African History Reg

10/3/2013
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SECTION 1 THE SLAVE TRADE

Long before white Europeans began shipping slaves overseas, Africans established an internal African slave trade. When Africans went to war with one another, they often forced prisoners to serve as slaves. Over time, they started selling some of these slaves to other Africans. Eventually, Africans built trade networks and began selling slaves to foreign peoples. Slave caravans traveled routs across the Sahara Desert to North Africa.
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Traders then shipped many of these slaves across the Mediterranean or Red Seas to parts of southern Europe and Asia. In the 15th century, Portuguese explorers arrived in Africa and quickly adapted the existing slave trade to suit their own purposes. They established forts where Europeans slave dealers could buy slaves from Africans and hold them until ships arrived to carry them to Europe or across the Atlantic Oceans. Soon, the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French engaged in the African slave trade as well.
When Europeans began to colonize the Americas, they used Native Americans for slave labor. Diseases, however, decreased the population of Native American slaves dramatically. The Native Americans were not used to the diseases the colonialist carried. By the mid-1600s, colonists in the Americas had tuned to Africa as a new source of labor.
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A pattern of trade known as triangular trade occurred between Europe, the Americas and Africa. Merchants from Europe brought manufactured goods to trade for captured and enslaved Africans in one leg of the triangle. Africans were traded for items such as guns and cloth from Europe, and rum and gunpowder from the American colonies. Another part of the trade triangle was known as the Middle Passage. Enslaved Africans were transported from Africa to the West Indies on crowded, dangerous ships. They were traded for sugar, molasses, and other products in the Americas. These agricultural goods were then shipped to Europe and European colonies, making up the third leg of the trade triangle.
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A Dutch ship that landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619 was the first known slave ship in North America. The ship left Africa carrying 100 Africans, but arrived in Jamestown with only 20. It was common for people to perish on slave ships. Often the ships carried hundreds of people in dangerous conditions. They were chained together by their hands and feet. The people were held in spaces that were only tall enough to sit in, so they were unable to stand up. Illness spread quickly in the slave ships, and many Africans died in transit between Africa and the colonies.
A good was to understand the effects of slavery is by reading the stories of those who lived through being enslaved. No one who was a slave in the US is still alive today. However, oral histories of slavery exists Finish Mon.
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At first, European explorers would only explore the coasts of Africa. The interior was unexplored and unknown. Exploration became safer as science improved. Most of Africa had been mapped by the mid-19th century. Steamships and railroads allowed travel into the continent. This started an age of colonialism. Colonialism is the forced control of one nation by
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Section Two COLONIZATION OF AFRICA
REASONS for COLONIZATION

Africa is a continent of vast wealth. It has many raw materials such as cotton, rubber, ivory, and minerals that are not found in Europe. South Africa is rich in diamonds and gold. New industries in Europe needed metals like tin and copper. Africa was rich in these, too.
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Europeans also used Africa as a source of cheap labor. In addition, African countries were new markets for European goods. They wanted to keep a positive trade balance. A trade balance is the difference in value between a countrys imports and exports. The trade balance is favorable when exports are greater than imports.
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o Colonizing Africa made it possible to create secure trade routes for European countries. o The Suez canal was the most important trade route. o It is a human made water route between Europe and Asia. o The Suez Canal is located in Egypt, and was completed in 1869. o Before its construction, ships had to travel around the entire continent of Africa. o Both the British and French wanted to control the canal. o Cities and forts on the coast of Africa helped protect trade ships.
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Europeans wanted to change African culture to be more like European culture. Africans had their own religions. European Christians sent missionaries to Africa. A missionary is a person who goes to a foreign county to spread his or her religion. Missionaries brought Christianity to Africa. They also tried to end the slave trade.
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Beginnings of Imperialism
The end of the 19th century is called the age of Imperialism, which refers to countries competing for land and power. The growth of European colonies in Africa is called the Scramble for Africa.
France wanted to increase its trade. It also wanted to spread French culture. By 1848, the French established themselves in northern Algeria, their first African colony. Trade outposts were built in Western Africa for the slave trade. Most of the Frenchcontrolled land was desert. End Tues
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Belgium was also competing for African land. K i n g L e o p o l d I I purchased the Congo River basin with money from investors. Belgians did not support this purchase. The amount of land purchased was bigger than Belgium itself. The king wanted to make sure that other European countries could not control this region.
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The Berlin Conference was a series of meetings in Berlin, Germany, held by European nations from 1884 to 1885. Africas rulers did not attend. The European nations discussed Africas land and how they wanted it to be divided. Ten percent of Africa was in European hands going into the meeting. Europeans owned most of Africa by its end.
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Impact of Colonial Period

