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From our Library. Lesson 39 C. The aping monkeys.
Nouns/ Pronouns Verbs Avyayas Adjectives

¹ªþ£¬°þ¹¨þÇÅú¡þ cap- …š¨þÄŸþÃ up ‚›éˆÅ£µþªþú¥þ: - ¥þ¿-
seller M ¥þþ imitating
‚£µ¡þ forest N œþþæøÄ next to. ýþ›·þ: - ·þ¿ - ·þþ tired
¹ªþ£¬°þ cap N
¹ªþ£¬þÃ head (¹ªþ£¹¬þ ¨¡þ·þú·þ:- ·þ¿ - ·þþ
is the locative passed, went by.
¬þœ·þŸþú ...on the þþŠþ¹£·þ: - ·þþ -·þþ
head.) N awake
œþþ«þþµþ‰þµÛ stone M þ¹ˆÅ·þþ¹ˆÅ·þ: - ·þ¿ - ·þþ
„œþþ¡þ plan M greatly alarmed
¹›þþ: - þ¿ - þþ one's
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‚›éˆÅ£µþªþú¥þþ: ¨þþ›þ£þ:|
‚þ¬þú·þÃ ‡ˆÅ: ¹ªþ£¬°þ¹¨þÇÅú¡þ:| Ÿþþšþ¨þ: ·þ¬¡þ ›þþŸþ | ‡ˆÅ¸þ Ÿþþšþ¨þ: ›þŠþ£¿ ‚ŠþŽ·þÃ| ·þ°þ ¬þ: ¹ªþ£¬°þþµþþ¿
Ç½Å¡þµþŸþÃ ‚ˆÅ£ø·þÃ | ·ø«þþ¿ ¹¨þÇÅ¡þþ˜þô ( to sell )¬þ: ŠÏþŸþþ·þÃ ŠÏþŸþŸþÃ ‚žÏŸþ·þÃ | ŸþþŠøÄ ‚£µ¡þŸþÃ ‚þ¬þú·þÃ |
Ÿþþšþ¨þ: žÏŸþµø›þ ýþ›·þ: ‚žþ¨þ·þÃ | ýŸþœþ¹£−þ£þ˜þô ( to get rid of his tiredness) ¬þ: ‡ˆÅ¬¡þ ¨þ¼âþ¬¡þ
‚šþ: ‚þ¬þú¸·þÃ | ¹ªþ£¬°þœø¹ÙˆÅþ¿ œþþæøÄ ‚¬˜þþœþ¡þ·þÃ ¬þ: ªþ¡þ›þŸþÃ ‚ˆÅ£ø·þÃ þ | ·þ¸þ ·þ¬¡þ ¹ªþ£¹¬þ ‡ˆ¿Å
¹ªþ£¬°þŸþÃ ‚þ¬þú·þÃ |
¨þ¼âø ¨þþ›þ£þ: ‚þ¬þ›þÃ | ‡ˆÅ: ¨þþ›þ£: ‚šþ: ‚¨þþ£ø−·þÃ | ¹ªþ£¬°þœø¹ÙˆÅþ¿ ˆºÅ·ê−¥þþ·þÃ „¸‹þþÙ¡þ·þÃ | ‡ˆ¿Å ¹ªþ£¬°þ¿
−¬·ø›þ ‚šþ£·þÃ | ¹ªþ£¹¬þ ‚¬˜þþœþ¡þ·þÃ | œé›þ: ¨þ¼âþŸþÃ ‚þ£ø−·þÃ |
‚›¡ø ¨þþ›þ£þ: ·þ·þÃ ‚œþª¡þ›þÃ | ¡þ˜þþ œÏ˜þŸþ: ¨þþ›þ£: ‚ˆÅ£ø·þÃ ·þ˜þþ ‡¨þ ·ø ‚¹œþ ‚ˆºÅ¨þÄ›þÃ | ¬þŸþ¡þ: ¨¡þ·þú·þ:|
Ÿþþšþ¨þ: þþŠþ¹£·þ: ‚žþ¨þ·þÃ | œþþæøÄ ‚œþª¡þ·þÃ| þ¹ˆÅ·þþ¹ˆÅ·þ: ‚žþ¨þ·þÃ | œø¹ÙˆÅþ¡þþŸþÃ ‡ˆÅŸþÃ ‚¹œþ ¹ªþ£¬°þ¿
›þþ¬þú·þÃ | Ÿþþšþ¨þ: …š¨þÄŸþÃ ‚œþª¡þ·þÃ | ·þ°þ ¨þþ›þ£þ: ‚þ¬þ›þÃ | œÏ·¡øˆÅ¬¡þ ¹ªþ£¹¬þ ¹ªþ£¬°þŸþÃ ‚þ¬þú·þÃ |
¬þ: ¨þþ›þ£þ›þÃ ¸µÛŸþÃ ‚¸ªþÄ¡þ·þÃ | ¨þþ›þ£þ: ¨þ¼âþªþþ‰þþ: ‚¸ªþÄ¡þ›þÃ | Ÿþþšþ¨þ: œþþ«þþµþ‰þµÛŸþÃ ‚¹âþœþ·þÃ | ¨þþ›þ£þ:
ûÅ¥þþ¹›þ ‚¹âþœþ›þÃ | Ÿþþšþ¨þ: ‚¹þ›·þ¡þ·þÃ , " ¹ˆ¿Å ˆÅ£ø¹Ÿþ? ¨þþ›þ£þ: ‚›éˆÅ£µþªþú¥þþ: ..... ¡þ˜þþ ‚−¿ ˆÅ£ø¹Ÿþ ·þ˜þþ
‡¨þ ·ø ˆºÅ¨þÄ¹›·þ | ‡ˆÅ: ‡¨þ „œþþ¡þ: ‚¹¬·þ |" ƒ¹·þ |
¬þ: ¹›þþ¿ ¹ªþ£¬°þ¿ žêŸþù ‚¹âþœþ·þÃ | ·þ¸þ ¬þ¨øÄ ¨þþ›þ£þ: ‚¹œþ ¹›þþþ¹›þ ¹ªþ£¬°þþ¹µþ žêŸþù ‚¹âþœþ›þÃ |
¬þ·¨þ£¿ Ÿþþšþ¨þ: ¬þ¨þÄþ¹µþ ¹ªþ£¬°þþ¹µþ ¬þŸþþ›þ¡þ·þÃ | œø¹ÙˆÅþ¡þþŸþÃ ‚¬˜þþœþ¡þ·þÃ | ·þ·þ: ªþú‹ÏŸþÃ ‚ŠþŽ·þÃ |
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Lesson 45 C. The foolish "wise man."
Nouns/Pronouns Verbs Avyayas Adjectives.

