Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
INTRODUCTION
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2.
THEORY
3.
OBJECTIVE
4.
APPARATUS
8 - 11
5.
PROCEDURE
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6.
17 - 18
7.
QUESTION
19 - 20
8.
DISCUSSION
21 - 23
9.
CONCLUSION
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10.
25 - 27
B.S.1377:Soils for civil engineering purposes: Part 4,Compaction related tests. The Reason For The CBR Test : It sounds complicated, but the basis behind it is quite simple. We are determining the resistance of the sub grade, (i.e. the layer of naturally occurring material upon which the road is built), to deformation under the load from vehicle wheels. Even more simply put, How strong is the ground upon which we are going to build the road''. The CBR test is a way of putting a figure on this inherent strength, the test is done in a standard manner so we are able to compare the strengths of different sub grade materials, and we are able to use these figures as a means of designing the road pavement depth required for a particular strength of sub grade.
Table 1.1. Standard Load Values on Crushed Stones for different penetration values : Penetration (mm) Standard Load (kg) Unit Standard load (kg/ ) 70 105 134 162 183 1370 2055 2630 3180 3600 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5
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Normally 3 specimens each of about 7 kg must be compacted so that their compacted densities range from 95% to 100% generally with 10, 30 and 65 blows.
Weigh of empty mould Add water to the first specimen (compact it in five layer by giving 10 blows per layer) After compaction, remove the collar and level the surface. Take sample for determination of moisture content. Weight of mould + compacted specimen. Place the mold in the soaking tank for four days (ignore this step in case of unsoaked CBR.
Take other samples and apply different blows and repeat the whole process. After four days, measure the swell reading and find %age swell. Remove the mould from the tank and allow water to drain. Then place the specimen under the penetration piston and place surcharge load of 10lb. Apply the load and note the penetration load values. Draw the graphs between the penetration (in) and penetration load (in) and find the value of CBR.
Draw the graph between the age CBR and Dry Density, and find CBR at required degree of compaction.
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1. CBR Mould
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4.
Spacer Disc
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6. Perforated Plate
7. Metal Tripod
8. Cutting Collar
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9. Rammer 4.89kg
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Volume of mould = 2250cc. Weight of dry soil (W) = 2250 x MDD. m Weight of wet soil =1+ ---------- x W 100 Weight of water = Weight of wet soil - Weight of dry soil. m = Optimum moisture content obtained from the laboratory compaction test. Take oven dried soil sample of calculated weight and thoroughly mix with water (OMC) as obtained from the above equation. Record the empty weight of the mould with base plate, with extension collar removed (m1). Place the correct mass of the wet soil in to the mould in five layers. Gently compact each layer with the spacer disc. Place the correct mass of the wet soil in to the mould in five layers. Gently compact each layer with the spacer disc. Place a filter paper on top of the soil followed by a 5cms displacer disc. Compact the mould by pressing it in between the platens of the compression testing machine until the top of the spacer disc comes flush with the top of the mould. Held the load for about 30 seconds and then release.
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Dynamic Compaction Take representative sample of soil weighing approximately 6kg and mix thoroughly at OMC. Record the empty weight of the mould with base plate, with extension collar removed (m1). Replace the extension collar of the mould. Insert a spacer disc over the base plate and place a coarse filter paper on the top of the spacer disc. Place the mould on a solid base such as a concrete floor or plinth and compact the wet soil in to the mould in five layers of approximately equal mass each layer being given 56 blows with 4.90kg hammer equally distributed and dropped from a height of 450 mm above the soil. The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more than about 6mm to be struck off when the extension collar is removed. Remove the extension collar and carefully level the compacted soil to the top of the mould by means of a straight edge. Remove the spacer disc by inverting the mould and weigh the mould with compacted soil (m2). Place a filter paper between the base plate and the inverted mould. Replace the extension collar of the mould. Prepare two more specimens in the same procedure as described above.
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Test for Swelling This test is optional and may be omitted if not necessary. Determine the initial height of specimen (h) in mm. Mount the expansion-measuring device along with the tripod on the edge of the mould and record the initial dial gauge reading (ds). Keep this set up as such undisturbed for 96 hours noting down the readings every day against the time of reading. Maintain a constant water level throughout the period of soaking. Note the final reading of the dial gauge at the end of soaking period (dh).
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The soil is placed in the mould and either compressed or compacted (for details refer to the test standards: US and UK standards differ in sample preparation). The load and penetration are recorded as the cylinder is pushed into the soil. Bearing values are calculated as the stress in pounds per square inch (psi) when the penetration reaches one tenth of an inch and one fifth of an inch. The test bearing values are divided by the bearing values deemed typical of compacted crushed rock i.e. 1000 psi and 1500 psi for the two penetrations. The greater of these ratios when expressed as a percentage is the CBR eg. for a soft clay with stress 50 psi at one tenth of an inch penetration the CBR is 5. The test was conceived specifically for design of flexible pavements (highway base course). The method of design is purely empirical. Design charts were developed by the California Division of Highways with the benefit of their practical experience in flexible pavement success and failure. For any value of CBR the charts predict a suitable thickness of pavement. Charts have since been derived for airport runways (curves for different wheel loading and tyre pressure) and for highways with different traffic volumes and axle weights).
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Mechanistic design methods utilizing elastic layer theories require the determination of the elastic modulus. The elastic modulus for soil sub grades can be characterized by the resilient modulus and can be obtained from the repeated load tests. Due to the time and skill required to conduct these tests, approximate correlations between resilient modulus. Elastic model, especially Duncan hyperbolic measured parameter is utilized.
The commonly used California Bearing test value is used to obtain a prediction of resilient modulus. Plasticity models should be utilized when realistic evaluations of strains and displacements are required. Elastic models, especially the Duncan hyperbolic model (Duncan and Chang 1970) can suitably predict deformations at failure as long as the orientation of stresses remain constant but have limited benefit when evaluating displacements at and after failure. In addition, the hyperbolic model is of limited suitability if realistic evaluations of pore pressure are required. Linear elastic models are of limited benefit as they do not accurately predict stresses or strains in the sub grade soil.
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Field in-place CBR tests are used for evaluation and design of flexible pavement components such as base and sub base course and sub grades and for other applications (such as un surfaced roads) for which CBR is the desired strength parameter. If the field CBR is to be used directly for evaluation or design without consideration for variation due to change in water content, the test should be conducted under one of the following conditions: when the degree of saturation (percentage of voids filled with water) is 80 % or greater, when the material is coarse grained and cohesionless so that it is not significantly affected by changes in water content, or when the soil has not been modified by construction activities during the two years preceding the test. In the last-named case, the water content does not actually become constant, but generally fluctuates within a rather narrow range. Therefore, the field in-place test data may be used to satisfactorily indicate the average load-carrying capacity.
Any construction activities, such as grading or compacting, carried out subsequent to the bearing ratio test will probably invalidate the results of the test. Soils and flexible pavement components at the same location may exhibit significantly different load deflection relationships. No method presently exists to evaluate the precision of a group of non-repetitive plate load tests on soils and flexible pavement components due to the variability of these materials.
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1. Craig, R.F. 2004. Craigs Soil Mechanics. 7th ed. London: Spon. ISBN 0-415-32703-2
2. University of Abertay Dundee. Unknown. Subgrade and Unbound Pavement Foundation [Class information sheet provided by Mr. Ogwuda].
3. The Idiots Guide to Highways Maintenance [online]. Available from:http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/cbrtext.htm [Accessed on 11 Nov 2004]
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APPENDIX
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