The African tribes had no control over their own countries. Land was taken for farms for the Europeans living there. Wars, riots, and protests were common. Starvation and disease also occurred. Africans often were forced into labor. New borders were drawn separating families and tribes. Wars started between tribes that used to be friendly.
There were some positive changes made by the colonization of Africa. Schools and hospitals were built. The economy was improved by new government. Roads and railroads were built. Health was improved. The Berlin Conference set an end date for the slave trade. Furthermore, new technology helped African lives. END SEC. 2
Sec 1 & 2 Quiz on Monday
Section 3 - AFRICAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS & PROBLEMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE

By the early 20th century, European countries had colonized almost all of Africa. The only independent countries left were Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia was founded in 1822, mostly by black American former slaves. However, Africans wanted to control their own governments and continents natural resources for their own good. In the second part of the 20th century, African nations worked to free themselves from European control. Nationalist movements are movements that seek independence from the people living in a country. 10/3/2013 19
KENYA
Many Kenyan thought the British had taken their land unfairly. A group of Kenyans started the Mau Mau, which operated from 1952 to 1960. The Mau Mau was a secret society. It believed force was the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence. The Mau Mau rebelled against the British.
The British Army mostly defeated the Mau Mau by 1954, although violence continued until 1960. Thousands of people were killed in the fighting, although only about 100 were European. However, the Mau Mau movement still had a great deal of support among Kenyans. Eventually, their support convinced the British they would have to grant independence to Kenya. The British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections. Kenyans elected Jomo Kenyatta president in 1963. End Fri
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NIGERIA
There were many different ethnic groups in the region now called Nigeria. At the Berlin Conference, Britain was given control of the region, which was made into two colonies. Many of the ethnic groups did not wish to be part of the same country. These divisions among the Africans led to different treatment by the British. The British spend more money building roads and schools in 10/3/2013 22 the south than in the north.
By the 1940s, Nigerians had started many groups to fight against British rule. Some groups shared ethnicity. Some were youth and student groups. Some were made up of people who worked in the same type of job. Many people in these groups had gone to school in Europe. They admired European culture. But they believed that the only way for Nigerians to have their rights was to be free of European rule. These groups became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence.
In the late 1940s and 1950s, the British let Nigerians elect their own into government. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa became prime minister in 1957. Great Britain gave Nigeria independence on October 1, 1960. Nigeria did not have to fight for its independence from Britain.
GHANA
Africans started nationalist movements in the British colony of the Gold Coast in the 1800s. It was called the Gold Coast because it had much gold. The nationalist groups wanted Africans to have the same rights as the British. They also wanted to protect their land from colonist.
Nationalism increased in the Gold Cost after World War II. Many Ghanaians protested for their independence. In 1948, police fired on a group of protesters. The protesters had fought in World War II for the British. They were protesting because the government had not paid them. The police shooting of protestors led to riots in the region.
In 1954, a man named Kwame Nkrumah formed a new government. His government included many Africans. In 1956, his government called for independence. The Gold Coast was renamed Ghana, after the ancient African kingdom which had been nearby. Ghana won independence in 1957.
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The Belgian Congo

