1

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.
BASI C FORMULAE IN CALCULUS

TRIGNOMETRY

1. A Radian is a constant angle formed at the centre of a circle by an arc of a circle
whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
2.
180
180;1 ;1 5717'45''
180
c
c c
t
t
t
| | | |
= = = ~
| |
\ . \ .

3. FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos 1 sec tan 1 cosec cot 1 i ii iii u u u u u u + = = =
4. SIGNS OF TRI GONOMETRI C FUNCTI ONS:
In the I quadrant, signs of all trigonometric functions are positive, In the
II,III,IV quadrants signs of sine, tan and cos are respectively positive, all the
others are negative.

5. WELL KNOWN ANGLES:

u 0
o
30
0
45
o
60
o
90
o
180
o
270
o
360
o
sinu 0 1/2 1/ 2 3/ 2 1 0 -1 0
cosu 1 3/ 2 1/ 2 1/2 0 -1 0 1
tanu 0 1/ 3 1 3 0 0
cosec
u
2 2 2/ 3 1 -1
secu 1 2/ 3 2 2 -1 1
cotu 3 1 1/ 3 0 0

6. ALLI ED ANGLES: Trigonometric functions of
(i) 180 or 360 or u u u do not change i.e. sin sin;cos cos etc.
(ii) 90 or 270 u u change. i.e sin cos;cos sin etc.
(iii) signs in the above cases are given as per the rule.

7. ADDI TI ON FORMULAE:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan
1 tan
( )tan
4 1 tan
i A B A B A B
ii A B A B A B
A B
iii A B
A B
A
iv
A
t
u
=
=

=
| |
=
|
\ .

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.

8. MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
3
3
2tan
sin 2 2sin cos
1 tan
1 tan
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
1 tan
1 cos2 1 cos2
cos ;sin
2 2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
( )sin3 3sin 4sin
cos3 4cos 3cos
A
i A A A
A
A
ii A A A A A
A
A A
A A
A
iii A
A
iv A A A
v A A A
= =
+

= = = =
+
+
= =
=

=
=

9. SUB MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2tan
2
sin 2sin cos
2 2
1 tan
2
1 tan
2
cos cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
2 2 2 2
1 tan
2
1 cos 1 cos
cos ;sin
2 2 2 2
tan
A
A A
i A
A
A
A A A A
ii A
A
A A A A
iii
| |
|
| | | |
\ .
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
+
|
\ .
| |

|
| | | | | | | |
\ .
= = = =
| | | |
| |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
+
|
\ .
+ | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2
2tan
2
1 tan
2
A
A
A
| |
|
\ .
=
| |

|
\ .

10. TRANSFORMATI ON FORMULAE:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
sin cos sin sin
2
1
cos sin sin sin
2
i A B A B A B
ii A B A B A B
= + + (

= + (

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
cos cos cos cos
2
1
( )sin sin cos cos
2
iii A B A B A B
iv A B A B A B
= + + (

= + (


Now take A + B = C & A B = D then ;
2 2
C D C D
A B
+
= =
3

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.
Therefore,
( )
( )
( )
sin sin 2sin sin
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
( ) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
C D C D
i C D
C D C D
ii C D
C D C D
iii C D
C D C D
iv C D
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
+ | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
+ | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

LI MI TS

ALGEBRA OF LIMI TS

( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) { } ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { } ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) { } ( ) { }
( )
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
( ) ( ) { } ( ) { }
{ }
( ) ( )
lim lim lim
lim lim
lim . lim .lim
lim
( )lim provided 0
lim
lim log log lim
lim ; c is a constant.
x a x a x a
x a x a
x a x a x a
x a
x a
x a
e e
x a x a
x a
i f x g x f x g x
ii cf x c f x
iii f x g x f x g x
f x
f x
iv g x
g x g x
v f x f x
vi c c

=
=
=


= =
`

)
=
=

STANDARD LI MI TS


( )
( )
( )
1
lim where is rational
sin
lim 1 where is in radians
1
lim 1
n n
n
x a
a
n
n
x a
i na n
x a
ii
iii e
n
u
u
u
u

=
`

)

=
`
)
| |
+ =
|
\ .

( )
1
0
( )lim1
n
n
iv n e

+ =




4

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.
DI FFEENTI AL CALCULUS

RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION

1. Derivative of a constant is zero.
2. If y u v = where u & v are functions of x then
dy du dv
dx dx dx
= .
3. Product Rule: If y uv = where u & v are functions of x then
dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
= +
4. Quotient Rule: If
u
y
v
= where u & v are functions of x then
2
du dv
v u
dy
dx dx
dx v

=
5. Chain Rule: If y is a function of u where u is a function of x then
dy dy du
dx du dx
=
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic sine function is defined as, sinh
2
x x
e e
x

=
Hyperbolic cosine function is defined as, cosh
2
x x
e e
x

+
=
Hyperbolic tangent function is defined as, tanh
x x
x x
e e
x
e e

=
+


DERIVATIVES OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTI ONS

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1 0 2
3 4 log
sin cos
5 cos 6 sin
tan cosec
7 sec 8 cosec cot
sec
9 sec
n
n
x x
x x
d x
d c
nx
dx dx
d e d a
e a a
dx dx
d x d x
x x
dx dx
d x d x
x x x
dx dx
d x
dx

