Professional Documents
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The Income Statement, Comprehensive Income, and the Statement of Cash Flows
AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise, and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e, with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions
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Brief Exercise
414
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Exercises
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Brief Exercises
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CPA/CMA
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CPA/CMA
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Problems
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Question 42
Income from continuing operations includes the revenue, expense, gain, and loss transactions that will probably continue in future periods. It is important to segregate the income effects of these items because they are the most important transactions in terms of predicting future cash flows.
Question 43
Operating income includes revenues and expenses and gains and losses that are directly related to the principal revenue generating activities of the company. Nonoperating income includes items that are not directly related to these activities.
Question 44
The single-step format first lists all revenues and gains included in income from continuing operations to arrive at total revenues and gains. All expenses and losses are then grouped and subtotaled, subtracted from revenues and gains to arrive at income from continuing operations. The multiple-step format reports a series (multiple) of intermediate totals such as gross profit, operating income, and income before taxes. Very often income statements adopt variations of these formats, falling somewhere in between the two extremes.
Question 45
The term earnings quality refers to the ability of reported earnings (income) to predict a companys future earnings. After all, an income statement simply reports on events that already have occurred. The relevance of any historical-based financial statement hinges on its predictive value.
Question 46
Restructuring costs include costs associated with shutdown or relocation of facilities or downsizing of operations. They are reported as an operating expense in the income statement.
Question 47
The process of intraperiod tax allocation matches tax expense or tax benefit with each major component of income, specifically continuing operations and any item reported below continuing operations. The process is necessary to achieve the desired result of separating the total income effects of continuing operations from the two separately reported itemsdiscontinued operations and extraordinary itemsand also to show the after-tax effect of each of those two components.
Question 49
Extraordinary items are material gains and losses that are both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence, taking into account the environment in which the entity operates.
Question 410
Extraordinary gains and losses are presented, net of tax, in the income statement below discontinued operations, if any.
Question 412
A change in accounting estimate is accounted for in the year of the change and in subsequent periods; prior years financial statements are not restated. A disclosure note should justify that the change is preferable and should describe the effect of a change on any financial statement line items and per share amounts affected for all periods reported.
Question 413
Prior period adjustments are accounted for by restating prior years financial statements when those statements are presented again for comparison purposes. The beginning of period retained earnings is increased or decreased on the statement of shareholders equity (or the statement of retained earnings) as of the beginning of the earliest period presented.
Question 415
Comprehensive income is the total change in equity for a reporting period other than from transactions with owners. Reporting comprehensive income can be accomplished with a continuous statement of comprehensive income that includes an income statement and other comprehensive income items or in two statements, an income statement and a separate statement of comprehensive income.
Question 416
The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to provide information about the cash receipts and cash disbursements of an enterprise during a period. Similar to the income statement, it is a change statement, summarizing the transactions that caused cash to change during a particular period of time.
Question 417
The three categories of cash flows reported on the statement of cash flows are: 1. Operating activitiesInflows and outflows of cash related to the transactions entering into the determination of net income from operations. 2. Investing activitiesInvolve the acquisition and sale of (1) long-term assets used in the business and (2) nonoperating investment assets. 3. Financing activitiesInvolve cash inflows and outflows from transactions with creditors and owners.
Question 418
Noncash investing and financing activities are transactions that do not increase or decrease cash but are important investing and financing activities. An example would be the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment (an investing activity) by issuing either long-term debt or equity securities (a financing activity). These activities are reported either on the face of the statement of cash flows or in a disclosure note.
Question 419
The direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities presents the cash effect of each operating activity directly on the statement of cash flows. The indirect method of reporting cash flows from operating activities is derived indirectly, by starting with reported net income and adding and subtracting items to convert that amount to a cash basis.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 46 Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
Question 421
U.S. GAAP designates cash outflows for interest payments and cash inflows from interest and dividends received as operating cash flows. Dividends paid to shareholders are classified as financing cash flows. IFRS allows more flexibility. Companies can report interest and dividends paid as either operating or financing cash flows and interest and dividends received as either operating or investing cash flows. Interest and dividend payments usually are reported as financing activities. Interest and dividends received normally are classified as investing activities.
BRIEF EXERCISES
Brief Exercise 41
PACIFIC SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in millions)
Revenues and gains: Sales .................................................................. Gain on sale of investments .............................. Total revenues and gains ............................... Expenses and losses: Cost of goods sold ............................................ Selling ................................................................ General and administrative ................................ Interest ............................................................... Total expenses and losses ............................. Income before income taxes ................................ Income tax expense* ........................................... Net income .......................................................... * $645 x 40% = $258
$2,106 45 2,151
Brief Exercise 42
(a) Sales revenue $2,106 Less: Cost of goods sold (1,240) Gross profit 866 Less: Selling expenses (126) General and administrative expenses (105) Operating income $ 635 Gain on sale of investments Interest expense Nonoperating income 45 (35) $10
Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
(b)
Brief Exercise 43
PACIFIC SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in millions)
Sales revenue ...................................................... Cost of goods sold .............................................. Gross profit ......................................................... Operating expenses: Selling ............................................................... General and administrative ............................... Total operating expenses .............................. Operating income ................................................ Other income (expense): Gain on sale of investments ............................. Interest expense ................................................ Total other income, net ................................. Income before income taxes .............................. Income tax expense* .......................................... Net income ..........................................................