From 1885 to 1908, King Leopold II of Belgium ruled the Congo. He ran it as his own private colony. It was called the Congo Free State. It had many natural resources. End Mon
Although slavery had been ended in 1885 at the Berlin Conference, Africans were forced to work in mines and plantations, which were filled with cruelty and even torture. Many Congolese died during this work. Under King Leopold II, the population of the Congo Free State went from 30 million down to about 8 million.
Other countries complained about working conditions in the Congo Free State. This forced the government of Belgium to take the land from their king in 1908. It was renamed the Belgian Congo. Conditions improved, but Congolese were not allowed to run their own government. The Belgian Congo was finally granted independence in 1960, during the same year in which many other African nations won their independence.
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PROBLEMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Most of Africa was free from European control by 1980. However, newly independent countries had many problems.
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NIGERIA
Nigeria became free from Great Britain in 1960. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa became the first prime minister of Nigeria. The many ethnic groups in the region, such as the Igbo and Yoruba, often fought each other. The main conflict existed between the northerners, who were Islamic, and the southerners, who were not. The Nigerian military took over the country in 1966. Many people died. The Igbo group suffered the most losses.
The military ruled for many years. Then, different parts of the military began to fight one another. In 1967, an area of Nigeria broke away and named itself Biafra. Nigeria and Biafra fought a civil war. Biafra lost its fight for independence in 1970, and then went back to being a region of Nigeria.
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Nigeria benefited from its oil reserves. However, this money caused corruption. Only a few people in control of the oil benefited from it. The rest of the country remained poor. Today, Nigeria has had three national elections. International groups think that the elections may not have been completely democratic. However, political and social conditions in Nigeria have improved.
ZIMBABWE
In 1890, a group of British pioneers arrived in what is now Zimbabwe. The are was called Southern Rhodesia. Over several decades, the British increased the rights of the Africans. This decision displeased European settlers who had moved to the area. Many Europeans feared and distrusted Africans. Europeans did not understand African culture well. End Wed
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The Europeans settlers declared Rhodesia independent in 1965. However, they did not allow Africans in its government. Africans began rebelling against the British in Rhodesia. Many people died in the fighting, which ended in 1980. The country was renamed Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe became the first and only prime minister of Zimbabwe. Mugabe won three elections throughout the 1980s through the early 21st century. International election monitors said these elections were not fair or free. Political opposition was supressed. 10/3/2013 copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 36 Mugabes government was charged with corruption.
Mugabe started a program to take land back from the Europeans farmers. Some believed that Mugabe made this controversial decision in order to take attention away from other problems in the country. Mugabe claimed that he did it to benefit Zimbabweans.. His critics charged that Mugabe gave most of the land to his friends.
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Many Europeans landowners were farmers. They did not want to give up their land. Mugabes government arrested them when they would not give up their land. The arrests caused social problems and also problems with the farming system. The economy of Zimbabwe went through a low period from the 1990s to today. Many people in Zimbabwe are unemployed. Almost of Zimbabwes population lives in poverty. END SEC. 3 Quiz now
Section 4 - SOUTH AFRICA, APARTHEID, CIVIL WAR, & UNITY