= =
= =
= =
= =
= ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
cot
tan 10 cosec
log log log 1
11 12 ; 0
a a
d x
x x x
dx
d x d x e
x
dx x dx x
=
= = =

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
sin cos
1 1
13 14
1 1
d x d x
dx dx
x x

= =


5

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
2
1 1
2
2
tan cosec
1 1
15 16
1
1
sec cot
1 1
17 18
1
1
d x d x
dx x dx
x x
d x d x
dx dx x
x x

= =
+

= =
+

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sinh cosh
19 cosh 20 sinh
tanh cosech
21 sech 22 cosech coth
sech coth
23 sech tanh 24 cosech
d x d x
x x
dx dx
d x d x
x x x
dx dx
d x d x
x x x
dx dx
= =
= =
= =

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
2
1 1
2
2
sinh cosh
1 1
25 26
1 1
tanh cosech
1 1
27 28
1
1
sech coth
1 1
29 30
1
1
d x d x
dx dx
x x
d x d x
dx x dx
x x
d x d x
dx dx x
x x



= =
+

= =

+

= =

I NTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTEGRALS OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2
1 ; 1 2
1
1
3 log 4
log
5 log log 1 6 sin cos
7 cos sin 8 sec tan
9 cot logsin 10 tan logc
n
n x x
x
x
x
x dx C n e dx e C
n
a
dx x C a dx C
x a
xdx x x C xdx x C
xdx x C xdx x C
xdx x C xdx
+
= + = = +
+
= + = +
= + = +
= + = +
= + =
} }
} }
} }
} }
} }
( ) ( )
os
11 sec logsec tan 12 cosec logcosec cot
x C
xdx x x C xdx x x C
+
= + + = +
} }

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
13 cosec cot cosec 14 cosec cot
15 sec tan sec 16 sinh cosh
17 cosh sinh 18 tanh log cosh
19 coth log sinh 20 sech tanh
x xdx x C xdx x C
x xdx x C xdx x C
dx x C xdx x C
xdx x C x x
= + = +
= + = +
= + = +
= +
} }
} }
} }
}
sech dx x C = +
}

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
2 2
21 cosec coth 22 cosech coth cosech
1 1 1 1
23 log 24 tan
2
1 1 1
25 sin 26 log
2
1
27
xdx x C x xdx x C
x a x
dx C d C
x a a x a x a a a
x a x
dx C d C
a a x a a x
a x
x x

= + = +
| | | |
= + = +
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
+ | | | |
= + = +
| |

\ . \ .

} }
} }
} }
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
sec 28 sinh log
x x a x
dx C dx x C C
a a a
a a x

| |
+ + | |
= + = + = + |
|
|
\ . +
\ .
} }

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1
29 cosh log
30 sin
2 2
31 log
2 2
32 log
2 2
x x x a
dx C C
a a
x a
x a x a x
a x dx C
a
x a x a x x a
a x dx C
a
x x a a x x a
a x dx C
a

| |
+ | |
= + = + |
|
|
\ .

\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
+ + +
+ = + + |
|
\ .
| |
+
= + |
|
\ .
}
}
}
}

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
2
2
1
33
1
1 1
34 log
1 2
35
1
36 sin cos
1
37 cos sin
1
38
'
39 log
'
1
40 tan
n
n
ax b ax b
ax b
ax b dx C
a n
dx ax b C
ax b a
dx ax b C
a ax b
ax b dx ax b C
a
ax b dx ax b C
a
e dx e C
a
f x
dx f x C
f x
f x f x
dx
a a
a f x
+
+ +

| |
+
+ = + |
|
+
\ .
= + +
+
= + +
+

+ = + +
+ = + +
= +
= + (

| |
=
|
+ ( \ .

}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
C +

I NTEGRATION BY PARTS
If u & v are functions of x then
du
uvdx u vdx vdx dx
dx
(
=
(

} } } }

7

HarikrishnanPK,Dept.ofMathematics,ManipalInstituteofTechnology(MIT),Manipal.

First function should be chosen in the following order of preference:

LI ATE: L Logarithmic function
I - Inverse trigonometric function
A - Algebraic function
T - Trigonometric function
E - Exponential function

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
2 if ; if is even
6
0 if ; if is odd
2
7
b b
a a
b a
a b
b c b
a a c
a a
b b
a a
a
a
a
a
a
f x dx f t dt
f x dx f x dx
f x dx f x dx f x dx
f x dx f a x dx
f x dx f a b x dx
f x dx f x f x ie f x
f x dx
f x f x ie f x
f x dx
f x dx

=
=
= +
=
= +

= (

=

= (

=
} }
} }
} } }
} }
} }
}
}
}
}
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
if 2
0 if 2
f a x f x
f a x f x

SERI ES
1. Exponential series:
2 3 4
1 ...
1! 2! 3! 4!
x
x x x x
e = + + + + +
2. Trigonometric series:
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 5
2 4
3 5
2 4
sin ...
3! 5!
cos 1 ...
2! 4!
sinh ...
3! 5!
cosh 1 ...
2! 4!
x x
i x x
x x
ii x
x x
iii x x
x x
iv x
= + +
= + +
= + + +
= + + +

3. Logarithmic series:
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3
log 1 ... &log 1 ...
2 3 2 3
x x x x
x x x x
| |
+ = + + = + + +
|
\ .