çÆJçkçÀlLçvç N Boast Òçç³ç: mostly mçcçûç ûç: - ûçç -
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that kind
cçáçÆä M fist lççJçlçç at that kçÀçÇ¢Mç:
moment Mç: - MççÇ -Mçb
similar to what?/
what kind?
cççHçvç N GVççÇ³ç having ÒçK³ççlç lç:-
measurement picked up lçç- lçb
known
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how much?
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DçHçcçççÆvçlç
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sanskrit lesson 47.

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sanskrit lesson 47.

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Lesson 47 C. The injury marked potter.
Here is a story from the Panchatantra.
Nouns/Pronouns Verbs Avyayas Adjective/Participle

kçáÀuççuç potter M DçkçÀmcççlçd suddenly kçÀç³ç&cçivç
Içì pot M vç: - vçç- vçb
Hççéç& side N involved in work
KçC[ piece N çqmLçlç
uçuççì forehead N lç:- lççö lçb
#çlç wound M that which is
there, present
jkçwlçñççJç flow of HççÆlçlç lç:- lççö
blood M lçb
fell
oáçÆYç&#ç famine N pççlç lç:- lççö
mçccççvç respect M lçb
emerged
DçmçÓ³çç envy F GHçMççvlç lç:- lççö
Oç=lç cunning man M lçb
healed
JççÆgçlç lç:- lççö
lçb
deceived
uççqppçlç lç:- lççö
lçb
shamed
#çlççÆ®çÚççÆ¹lç: kçáÀuççuç: ~

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Lesson 61.
Swara Sandhi and Visarga Sandhi.
mJçjmççÆvOç: / çÆJçmçiç&mççÆvOç:
In my early days of enthusiastic Sanskrit studies, I picked up the

Panchatantra to 'improve' my language skills. One look at the text… a long
never ending word that filled 25 lines (if I exaggerate, it is only for
effect….believe me, I do not lie. Ever.) and I figured that I had to get my
Sandhi rules firmly understood first.
Sandhi is the joining of two words into a single word. The last letter of a
word and the first letter of the adjoining word form one letter.
Sandhi-vicheda, mççÆvOççÆJç®sío:, describes the process by which one letter
( whether single or cojoined) is broken to form two words. Part of the
broken letter remains as the last letter of the first word and part of the
letter forms the first letter of the next letter.
Over time I still find it easier to break words than to join them but here
are a few tips that have kept me in good stead either way:
1. Sandhis take place whenever there is a presence of a swara….a
vowel ; the presence of a consonant WITH a halanta ( for example
kçdÀ ); the presence of a visarga (for example kçÀ: )
2. Siren's on!! Trip up alert:

Whenever I see a ³ç, Jç, S, Sí, Dççí, DççÌ, mçd, Mçd, <çd, jd , e in a "more or less"
long word, my antennae go up. Chances are that I have a Sandhi staring at
me in the face. I always potter around these letters to help me decide
whether the occasion has presented itself to break two words.
The more I read, the more I was convinced that there were a trillion
sandhi rules to follow. But ever so slowly it began to filter in that
amongst those trillion rules a few are oft repeated and they are the only
ones that one need really remember to follow Sanskrit classical texts.
Buy a book that lists all sandhi rules so that you can refer to it if you
come across an occasional sandhi that I have not dealt with. But for all
practical purposes, these are enough. Lesson 61 will deal with 1) a revision
of swara sandhi rules plus a few more new ones AND 2) with visarga
sandhi rules. A tabular column works well for reference.
sanskrit lesson 61. 1