By the mid-1600s, the Netherlands was the dominant European sea power. It exercised control over many of the trade routes between Europe and Southeast Asia. The Dutch established a small colony at the Cape of Good Hope to serve as a port where trading ships on there way to Asia could stop for supplies and test. Eventually, the Cape grew into a much larger colony: South Africa. As European colonialist received parcels of land from the Dutch government, they began to take over territories once occupied by native Africans. They forced local Africans to work for them or imported slaves from Asia or other parts of the continent. South African colonist usually did not use slaves from local African
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South Africa is the southernmost country in Africa. More Europeans settlers came to South Africa than to anywhere else on the continent. European colonization in South Africa led to the oppression of Africans. Many fair-skinned Europeans believed dark-skinned Africans were less than human, or simply inferior humans to themselves. This belief system is called racism, which is the belief that one type of ethnicity is better than another. There is no scientific bases to the idea that human beings are divided into races, but this idea has been common for the past 150 years. The rise of slavery is one explanation for the rise of the false concept that people belong to different races.
In the 17th century, the Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa. Fighting among European nations for power in South Africa grew in the 19th century. Gold and diamonds were discovered in the region. The British and Dutch fought for control of these valuable resources. South Africans tried to fight the Europeans, but had no success.
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In the late 19th century, the British and the original Dutch settlers (called Boars) went to war in what was called the Boar War. The British won the war and took control of South Africa. The blacks were not allowed to vote under British rule. This decision was the beginning of apartheid. End Thurs
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APARTHEID
Apartheid means separateness in Afrikaans, the language of the descendants of the Dutch settlers (or Afrikaners). Laws created to enforce segregation of people by race were called apartheid in South Africa. Apartheid allowed many Europeans to grow wealthy and powerful while millions of blacks suffered. Apartheid dominated when the National Party came to power in 1949. It was part of South African law until 1993. Apartheid began when other parts of the world were becoming more critical of racism and segregation. The civil rights movement in America happened during the time of African apartheid. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 10/3/2013 43
During apartheid, South Africans were legally classified by the color of their skin, which was how the Dutch-controlled government understood race. The racial classifications were: white, black, Asian, and colored (mixed races). The majority of South Africans were classified as black. People of different races had to use separate services and buildings. They had separate schools, hospitals, beaches, and libraries. People of different races could not share drinking fountains or restrooms. The services and buildings for whites were much better than those for everyone else.
During apartheid, white people in South Africa lived in conditions that were better than those found anywhere else in Africa. Blacks suffered the most during apartheid, even though they were in the majority of the population. The Dutch-controlled government even took their citizenship away. They were forced to move to homelands and could not vote. Homelands were poor, crowded areas far away from cities. Homelands often did not have water or electricity. Even though these areas were named homelands most black South Africans had never actually lived there.
Black South Africans could only leave their homeland of they were going to work for a white person. To be allowed to come and go, black residents of homelands had to have Pass Books. Black South Africans had to carry pass books at all times. Traveling without a pass could result in going to jail to be beaten.
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In order to protest their poor treatment, black South Africans formed groups like the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was founded in 1912. The goal of the ANC was to bring people of all races together and to fight for rights and freedoms. During the 1950s and 1960s, groups like the ANC received support from many groups and nations outside South Africa. In many parts of the world, apartheid was viewed as racist and unjust. In 1973, the United Nations defined apartheid as a crime against humanity. A crime against humanity is an international law term
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Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist. For many years, Mandela protested nonviolently against apartheid. Then, Mandela became leader of the ANCs armed wing in 1961. Police arrested Mandela in 1962. He was imprisoned for 27 years.
While in prison, Mandela continued to fight against apartheid. In a 1964 court appearance, he said: During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. End Mon.
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F.W. de Klerk, president of South Africa, granted the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990. De Klerk also ended the laws against the ANC. De Klerk agreed to end apartheid and spoke for a multi-racial, democratic South Africa. In 1994, Nelson Mandela was the first president to be elected democratically in South Africa.
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CIVIL WAR and AFRICAN UNITY

