok.com 4. Arabic Encyclopedia http://mawsoah.net 5. The Arabic Alphabet and Its Transliteration http://www.iqra.net/About/key.php 6. Arabic Classics - The best site for a huge list of Arabic e-books in all fields of life including old authentic references http://www.alwaraq.net/ 7. Another excellent site with links to Arabic online books in all fields including ArabicArabic dictionaries and Arabic dictionary of proverbs http://www.al-eman.com/Islamlib/ 8. Arabic Directory, with online Arabic dictionaries and links to Arabic newspapers from all over the Arab world http://language-directory.50webs.com/languages/arabic.htm 9. SYSTRAN Translation Engine from and into Arabic http://www.systranbox.com/systran/box 10. A list of important links for glossaries and multilingual online dictionaries http://www.geocities.com/w2m14/ 11. A list of sites for the translation of the meanings of Qur'an as well as multilingual dictionaries and glossaries http://www.expertwell.com/translation/Resources.html 12. Good collection of dictionaries and glossaries http://www.mutarjim.homestead.com/dictionaries.html 13. Multidisciplinary dictionary (English <>Arabic) http://www.arabicdictionaries.com/
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division 14. Multilingual Dictionary http://www.logos.it/language/translations_en.html 15. Sakhr Dictionaries http://dictionary.sakhr.com/ 16. Al Awal English <> Arabic Dictionary http://www.al-awwal.com/alawwal.asp 17. Another English <> Arabic dictionary http://www.grnaas.net/Qamoos/ 18. Balqaa English <> Arabic Dictionary http://dictionary.bau.edu.jo/Browse.aspx 19. Accounting glossary (English >Arabic) http://arabic.microfinancegateway.org/section/glossary/ 20. Investment-related terms (English) http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/ 21. Dictionary of Islamic Investment http://www.islamifn.com/basic/muagem.htm 22. Trading Glossary (English) http://www.trading-glossary.com/ 23. World Bank Term Base (Multilingual- Arabic included) http://translate.worldbank.org/ambassador/ControlServlet?activityName=termviewer&TE RMBASEID=44 24. Agricultural Terms from FAO (Multilingual- Arabic included) http://www.fao.org/faoterm/search/index.jsp?lang=AR 25. Agricultural Terms (English<>Arabic) http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm 26. Agricultural Terms (English) http://www.cnie.org/nle/AgGlossary/AgGlossary.htm 27. Dictionary of Islamic Terms (English <> Arabic) http://dictionary.al-islam.com/default.asp?t=ARBIND 28. Glossary of Islamic Art (English) http://www.islamic-art.org/Glossary/glossary.asp 29. English <> Arabic Legal Dictionary http://muqtafi.birzeit.edu/dictionary.asp
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division 30. Legal Glossaries (English) http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/search.pl?s=plea 31. Law Dictionary (English) http://dictionary.law.com/ 32. English <> Arabic Psychology terms http://www.filnafs.com/dicta.html 33. Psychology Terms (English<>Arabic) http://psychiatre-naboulsi.com/mojam.html 34. Arabic Academy Termbase (English Arabic) http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg/search.asp?sid=1 35. English <> Arabic Dictionary of Education http://www.bdss.org/dic.htm#j 36. Medical Terms (English): http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp 37. Unified Medical Dictionary (English<>Arabic) http://www.emro.who.int/umd/ 38. Another Medical Dictionary (English <> Arabic) http://www.6abib.com/search.html 39. High Tech and IT glossaries (English): http://www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/index.html 40. Fishery Terms (English <> Arabic) http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/aquaculture/
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XVI More Exercises