*$645 x 40%
Brief Exercise 44
(a) Sales revenue Less: Cost of goods sold General and administrative expenses Restructuring costs Selling expenses Operating income Operating income Add: Interest revenue Deduct: Loss on sale of investments Income before income taxes and Income tax expense (40%) Income before extraordinary item Income before extraordinary item Extraordinary item: Loss from flood damage, net of $20,000 tax benefit Net loss $300,000 (160,000) (40,000) (50,000) (25,000) $ 25,000 $25,000 4,000 (22,000) 7,000 (2,800) $ 4,200 $ 4,200
(b)
(c)
(30,000) (25,800)
Brief Exercise 45
MEMORAX COMPANY Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income before income taxes and extraordinary item .......... Income tax expense* .......................................................... Income before extraordinary item ...................................... Extraordinary item: Loss from earthquake, net of $208,000 tax benefit .......... Net income ........................................................................... *$790,000 x 40% $ 790,000 316,000 474,000 (312,000) $ 162,000
Brief Exercise 46
WHITE AND SONS, INC. Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income before income taxes and extraordinary item .......... Income tax expense* .......................................................... Income before extraordinary item ...................................... Extraordinary item: Loss from earthquake, net of $160,000 tax benefit ......... Net income .......................................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ....................................... Loss from earthquake ......................................................... Net income ......................................................................... *$850,000 x 40% Note: Restructuring costs, interest revenue, and loss on sale of investments are included in income before income taxes and extraordinary item. $ 850,000 340,000 510,000 (240,000) $ 270,000
Brief Exercise 47
CALIFORNIA MICROTECH CORPORATION Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations before income taxes ... Income tax expense* ........................................................... Income from continuing operations .................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component (including gain on disposal of $2,000,000)** .......................... Income tax benefit ............................................................ Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income ........................................................................... * $5,800,000 x 30% ** Loss from operations of discontinued component: Gain on sale of assets Loss from operations Total before-tax loss $ 2,000,000 ($10 million less $8 million) (3,600,000) $(1,600,000) $ 5,800,000 1,740,000 $ 4,060,000
Brief Exercise 48
CALIFORNIA MICROTECH CORPORATION Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations before income taxes ... Income tax expense* ........................................................... Income from continuing operations ................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component** ...... Income tax benefit ............................................................ Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income .......................................................................... $ 5,800,000 1,740,000 $ 4,060,000 (3,600,000) 1,080,000 (2,520,000) $ 1,540,000
* $5,800,000 x 30% ** Includes only the loss from operations. There is no impairment loss.
Brief Exercise 49
CALIFORNIA MICROTECH CORPORATION Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations before income taxes ... Income tax expense* ........................................................... Income from continuing operations .................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component (including impairment loss of $1,000,000)** ........................... Income tax benefit ............................................................ Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income ........................................................................... * $5,800,000 x 30% ** Loss from operations of discontinued component: Impairment loss ($8 million book value less $7 million net fair value) Loss from operations Total before-tax loss $ 5,800,000 1,740,000 $ 4,060,000
Only these four cash flow transactions relate to operating activities. The others are investing and financing activities.
EXERCISES
Exercise 41
Requirement 1
GREEN STAR CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Revenues and gains: Sales ................................................................. Interest .............................................................. Gain on sale of investments ............................. Total revenues and gains .............................. Expenses and losses: Cost of goods sold ............................................ Selling ............................................................... General and administrative ............................... Interest ............................................................... Total expenses and losses ............................. Income before income taxes ............................... Income tax expense ............................................. Net income .......................................................... Earnings per share ..............................................
GREEN STAR CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Sales revenue ....................................................... Cost of goods sold ............................................... Gross profit .......................................................... Operating expenses: Selling ................................................................ General and administrative ................................ Total operating expenses ............................... Operating income ................................................ Other income (expense): Interest revenue ................................................. Gain on sale of investments .............................. Interest expense ................................................ Total other income, net ................................. Income before income taxes ............................... Income tax expense ............................................. Net income .......................................................... Earnings per share ............................................... $1,300,000 720,000 580,000
Exercise 42
Requirement 1
GENERAL LIGHTING CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Revenues and gains: Sales ................................................................. Rental revenue .................................................. Total revenues and gains .............................. Expenses and losses: Cost of goods sold ............................................ Selling .............................................................. General and administrative ............................... Interest ............................................................... Loss on sale of investments ............................. Loss from inventory write-down ..................... Total expenses and losses ............................. Income before income taxes and extraordinary Item . Income tax expense * . Income before extraordinary item ...................... Extraordinary item: Loss from flood damage (net of $48,000 tax benefit) Net income .......................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ...................... Extraordinary loss ............................................... Net income ..........................................................
$1,200,300 300,000 150,000 90,000 22,500 200,000 1,962,800 467,200 186,880 280,320 (72,000) $ 208,320
* 40% x $467,200
Exercise 42 (concluded) Requirement 2 GENERAL LIGHTING CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Sales revenue ....................................................... Cost of goods sold ............................................... Gross profit .......................................................... Operating expenses: Selling ............................................................... General and administrative ............................... Loss from inventory write-down ...................... Total operating expenses ............................... Operating income ................................................ Other income (expense): Rental revenue .................................................. Loss on sale of investments .............................. Interest expense ................................................ Total other income (expense), net ................. Income before income taxes and extraordinary item .................................................................... Income tax expense * ........................................... Income before extraordinary item ....................... Extraordinary item: Loss from flood damage (net of $48,000 tax benefit) Net income .......................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ....................... Extraordinary loss ............................................... Net income .......................................................... $300,000 150,000 200,000 650,000 499,700 80,000 (22,500) (90,000) (32,500) 467,200 186,880 280,320 (72,000) $ 208,320 $2,350,000 1,200,300 1,149,700
* 40% x $467,200
Exercise 43
LINDOR CORPORATION Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Sales revenue ................................................................... Cost of goods sold ........................................................... Gross profit ...................................................................... Operating expenses: Selling and administrative ............................................. Operating income ............................................................ Other income (expense): Interest expense ............................................................... Income before income taxes and extraordinary item ....... Income tax expense * ....................................................... Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary item: Gain on litigation settlement (net of $120,000 tax expense) .................................................................. Net income Other comprehensive income: Unrealized holding gains on investment securities, net of tax .................................................................... Comprehensive income ................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary gain ........................................................... Net income ....................................................................... * 30% x $440,000 $2,300,000 1,400,000 900,000
420,000 480,000
280,000 588,000
56,000 $644,000
Exercise 44
AXEL CORPORATION Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Sales revenue ................................................................... Cost of goods sold ........................................................... Gross profit ...................................................................... Operating expenses: Selling .......................................................................... Administrative ............................................................. Restructuring costs ....................................................... Total operating expenses ........................................... Operating income ............................................................ Other income (expense): Interest and dividends ................................................... Interest expense ............................................................ Total other income, net ................................................. Income before income taxes and extraordinary item ....... Income tax expense* ....................................................... Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary item: Gain on litigation settlement (net of $34,400 tax expense) .................................................................. Net income ....................................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary gain ........................................................... Net income ....................................................................... * 40% x $64,000 $ 592,000 325,000 267,000
51,600 $ 90,000
Exercise 45
CHANCE COMPANY Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations .................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component (including loss on disposal of $400,000)* ............................... Income tax benefit ............................................................ Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income ........................................................................... Earnings per share: Income from continuing operations .................................... Loss from discontinued operations ..................................... Net income .......................................................................... * Loss on discontinued operations: Loss on sale of assets Loss from operations Total before-tax loss Less: Income tax benefit (40%) Net-of-tax loss $(400,000) (130,000) (530,000) 212,000 $(318,000) $ 350,000
Exercise 46
ESQUIRE COMIC BOOK COMPANY Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations * .................................. Discontinued operations: Income from operations of discontinued component (including loss on disposal of $350,000) .................................. Income tax expense ........................................................... Income on discontinued operations .................................. Net income ............................................................................ $ 552,000
* Income from continuing operations: Income before considering additional items Decrease in income due to restructuring costs Before-tax income from continuing operations Income tax expense (40%) Income from continuing operations $1,000,000 (80,000) 920,000 (368,000) $ 552,000
Exercise 47
Requirement 1 KANDON ENTERPRISES, INC. Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations .................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component (including impairment loss of $50,000) * .............................. Income tax benefit ............................................................. Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income .......................................................................... * Loss on discontinued operations: Loss from operations Impairment loss ($250,000 200,000) Net before-tax loss Income tax benefit (40%) Net after-tax loss on discontinued operations Requirement 2 KANDON ENTERPRISES, INC. Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations .................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component * ......... Income tax benefit ............................................................ Loss on discontinued operations ...................................... Net income .......................................................................... $ 400,000 (140,000) 56,000 (84,000) $ 316,000 $(140,000) (50,000) (190,000) 76,000 $(114,000) $ 400,000
*Includes only the operating loss during the year. There is no impairment loss.
