30 31 2001

: . , , .

, 2001


1
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.

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.

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:

, :
1. ,
2. ,

, :
1. (
, ...)
2. , ( ...).
, , , .

2
.
:




1.
2.
3.

( )
:
( , ...)
()
,

:

( ) 80% ,

( , ) 15% ,

5% .
1.
,
. :

, , ( )

, ,
Joule. .

, ( )
( ) , , (black
out).

! .. : 1) , 2) , 3) 4) .

3

, ( ).
( 2).
, .
, I SC , Z SC . ,
, .
.
.

.
,

e = E sin( t + ) ,

i = iac + idc .
( iac ) :

iac = I sin( t + )

I=

E
Z sc

.
( idc ) :

! .:

idc = I sin e

R
t
L

( ).

R
.
L

3 .

! .:
.
( i p )
.
.

I ac :

i p = K I ac 2 .
4 R / X .




.

, ,
:

(
20 ms )

( 0,5 sec )


! .:
R/X
. . (. 5).
, ,
, , .

.
. IEC 909 ( VDE 0102).
, , 230 kV. Thevenin.
. . , , . (, , ...)
(, , 6) . IEC
909 .
. ,
, .
.
, ,
.

5
.

. .

, ,
IEC 909.

:

! .:
5) :
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) .

230
kV.
(:
).

, ,
.



(..
).



.


.

.

.


.

(. 7):

I sc 3 =

U
,
3 Z sc

Z sc

, .

! .:
.


:

I sc 2 =

U
3
=
I sc3 0,86 I sc 3 .
2Z sc
2

. :

I sc1 =

U/ 3
,
Z sc + Z Ln

Z Ln .

! .: .

.
. .

:

,

S sc , , (

) .

U2
ZQ =
.
S sc
:

RQ / ZQ = 0,3 6 kV X Q / ZQ = 0,954 ,
RQ / ZQ = 0, 2 15, 20 kV X Q / ZQ = 0,980 ,
RQ / ZQ = 0,1 150 kV X Q / ZQ = 0,995 .

ZT = uk

U2
,
SN

uk S N .

. ,
, :

RT =

PCu
,
2
3I N

PCu I N .

.
, 20 C.
50%.
, ..., , :

d m
X L = L = 15, 7 + 144, 44 log
,
r km

r ( mm) d ( mm).
, , 150 mm2.
, ,
.

1.

pu (per unit = ) : %
(/100) pu .

10

Zs =

xS U 2
,
100 S N

S N (VA).

1 .

10-20
15-25

15-25
25-35

150-230
70-120

! .. ,

xS %.

R / X .
0,05 0,1 0,1 0,2. , ,
, , .

.
. . , ,
. , , :
.
, . 0,02
100 kW, 0,03 100 kW 0,03
0,1 (1000 kW). ( ) 20 25%.
.
, , ,
. , ,
( peak current).
. :
 , .
( ) .
 , ,
, , , .
, , .


. 100 300 V. , . , ,
20 50% .
, , , 90%

11

, . .

, , , ,
..., , , . .

, ,

I sc 3 =

U
.
3 Z sc

. , ,

2

Z LV = Z HV

U LV

.
U HV

6
20 kV
. , , 1000 kVA . .

8. :

12

 . . .
 . .

.
.
.
(
).
1.
1.
:

Z Q = (20 103 ) 2 / 250 106 = 1, 6

:

U = 20 kV
S SC = 250 kVA

X= 0,8 , R= 0,72

1000 kVA

uk = 5%
10 m
X= 1,5 m (400 V), R= 0

X= 2,7 m, R= 19,2 m

50kW

xs = 25%

X Q = 0,98 ZQ = 1,568
RQ = 0, 2 ZQ = 0,32
:

13

X A = 1, 568 + 0,8 = 2,368

RA = 0,32 + 0, 72 = 1, 04
2

Z A = X A + RA = 2,586
20 103
I A =
4465 .
3 2,586
I SC :
RA
= 0, 44 4 K 1, 27 :
XA

I SCA = 1, 27 2 4465 8019 A

1.

xm =

25 4002
= 0,8
100 50 103

rm = 0, 2 xm = 0,16 .

20 kV:
2

20 103
X m = xm
= 2000 Rm = 400 .
400

ZT =

5 (20 103 ) 2
= 20 , X T ZT = 20 RT = 0, 2 X T 4 .
100 106

( 20 kV):
2

20 103
X L = xL
= 6, 75 RL = 48
400
:

X m + X L + XT
1003
2
R + RL + RT
RA = m
224
2
XA =

Z A = X A + RA 1028

14

IA =

20 103
11 . 31028

RA
= 0, 22 , K 1,5
XA

I SCA = 1,5 211 23,3 A

I A = 4465 + 11 = 4476

I SCA

= 8019 + 23,3 = 8042,3 .

A. Wright, C. Christopoulos: Electrical power system protection, Chapman & Hall

Cooper Power Systems: Electrical Distribution System Protection
Donald Fink, H. Wayne Beaty: Standard handbook for electrical engineers, McGraw Hill
Michael A. Anthony: Electric power system protection and coordination, McGraw Hill
SIEMENS: Switching, Protection and Distribution in low voltage networks
. : ,
. . : ,
1990