American and British English
I Find the British equivalents of the following American words:
American Apartment Argument Baby carriage Antenna Mad Thread Sick Peek Alumnus Zucchini Zipper Zee (z) Yard Analog Anesthesia
II
British
Find what each of the following means in both American and British English:
Word Asian Bathroom Homely Indian Mean Pissed Public school Smart Wash up Bomb
American
British
III Using Google, find the following I) Quick definitions of: 1- Amortization 2- Oncology 3- Tabula Rasa (theory) Legal Translation 1 Page 41
Arabic and Translation Studies Division II) Find information on the following: 1- No Easy Walk to Freedom Speech 2- The 9/11 address to the Nation
III) Locate sites that help you find 1- A List of Central Banks all over the world. 2- A list of Egyptian Governorates IV) Find two adjectives, two nouns and two verbs that tend to collocate with "authority", "referendum" and "law". V) Find URL for Al-Ahram Weekly Newspaper, and then use Google to find articles written on Valentine's Day on this site. VI) Using books.google.com, give full citation for a book that includes the following quotation "it is a very sad thing that nowadays there is so little useless information " VII) Find the URL for Al- Ahram Newspaper, and then use Google to find articles written by: 1- Salama Ahmad Salama 2- Ahmad Bahgat VIII) Make good use of Google to find the following: a) Verbs that collocate with "research" b) Adjectives that collocate with "memory" c) Definition of ADHD, and an accepted Arabic translation. d) When translating Cote d'Ivoire into Arabic, which is more frequent ? e) Who said: "Boots and Shoes are the greatest trouble of my life" And: f) From Google home page, can you go directly to BBC news website, how? g) From books.google.com, cite the page numbers in Sociological Perspectives on the New Genetics that include the words "history of genetics" h) Produce a list of 10 sites for each of the following: (1) Glossary of political terms, (2) Glossary of economic terms, and (3) Glossary of social studies terms. I) The latest press release on US foreign policy. J) The way is spelled in English.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division IV Using your online research skills, translate the following sentences providing the full English name and the Arabic translation of the abbreviations or acronyms: 1. CARE is a leading humanitarian organization fighting global poverty. CARE is a leading humanitarian organization f 2. The close working relationship with the MOE and the Integrated Care Society further benefits the Egyptian education system by training librarians and teachers to effectively use the new books and early reading materials. 3. According to the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, the EEAA was restructured with the new mandate to substitute the institution initially established in 1982.
4. REDEC works with businesses on projects that will have a positive impact on employment and broaden our communities tax base. 5. HDI is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide.
6. The ADEA prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older. 7. The Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) is a pan African Non Government Organization founded in 1992 to promote girls and womens education in Sub-Saharan Africa in line with Education for All.
8. Created in 2004, ALIVE provides a formal home for the international community of educators who have been working with Living Values Education Program since it was developed in 1997. 9. The BDB, ISBN 1-56563-206-0 is a standard reference for Biblical Hebrew.
10. Since that time, USAID has been the principal U.S. agency to extend assistance to countries recovering from disaster, trying to escape poverty, and engaging in democratic reforms. 11. UNESCO was founded on 16 November 1945. 12. In conjunction with the NEAP, the year 2000/2001 has witnessed the development of a five-year action plan for MSEA and EEAA.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division V Using general internet search engines or specialized websites give the proper spelling of the proper names in the following passages. Document your sources.
-1 1991 . 4001 4000
-4 . " " " . 7
" . ". "
" "" "
3- Averroes most important philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence, in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against Algazel's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. His book Decisive Treatise on the Agreement between Religious Law and Philosophy was and remains one of history's best defenses of the legitimate role of reason in a community of faith. In addition, Averroes wrote a series of commentaries on most of the works of Aristotle, Plato, Galen, al-Farabi, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Nicolaus of Damascus, and Ptolemy.
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4- All the evidence indicates that the Phoenician Religion was rooted in the ancient Canaanite cult and influenced by Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Syrian, and Aegean religions. Each Phoenician city had its chief god. The principal goddess of Byblos was Baalat Gebal, probably a fertility goddess. Sidon's most important deity is Eshmun. His mate was Astarte. The chief deity of Tyre was Melqart. In addition, the Phoenicians worshipped Baal-Zephon, Dagon, Adonis, Resheph, and others. (From The Biblical World by John Barton)
VI Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following Arabic cultural allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines.
" .1 " . .4 .
VII Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following English cultural allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines. 1. Would an enlarged Security Council help President Obama cut the Gordian knot in the Middle East? 2. The political response to climate change could be likened to "fiddling while Rome burns" In the past few years, he seems to have learned that after hubris comes nemesis Tony Blair met his Waterloo in Iraq. Some believe that his Icarus-like fall was of his own doing. If the international community allowed a partition of Kosovo it would open a Pandoras Box.
( ) .2
3.
4.
5.
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6.
Arabic and Translation Studies Division Good Samaritans could be shielded from lawsuits when they come to someone's aid in California under a bill adopted by the state Assembly. Barack Obama is not Africa's prodigal son; he is an American. Politician. Now, the question is: Are both Iran and the United States willing to bite the ?bullet, and enter negotiations "If the financial crisis had to happen, it could not have happened for Egypt at a "better time. If Armageddon was to strike, now was the right time.
7. 8.
9.
10. It was a Sisyphean task fit for Herculean policymakers. 11. Economists consider him a talented young businessman with the Midas touch.
VIII Attempt a research-based translation of the underlined phrases drawn from Qur'anic (Arabic English) and Biblical sources (English Arabic), and document your source of information.
- 27 :2115 . . . . " ". . . . . " ". . . . . . . . .
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. . " : . . " " . ". . " " . ". . " . . . . . . . " " " . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " . . . . . . . " : " . . . .
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IX Translate the following into English, paying special attention to the translation of
proper nouns whether names of people or committees, as well as to direct quotes cited. Research the book mentioned in the AUC online catalogue and give its full citation. Mention the internet sites you resorted to in order to authenticate your translation.
.1997-1911 2113 . 2113 " ". " ". 2113 " " . " " . 2113 ". " ".
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Arabic & Translation Studies Division

TECHNOLOGY FOR TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS

Dr. Hussein Ali Director, Arabic and Translation Studies Division

CURRICULUM DESIGN FORM

Offered as customized; the number of CEUs depends on client's request.

Syllabus / Training Outline: Serial* Title/subtitle 1

Assignment Selected readings

Introduction to electronic resources in the field

Computer-based resources in the field of

Selected readings and lab practice Lab practice

Web-based resources in the field of translation

Terminology management CAT tools Quiz 2

Lab practice Selected reading

On-line translation project management Introduction to Localization

Product and website translation Discussion of the project

Session: In this course one session equals 2.5 contact hours.

Classroom Guidelines for SCE Learners

: . . . " " %57 . .

: ) I, Incomplete( . . " " . ." "

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

II American British Dictionaries Search

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

III How to Google!

Google Help : Cheat Sheet

site: [#][#] date: safesearch: link: info: related:

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Google Books Google News

(*) Adapted from Google Help: Cheat Sheet - www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

IV Web Evaluation (*)

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

AUC Library One Search

Adapted from http://www.bibalex.org/InternetArchive/IA_en.aspx

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

VI Translating Specialized Terms

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

VII Translating New Words

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Abbreviations & Acronyms

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

IX Translating Proper Nouns

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

XI Translating Cultural Allusions

" .1 " " ." . .2 .3 . . .5 .4 .6 . . .7

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

!! : .8 . .9 . " " .11 . .11 : .12

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

XII Quote Finding

.7 2/ 2002" : . . ( ) ". . " : ". " ". . .8

" .9 " . . " : "... " . "...

Arabic and Translation Studies Division

XIII Corpora in Translation

Arabic and Translation Studies Division