Solutions Manual, Vol.1, Chapter 4 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 427
Exercise 48
Pretax income from continuing operations Income tax expense Income from continuing operations Less: Net income Loss from discontinued operations $14,000,000 (5,600,000) 8,400,000 7,200,000 $1,200,000
$1,200,000 60%* = $2,000,000 = Before-tax loss from discontinued operations. *1 tax rate of 40% = 60% Pretax income of division Add: Loss from discontinued operations Impairment loss Fair value of divisions assets Add: Impairment loss Book value of divisions assets $4,000,000 2,000,000 $6,000,000 $11,000,000 6,000,000 $17,000,000
Exercise 49
Earnings per share: Income from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Extraordinary gain Net income $5.00 (1.60) 2.20 $5.60
Exercise 410
THE MASSOUD CONSULTING GROUP Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Net income .......................................................... Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation gain, net of tax ... Unrealized losses on investment securities, net of tax ....................................................... Total other comprehensive income ..................... Comprehensive income ...................................... $1,354,000 $168,000 (56,000) 112,000 $1,466,000
Exercise 411
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. b a a c b c b a d c c Purchase of equipment for cash. Payment of employee salaries. Collection of cash from customers. Cash proceeds from a note payable. Purchase of common stock of another corporation for cash. Issuance of common stock for cash. Sale of machinery for cash. Payment of interest on note payable. Issuance of bonds payable in exchange for land and building. Payment of cash dividends to shareholders. Payment of principal on note payable.
Exercise 412
Bluebonnet Bakers Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Collections from customers $ 380,000 Interest on note receivable 6,000 Purchase of inventory (160,000) Interest on note payable (5,000) Payment of salaries (90,000) Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Collection of note receivable Sale of investments Purchase of equipment Net cash flows from investing activities 50,000 30,000 (85,000) (5,000)
$131,000
Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from note payable 100,000 Payment of note payable (25,000) Payment of dividends (20,000) Net cash flows from financing activities Net increase in cash Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31
Exercise 413
Cash collected for interest, considered an operating cash flow by U.S. GAAP, could be classified as either an operating cash flow or an investing cash flow according to International Accounting Standards. Cash paid for interest, considered an operating cash flow by U.S. GAAP, could be classified as either an operating cash flow or a financing cash flow according to International Accounting Standards. Cash paid for dividends, considered a financing cash flow by U.S. GAAP, could be classified as either an operating cash flow or a financing cash flow according to International Accounting Standards. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows prepared according to IFRS could be the same as under U.S. GAAP (E412) or could be presented as follows: BLUEBONNET BAKERS Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Collections from customers $ 380,000 Purchase of inventory (160,000) Payment of salaries (90,000) Payment of dividends (20,000) Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Collection of note receivable Interest on note receivable Sale of investments Purchase of equipment Net cash flows from investing activities 50,000 6,000 30,000 (85,000) 1,000
$110,000
Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from note payable 100,000 Payment of note payable (25,000) Interest on note payable (5,000) Net cash flows from financing activities Net increase in cash Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31
Solutions Manual, Vol.1, Chapter 4
Exercise 414
Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation expense Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Increase in accounts receivable Decrease in inventory Decrease in prepaid insurance Decrease in salaries payable Increase in interest payable Net cash flows from operating activities $17,300 7,800 (4,000) 5,500 1,200 (2,700) 800 $25,900
Exercise 415
Requirement 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Financing $300,000 Investing $(10,000) $ (5,000) (6,000) (70,000) 55,000
__________ __________ __________
Operating
$300,000
$(10,000)
$(26,000)
$264,000
Exercise 416
Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation and amortization expense Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Decrease in accounts receivable Increase in inventories Increase in prepaid expenses Increase in salaries payable Decrease in income taxes payable Net cash flows from operating activities $624,000 87,000 22,000 (9,200) (8,500) 10,000 (14,000) $711,300
Exercise 417
Consistent with U.S. GAAP, international standards also require a statement of cash flows. Consistent with U.S. GAAP, cash flows are classified as operating, investing, or financing. However, the U.S. standard designates cash outflows for interest payments and cash inflows from interest and dividends received as operating cash flows. Dividends paid to shareholders are classified as financing cash flows. IAS No. 7, on the other hand, allows more flexibility. Companies can report interest and dividends paid as either operating or financing cash flows and interest and dividends received as either operating or investing cash flows. Interest and dividend payments usually are reported as financing activities. Interest and dividends received normally are classified as investing activities. Accordingly, the statement of cash flows prepared according to IFRS mostly likely would be presented as follows (differences from U.S. GAAP in italics):
BRONCO METALS Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Collections from customers Purchase of inventory Payment of operating expenses Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Interest on note receivable Dividends received from investments Collection of note receivable Purchase of equipment Net cash flows from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Payment of interest on note payable Proceeds from issuance of common stock Dividends paid Net cash flows from financing activities Net increase in cash Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31
4,000 2,400 100,000 (154,000) (47,600) (8,000) 200,000 (40,000) 152,000 204,400 28,600 $233,000
Exercise 418
TIGER ENTERPRISES Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 ($ in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $ 900 Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation expense 240 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Decrease in accounts receivable 80 Increase in inventory (40) Increase in prepaid insurance (30) Decrease in accounts payable (60) Decrease in administrative and other payables (100) Increase in income taxes payable 50 Net cash flows from operating activities $1,040 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of plant and equipment Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock 100 Proceeds from note payable 200 (940) Payment of dividends (1) Net cash flows from financing activities(640) Net increase in cash Cash, January 1 Cash, December 31
(1) Retained earnings, beginning + Net income Dividends Retained earnings, ending $540 900 x $500
(300)
x = $940
Exercise 419
The T-account analysis of the transactions related to operating cash flows is shown below. To derive the cash flows, the beginning and ending balances in the related assets and liabilities are inserted, together with the revenue and expense amounts from the income statements. In each balance sheet account, the remaining (plug) figure is the other half of the cash increases or decreases.
