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KKKKאא،א J
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Kאאאאא -
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Kאאא אא(p-h) א
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Kאאאאאאא
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אא ١١١ א
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KאאאאWאא
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Kאאאא •
Kאאאאp-hאא •
Kאא •
Kאאאא (p-h)א •
Kאאא• א
Kאאאאא •
א،א،אא •
אאאא
Kאאאא
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K٪١٠٠אאאאא
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K١٤
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אא ١١١ א
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אאאWאא
אא،אאK אא א
KאאאאK
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K solids א -
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(liquids)אאincompressible אאאא
אא אאrelatively incompressibleא
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א boilingא אא–א
א condensationא א–אא
א freezingא א–א
אאWE١–١F
Kאאאאאאא
T (°C )
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100°C
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אאאאWE١–١F
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אא ١١١ א
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101.325 kPa
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107°C אא 107°C אאא
K 100°C אאא
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אא ١١١ א
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W p − h
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W (h = c) א J ٢
K (kJ / kg ) אאאאא
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ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ
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אא ١١١ א
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W (v = c) אא J ٥
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אא(R134a) אאא
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R134aאp-hWE٩–١F
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א אאאאא
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אאאאWאא
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bar אאאWא
v′ אFאא
l / kg E v ′′ א
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kJ / kg E h′′
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
T {°C} p{bar} v ′(l / kg} v ′′(l / kg} h ′{kJ / kg} h ′′{kJ / kg} L{kJ / kg}
-26 1.020 0.726 188.56 166.35 381.71 215.37
-25 1.067 0.728 180.67 167.59 382.34 214.75
-24 1.116 0.730 173.18 168.84 382.97 214.13
אאWE٢–١F
אא (s ) אאא
Kא
Wאא،אאEFאא
W١
F 20°C אE x = 0 F (R11)
WK 0 °C אEא
Kאאאאא אK
Kאאאאאא אK
50°C אאאאאאא K
K 0 °C אEאF
Wא
W T = 20°C אא (R11) אאא K
p1 = 0.889 bar h2 = 217.26 kJ / kg
אא
(1) אא K
WE١٠–١F (2) א 0 °C א
-١٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
p R 11
50
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א
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50
1 20°C
0
20
0°C
2 2′
0
א h
E١F p − h WE١٠–١F
W
p1 = 0.400 bar א
h′′ − h′
hx = 217.26 kJ / kg W
h ′′ = 390.63 kJ / kg
h ′ = 200.00 kJ / kg
W
217.26 − 200.00
x= = 0.09
390.63 − 200.00
(x = 0.10)אאאא
W 50°C אא K
p1 = 2.379 bar h1 = 244.61 kJ / kg
-١٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٢
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אאאא،אK100°C אא
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1
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Kא (2) אא (1) אאE١١–١Fא
Wאאא
v 2 = 0.178 m 3 / kg p 2 = 10 bar h2 = 1680 kJ / kg
-١٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٣
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WאאאE x = 0 Fאא
KEאאאFא p1 ، v1 ، T1 K
KEאאFא T2 ، h2 K
Wא
s = 1.95 kJ / kgK
h = 450 kJ / kg א (1) אאא K
K
אא، (1) אא
p1 = 8 bar v1 = 0.028 m 3 / kg T1 = 80°C
W، x = 0 א،א K
h2 = 230 kJ / kg T2 = 32°C
-١٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
Kאא،אאא g
אאא אאא אאא g
Kא
Wא g
KEsaturation temperatureא
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אאא ،א،אא g
KE x Fא
א(x-0) אאאאא g
Kאאא(x=1)א
א אאא g
Kאאא
א،א،א،אW אאאEp-hF אא g
Kאאאאא،א
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאאא p − h א،אאא E١
Temperature Pr essure v h s
R11 60 1.85
R 22 450 1.90
R 717 4 0 .5
R502 0.12 400
R134a 30 2 .5
Wאא،אא E٢
Temperature Pressure v′ v ′′ h′ h ′′
א °C bar l / kg l / kg kJ / kg kJ / kg
R 22 50
R 22 2.455
R 717 − 20
R 717 17.346
R134a
R134a
Wאאא،אא E٣
K R502 ، R717 ، R 22 ، R12 ، R11 ، R134a א
x = 1 x = 0 אאא
Kאא ( L) אאא
(s = c) א
s = 1.76 kJ / kgK T = 0°C ( R134a) א E٤
Kא v אא، h א 10bar
א، T = −40°C א x = 0.2 ( R717) E٥
WK 7 K אאא
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
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אא ١١١ א
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אאWאא
Vapor Compression Cycle
EsinkFאאאאא
K אKEsourceF א
אאאאא K אאאא
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.(refrigerantsF
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
Wאאאא
Condenser
3 2
Compressor
Expansion
valve
4
Evaporator
א(flow diagram)אWE١٢–١F
Wא
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אKאא
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א אא אא
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אאאאאאאאא
א א אא
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Kאא
א א،א،א،אאאא
Kא
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאK
KE2אFא
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Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 )
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Wc = {kW } א
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h2 = {kJ / kg} (2)אא
-٢٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
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Process 3-4 Throttling Process (@ Fאא 3 → 4 א
h=c)
אא אאאא א
אK אאא 3 → 4 אK(4)
אאא אא،
Wא
h4 = h3
Process 3-4 Heat addition at cold EאFאאא 4 → 1 א
region (@ P=c)
א،אא 4 → 1 אא
K אאאאאאאאאא
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אא
א אאאאEא
אאא،אאאKE1אF
WEאF
Qe = m& ( h1 − h4 )
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h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)אא
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
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אא(state diagram)אWE١٤–١F
Wאא
אאא אא א א
st
1 Law Analysis Key Relation Component Process
Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 ) S 2 = S1 compressorא 1-2
אאWE٣–١F
-٢٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאאא
א x א
1 1
_ 2
0 3
אא 0 ≤ x ≤1 4
