XYZ SCHOOL, LOCATION

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT REPORT
Taqdees Imtiaz

2013-14

Diffusion of solids in liquids

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mrs. Dhanya for her vital support, guidance, initiations and encouragement without which this project would not have come forth from my side. I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab assistant Mrs. Marry for her support during the making of this project and also the school authorities. Without their help and guidance my project would not have been completed successfully.

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CONTENTS Sl. No 1. 2. Item Introduction Experiment 1 i. Aim ii. Requirements iii. Procedure iv. Observation v. Graph vi. Result Experiment 2 i. Aim ii. Requirements iii. Procedure iv. Observations v. Result Reference
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Page No.
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6 7 9 10

3.

11 12 12 13

4.

INTRODUCTION
When a solid is placed in contact with a solvent in which it is soluble, it starts dissolving and gradually goes into solution. This process of dissolution of a solid in a liquid is known as Diffusion. Diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids do not show diffusion with each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very slow rate. This can be shown in coloured salts. When such a crystal is placed at the bottom of the beaker containing water, water slowly turns coloured. In beginning the upper portion will be colourless, but slowly the whole solution becomes coloured. This is because the solvent and the solute intermix forming a uniform solution. This intermixing of solute and the solvent to form a homogenous solution is known as diffusion of solids in liquids.
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Rate of diffusion depends upon: Temperature: As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases so the speed of particles also increases which thus increases the rate of diffusion. Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases, rate of diffusion decreases. Mass of the particle: As the mass of the ion increases the rate of diffusion decreases.

EXPERIMENT 1
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Aim: To study the rates of diffusion of K2Cr2O7, CuSO4 (hydrated) and KMnO4. Requirements: Three 250 mL measuring cylinders, stop watch, deflating spoon of small diameter. Materials: Crystals of K2Cr2O7, CuSO4.5H2O, KMnO4, 1g each, distilled water. Procedure: Take three 250Ml graduated cylinder and fill each with 150Ml distilled water. Place 1g of the crystals of K2Cr2O7, CuSO4 and KMnO4 at the bottom of these cylinders with the help of deflating spoon. Record the heights of the crystals in the cylinders. This determines the zero point diffusion. Record the heights of the coloured solutions at regular intervals of time.

OBSERVATION
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For K2Cr2O7 solution

Time (in hour) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 Level of the coloured solution Rate of diffusion(mL/h) =Vol./time

Average rate of diffusion =

For CuSO4 solution
Time (in hour)
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

Level of the coloured solution

Rate of diffusion(mL/h) =Vol./time

Average rate of diffusion =

For KMnO4 solution

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Time (in hour)

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

Level of the coloured solution

Rate of diffusion(mL/h) =Vol./time

Average rate of diffusion = Room temperature = oC Mass of each crystal taken = 1g Molecular mass of Cr2O72- ions = 216 Molecular mass of Cu2+ = 63.5 Molecular mass of MnO42=119 Total Time = 1.50hrs

GRAPH
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RESULT
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i. When solids such as K2Cr2O7, CuSO4 (hydrated) and KMnO4 are brought in contact with liquids such as water, diffusion takes place. ii. The rate of diffusion is different for different coloured ions. I.e. The rate of diffusion of these ions are approx. inversely proportional to the square root of their molecular masses.

EXPERIMENT 2
Aim:
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To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids. Requirements: CuSO4 crystals, 200ml beaker, watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer and stop watch. Procedure: Take 5g of CuSO4 crystals each in three beakers. Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the beakers. Cover this beaker with a watch glass. Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly. Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a tripod stand for heating. Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers. Record the time taken for the dissolution of CuSO4 in all the three cases.

OBSERVATION
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Sr. No.

Temperature of water

Time (in minutes)

1 2 3 RESULT The Rate of diffusion of CuSO4 in water is in the order of: Beaker 3 > Beaker 1 > Beaker 2. Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

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REFERENCE
www.google.com www.projects.icbse.com www.cbseportal.com/exam/Projects.com www.answers.com

Core Laboratory Manual of Chemistry Class12

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