Cash Flows (Operating) (a.) 7,080 (b.) 130 (c.) 3,460 (d.) 1,900 (e.) 550 Sales Revenue Accounts Receivable 1/1 830 (a.) 7,080 7,000 <-----------> 7,000 12/31 750 Insurance Expense 100
Prepaid Insurance 20 100 <-----------> (b.) 130 12/31 50 1/1 Accounts Payable (c.) 3,460 1/1
Inventory 360 1/1 600 3,400 <-----------> 3,400 12/31 300 12/31 640
Admin. & Other Payables Admin. & Other Expense 400 (d.) 1,900 1/1 1,800 <-----------> 1,800 12/31 300 Income Taxes Payable 150 (e.) 550 1/1 600 <-----------> 12/31 200 Income Tax Expense 600
Based on the information in the T-accounts above, the operating activities section of the SCF for Tiger Enterprises would be as shown next.
Exercise 419 (concluded) TIGER ENTERPRISES Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 ($ in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Collections from customers $ 7,080 Prepayment of insurance (130) Payment to inventory suppliers (3,460) Payment for administrative & other exp. (1,900) Payment of income taxes (550) Net cash flows from operating activities
$ 1,040
Exercise 420
Requirement 1 FASB ASC 260: Earnings per Share. Requirement 2 The specific citation that describes the additional information for earnings per share that must be included in the notes to the financial statements is FASB ASC 260 10501: Earnings per ShareOverallDisclosure. Requirement 3 For each period for which an income statement is presented, an entity discloses all of the following: a. A reconciliation of the numerators and the denominators of the basic and diluted per-share computations for income from continuing operations. The reconciliation includes the individual income and share amount effects of all securities that affect earnings per share (EPS). Example 2 (see paragraph 260105551) illustrates that disclosure. (See paragraph 26010453.) An entity is encouraged to refer to pertinent information about securities included in the EPS computations that is provided elsewhere in the financial statements as prescribed by Subtopic 505-10. b. The effect that has been given to preferred dividends in arriving at income available to common stockholders in computing basic EPS. c. Securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would have been antidilutive for the period(s) presented. Full disclosure of the terms and conditions of these securities is required even if a security is not included in diluted EPS in the current period. For the latest period for which an income statement is presented, an entity must provide a description of any transaction that occurs after the end of the most recent period but before issuance of the financial statements that would have changed materially the number of common shares or potential common shares outstanding at the end of the period if the transaction had occurred before the end of the period. Examples of those transactions include the issuance or acquisition of common shares; the issuance of warrants, options, or convertible securities; the resolution of a contingency pursuant to a contingent stock agreement; and the conversion or exercise of potential common shares outstanding at the end of the period into common shares.
Solutions Manual, Vol.1, Chapter 4 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 439
Exercise 421
The FASB Accounting Standards Codification represents the single source of authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The specific citation for each of the following items is: 1. The criteria for determining if a gain or loss should be reported as an extraordinary item: FASB ASC 22520452: Income StatementExtraordinary and Unusual ItemsOther Presentation MattersCriteria for Presentation as Extraordinary. Extraordinary items are events and transactions that are distinguished by their unusual nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence. Thus, both of the following criteria shall be met to classify an event or transaction as an extraordinary item: a. Unusual nature. The underlying event or transaction should possess a high degree of abnormality and be of a type clearly unrelated to, or only incidentally related to, the ordinary and typical activities of the entity, taking into account the environment in which the entity operates. b. Infrequency of occurrence. The underlying event or transaction should be of a type that would not reasonably be expected to recur in the foreseeable future, taking into account the environment in which the entity operates. 2. The calculation of the weighted average number of shares for basic earnings per share purposes: FASB ASC 26010552: Earnings per ShareOverallImplementation Guidance and IllustrationComputing a Weighted Average. The weighted-average number of shares is an arithmetical mean average of shares outstanding and assumed to be outstanding for EPS computations. The most precise average would be the sum of the shares determined on a daily basis divided by the number of days in the period. Less-precise averaging methods may be used, however, as long as they produce reasonable results. Methods that introduce artificial weighting, such as the Rule of 78 method, are not acceptable for computing a weighted-average number of shares for EPS computations.
3.
The alternative formats permissible for reporting comprehensive income: FASB ASC 22010451: Comprehensive IncomeOverallOther Presentation ItemsReporting Comprehensive Income. 1A. An entity reporting comprehensive income in a single continuous financial statement shall present its components in two sections, net income and other comprehensive income. If applicable, an entity shall present the following in that financial statement:
a. A total amount for net income together with the components that make up net income. b. A total amount for other comprehensive income together with the components that make up other comprehensive income. As indicated in paragraph 22010153, an entity that has no items of other comprehensive income in any period presented is not required to report comprehensive income. c. Total comprehensive income. 1B. An entity reporting comprehensive income in two separate but consecutive statements shall present the following:
a. Components of and the total for net income in the statement of net income b. Components of and the total for other comprehensive income as well as a total for comprehensive income in the statement of other comprehensive income, which shall be presented immediately after the statement of net income. A reporting entity may begin the second statement with net income. 1C. An entity shall present, either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in a statement of net income and statement of other comprehensive income, all items that meet the definition of comprehensive income for the period in which those items are recognized. Components included in other comprehensive income shall be classified based on their nature.
Exercise 421 (concluded) 4. The classifications of cash flows required in the statement of cash flows: FASB ASC 23010451: Statement of Cash FlowsOverallOther Presentation MattersForm and Content. A statement of cash flows shall report the cash effects during a period of an entity's operations, its investing transactions, and its financing transactions.