אאWE٤–١F
Performance of VCC אאאא
Refrigeration effect (RE)אאJ
אאאאאא אא
(1)(4)
אא Kאאא
Wאאא
RE = h2 − h1
Input Work (Wc)א
אא אא
אKאאא
Kאאאאא
Wc = m& ∆h
W( WcFאא
Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 )
Evaporator load (Qe)א
(kW) אא אאאא אא
KאEאF(cooling load) אא
אאא
אK אאאא א
-٢٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאא12000 BTU/hאאאhours)
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Wאאאא(QeFא
Qe = m& ( h2 − h4 )
(COP ) אאאא
(Coefficient of Performance, COP) אאא
Wאאאאאא
Qe RE h1 − h4
COP = = =
Wc wc h2 − h1
(m& ) א
Wאאאא (m& ) א
Qe
m& =
RE
W
Qe = א
RE = אא
Wאא
Qe
א (V& ) אאא، E m& = Fאא
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Wא (v1 ) אאאא
V& = m& v1
F η v (reciprocating)אאאא
WEאFא (V&s ) אאE85%65%
V& m& v1
V&s = =
ηv ηv
-٢٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
١
− 20°C אא، R134a
אאאK 30°C אאא
Wאא، 1kg / s אאK ( x = 1)
(qc ) אאאא K٢ ( wc ) א K١
(COP) אא K٤ ( RE ) אא K٣
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
א
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 א h1 h2 h
WE١٥–١F
h1 = 385.48 kJ / kg
h2 = 417 kJ / kg
-٢٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wא
wc = h2 − h1 = 417 − 385.48 = 31.52 kJ / kg
W (qc ) אאאא
qc = h2 − h3 = 417.00 − 241.63 = 175.37kJ / kg
W (RE ) אא
RE = h1 − h4 = h1 − h3 = 385.48 − 241.63 = 143.85kJ / kg
W (COP ) אא
RE 143.85 kJ / kg
COP = = = 4.56
wc 31.52 kJ / kg
٢
אאאK. 25 TR R134a
WאאאאK 1.00MPa 0.25MPa
hp kW
K80%אאאאא
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
א
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 א h1 h2 h
E١٦–١F
-٢٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אא(hermetic)אאאאאא
אא אאאא אא
א
(؛irreversible) אאאאא
א
Kאא אא(12)
(isentropic efficiency)אאאאא
-٣٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
pc 3 p=c 2 2′
א
c
h=c
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RE wc
h3 = h4 א h1 h2 h2′ h
E١٧–١F
WE η s Fאא
h2 − h1
ηs = <1
h2′ − h1
אאאא
p p
3 p=c 2′ 3 p=c
pc 2 pc 2
pc ′ 3′
2′
c
h=c
h=c
S=
א
א
4′
c
1′
S=
4′
pe ′
pe p=c pe p=c
4 1 4′ 4 1
א h א h
אאאאWE١٨–١F
-٣١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אא
COP
o C
0
Tc
=3
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=
T C
40
c
=
o
30
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0
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T c
Te Te
אאאאאWE١٩–١F
(Wc )
א (Tc )
א (Te ) אא
K (COP) אא
Wאא،אאאאא
EאFאא E١F
אאאא אא
R11א 50 °C
COP wc RE TE
J kJ / kg kJ / kg °C
5.35 28.23 151.16 10
4.05 36.37 146.02 0
2.63 51.65 135.74 -20
E٥–١F
-٣٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
EאFאא E٢F
אאאא אא
R11א 50 °C
COP wc RE TC
J kJ / kg kJ / kg °C
2.63 51.65 135.74 50
3.48 41.65 145.03 40
4.58 33.65 154.16 30
E٦–١F
אא،אאאא
E7א1אF 5K אא
E5א3אFאאאאKא
3 2
Condenser
Compressor
א
Heat
exchanger
Expansion
valve 1
4
Evaporator
-٣٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W
אאKR11 32°C , − 15°C א
אKאא
אאא
K אאאא ، 7 K אאא
K kW א
p
5 3
2
6 1
4
WE٢١–١F
Wא
WE1234אF -
Te = −15°C R11א
h1 = 382.92 kJ / kg
h2 = 417 kJ / kg (2)א p − h א
h3 = h4 = 228 kJ / kg
RE = h1 − h4 אא
wc = h2 − h1 kgא
= 417 − 382.92 = 34.08 kJ / kg
RE 154.92
COP = = = 4.55 אא
wc 34.08
E1256אF 7 K א
T5 = 32 − 7 = 25°C אא
m& = e = 1 א
Q
RE ′ 160.92
= 6.2 × 10 −3 kg / kg = 6.2 g / kg
אא (COP′ f COP) אא ( RE′ f RE ) אאאW
W
R 22 אא
1kg / s אא אא
אKאא 11.88bar 2.455bar
Wאאא
א א-
א 7 K א א-
Wא
-٣٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
p
3
2
8
1 7
4
WE٢٢–١F
אאאאא 11.88 bar 2.455 bar
א
K R 22 א 30°C , − 20°C
WאאJ
Te = −20°C R 22 אא
h1 = 397.07 kJ / kg
h2 = 437.0 kJ / kg (2)א p − h א
= 437.0 − 397.07 = 39.93 kJ / kg
RE 160.37
COP = = = 4.016 אא
wc 39.93
W 7 K אאא
-٣٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-٣٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
Wאא
p
10
5 3
2
4 1
6 8
7
9
אWE٢٣–١F
א(78910-11-56)א،אאא(1234)א
WאאאKאאא
،(89)א، (68) א،(11-5)אW אאא
K(10-11)א
K
n (polytropic) (9-10)אא
Kא
EFאאאאא
Kאאאאא
א (10 − 20 kPa) אאאא
K1Kאאאא
-٣٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
Kאא،א،א،אאאJ
(x=1) אאא ،אאא-
K(x=0) א
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EאFאG
EאאFאאאG
EאFאאאG
EאאFאאאG
אאאאאJ
KאאאאF
KאאאאאאאJ
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
K 50°C
אא −10°C אאK ( R 22) J ١
אאKE
Fאא
K אאאא אא،א،א
K (COP) אא
Kאא،א
5.3 × 103 kJ / min א.(R134a)א-7°C٢
WאאאK 32°C אא
K (COP) אאא -
K 30°C 24°C אאKאא -
E c p water
= 4.18 kJ / kgK Fא
-٤٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאאאא Kא
Wאאא1 kg/s
Kאא(i)
אא
א 10 K אאJ (ii)
Kא
אK 40 °C − 10 °C R12 ٧
אאKא 60 °C
א א، א
Kאאא1 kg/sא
21.5 bar 5 bar R22אא٨
85 °C
א אא،אא
2 אא א
אKא[
٠ [ 2 T.R ]
אK 30 °C 5 °C אאא 0.80 kg/s א٩
אא 14.7 bar אאאאא
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
Kא
Kאאא
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kJ
E c p = 1.005 אאאאF
kg K
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א אא
RefrigerantsאWאא
، א אאא א
אאאאאאא
א אא ،
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WאאאאאאK
KNon-poisonous -
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KNon-corrosiveא -
KNon-flammable -
Kא -
Kא -
KEFא -
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kg אאאא -
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Kאא
אאE
אFאאא א
אאאאK אאא אא
K 30°C −15°C א
Wא
-٤٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wא
WPrimary Refrigerantsאא K١
PRIMARY אא R-502 R-12،R-12א
KאאאREFRIGERANTS
:Secondary Refrigerantsאא K٢
،א،אאאאא
Kא(methyalcohol) א،א،(brines)אא،א
Identifying Primary Refrigerants אא
אא(R)אא
K(ASHRAE)אא،אאא
WEאFא
،אEChlorofluorocarbons CFCs Fא K١
KR114 وR12 ، R11WKEFאא
EHydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs)
א K٢
. R-22 or R-123WKאא،א،א
Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs
אא א K٣
. R-134aW،א
KW K٤
-٤٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאא
Flurocarbons :א K١
١J אאZאא
١HאאZ אא
אאR22, …., R11א
١Z١HZאא
١J אאZאא
١J אאZ אא
אאZ אא
אאאZ אא
W١
Dichlorofluromethane 12١٢
١Z١HZאא
Z١J ١Zאא
٢Zאא
Wא
F
F C Cl
Cl
R12
٢Zאא∴
CCl 2 F2 R12אא
-٤٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٢
Monochlorofuromethane R22 ٢٢
١Z١HZאא
١Z١J ٢Zאא
٢Zאא
א
F
F C Cl
R22
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CHClF2 R12אא
W٣
Trichloromonofluromethane R11 ١١
١Z١HZאא
Z١J ١Zאא
١Zאא
א
Cl
F C Cl
Cl
R11
٣Zאא∴
CCl3 F ١١אא
-٤٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
( )אHFC
W
(CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethaneא
١Z١J ٢Z١J אאZ אא
٣Z١H٢Z١HאאZ אא
٤ZאאZ אא
-
א -
F H
F C C F
F H
R134a
R134a (CF3CH 2 F ) א -