Civil war and genocide are problems that have affected many African countries since the second half of the 20th century. Civil war is fighting between two or more regions or groups in the same country. Genocide is the pre-planned murder of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.
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RWANDA
In 1959, while Rwanda was still a colony, the Tutsi king was overthrown by a Hutu regime. Over the next several years, this regime killed thousands of Tutsis. Some Tutsis managed to escape to neighboring countries and became refugees, who are people in exile. In 1990, children of these exiles formed a rebel group called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). That same year, the RPF started a civil war when it invaded Rwanda from neighboring Uganda.
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The Hutu regime was defeated in 1994, ending the civil war. Approximately 800,000 Rwandans were killed by the genocide carried out by the Hutus. United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces attempted to intervene but were not successful. Two million Hutu refuges fled to neighboring countries, including D.R. Congo. Many refugees have now returned to Rwanda, but a rebel group of about 10,000 remains in the DRC.
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CONGO WARS
The DRC has suffered from repeated civil wars. In 1960, the country gained its independence from Belgium. Power was given to a new government led by Patrice Lumumba. The quick independence left the country unstable. Ethnic tensions, which were supported by Belgium, began to rise. The Congolese army rebelled, and Lumumbas government was overthrown. A civil war began, and the Congo was divided into four regions. UN forces went to the region to establish order, but were not 54 successful.
Lumumba was killed with the help of our CIA. Lumumba was thought to be too close to the Soviet Union. In 1965, Joseph Mobutu, the leader of the Congolese army, with the help of the US, established a government and ended the civil war. The Mobutu regime was brutal and responsible for much ethnic tension. As a result, opposition groups formed that were determined to overthrow Mobutu.
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In 1997, rebels led by Laurent Kabila overthrew the Mobutu regime. Ethnic tensions resulted in another civil war in the region. Rwandan forces became involved. In 2002, the Pretoria Accord was signed to officially end the war and establish a new government in the DRC. This civil war resulted in the most deaths in a war since World War II.
End Tues
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The DARFUR CRISIS

There are many other civil conflicts that have affected Africa and that continue to be a problem. For example, the Darfur region of Sudan has been involved in civil war since 2003. In this region, fighting is between the Arab Muslims who are allied with the Sudanese government and the non-Arabs who are fighting against them. The Arab fighters are known as Janjaweed. The Sudanese government claims to have little control of the Janjaweed.
International condemnation of the Darfur crisis claims that, in fact, the government is supplying the Janjaweed with weapons and support. It is difficult to determine the number of deaths caused by the conflict because the government has made it hard for journalist to investigate. However, most sources report that there have been at least 250,000 deaths. The region is already quite dry and had experienced a drought. Diseases and starvation have spread throughout the region, killing many. About 2 million have fled the country.
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PAN-AFRICANISM
While African nations suffered the tragedies of war, there were also powerful unifying forces at work. A movement called Pan-Africanism spread across the globe during the 20th century. Pan-Africanism is the idea that there is a global African community made up of native Africans and the descendants of African slaves and migrants across the world. The Pan-African movement called for unity among all black people.
The origins of the Pan-African movement can be traced back to the early 19th century when black intellectuals called for self-governance. The Pan-African movement was important to the development of the African Union because it rallied African nations to work together.
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The AFRICAN UNION

In response to the number of corrupt and inept governments, many African nations decided to unite in 2001. They formed the African Union. The African Union (AU) is an organization of 53 African nations that work together for peace and security. The organization works to build a strong economy, encourage democracy, and safeguard human rights.
Every African nation except Morocco participates in the African Union. The constitution of the AU even invites the representatives of the African Diaspora to participate in the organization. A Diaspora refers to any people or ethnic group that must leave their homeland, and as a result is dispersed throughout other parts of the world. African Americans would be considered part of the African Diaspora. Today, the African Union is working toward building a central bank and a human rights court that will have authority over all African nations. Take Quiz
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10/3/2013

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SECTION 1 THE SLAVE TRADE

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Section Two COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

REASONS for COLONIZATION

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Impact of Colonial Period

Section 3 - AFRICAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS & PROBLEMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE

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The Belgian Congo

PROBLEMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE

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Section 4 - SOUTH AFRICA, APARTHEID, CIVIL WAR, & UNITY

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Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk

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CIVIL WAR and AFRICAN UNITY

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The DARFUR CRISIS

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The AFRICAN UNION

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