Exercise 422
List A f 1. Intraperiod tax allocation List B a. Unusual, infrequent, and material gains and losses. b. Starts with net income and works backwards to convert to cash. c. Reports the cash effects of each operating activity directly on the statement. d. Correction of a material error of a prior period. e. Related to the external financing of the company. f. Associates tax with income statement item. g. Total nonowner change in equity. h. Related to the transactions entering into the determination of net income. i. Related to the acquisition and disposition of long-term assets. j. Required disclosure for publicly traded corporation. k. A component of an entity. l. Directly related to principal revenuegenerating activities.
d 7. Prior period adjustment e 8. Financing activities h 9. Operating activities (SCF) i 10. Investing activities c 11. Direct method b 12. Indirect method
The discontinued operations and the extraordinary gain are reported below income from continuing operations. 4. a. The $400,000 impairment loss and the $1,000,000 loss from operations should be combined for a total loss of $1,400,000. 5. a. Dividends paid to shareholders is considered a financing cash flow, not an operating cash flow. 6. c. Issuing common stock for cash is considered a financing cash flow, not an investing cash flow. 7. b. IFRS prohibits reporting extraordinary items, and restructuring costs are not separately reported under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Both IFRS and U.S. GAAP report discontinued operations as a separate item, net of tax. 8. c. Interest paid can be classified as either an operating or financing cash flow.
2.
3.
PROBLEMS
Problem 41
REED COMPANY Comparative Income Statements For the Years Ended December 31 Sales revenue ........................................................ [1] Cost of goods sold ................................................ [2] Gross profit ........................................................... Operating expenses: Administrative .................................................... [3] Selling ................................................................ [4] Loss from fire damage ........................................ Loss from write-down of obsolete inventory ...... Total operating expenses ................................ Operating income ................................................. Other income (expense): Interest revenue ................................................... Interest expense ................................................... Total other expenses (net) .............................. Income from continuing operations before income taxes and extraordinary item............... Income tax expense .............................................. Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item ............................................. Discontinued operations: Income (loss) from operations of discontinued component (including loss on disposal of $50,000 in 2013) ................................................ Income tax benefit (expense) ................................ Income (loss) on discontinued operations ......... [5] Income before extraordinary item ........................ Extraordinary item: Loss from earthquake (net of $40,000 tax benefit) Net income ............................................................
Earnings per share: Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item ..................................................... Discontinued operations ............................................. Extraordinary loss ....................................................... Net income ...................................................................
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 446
2013 $4,000,000 2,570,000 1,430,000 750,000 340,000 50,000 35,000 1,175,000 255,000 150,000 (200,000) (50,000) 205,000 82,000 123,000
[6] [7]
2012 $3,000,000 1,680,000 1,320,000 635,000 282,000 --917,000 403,000 140,000 (200,000) (60,000) 343,000 137,200 205,800
[8] [9]
Problem 41 (concluded) [1] $4,400,000 400,000 [2] [3] [4] $2,860,000 290,000 $800,000 50,000 $360,000 20,000
[5] Loss in 2011: Income from operations Loss on sale of assets Loss before tax benefit Tax benefit (40% x $10,000) Loss on discontinued operations, net of tax benefit [6] [7] [8] [9]
$3,500,000 500,000 (sales from discontinued operation) $2,000,000 320,000 (cost of goods sold from discontinued operation) $675,000 40,000 (administrative expenses from discontinued operations) $312,000 30,000 (selling expenses from discontinued operations)
Problem 42
Requirement 1 JACKSON HOLDING COMPANY Comparative Income Statements (in part) For the Years Ended December 31 2013 2012 Income from continuing operations before income taxes [1] .......................................... $3,000,000 $1,300,000 Income tax expense ......................................... 1,200,000 520,000 Income from continuing operations ................ 1,800,000 780,000 Discontinued operations: Income (loss) from operations of discontinued component (including gain on disposal of $600,000 in 2011) [2] ....................................... 200,000 (300,000) Income tax benefit (expense) ......................... (80,000) 120,000 Income (loss) on discontinued operations ..... 120,000 (180,000) Net Income ...................................................... $1,920,000 $ 600,000
Income from continuing operations before income taxes: 2013 2012 Unadjusted $2,600,000 $1,000,000 Add: Loss from discontinued operations 400,000 300,000 Adjusted $3,000,000 $1,300,000 Income from discontinued operations: 2013 Loss from operations $(400,000) Gain on disposal 600,000 Total $ 200,000 [2]
[1]
Problem 42 (concluded) Requirement 2 The 2013 income from discontinued operations would include only the loss from operations of $400,000. Since no impairment loss is indicated ($5,000,000 4,400,000 = $600,000 anticipated gain), none is included. The anticipated gain on disposal is not recognized until it is realized, presumably in the following year. Requirement 3 The 2013 income from discontinued operations would include the loss from operations of $400,000 as well as an impairment loss of $500,000 ($4,400,000 book value of assets less $3,900,000 fair value).
Problem 43
Requirement 1 MICRON CORPORATION Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income from continuing operations before income taxes and extraordinary item ....... Income tax expense .................................... Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item ....................................... Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued component (including loss on disposal of $300,000) ................................................. Income tax benefit ................................... Loss on discontinued operations .............. Income before extraordinary item .............. Extraordinary item: Loss from earthquake (net of $240,000 tax benefit) ..................... Net Income .................................................
[1] $1,300,000 390,000 910,000
(560,000) $ 252,000
[1] Income from continuing operations before taxes: Unadjusted $1,200,000 Add: Gain from sale of factory 100,000 Adjusted $1,300,000 [2] Loss on discontinued operations: Income from operations Deduct: Loss on sale of assets Loss before tax Tax benefit (30% x $140,000) Loss on discontinued operations $ 160,000 (300,000) (140,000) 42,000 $ (98,000)
Requirement 2 These events will not, or are unlikely to occur again in the near future. By segregating them, users are better able to predict future cash flows.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 450 Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
Problem 44
1. Restructuring is an example of an event that is either unusual or infrequent, but not both. Restructuring costs should be included in income from continuing operations but reported as a separate income statement component. The item is reported gross, not net of tax as with extraordinary gains and losses. 2. The extraordinary gain should be presented, net of tax, in the income statement below income from continuing operations. Also, earnings per share for income from continuing operations and for the extraordinary item should be disclosed. 3. The correction of the error should be treated as a prior period adjustment to beginning retained earnings, not as an adjustment to current year's cost of goods sold. In addition, the 2012 financial statements should be restated to reflect the correction, and a disclosure note is required that communicates the impact of the error on 2012 income.