Inorganic Refrigerants אא
R(700+mwt)700Hא
WE١F
NH 3 EאFא
١٧Z٣H١٤אא
R 717 א
WE٢F
CO 2 א
٤٤Z١٦×٢H١٢Z אא
R 744 א
-٤٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
WE٣F
H 2 O א
١٨Z٢H١٦Zאא
R 718 א
א אא
אאE١–١FK אאאא
Kאאאאאא
א א אא אא
R11 (CCl 3 F ) Trichloromonofluoromethane Orange
אאWE٧–١F
Wאא،אא
-٤٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאJ R13א
א
K
J Cascade systemsאאאא
א
אאא א
אא
אא(v)אא،(p)א(T) אאR134a
Wאאאאאא (h)א
T {°C} p{bar} v ′(l / kg} v ′′(l / kg} h ′{kJ / kg} h ′′{kJ / kg} L{kJ / kg}
-26 1.020 0.726 188.56 166.35 381.71 215.37
-25 1.067 0.728 180.67 167.59 382.34 214.75
-24 1.116 0.730 173.18 168.84 382.97 214.13
R134a ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪول وﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪWE٩–١F
אאאאא
Kאאא
-٤٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א (l / kg ) אא
R11 766.73
R12 91.45
R13 -
R40 279.3
R134a 120.15
R22 77.70
R502 50.02
R717 507.9
אאאWE١٠–١F
אאאאא
-٥٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א ؟אא
R11
R12
R13
R40
R134a
R22
R717
אאWE١٢–١F
-٥١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
WOdorאא
א אא
R11 slightly ethereal
R717 pungent
אאWE١٣–١F
W(safety)א
E אFאאאא
אאאKאא
Wא
א א
R11
R12
R13
R40
R134a
R22
R502
R717
אWE١٤–١F
-٥٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א אא
R11
R12
R40
R134a
R22
R502
R717
אאWE١٥–١F
Wאא
אאאא EאFא
אK אאא א
E
אFאאאא
א
Kאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
א، אאאא
WאאKאא
Wא K١
אאאאאא
אא
W(ppm)
(ppm) (ppm)אא א
15 5 R134a
אאאWE١٦–١F
-٥٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אK אא
Kאאאא
Wאא K٢
Wאאאאאאא
א אא
R13B1 R502 R500 R22 R12 °C
2 40 48 120 1.7 -40
5 69 81 195 3.8 -20
10 115 129 308 8.3 0
21 180 200 472 17 20
40 278 293 690 32 40
אאאאWE١٧–١F
Kאאאאא
WEאFאא
אאאאא
אאאאאK אאא
אאאאא
אאKאא
אא 40MPa
אאאאא 80MPa אא 180MPa
Kאא
אאאאאאאאאא
Kא
Wאאאאאאאא
אאאאא -
Kאאאא
Kאא -
-٥٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאא(Relief valve) -
Kאאאאאאא
אא(Check valve ) -
אאא
،אא א
אאא אאאא
Kא
Wאאא
KEאאFאאא–١
KEאFאא–٢
Kאאאא–٣
–EאאFאאא١
א
אא א אא
אאא אאאא
Kא
Kאאאא
EאFאא٢
אאא אF אא
KאEא
אאאא٣
א
א
אאא
אא K
Kאא
How to Choose a Leak Detector? אאא
ECFCs אFא
אא אא
אKא
Kאא؛א
-٥٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-٥٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאא
CCl3 F Trichloromonofluromethane R11 ١١א
K (ODP = 0) א -
KR12אא -
K 25°C אא -
light blueא -
Kאא -
K(molecular sieve)אאא א-
(silicone gel)אאאא -
א(florescent dyes) אא،אא -
KאאKKKא
-٥٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
KR11551.2% + R2248.8% -
K -
Kא -
KE − 51°C − 18°C Fא -
Kאא -
Kאאא -
Kאא − 46°C -
KR22R12אאא -
(condensing R12אR22א -
Kאאאאpressure)
Kאאאאא -
٢٢ א
אאא -
K(R22)
Kא(orchid)א -
R717( NH 3 FEאFא
Kאא -
Kא -
K -
Kא -
-٥٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
kgאאא -
Kאאאאא
Kאא − 33°C -
K אאR22R12EאאFא -
Kאאאאאאא -
אאאאאא–א -
Kאא
Kא אאא -
SO2 ( R 764) א
Kאאאא -
K -
١٩٢٠ אאאאא -
K١٩٣٠
Kאאא (CH 3Cl − R 40) א א-
Kאא −10°C -
Kאא -
א ( H 2 SO3 ) אאאא -
Kאאא ( H 2 SO 4)
(CO2 − R744) א
K -
K -
אאאאאאא אאא -
Kאאאאאאא
Kאא -
-٦٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Kאאאא،אא -
א (−56.6°C )
אא − 78.7°C -
KEFא
אא
א ،
א -
K
CH 3 Cl − R 40 א
-٦١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
אא א
אא R134a,R22
אאא R134a,R22,R502
אא R134a
gryogenicא R13,R502
אא R22,R500
אא R22,CO2(SOLID)
אא N2
אא R11
א CO2,N2
אאא، R11
אאאWE١٨–١F
Kאאאא
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
אאאאא
Wאא
אא
Centrifugal
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R12 Reciprocatingא
א
Rotaryא
אKKאא،א
א،אאא
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R22
Centrifugal ،אא
אאאא
אאא
R500 Reciprocatingא
50 Hzא
אא
R502 Reciprocatingא
אאאא
אאאא
R503 Reciprocatingא
−90°C –א
אאאא
R13 Reciprocatingא
−90°C –א
אאא
R113 Centrifugal
אא
אאאWE١٩–١F
-٦٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
0°C אא -
50 °C אא -
א
א
א א (r =
pc
pe
) א ( p c , bar ) א (COP ) אא
3
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R11 CCl 3 F 443 5.9 2.4 5.53
אאWE٢٠–١F
Secondary Refrigerants אא
،א،א،אאאאא
Kא(methyalcohol) א،א،(brines)אא
אאאאא א
Kאאאאאאא
Wאאאא
Kאא -
K (c p = 4.18kJ / kg ) אא -
Kא -
K -
-٦٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א(CFCs)א
UV − β radiation אאא
W UV − β radiation
Kאאא -
Kא -
Kא -
Kאאאא -
Kאאא -
אאWE٢٤–١F
C+Cl2+F2אאא E١
Kא אE٢
KEאFאא E٣
K Cl2O א (O3 ) אE٤
K Cl2O אא E٥
-٦٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
K Cl2 + O2 א E٦
א 3Cl2 + O3 = 3Cl2O
אא אאא
Kא
((ODP) ozone depletion potential)א
א
א
W
R=22אODP=0.5 R=11אODP=1 -
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GWP= 1 for CO2
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Montreal Protocol אא
-٦٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Alternative Refrigerantsאא
(HCFCs)(HFCs)אאאא
WאאאאאאKאאא
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אאFא
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Eאא
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R22
א ( R 32 + R125 + R134a )
אאא R 410a
אא
אאא ( R 32 + R125)
R 413 A
אא R12
( R 218 + R134a + R 600 A)
R 417 a
אא R22
( R134a + R600a )
אאWE٢١–١F
אאאאא،אא
אאKא
WאאKא
WHCsא
אאאא
אK אאאאא
Kא؛
Ammonia ( NH 3 ) R717א
אאא
KGWP=0ODP=0אKא
-٦٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאGWPODP=0א
א(low energy efficiency)א
-٦٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Brinesאא
אא
אא
אאא אא
אאאKאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאא
Calcium chloride(CaCl2) א -
−17°C אאא
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)א -
− 21°C אאאא
אא אאא
Kאאא
(Antifreeze solutions)אאאא
Wאאא
GlycerineאJ AlcoholאJ
Propylene Glycol אJ Ethylene Glycol אJ
-٦٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
א،אא א،אא -
Kאאא
،אאאא -
Kאאא
Wא -
(CFC's)א ♦
(HCFC's)א ♦
(HFC's)א ♦
♦
אא ♦
אא ♦
אאאא700אאא א،ASHRAE -
XYZא،אאK
Y א،אא
א אZא،R
Xאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
Kא،אאא -
Kאאא،אאא -
K(EPA)אאאאאא -
-٧٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Kאאאא אE١
W E٢
R12 אאאR22 אאא E
Kא
KR12אאR22 אאאא E
אא R11אאא E
KR12
KR12אאR22אאא E
Kאאאאא אE
K(CFCs)אאאאא אE٣
KR-22אא E٤
Wאאאאא אE٥
R-502, R-11, R-12, R-22, R-717
Wאאאא E٦
R744 , R40, R502, R134a, R123
Wאאא E٧
R12 , R11, R22, R134a
Wאאאאא אE٨
R717, R11, R502, R134a, R718
Wאאא אE٩
R11 E
R-12 E
R-717 E
R502 E
-٧١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאEאאFא אE١١
Wאאא
R11 E
R-12 E
R-717 E
R-502 E
Brine Solution אאא E١٢
؟אאאאאאא E١٣
Kאא אE١٤
؟אאאא E١٥
Kאא אE١٦
؟אאאא E١٧