Problem 45
ALEXIAN SYSTEMS, INC. Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in millions except per share date)
Net sales revenue ................................................. Cost of goods sold ............................................... Gross profit .......................................................... Operating expenses: Selling and administrative ................................ Restructuring costs ........................................... Total operating expenses ............................... Operating income ................................................ Other income: Interest revenue ................................................. Gain on sale of investments .............................. Total other income ........................................ Income before income taxes and extraordinary item ................................................................... Income tax expense ............................................. Income before extraordinary item ....................... Extraordinary gain (net of $48 tax expense) .............. Net income .......................................................... Earnings per share: Income before extraordinary item ....................... Extraordinary gain ............................................... Net income ..........................................................
[1] $270 5 (prior period adjustment) [2] $154 26 (restructuring costs) [3] 40% x $15 [4] $120 less taxes of $48 (40% x $120) [2] $128
Note: The difference in net income of $3 million ($81 million compared to $78 million on the original income statement) is the effect of the inventory error of $5 million, less the 40% tax effect.
Problem 46
REMBRANDT PAINT COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)
Sales revenue ................................................................... Cost of goods sold ........................................................... Gross profit ...................................................................... Operating expenses: Selling and administrative ............................................ Restructuring costs ....................................................... Operating income ............................................................ Interest income (expense), net ......................................... Income from continuing operations before income taxes and extraordinary item................................................... Income tax expense ......................................................... Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item .............................................................................. Discontinued operations: Income from operations of discontinued component
(including gain on disposal of $2,000) ..................................
Income tax expense ...................................................... Income on discontinued operations ............................. Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary gain (net of $900 tax expense) ..................... Net income........................................................................ Earnings per share: Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item ............................................................................... Income on discontinued operations ................................. Extraordinary gain ........................................................... Net income .......................................................................
Problem 47
Requirement 1
SCHEMBRI MANUFACTURING CORPORATION Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 ($ in 000s) Sales revenue .................................................................. Cost of goods sold ........................................................... Gross profit ..................................................................... Operating expenses: Selling .......................................................................... General and administrative .......................................... Restructuring costs ....................................................... Total operating expenses ........................................ Operating income ............................................................ Other income (expense): Loss on sales of investments .......................................... Interest expense .............................................................. Interest revenue .............................................................. Other income (expense) .............................................. Income from continuing operations before income taxes and extraordinary item . Income tax expense ......................................................... Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item .............................................................................. Discontinued operations: Income from operations of discontinued component (including gain on disposal of $1,400) ...................... Income tax expense ...................................................... Income from discontinued operations .......................... Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary item: Loss from earthquake (net of $800 tax benefit) ........... Net income ....................................................................... Other comprehensive income: Unrealized gains from investments, net of tax Loss from foreign currency translation, net of tax Comprehensive income
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 454
$15,300 6,200 9,100 $1,300 800 1,200 3,300 5,800 $(220) (180) 85 (315) 5,485 2,194 3,291
48 $2,643
Problem 47 (concluded)
Earnings per share:* Income from continuing operations before extraordinary item Discontinued operations Extraordinary loss Net income *Weighted-average shares = 1,000,000 + (400,000/2) = 1,200,000
Note: The depreciation expense error is a prior period adjustment (to retained earnings) and is not reported in the income statement.
Requirement 2
SCHEMBRI MANUFACTURING CORPORATION
Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in 000s) Net income ....................................................................... Other comprehensive income (loss): Unrealized gains from investments, net of tax ............... Loss from foreign currency translation, net of tax Total other comprehensive income ................................. Comprehensive income ................................................... $2,595 $192 (144) 48 $2,643
Problem 48
DUKE COMPANY Statement of Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales revenue .................................................................. Cost of goods sold ........................................................... Gross profit ..................................................................... Operating expenses: General and administrative .......................................... Selling ......................................................................... Restructuring costs ....................................................... Loss from write-down of obsolete inventory Total operating expenses .......................................... Operating income ............................................................ Other income (expense): Interest expense ............................................................ Income before income taxes and extraordinary item ....... Income tax expense ......................................................... Income before extraordinary item ................................... Extraordinary item: Loss from expropriation of overseas plant (net of $1,200,000 tax benefit) ............................................ Net Income ....................................................................... Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment loss, net of tax Unrealized gains on investment securities, net of tax Total other comprehensive loss Comprehensive income $1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 2,200,000 3,800,000 (700,000) 3,100,000 1,240,000 1,860,000 $15,000,000 9,000,000 6,000,000
Notes: 1. The restructuring costs and the loss from write-down of inventory are not extraordinary items. 2. The depreciation expense error is a prior period adjustment and is not reported in the income statement.
Problem 49
Requirement 1 DIVERSIFIED PORTFOLIO CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Collections from customers (1) Payment of operating expenses (2) Payment of income taxes (3) Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Sale of investments Net cash flows from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issue of common stock Payment of dividends Net cash flows from financing activities Increase in cash Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 Cash and cash equivalents, December 31
50,000 50,000
(1) $900,000 in service revenue less $20,000 increase in accounts receivable. (2) $700,000 in operating expenses less $30,000 in depreciation less $10,000 increase
in accounts payable. (3) $80,000 in income tax expense plus $5,000 decrease in income taxes payable.
Problem 49 (concluded) Requirement 2 DIVERSIFIED PORTFOLIO CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $120,000 Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation expense 30,000 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Increase in accounts receivable (20,000) Increase in accounts payable 10,000 Decrease in income taxes payable (5,000) Net cash flows from operating activities $135,000
Problem 410
Requirement 1 2012 Cash: 2012 Cash + Net increase in cash = 2013 Cash 2012 Cash + $86 = $145 2012 Cash = $59 2013 A/R: 2012 A/R + Cr. Sales Cash collections = 2013 A/R $84 + 80 71 = $93 2012 Inventory: 2012 A/P + Purchases Cash paid = 2013 A/P $30 + Purchases 30 = $40 Therefore, Purchases = $40 2012 Inventory + Purchases 2013 Inventory = Cost of goods sold 2012 Inventory + $40 60 = $32 2012 Inventory = $52 2012 Accumulated depreciation: 2013 accumulated depreciation less 2013 depreciation = 2012 accumulated depreciation $65 10 = $55
Problem 410 (continued) 2012 Total assets: $59 + 84 + 52 + 50 + 150 55 = $340 2013 Total assets: $145 + 93 + 60 + 150 65 = $383 2012 Income taxes payable: 2012 Inc. taxes payable + Inc. tax expense Income taxes paid = 2013 Inc. taxes payable 2012 Inc. taxes payable =2013 Inc. taxes payable + Taxes paid Inc. tax expense 2012 Inc. taxes payable = $22 + 9 7 = $24 2013 Retained earnings: 2012 R/E + Net income Dividends = 2013 R/E $47 + 28 3 = $72 2012 Total liabilities and shareholders equity: $30 + 9 + 24 + 230 + 47 = $340 2013 Total liabilities and shareholders equity: $40 + 9 + 22 + 240 + 72 = $383
Problem 410 (concluded) Requirement 2 GRANDVIEW CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
($ in millions)
Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation expense Gain on sale of investments Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Increase in accounts receivable1 Increase in inventory2 Increase in accounts payable3 Decrease in income taxes payable4 Net cash flows from operating activities
1 2 3 4
Problem 411
SANTANA INDUSTRIES Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 ($ in thousands) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments for noncash effects: Depreciation expense Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Increase in accounts receivable Increase in inventory Decrease in prepaid rent Increase in accounts payable Increase in interest payable Increase in unearned service revenue Decrease in income taxes payable Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of equipment Sale of equipment Net cash flows from investing activities $ 3,850 1,600 (300) (1,000) 150 300 100 200 (250) $4,650 (4,000) 500 (3,500)
Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from loan payable 5,000 Payment of dividends (1,000) Net cash flows from financing activities 4,000 Net increase in cash Cash, January 1 Cash, December 31 5,150 2,200 $7,350
CASES
Judgment Case 41
Requirement 1 The term earnings quality refers to the ability of reported earnings (income) to predict a companys future earnings. After all, an income statement simply reports on events that already have occurred. The relevance of any historical-based financial statement hinges on its predictive value. Requirement 2 To enhance predictive value, analysts try to separate a companys transitory earnings effects from its permanent earnings. Transitory earnings effects result from transactions or events that are not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future, or that are likely to have a different impact on earnings in the future. Requirement 3 An often-debated contention is that, within GAAP, managers have the power, to a limited degree, to manipulate reported company income. And the manipulation is not always in the direction of higher income. Many believe that manipulating income reduces earnings quality because it can mask permanent earnings. Requirement 4 You would consider the size of the gain in relation to net income, the size of the companys investment portfolio, and the frequency of gains and losses from the sale of investment securities in past years. The main objective is to determine the likelihood of this type of gain occurring again in the future.
Judgment Case 42
Requirement 1 Restructuring costs include costs associated with shutdown or relocation of facilities or downsizing of operations. Facility closings and related employee layoffs translate into costs incurred for severance pay and relocation costs as well as asset write-downs or write-offs. Requirement 2 Prior to 2003, restructuring costs were recognized (expensed) in the period the decision to restructure was made, not in the period or periods in which the actual activities took place. Now, restructuring costs are expensed in the period(s) incurred. Requirement 3 Restructuring costs would be included as an operating expense in a multi-step income statement. Requirement 4 An analyst must interpret restructuring charges in light of a companys past history in this area. Information in disclosure notes describing the restructuring and management plans related to the business involved also can be helpful.
Judgment Case 43
No. Companies generally prefer to report earnings that follow a smooth, regular, upward path. They try to avoid declines, but they also want to avoid increases that vary wildly from year to year. It is better to have two years of 15% earnings increases than a 30% gain one year and none the next. As a result, some companies bank earnings by understating them in particularly good years and use the banked profits to increase earnings in bad years.
Communication Case 45
The critical question that student groups should address is whether or not the gain on the sale of the timber tracts should be reported as an extraordinary item on the 2013 income statement. There is no right or wrong answer. The process of developing the proposed solutions will likely be more beneficial than the solutions themselves. Students should benefit from participating in the process, interacting first with other group members, then with the class as a whole. Solutions should address the following issues: 1. Is the gain material? A consensus should be reached that the gain is material. 2. Is the event both unusual and infrequent? Debate should center on the critical issue of whether the event is likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. 3. If the event is deemed to require presentation as an extraordinary item, the gain should be reported net of tax below income from continuing operations. A disclosure note also is required and earnings per share disclosure should reflect the income statement presentation. As a real world example of a similar situation, in 1974 Johns Manville Corporation, manufacturer of asbestos products, reported a $21 million extraordinary gain from the sale of timber tracts. No disclosure note was provided to explain the event, so we can only speculate as to the circumstances leading to the company's presentation of the gain as extraordinary. It is important that each student actively participate in the process. Domination by one or two individuals should be discouraged. Students should be encouraged to contribute to the group discussion by (a) offering information on relevant issues, and (b) clarifying or modifying ideas already expressed, or (c) suggesting alternative direction.
Communication Case 46
Suggested Grading Concepts and Grading Scheme: Content (70%) ______ 10 Is the loss material? ______ 25 Lists the alternative treatments. ____ Present before-tax amount as a separate line item. ____ Present the after-tax amount as an extraordinary item. ____ In either case, disclosure is required. ______ 25 Cites the appropriate authoritative pronouncement, FASB ASC 2252045 (previously APBO No. 30), and discuss the concepts of unusual and infrequent in the context of the companys environment. ______ 10 A clear, well-supported recommendation is made. ____ ______ 70 points Writing (30%) ______ 6 Terminology and tone appropriate to the audience of a chief financial officer. ______ 12 Organization permits ease of understanding. ____ Introduction that states purpose. ____ Paragraphs that separate main points. ______ 12 English ____ Sentences grammatically clear and well organized, concise. ____ Word selection. ____ Spelling. ____ Grammar and punctuation. ____ ______ 30 points
Case 46 (continued) The following is provided as an example. August 1990 TO: Chief Financial Officer, Carter Hawley Hale Stores (CHHS)
FROM: John Doe, Controller (CHHS) RE: Income Statement treatment of October 17, 1989, earthquake damage costs.