-٧٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אא
אאא
Wא،p-h
Kאא K٢ Kאא K١
Kאאאאאא K٤ Kא K٣
Wא
אאא K٢ Kא K١
אאאאא(p-h)
W
Kא K٢ Kא אK١
-٧٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
Kאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאאאא
R718،R744،R134a،R11،R22
Wאאאאאא
R717،R134a،R11،R22
Kאאאא
Wא
אאא
p
אא
אא
א
א
אא
אאא
O
( x) אK١
K (m) אאא (mv ) א = א
mv
x=
m
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אא ١١١ א
א אא
(COP ) אאאK٢
5 3
2
6 1
4
א א
RE REאא
Wc Wcא
-٧٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
א
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 א h1 h2 h
، 50 °C 0 °C אR11א(p-h)
WE41Fאאא
h1 = 391 kJ / kg h2 = 423 kJ / kg
h3 = h4 = 245 kJ / kg
(RE)אאK١
RE = h1 − h4
= 391 − 245 = 146 kJ / kg
(m& ) אK٢
Qe
m& =
RE
36.5
= = 0.25 kg / s
146
K (Wc ) אK٣
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= 0.25 × (423 − 391) = 8 Kw
(COP)אאאK٤
-٧٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Qe
COP =
Wc
36.5
= = 4.56
8
،א(p-h)
h1 = 385.5 kJ / kg h2 = 422 kJ / kg
h2′ = 429 kJ / kg h3 = h4 = 256 kJ / kg
(RE)אא
RE = h1 − h4
= 385.5 − 256 = 129.5 kJ / kg
(m& ) א
Qe
m& =
RE
1
= = 0.0077 kg / s / kW
129.5
(Wc ) kWאא
Wc = m& (h2′ − h1 )
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pc 3 p=c 2 2′
א
c
h=c
S=
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 א h1 h2 h2′ h
-٧٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(COP) אאא
Qe
COP =
Wc
1
= = 2.98
0.336
h1 − h4
COP =
h2′ − h1
أو
385.5 − 256 129.5
= = = 2.98
429 − 385.5 43.5
(η isent ) אא
h2 − h1
η isent =
h2′ − h1
422 − 385.5
= × 100 = 84%
429 − 385.5
אאא
אאאא
J
J
J
אJ
אאJ
אאא
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א -
-
א -
kgאאא -
Kאאאאאא
Kאא − 33°C -
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אא ١١١ א
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KאאR22R12א -
אאאאאא -
Kא
אאאאא–א -
אאא
אא א
CHClF2 R22
CClF2 R11
CF 3CH 2 F R134a
CO2 R744
H 2O R718
אא א
R22
R11
א R134a
R717
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WאאאE١
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KE O3 אFאאE٣
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K Cl2O אאE٥
K Cl2 + O2 אE٦
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Psychrometryא
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Atmospheric air אאא
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W
Daltons Lawאא
p = pa + pv
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p = אאא
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Ra R 18
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Kאאא،אא
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אאאאאאא
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10 g / m3 20 g / m3
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20
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אאאאWE٢–٢F
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א 10 g / m 3 אאאא، 20 g / m 3
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10
RH = = 0.39 = 39%
25.6
Wא
mv
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mg
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90
60
20 120
90
20 60
KאWE٩–٢F
-٩٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Dew pointא -
ﺍﺘ
ﺠﺎﻩ
ﺯﻴ
ﺎﺩﺓ
ﺭﺤﺭﺍ
ﺓﺩ
ﺔ ﺭﺠ
ﺩ ﺍﻟﻨ
ﻯ
אWE١٠–٢F
א،אאאאא אאא
אKא אאאאאא
Kא
Wאאאא
אאא
אאא
אא
א א א
אא א
א א
א
א
א
א
א
אאא
אאאWE١١–٢F
Kאאאאאאא
-٩١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٢
K dp א RH אאK 24°C( wb ) 32°C( db ) א
24°C
50%
20.4°C
A
32°C
WE١٢–٢F
Kאא 32°C -
K 32°C א א-
Kאאא 24°C אא -
Kאאאאאאאאאא -
KאאEAFא -
E RH = 50% Fאאא א-
،אEAFאאא؛E dp F
א -
E dp = 20.4 0 C Fאאאא
Kאאאאא
W٣
KE wb Fאאא RH = 60% 23°C( db ) א
Wא
א،אא 23 °C אאא -
K RH = 60% אא
wb = 18 °C אאאאא -
-٩٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٤
אE ω FאאK v = 0.89 m 35 °C( db ) א
3
kg
KE h F
Wא
אא אאא 35 °C -
K v = 0.89 m
3
kg
K אא אא،א -
K א0.0130.012א
v = 0.89 m 35 °C( db ) אאא
3
kg
ω = 0.0122 kgH 2O אאא0.012אא
kgair
אאאאאאאWF
Eאא2אאא
אאאאאאא -
K h = 67kJ / kg אא
-٩٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٥
WאאאאK RH = 50 % 22 °C( db ) א
K dp h ، v ، ω ، wb
Wא
אאא 22 °C אאאJ
WאאאאK RH = 50% אא
אא אא א א א
א א
א א א א א
db wb RH ω v h dp
kgH 2O m3
0
C 0
C % kgair kg kJ / kg 0
C
22 15.6 50 0.0084 0.847 43.5 11.4
WE١–٢F
-٩٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Psychrometric Processesאא
Sensible Heating or Cooling אאא
E FאEFאאאאא
אKEאאFאאא
Kאאאאאא
ω
A B
אא
B A
אאא db
אאWE١٣–٢F
ω
A + B
א
א
A B
אאא db
אאWE١٤–٢F
-٩٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
،אאא،אאאאאא
WאאאאKאאאא،א
א א א אא אא
א א
א א א א א
dp h v ω RH wb db
← ↓ ↓ ← ↑ ↓ ↓ אא
← ↑ ↑ ← ↓ ↑ ↑ אא
אאאאאאWE٢–٢F
= ↓ = ↑،א = ←W
Wאאאאא
Q = m& ( h2 − h1 )
Q = m& c p ∆T
Kאאאאאאא
W
m& = Eאאאאא = Fאא
c p = 1.006 kJ / kgK אאאא
E cpa = 1.0 kJ / kgK אאאאF
∆T = {K } אאאא
W٦
אאא 1.5 m 3 / s אאא
K 20°C א 21°C( db ), 15°C( wb )
85°C אאאאא
( cp water
= 4.18 kJ / kgK ) אאאאK 75°C
Wא
Wאא
h A = 41.5kJ / kg h B = 61.5kJ / kg
v A = 0.844m 3 / kg
-٩٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
V& 1 .5
m& a = = = 1.78kg / s (m& a ) אא
v A 0.844
ω
A + B
אא
15 oC
A B
∆T = 20°C
21oC db
אאא
WE١٥–٢F
(Qcc ) אא
Qcc = m& (h B − h A ) = 1.78(61.5 − 41.5) = 35.6kW
Qcc = m& a c p ∆T
= 1.78 × 1.0 × 20 = 35.6 kw
Wאאא،אא (m& w ) א
(35.6 kW)אאאאZאאאא
m& w c p water∆
∆Tw = 35.6
35.6
m& w =
cp × ∆Tw
water ×
35.6
m& w = = 0.85kg / s
4.18 × 10
-٩٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
ـ ω
A B
אא
C
B
אאא db
אאWE١٦–٢F
Wאאאא
א א א אא אא
א א
א א א א א
dp h v ω RH wb db
↑ ← ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ אא
אאאאאWE٣–٢F
،CאAא100%אאא
saturation efficiency (η s ) א
אאKBאא
K90%80%א
-٩٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
T A − TB
ηs =
T A − TC
w A − wB
=
w A − wC
W٧
3
אKאאאא310C(wb)450C(db)אאא 15 m
s
Wא،90%א
אאאא -
א -
wB − w A
ηs =
wC − w A
-٩٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
ω
A B
א
א
B
A
אאא db
Steam supply
אWE١٧–٢F
،،אא א
،אאאKE١٧٢אFא
אאאאK אאאאא
Kאאא،אא،א،א
W٨
150kg 1kg RH = 50% 210 C (db) א 100 0 C
KאאאאKאאא
kg
w1 = 0.0079 אאאא
kg
1 kg
∆w = = 0.0067 אא
150 kg
w2 = w1 + ∆w אא
kg
= 0.0079 + 0.0067 = 0.0146
kg
،אאאא
Wא
אאאאZאאאא
Qair = ma c p ∆Ta אאאא
-١٠٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Cooling &dehumidification אאא
Wאאאא
אא،אאאאא -
אא
א א
אא
אא
אאKא אא
Kא
ω
A B
א
A א
ADP
B
אאא db
אאאWE١٨–٢F
אא אאא
אא א אKCא
אא–אא– אאאא
Kאאא
א(ADP)אא،Cאאאאא
AC אBאאאא
-١٠١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאK5 0CאאKאאאא
אאK אאאאאאאK אא
Kא 1kg אאא
Wאאאא א-
ω
22
א
א
1
ADP
2
5 16 32
אאא db
WE١٩–٢F
Wאאאא(1)אאאא