A decision on the income statement treatment of the earthquake damage costs involves a number of considerations. First, the damage costs are clearly material. Inclusion of the costs in earnings results in an increase in the net loss for the fiscal year ended August 4, 1990, from $9.47 million to $25.97 million. This leaves us only two options for the income statement presentation of the loss: 1. Present the before-tax amount of the loss ($27.5 million) as a separate line item in the income statement. 2. Present the after-tax effect of the loss ($16.5 million) as an extraordinary item, below income from continuing operations. In both cases, a disclosure note would be required to explain the loss. The appropriate authoritative pronouncement pertaining to this case is FASB ASC 2252045: Income StatementExtraordinary and Unusual ItemsOther Presentation Matters (previously Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 30). It states that judgment is required in determining whether or not an event warrants separate reporting in the income statement as an extraordinary item. However, the following broad guideline is provided in paragraph 2:
Extraordinary items are events and transactions that are distinguished by their unusual nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence.
The characteristics of unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence must be considered in light of the environment in which the company operates. These characteristics are only aids in answering the important question: What is the likelihood that this event will occur again in the foreseeable future? If it is not likely to occur again, then this should be communicated to financial statement users by segregating the income effect of the event as an extraordinary item. This will help them in using the income statement to predict future cash flows.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 468 Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
Case 46 (concluded) RECOMMENDATION I recommend that the earthquake damage costs be treated as an extraordinary loss, net of tax, in the income statement for the fiscal year ended August 4, 1990. In addition, earnings per share for income both before and after the loss must be presented. While many earthquakes do occur in California, extremely large earthquakes causing significant amounts of damage are both unusual and infrequent. I do not believe that this type of loss will occur again in the foreseeable future.
Ethics Case 47
Discussion should include these elements. Facts: The company incurred $10 million in expenses related to a product recall. The company had experienced product recalls in the past and they do occur in the industry. To show a profit from continuing operations, Jim Dietz, the controller, wants to report the $10 million as an extraordinary loss, rather than as an expense included in operating income. He tells the CEO that the company has never had a product recall of this magnitude and that the company fixed the design flaw and upgraded quality control. Extraordinary items are gains and losses that are material, and result from events that are both unusual and infrequent. These criteria must be considered in light of the environment in which the entity operates. There obviously is a considerable degree of subjectivity involved in the determination. The concepts of unusual and infrequent require judgment. In making these judgments, an accountant should keep in mind the overall objective of the income statement. The key question is how the event relates to a firms future profitability. If it is judged that the event, because of its unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence, is not likely to occur again, separate reporting as an extraordinary item is warranted. Ethical Dilemma: It appears from the facts of the case that it would be difficult for the company to come to the conclusion that a material product recall is not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. This type of event has occurred before and is common in the industry. While a subjective judgment, extraordinary treatment of the $10 million does not appear warranted. Is the obligation of Jim and the CEO to maximize income from continuing operations, the company's position on the stock market, and management bonuses stronger than their obligation to fairly present accounting information to the users of financial statements? Who is affected? Jim Dietz CEO and other managers Other employees Shareholders Potential shareholders from the stock market Creditors Company auditors
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 470 Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
Research Case 48
Requirement 1 The accounting standards topic number that addresses exit or disposal cost obligations is FASB ASC 420: Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations. Requirement 2 The specific citation that addresses the initial measurement of these obligations is FASB ASC 42010301: Exit or Disposal Cost ObligationsOverallInitial Measurement. Requirement 3 A liability for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity is measured initially at its fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred. Requirement 4 The specific citation that describes the disclosure requirements for exit or disposal obligations is FASB ASC 42010501: Exit or Disposal Cost ObligationsOverall Disclosure.
Case 48 (concluded) Requirement 5 All of the following information is disclosed in notes to financial statements that include the period in which an exit or disposal activity is initiated and any subsequent period until the activity is completed: a. A description of the exit or disposal activity, including the facts and circumstances leading to the expected activity and the expected completion date. b. For each major type of cost associated with the activity (for example, one-time employee termination benefits, contract termination costs, and other associated costs), both of the following are disclosed: 1. The total amount expected to be incurred in connection with the activity, the amount incurred in the period, and the cumulative amount incurred to date. 2. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability balances showing separately the changes during the period attributable to costs incurred and charged to expense, costs paid or otherwise settled, and any adjustments to the liability with an explanation of the reason(s) why. c. The line item(s) in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the costs in (b) are aggregated. d. For each reportable segment, as defined in Subtopic 280-10, the total amount of costs expected to be incurred in connection with the activity, the amount incurred in the period, and the cumulative amount incurred to date, net of any adjustments to the liability with an explanation of the reason(s) why. e. If a liability for a cost associated with the activity is not recognized because fair value cannot be reasonably estimated, that fact and the reasons why.
Judgment Case 49
Situation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Treatment (ag) b. c. f. g. a. b. e. d. Financial Statement Presentation (CO, BC, or RE) CO RE CO CO BC CO BC RE
1Watts, R.L., and J.L. Zimmerman, Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards, The
Accounting Review, January 1978, and Positive Accounting Theory: A Ten Year Perspective, The Accounting Review, January 1990. 2For example, see Healy, P.M., The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions, Journal of Accounting and Economics, April 1985, and Dhaliwal, D., G. Salamon, and E. Smith, The Effect of Owner Versus Management Control on the Choice of Accounting Methods, Journal of Accounting and Economics, July 1982. 3Bowen, R.M., E.W. Noreen, and J.M. Lacy, Determinants of the Corporate Decision to Capitalize Interest, Journal of Accounting and Economics, August 1981. 4This political cost motive is suggested by Watts, R.L.. and J.L. Zimmerman, Positive Accounting Theory: A TenYear Perspective, The Accounting Review, January 1990, and Zmijewski, M., and R. Hagerman, An Income Strategy Approach to the Positive Theory of Accounting Standard Setting/Choice, Journal of Accounting and Economics, August 1981.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2013 476 Intermediate Accounting, 7/e
Requirement 2 The authors use the S&P 500 companies as their sample. Requirement 3 77% in 2001 and only 54% in 2003. Requirement 4 In 2001, 85% of firms have greater pro forma than GAAP earnings. This ratio declined to 67% in 2003. Requirement 5 In 2001, 136 firms reported Restructuring Charges, and the same number of firms reported a Divestiture/Sale of Business Units. In 2003, the most frequently reported adjustment was Amortization/Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangibles. Requirement 6 The authors main conclusions are that the introduction of pro forma regulation is associated with a substantial change in firms pro forma reporting. Notably, far fewer firms are reporting pro forma earnings, while those that continue to report appear to do so in a manner consistent with the intention of the regulation, to provide useful information, not to mislead.
Requirement 2 Provision for income taxes Income before taxes $715 $3,350 = 21% = Approximate income tax rate Requirement 3 $2,635 $61,494 = 4.3%