db1= 32 0C, wb1=22 0C , RH1=40%, w1 =0.0123 kg/kg ,
h1=63.7 hJ/kg ,v1=0.882 m3/kg dp1=17.2 0C
Wאאא(2)אאאאא
J Db2= 16 0C, wb2=13.2 0C , RH2=73%, w2 =0.0083 kg/kg ,
h2=37 hJ/kg ,v2=0.83 m3/kg dp2=11.2 0C
Wאאאא -
-١٠٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
T1 − T2 32 − 16
η= =
T1 − T ADP 32 − 5
16
η= = 0.59(59%)
27
(m& w ) א -
m& w = m& a ( w1 − w 2 )
(3)אא(m3)א
-١٠٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
ω
1 m1
m3
3 1
אא
m2
2
3
אאא db
אאWE٢٠–٢F
Wא -
m1 + m2 = m3
א
m1 w1 + m2 w2 = m3 w3
Wא
m1 h1 + m2 h2 = m3 h3
Wאא
m1 w3 − w2
m2
=
w1 − w3
m1 h3 − h2
=
m2 h1 − h3
،אאאאאא
אאא (1) – (2) אאאא(3)א
K(m2)(m1)אא
W(3)א
m1T1 + m2T2
T3 =
m1 + m2
-١٠٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
m1h1 + m2 h2
h3 =
m1 + m2
m w + m2 w2
w3 = 1 1
m1 + m2
אאא אאא
Kא
W١٠
א
א 60 °C (db),32 °C ( wb) א
Kאא2 kg،3 kgאאאאK 5°C (db) ,0.5 °C ( wb)
Kאאאאא،א
32°C ( wb) 60 °C (db) _(1)א،אאא
0.5°C ( wb) 5°C (db) _(2)א
(3) א3:2(2)(1)א
Wאאא
T3 (db) = 38.5°C w3 = 0.0118 kg kg h3 = 69 kJ kg
א(3)אW
m1T1 + m2T2
T3 =
m1 + m2
3 × 60 + 2 × 5
א T3 = = 38°C
3+ 2
W١١
אאאא 2m 3 s −1 − 1°C (db),100% RH אאאא 1m 3 s −1
אאאאאK 22°C ,50% RH
Kאאאאא؛אאWאאאא
Wאאאאא_
− 1°C (db),100% RH _(1)א
v1 = 0.774 m 3 kg
22°C ,50% RH _(2)א
v2 = 0.847 m 3 kg
-١٠٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
1
m& 1 = = 1.291kg s (m& 1 ) אאא
0.774
2
m& 2 = = 2.361 kg s ( m& 2 ) אאאא
0.847
m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2 = 1.291 + 2.361 = 3.652 kg s E m& 3 אאFא
W(3)אאא
m& 1T1 + m& 2T2 1.291× (−1) + 2.361× 22
(3) א T3 = = = 13.87°C
m& 1 + m& 2 3.652
WאאאKאא
( RH ) 3 = 65% w3 = 0.0066 kg kg
h3 = 30.5 kJ kg v3 = 0.822 m 3 kg
Supply Air Conditionsאא
אאאאאEFEאFא
אאאא א
Wאאroom total cooling load (RTCL)אא
Sensible heat(Qs) א١
אEFאאאאאאא
KKאאאאא
Wאאאאא
Qs = m& a × c p × ∆T
W
m& a = {kg / s} אא
∆T = {°C} אאא
-١٠٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W
h fg = {kJ / kg} אאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
W١٢
אאK Ql = 6.4kW Qs = 16kW
Kאאא
Qs = m& a × c p × ∆t אאא
Qs 16
TR − TS = = = 10.6°C ∴
m& a × c p 1.5 × 1.006
TR − TS = 10.6°C
TS = 25 − 10.6 = 14.4°C אאאאא
Ql = m& a × h fg × ∆w Wא
Ql
∆ω = w R − w S =
m& a × h fg
h fg = 2500 kJ kg אא
אאאא
Ql 6.4
∆ω = w R − w S = = = 0.0017 kg kg
m& a × h fg 1.5 × 2500
Wאא w R = 0.012 kg kg
ωS = ωR − ∆ω = 0.0102 − 0.0017 = 0.0085 kg kg
(S)אאאאאא
Kאא
1.5kg / s 25°C (db),50% RH אאאא א
Wאאא
-١٠٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א (S)אא
א (m& ) ( db) אאא (ω ) אא
kg s °C kg kg
S1 1.5 14.4 0.0085
S2 2.5 18.6 0.0092
S3 3.0 19.7 0.0093
S4 3.5 20.5 0.0095
WE٤–٢F
אא
R
S1
S3
S2
S4
אאא db
אאאWE٢١–٢F
S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 , R א (S)אא
Sensible heat factor (SHF) אאאאא
Room Sensible Heat Ratio line (RSHR) אאא
Sensible heat factor (SHF)אאא
אאאאאאאא
Wsensible heat factor (SHF)א
-١٠٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Qs Qs
SHF = =
Qt Qs + Ql
KSאאERאFאאאא
א(SHF)אא،אא
Kאא
W١٣
אאKאאK 8KW
אא،אאאאא 9°c א
Kאאאא
R @ 24°C (db),50% RH –Rא–אאאאJ
KSHF=0.80אאא–א -
Rאא،אא،SHFא א-
S 15°C (db) אא
(15°C (db),13°C ) KSאאא א-
-١٠٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
KEcycle)
Kאאא
R
O M
J
WE٢٢–٢F
O
אא
M
ADP R
S
אאא db
אאאRאMא
75%אאKא אאMאKO
M E
אאאאFאא25%E אאאאFאא
KRאא25%
אאאאM
א
Mא 36°C (db) אא 24°C (db) אא(db)
W
mO TO + m R TR
TM =
mO + m R
0.25 × 36 + 0.75 × 24
TM = = 27°C (db)
0.25 + 0.75
אאא אאη = 100% אא
אEאאFADPאא
(SHF)אאא
SאK
א
אא א
K(ADP)Mאאא
אאאא
Kא
-١١١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
21%78%אא א-
Kאאאאא -
KKאאאאאאאאא -
Kאאאא -
אאאKאאאאאאאא א-
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא -
אאא אאא א-
אאאא
אא1 kgאאא אEאאFאא
Kא
אאאאא אאא
אKאאאאא
Kאאא
(db)אאא
(wb)אאא
(RH)אא
E ω )אא
(v ) א א
( h)
א
Dew pointא
אא אאאאא -
Kא
-١١٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאאא♦ א
אאאאWאא -
Kאאאאא
Fאאאאאא -
EאאFאאאאE
אאאאא -
Kאאאאאא،א
אאאאאWא -
אא
Kאאאאאא -
אאאאאא(SHF)אאא ♦
Kאאא
-١١٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאאאאאאא ١
אא אא א א א
א א
א א א א א
db wb RH ω v h dp
kgH 2O
0
C 0
C % kgair m 3 / kg kJ / k 0
C
22 0.010
16 45
20 11
21 0.0134
20 0.0084
80 15
30 0.88
50 90
0.86 50
25 0.015
אאK 10 °C א 30°C (db), w = 0.0102kg / kg אJ ٢
אאאא
אאאא
= (↓) ، = (↑) ، = (←) Wא
א db wb RH w v h dp
15°C (db) אאא 16kg / s EFאJ ٣
KאאK15°C א 0.005kg H 2O / kg
-١١٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-١١٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-١١٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
. 60% RH אאאא
1/3 א
Wאאאא
אאE
אE
אE
אאKאJ ٢١
Wאא 5kg / s אא0.90א
24°C (db),50% RH אאא
4°C (db),0°C ( wb) אא
34°C (db) אאאא
1 : 3EאאאLאאFא
Wא،אאאא
EאאFאא
-١١٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאK
אאא 950 L/s
٢٢
אאK 27°C (db),45% RH אאאא 35°C (db),25°C ( wb) א
WK90 %אאאא0.8א
אii אI
KL/hr אiii
אא. 24°C (db),50% RH אא5.5 kWא٢٣
K1/3אא
אאאK 35°C (db),27°C ( wb) א
אא10°C אאאאא
אאאאאאאKא
WאK15°C (db) אאא
אאאI
אאאאEאFאאאאאאii
Kאiv אאאiii
-١١٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
THERMAL LOADS
Human Thermal Comfortאאאא
אאK אאא אא
אאאאא،
אאאא
אאאא אא
אאאאאאא،אא
א،אאאאKאא،א
אאאאא
Kאאאא
אאKאא
אא
KPerspiration slows downK
אאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאא
Kאאאא
אאא،אאאאא
W Fanger אאאKKאא
Q& = ±Q& skin ± Q& respiration
= (±Q& C ± Q& R ± Q& E ) skin + (Q& C ± Q& E ) respiration
א (Q& skin ) אא(-) (+)א
א (Q& E ) א (Q& R ) א (Q& C ) א (Q& respiration )
אאאאאא
metabolic heat אאאאאא
generation
Wאאאאאא
WKאא
(dry bulb temperature)אאא–
-١١٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(relative humidity)א
(air velocity)אא
Wא
(clothes insulation)אא
(level of activity)א
(db) אאאא
אE Fאאא א
אאאאE
אא אFא
K
אא 30 − 36′′ אEאF
אא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאEffective Temperatureאאא
אאאאאE100% F
K15-25 fpmאא
אאא68 0F(20 0C)אאאא
Wאאאא
אא אא
% °F °C
10 78 25.6
20 76 24.4
30 75 23.9
40 74 23.3
50 73 22.8
60 72 22.2
70 71 21.7
80 70 21.1
EאFאאאWE٥–٢F
-١٢٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
re
e rtu
em
p RH
Humidity Ratio
t %
lb 60
t bu
we
% RH
30
[ 21.2°C] [ 26.7°C]
אא
אאKאאא אאא
א 30 ft / min (ASHRAE)אאא،א
Kא 30 ft / min
-١٢٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wall loadsאא
-١٢٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאאאאא
Qw אאאאאאאאאJ
K Qrad אאאאאJ
Qi אאאאאאאאJ
Qv אאאאאאJ
Qm אJ
Wא QT אאאא
QT = Qrad + Qi ± Qw ± Qv ± Qm
E Fאאאא QT > 0
-١٢٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
dry-bulb temperature ( db) 3°C a-
wet-bulb temperature ( wb) 0°C b-
hr Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.
db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb
1 15.38 12.44 17.00 14.22 20.33 17.28 22.89 18.61 25.67 20.56 27.33 21.61
2 14.44 12.06 16.11 13.89 19.44 17.00 22.00 18.33 24.78 20.06 26.44 21.38
3 13.72 11.83 15.39 13.61 18.72 16.72 21.28 18.11 24.06 19.83 25.72 21.17
4 13.17 11.61 14.83 13.39 18.17 16.56 20.72 17.89 23.50 19.67 25.17 21.00
5 13.00 11.50 14.67 13.33 18.00 16.50 20.56 17.89 23.33 19.61 25.00 20.94
6 13.33 11.67 15.00 13.44 18.33 16.61 20.89 17.94 23.67 19.72 25.33 21.06
7 14.22 12.00 15.89 13.78 19.22 16.89 21.78 18.28 24.56 20.00 26.22 21.28
8 15.83 12.67 17.50 14.39 20.83 17.44 23.39 18.78 26.17 20.44 27.83 21.78
9 18.17 13.50 19.83 15.22 23.17 18.17 25.72 19.44 28.50 21.11 30.17 22.39
10 20.83 14.50 22.50 16.17 25.83 19.00 28.39 20.28 31.17 21.89 32.83 23.11
11 23.83 15.56 25.50 17.17 28.83 19.49 31.39 21.11 34.17 22.67 35.83 23.83
12 26.67 16.56 28.33 18.06 31.67 20.72 34.22 21.89 37.00 23.39 38.67 24.56
13 28.83 17.28 30.50 18.72 33.83 21.33 36.39 22.50 39.17 23.94 40.83 25.11
14 30.22 17.72 31.89 19.17 35.22 21.72 37.78 22.83 40.56 24.33 42.22 25.44
15 30.78 17.89 32.44 19.33 35.78 21.89 38.33 23.00 41.11 24.44 42.78 25.56
16 30.22 17.72 31.89 19.17 35.22 21.72 37.78 22.83 40.56 24.33 42.22 25.44
17 29.00 17.33 30.76 18.78 34.00 21.39 36.11 22.56 38.89 24.00 41.00 25.17
18 27.06 16.67 28.72 18.17 32.06 20.83 34.61 22.00 37.39 23.50 39.06 24.67
19 24.72 15.89 26.39 17.44 29.72 20.22 32.28 21.39 35.06 22.89 36.72 24.11
20 22.44 15.11 24.11 16.67 27.44 19.50 30.00 20.72 32.78 22.28 34.44 23.50
21 20.44 14.39 22.11 16.00 25.44 18.89 28.00 20.17 30.78 21.78 32.44 23.00
22 18.67 13.72 20.33 15.39 23.67 18.33 26.22 19.61 29.00 21.28 30.67 22.50
23 17.28 13.22 18.94 14.94 22.28 17.89 24.83 19.22 27.61 20.89 29.28 22.17
24 16.22 12.78 17.89 14.50 21.22 17.56 23.78 18.89 26.56 20.56 28.22 21.83
אאאאאWE٧–٢F
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE
-١٢٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
hr July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb
1 27.09 21.61 27.89 21.61 26.44 20.56 24.00 19.00 19.78 16.89 16.44 13.78
2 27.00 21.39 27.00 21.39 25.56 20.33 23.11 18.72 18.89 16.56 15.56 13.44
3 26.28 21.17 26.28 21.17 24.83 20.11 22.39 18.50 18.17 16.33 14.83 13.17
4 25.72 21.00 25.72 21.00 24.28 19.94 21.83 18.33 17.61 16.17 14.82 13.00
5 25.56 20.94 25.56 20.44 24.11 19.89 21.67 18.28 17.44 16.11 14.11 12.94
6 25.89 21.05 25.89 21.05 24.44 20.00 22.00 18.39 17.78 16.22 14.44 13.06
7 26.78 21.28 26.78 21.28 25.33 20.24 22.89 18.67 18.67 16.50 15.33 13.38
8 28.39 21.78 28.39 21.78 26.94 20.72 24.50 19.17 20.28 17.06 16.94 14.00
9 30.72 22.79 30.72 22.39 29.28 21.39 26.83 19.83 22.61 17.78 19.28 14.83
10 33.39 23.11 33.39 23.11 31.94 22.11 29.05 20.61 25.28 18.67 21.94 15.78
11 36.39 23.89 36.39 23.89 34.94 22.89 32.50 21.50 28.27 19.56 24.94 16.78
12 39.22 24.56 39.22 24.56 37.78 23.67 35.33 22.22 31.11 20.39 27.78 17.72
13 41.39 25.11 41.39 25.11 39.94 24.17 37.50 22.83 33.28 21.00 29.94 18.39
14 42.78 25.44 42.78 25.44 41.33 24.56 38.89 23.22 34.67 21.39 31.33 18.83
15 43.33 25.56 43.33 25.66 41.89 24.67 39.44 23.33 35.22 21.56 31.89 19.00
16 42.78 25.44 42.78 25.44 41.33 24.56 38.89 23.22 34.67 21.39 31.33 18.83
17 41.56 25.17 41.56 25.17 40.11 24.22 39.67 22.89 33.44 21.06 30.11 18.44
18 39.61 24.67 39.61 24.67 38.17 23.72 35.72 22.33 31.50 20.50 28.17 17.83
19 37.28 24.11 37.28 24.11 35.83 23.17 33.39 21.72 29.17 19.83 25.83 17.11
20 35.00 23.50 35.00 23.50 33.56 22.56 31.11 21.11 26.89 19.17 23.56 16.33
21 33.00 23.00 33.00 23.00 31.56 22.00 29.11 20.50 24.89 18.50 21.56 15.61
22 31.22 22.56 31.22 22.56 29.78 21.50 27.33 20.00 23.11 17.94 19.78 15.00
23 29.83 22.17 29.83 22.17 28.39 21.11 25.94 19.61 21.72 17.50 18.39 14.50
24 28.78 21.83 28.78 21.83 27.33 20.83 24.89 19.28 20.67 17.17 17.33 14.11
אאאאאWE٨–٢F
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE
אאאאאא
אאאאאאKKאאא
Kאא
EschedulingאFאאא
Kאא
Space Heat Gains & Space Cooling Loadאאאא
(time interval)אאא אאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kאא
Space Cooling Load א
Wאא
(Qw ) אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
(air-air אאאאאאא א(steady state)
א(unsteady state)אאא،temperature)
Kאאא
(thermal אאאאאאא
א אאאאאאאא،
mass)
(decrement factor, f)א(time lag ,Φ)
אא
Kא
-١٢٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאא אאאאא
Wא(air-to-air temperature)אאא
(
Qw = ΣU × A × To − Ti )
Ti = {°C} אאאאאא
To = {°C} אאאאא
A = {m 2 } אKKKא،אאא
U = {W m 2 K } אKKKKא،אאאא
אא
א (U ) אאאא
אא א (ho ) אא (hi ) אאאא
WאE٨٢Fא
h{W / m 2 K } אאא א
10 א
6 א
8 EאF אא
34 א 6.7 m/sא
23
א 3.4 m/sא
אאאWE٩–٢F
אא (U ) אאאא
1 1 1 x
= + +∑
U ho hi k
W
x = {m} א
k = {W / mK} אאא
{W / mK } אkאאא
אE٩ ٢Fא
Wאאאא
-١٢٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
k = {W / mK } א
0.72 (common brick)
1.72 (Concrete)
1.10 (Tiles)
1.80 (Stone)
1.72 (Sand)
0.036 (Cork)
0.040 (Polystyrene)
0.023 (Polyurethane)
אאאאאWE١٠–٢F
אאא
(insulants)אאאאא
Kאא
-١٢٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W١
אא U אאא،א
אאאאא h0 = 20 W / m2 K אאא
K hi = 10 W / m2 K
(5 mm) (400 mm) (50 mm) (5 mm)
ﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ
ﻁﻭﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ
ﺼﻭﻑ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ
ﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ
WE٢٥–٢F
x x1 x 2 x3 x 4
∑ = + + + Wא
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 4
x2 = 400 mm = 0.400 m x1 = x 4 = 5 mm = 0.005 m
x3 = 50mm = 0.050m
k1 = k4 = 0.80 W / mK EאFאא
k2 = 0.72 W / mK EאFאא
k3 = 0.036 W / mK EאFאא
∑ x = 0 . 005 + 0 . 400 + 0 . 050 + 0 . 005 = 1 . 957
k 0 . 800 0 . 72 0 . 036 0 . 800
1 1 1 x
= + +∑
U ho hi k
=
1
+ + 1.957 = 2.107
1
20 10
1
∴U = = 0.475 W / m 2 K
2.107
Sol-air Tempertureאאאא
-١٣٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאאאא
אא אאאאאא
(Two ) אאאאא
Tw = To + (αI ) / h0
o
∆Ts = Tw − To
o
W
(
I = W / m2 ) אא
ho = [W / m K ]אאאא
2
α = אא
∆Ts = {K } אאאא
∆Ts = Tw − To = (αI ) / h0
o
אאאאWE٢٦–٢F
אאאאאא
K (TW O
f TO ) TO אאאא TW
O
אאא
אאאאאאא
א
Qsun = Σ(UA∆Ts )
-١٣١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W
A = {m 2 } אא
U = {W m 2 K } אאאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
α א
0.70 – 0.55
0.5 –0.4
0.5 –0.3
o.9 –0.8 א
0.65
0.9
אWE١١–٢F
א אאאאאא
Wאאאא
Qw = AU (Two − Ti )
W
Wאאאאא (I ) אא
-١٣٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
א א א א א
א W S E N
HOR.
645.6 610.10 727.3 610.10 82.6
760.1 680.9 622.9 691.3 92.10 א
846.1 719.7 424.3 7222.7 104.0
881.8 708.1 258.5 708.4 114.7
884.3 679.7 158.3 685.10 131.1
875.1 655.4 139.0 664.2 166.1
868.2 660.4 100.1 662.0 131.1
860.9 682.9 249.4 674.3 119.8
824.4 698.6 448.9 823.7 107.8
749.3 663.6 609.1 646.3 95.8
646.3 587.9 720.7 592.7 83.9
596.5 756.6 756.6 570.9 77.6
אאאאWE١٢–٢F
(W m 2 ) א
-١٣٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-١٣٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
-١٣٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאאא
.(air-air temperature)אאאאאאאא
W٢
2m × 1.5m א 6 m × 4 m × 3 m
W (Qw ) אאאאאאK1.5m × 1.2m א
40°C (db),30°C ( wb) אאJ
0.6 W m 2 K אאאאJ
2.0 W m 2 K אאאאאJ
5 .6 W m 2 K אאאאאJ
Wא
Wאאא
Qw ∆T A U א
W °C m2 W m2 K
-١٣٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(Qrad ) אאאא
אאאאאאא
אאא
אאאאא
א אאאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
א
א
אא
א
א
א
א
א
א א
א
אא א
א
א
א א
א א
א
אאאWE٢٧–٢F
אאאא
אאא
אא
אאא אא،אא
Kאא
אHאאאHאאאZאאאא
Kא
Wאאאאאאא
Qrad = A × I × (SC )
W
Qrad = [kW ] אאאא
(
I = W / m2 ) אא
SC = [None ] א
-١٣٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אWE١٦–٢F
Fאאאאאאא
אאEאא
KKאאאאאאא
-١٣٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
א
א
אאאWE٢٨–٢F
W (Qv ) א אאא
אאא
אאאא
(building אאאאK(infiltration)אאאאא
אאאאא quality)
Kאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
א20%K
אאאאא
אאK אאאא
-١٣٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאאא
3600 ÷Eאא×אFZ {m3 / s} אWWא
א אאאאאא
א
אK
אאא
א
0.25אא אK
א،א،
0.50K
C= אא
∆p =אאאא
n= 0.4 p n f 1.0 אאא
אE١٦ ٢FKאאאא
אאאE١٧J ٢Fאאאא
אא
L/s/m א
0.36 EF
1.00 EF
0.72
1.70 K
1.44 K
0.50 א–
אאWE١٧–٢F
Kא3.35 m/sאאW
Wאאא
-١٤٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(L/s)א
אא
א
565 85 13 אא
330 165 45 (2.73m × 0.92m)
אאאWE١٨–٢F
א3.35 m/sאאW
אאא،אאאאא
אא
Wאאא
Qvs א١
V&
Qvs = c p (Ti − To )
v o air
W
[
V& = m 3 / s ]אאא
vo = [m / kg ]אאאא
3
ii
(Q )J ٢
vl
Qv =
l
V
( )
ω − ω o × h fg
vo i
h fg = [2254 kJ / kg ] אאאאאאא
א(N)אL אאא
א (Qv ) אא
N × V × ∆h
Qv =
3600 × vo
W
V [ ]אא
= m3
אא
Wאאאאאאא
(ACH)אא
א
(ACH)אא١
א×אאאאZאאא
٢Fאאאאאא
:(ACH)אאאאE١٨
-١٤٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(ACH)אא אא
6-10 –
3-4
4-6
4-6
5-10
6
6
20 ––
(ACH)אאWE١٩–٢F
א٢
א×אאאאאZאאא
WאE١٩٢Fאאאאא
-١٤٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
(L/s)א
א אא
א א
9.5 7
7.5 5
7.0 5
3.5 2.5
5.0 3.5
14 12
14.0 12.0
24.0 14.0 א
12.5 7.5
10.0 7.5
6.0 3.5
5.0 2.5
אWE٢٠–٢F
W٣
،אא 24°C (db), 50% RH 8 m × 6 m × 3m אא
אא ACH=5،אאאאאאא
hN
26
ﺣﻤﻞ س
ﻣﺤ
ﺴﻮ
hR
O
R
N
24 40
WE٢٩–٢F
-١٤٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
hR = 48.5 kJ / kg hO = 75.0kJ / kg hN = 65.0kJ / g
v0 = 0.908 m3 / kg
V × ACH אאאא∴
V& =
3600
(8 × 6 × 3) × 5
V& =
3600
V& = 0.2 m / s
3
V&
= 0.22 kg / s אא
0.2
m& = =
v0 0.908
Qv s = 0.22 (65 − 48.5) = 3.63 kW
P = [W ] אאא
F = (אFא
=1.25 -1.30 for florescent lamps
= 1.0 for bulb lamps
DF = א
-١٤٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא25- 30%אאא
KEאFא،אאKאאא
אאאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
(W / m 2 ) א אא
60
45
40 –א
20 ––
17
15 –
אWE٢١–٢F
-١٤٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W٤
20100 W 50אאאאאא
K40 W
Wא
Qlight = ( N1 P1 ) bulb + (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent
= 50 × 100 + 1.25 × 20 × 40
= 5000 + 1000 = 6000 W = 6 kW
W٥
א
אKא 50 m 2 א
Wא
K100 WאJ
K40 WאJ
Kאאאא
Wא
40 W / m 2 אאאא،אא
(I)אאאא
I = 50 × 40 = 2000 W
W(N1)אא،100 Wאא
2000
N1 = = 20
100
2000W א
(N2)אא، 40 Wאא
2000
N2 = = 50
40
אאאא
Qlight = (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent
= 1.25 × 50 × 40 = 2500 W
-١٤٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Kאאאאא
א א
א אא א
97 31 66
117 45 72 J J
132 59 73 J J א
132 59 73 אא
146 73 73
162 81 81
220 139 81 א
220 139 81
292 204 88 א
425 255 170 א
425 255 170 א
(w)אאאWE٢٢–٢F
Wאאאאאא
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
s s
-١٤٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאאאאא
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
L L
W
n = אאאא
אאאא( Diversity Factor ) א
K DF.= אאא
q ps = אאאא
q pL = אאאא
٦
100אאאאאא،אאאאא
(DF=1)אKא
Wא
Wאאאא
q = 229 W q l = 139 W q s = 81 W
Q p = 100 × 81 = 8100 W
s
אאאא
Q pl = 100 × 139 = 13900 W אאאא
Q p = 100 × 220 = 22000 W = 22.0 kW אאאא
Q p = Q p + Q p אאאא
s l
-١٤٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
אא
א א
0.85 – 0.70 0.90 – 0.70
0.50 – 0.30 0.60 - 0.40
1.00 – 0.90 0.80–0.90
0.90 – 0.80 0.85–o.95
אWE٢٣–٢F
Heat of Equipmentאאא
אאאאא
KאאאאאKKא
Kאאאא
Wאא (QE ) אאאאא
QE = ∑ (1 − η )E
W
E =אא
η =א
٧
0.5 kW2 אאאאאא
.70%
Wא
QE = ∑ (1 − η )E
= 2 × (1 − 0.7) × 0.5 = 0.30 kW
W٨
א 26°C (db),50%RH 4.5m × 3.0m × 3.0m אא
אאאא،אאאא، 43 °C ( db ), 26 °C ( wb ) א
אKא 1.6 W / m K 1.6 W / m K ،1.6 W / m K ،1.35 W / m K ، 6.42 W / m K אא
2 2 2 2 2
N
3m
WE٣٠–٢F
Wא
Qw = 1438.86W = 1.439kW E٣٢٢Fאאאא
EאFאאHאאZאאאא
Qrad = A × I × (SC ) אא
SC = 0.83 אא
Qrad = A × I × (SC )
-١٥١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
=
= 3 × 72 × 1 = 216 W
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) אא
L L
= 3 × 45 × 1 = 135 W
Q p = Q ps + Q pl אאאאא
= 216 + 135 = 351W = 0.351kW
Wא
Wאא
h0 = 81 kJ / kg v o = 0.916 m3 / kg אא
h i = 58 kJ / kg אאא
-١٥٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti ) אאאאא
-١٥٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
W
Qs = {W } אא
Ql = {W } אאא
QT = {W } אא
-١٥٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wאאא
Wאא
Wאאאאא
Wא
Wא
Wא
אאWאאא
W٩
אK 24°C (db),50% RH אא
א3 4.25mא24mאא
WאאאאאK 2m × 2.5m
U = 0.7 W / m K א א
2
U = 0.5 W / m 2 K א
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K אא
U = 1.6 W / m 2 K אא
100אJ
א45 Wא72 WאאJ
5 L/sאJ
10 W/m2אJ
،אא، 10°C (db),6°C (db) אאאא
Kאאאאא
-١٥٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
18
28
24
WE٣١–٢F
Wא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאא
=
Wאאאאאא
Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti ) אאאא
E٢٤٢אF (Qw ) אאאא
Qw = −10713.5 W = −10.714 kW
QL = 10 × 28 × 18 א
= 5040W = 5.040kW
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) אא
s s
-١٥٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
RH
%
50
hR
hN
hO
R
6
O N
10 24
٩WE٣٢–٢F
-١٥٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
QRS − 7.154
SHF = = = 0.63 אאא
QRT − 11.334
-١٥٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
א
،אאWאא،א،אאWאאאאאJ
Kאאא
א אאאאאWאאJ
א א אא
א
KאאאJ
WאאאאJ
אאאאא
אאאאא
אLא
אאאא
אאאא
אאאאאא
אK
אאא
אאאאאאא
KאאאאאK
WאאאJ
אאאא
אאאא
Kאאא
double-glazingא א
Kאא
אאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
-١٥٩-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
؟אאאאאאJ ١
؟؟אאאאאא–٢
1m × 2m U = 0.57W / m 2 K א 4m × 3m –٣
K ∆T = 16 K אאאאא
אKACH=2אא 8m × 6m × 3m –٤
Kא
אK 60 W / m 2 א، 8m × 6m J ٥
Wאאא40 W
א3 mא8 m10 m א٦
27 oCאא
7 oCאאאא
3 oCאאאא
W( U )אאאא
2.4 W/ m2 Kאא
0.6W/ m2 Kא
2.0W/ m2 Kא
5.6W/ m2 K א
Wאאאא
300 W/m2אא
200 W/m2אא
-١٦٠-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Fאאאאאאאאאא
KEאאאא
10
Room @ 24 C
o
o
8
Room @ 24 C
WאאאKאאJ ٧
24°C (db),50% RH אאאאJ
35°C (db),26°C ( wb) אאאJ
30אJ
400 WאJ
3 mאאJ
-١٦١-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
U = 1.5 W / m 2 K אא •
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K אא •
U = 1.8 W / m 2 K אא •
.אא،אאא
N ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ2
ﺒﺎﺏ
18 m
ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ4
ﺒﺎﺏ
-١٦٢-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אא
אאא
WאE×FאE3F
EF20 %80 %אאאE
EFאאאאאE
EFאאאאא אE
אא 12 °C (db),10°C ( wb) 35°C (db), 30% RH אE
EF
KאאאאאאE
EFאאאE
אא 12 °C אאא، 12 °C ,10°C אE
EF 10°C א
EFאא،אאאאE
EFאאאE
EFאאאא E
אאא
אאK א (AHU)א
אא40%אאאא60% K80%אאא40 kW
WאאKא
25°C (db), 50% RH אאאא
35 °C (db) אאאאאאא
Wאאאאא،אא
אא(i)
א (ii)
א(iii)
אאא
-١٦٣-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
3 m × 2 m
2، 6 m × 5 m × 3 m
אא10אKEאאF1.5 m × 2 m א
16אK132 Wאאאאא
25°C (db), 50% RH אאאאKACH=2אאK50 W
K 26 °C (db) אאאK10 °C (db), 6 °C ( wb) אאא
WאאאאאאJ
1.6 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
3.2 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
1.8 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
Wאא
אאאאאאאאא
א
א
Kא
6
-١٦٤-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
Wא
אאא
WאE×FאE3F
E×F20 %80 %אאאE
E×FאאאאאE
E3FאאאאאאE
א 12 °C (db),10°C ( wb) 35°C (db), 30% RH אE
E 3F
KE×FאאאאאאE
E3FאאאE
10°C אאא 12 °C אאא، 12 °C ,10°C אE
E×F
E3Fאא،אאאאE
E×FאאאE
E3FאאאאE
אאא
Wאאאאאא
m& O TO + m& R TR
TM =
m& O + m& R
0.4 × 10 + 0.6 × 25
=
0 .4 + 0 .6
= 16 °C
16 °C MאאאROאMא
35 °C אאאFSאRא0.8SHF
Eאא
-١٦٥-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
R
N
S
M
O
10 16 25 35
MN אאא NS א
Wא
:אא
hs = 58.5 kJ / kg hN = 39.5 kJ / kg
w N = 0.0092 kg / kg wM = 0.0065 kg / kg
(m& ) אא
Qs
m& =
c p × ∆T
40
= = 4 kg / s
1 × 10
(Qhc ) א
Qhc = m& ∆h = m& (hS − hN )
= 4 × (58.5 − 39.5)
= 76 kW
(m& w ) א
-١٦٦-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
m& w = 3600m& ( wN − wM )
= 3600 × 4 × (0.0092 − 0.0065)
= 38.88 L / hr
אאא
6
26 0C (db), 50% RH
5
N
-١٦٧-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
אאא
Qw = ∑ AU∆T Wא
∆T = To − Ti
Qw Qw ∆T U A
W W °C W / m2 K m2 אLא
אא
-360 -15 1.6 15 א
19.2 01 1.6 12 א
-288 -15 1.6 12 א
-288 -15 1.6 12 א
-916.8
אא
-288 -15 3.2 6 א
-288 -15 3.2 6 א
-576
אא
-81 -15 1.8 3 א
-1573.8
Qw = 1573.8W ≈ 1.574 kW אאאאאא
(Q p ) א
Qp = N × q p
= 10 × 132
= 1320 W =1.320 kW
(QL ) א
QL = N × F × P
= 16 × 1.25 × 50
= 1000 W = 1.000 kW
(Qv ) א
-١٦٨-
אא ١١١ א
א אא
V = 6× 5× 3
א
= 90 m 3
אא
v0 = 0.806 m 3 / kg EאFאאאא
hR = 50.5 kJ / kg hO = 20 kJ / kg אאאא
(m& ) אא
V
m& =
3600vO
90
=
3600 × 0.806
= 0.031 kg / s
א
Qv = m& (hO − hR )
= 0.031(20 − 50.5)
= −0.9455 kW
EאאאאאאאF
-١٦٩-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧١-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٢-
א ١١١ א
אא
אא
R
S1
S3
S2
S4
אאא db
אאאWE21–2F
-١٧٣-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٤-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٥-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٦-
א ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٧-
אא ١١١ א
אא
REFERENCES
א
E
J אאF١٩٨٧، K .١
א،אJ א
E J אאF١٩٨٧،K .٢
א،אJ א
E אF١٩٨٣،K .٣
א،אJ א
E אF١٩٨٣،K .٤
א،אJ א
١٩٨٥،אאKK ،KK .٥
א،אאEאאאF
Kא،א
V. Paul Lang,1987 "Principles of Air Conditioning", 4th .٦
Edition , Delmar.
Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th .٧
Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio
T.D. Eastop & A.McConkey, 1996 "Applied .٨
Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologist" 5th
Edition, Longman.
Edward G. Pita, 1998 "Air Conditioning Principles And .٩
Systems" 3rd. Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio.
Edward G. Pita, 1981 "Air Conditioning Principles And .١٠
Systems: An Energy Approach" 3rd. Edition, John Willey
& Sons, Inc.
W. P Jones, 1997 "Air Conditioning Applications And .١١
Design" 2nd Edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc. New
York-Toronto.
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And .١٢
Air Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern .١٣
-١٧٨-
אא ١١١ א
אא
-١٧٩-
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אא
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אא
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א ١١١ א
אא
א א
١ אWאאא
١
٣ אאאWאא
١٧
١٨
٢٠ אאאWאא
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٢٦ אאאא
٢٨
٣٩ א
٤٠
٤٣ אWאא
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٦٣ אא
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٦٥ אא
٦٧ אא
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٧٠ א
٧١
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٨١ EFאאWאאא
٨١
٨٣ אWאא
٩٥ אא
א ١١١ א
אא
١٢٠ אאאWאא
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١٢٥ א
١٢٨ א
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١٧٨ אא
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אאאאאא
אEאFאא