Swar Sandhi.
The name The first word The second Result Example

of the should end in: word should of the
sandhi begin with: sandhi
1. oçÇIç& Dç or Dçç Dç or Dçç Dçç çÆncç + Dççuç³ç:
mççqvOç =çÆncççuç³ç: ~
çÆJçÐçç + DçLçça
=çÆJçÐççLçça ~
F or F& F or F& F& kçÀçÆJç + Fvê:
= kçÀJççÇvê: ~
ÞççÇ + F&Mç:
=ÞççÇMç: ~
G or T G or T T Yççvçá + Go³ç:
= YççvçÓo³ç: æ~
JçOçÓ + Go³ç:
= JçOçÓo³ç: ~
2. içáCç Dç or Dçç F or F& S mçáj + F&Mç: =

mççqvOç mçájíMç:~
jcçç + F&Mç: =
jcçíMç: ~
Dç or Dçç G or T Dççí mçÓ³ç& + Go³ç =
mçÓ³ççxo³ç ~
iç²ç + GçÆcç& =
iç²çíçÆcç&: ~
Dç or Dçç $çÝ or $çÝ= Dçjd cçnç + $çÝçÆ<ç:
= cçnçÆ<ç&: ~
Dç or Dçç uç= Dçuçd lçJç + uç=kçÀçj:
= lçJçukçÀçj: ~
3. Jç=çÆ× Dç or Dçç S or Sí Sí cçcç + SkçÀ: =
mççqvOç cçcçÌkçÀ:~
oÌJç + Síéç³ç&cçd
=oÌJçÌéç³ç&cçd ~
Dç or Dçç Dççí or DççÌ DççÌ G<Cç +
Dççíovçcçd =
G<CççÌovçcçd ~
cçnç + DççÌ<çOçcçd
= cçnçÌ<çOçcçd ~
Dç or Dçç $çÝ or $çÝ= Dççjd GHç + $çÝ®sçÆlç
( GHçmçiç& a prefix ) ( to go, to
become
difficult ) =
GHçç®s&çÆlç ~
Dç or Dçç uç= Dççuçd GHç + uç=kçÀçj:
( GHçmçiç& a prefix) = GHççukçÀçj: ~
4. ³çCçd F or F& vowel that is ³çd FçÆlç + DçççÆo=

mççqvOç not an F or F& Fl³çççÆo~
G or T vowel that is Jçd JçOçÓ + Dççiçlçç=
not an G or JçOJççiçlçç~
T
$çÝ or $çÝ= vowel that is jd çÆHçlç= + Dçç%çç =
not an $çÝ or çÆHç$çç%çç
$çÝ=
uç= vowel that is uçd uç= + Dççkç=ÀçÆlç
not uç= = uççkç=ÀçÆlç ~
5. Dç³çççÆo S any vowel Dç³çd njí + S

(except for
mççqvOç Dç if the S =nj³çí ~
ending is that Jçlç&vlçí + FçÆlç
of a declined
= Jçlç&vlççÆ³ççÆlç /
noun.
Jçlç&vlç FçÆlç
Sí any vowel Dçç³çd vçÌ + DçkçÀ: =
vçç³çkçÀ: ~
lçmcçÌ + DççÆHç =
lçmcçç³ççÆHç /
lçmcçç DççÆHç ~
Dççí any vowel DçJçd Hççí+ Dçvç: =
(except for
HçJçvç: ~
Dç if the Dççí
Yççvççí + Focçd
ending is that
of a declined = YççvççÆJçocçd /
noun. Yççvç Focçd
DççÌ any vowel DççJçd HççÌ + DçkçÀ: =
HççJçkçÀ:~
GYççÌ + DççÆHç =
GYççJççÆHç /
GYçç DççÆHç
6. HçÓJç&ªHç A declined noun Dç e kçÀJç³çí +Dç$ç=

mççqvOç ending in an S instead kçÀJç³çíe$ç ~
or an Dççí of Dç mççOççí +Dç$ç =
mççOççíe$ç ~
7. HçjªHç a prefix ending in an a conjugated Dç is DçJç + SçÆn

mççqvOç Dç verb elided. =DçJçíçÆn~
beginning with
an S or an Dççí
GHç +Dççí<ççÆlç
=GHççí<ççÆlç~
8. çÆÜJç®çvç words ending çÆÜJç®çvç word Sandhi kçÀJççÇ + SlççÌ
does not
Òçkç=ÀçÆlçYççJç in F&, T , S where its =kçÀJççÇ SlççÌ
first letter is take
mççqvOç place içáª + FcççÌ
a vowel.
=içáª FcççÌ
Indeclinables vowel Sandhi Dçnçí Dç$ç

(DçJ³ç³çs) ending in an does not
YççJçvçd
take
an Dçç or an Dççí Dçç SJçb vçá
place
cçv³çmçí
I came across very peculiar sandhis during the course of my study.

Unfortunately, I have not been able to find a rule in grammar texts that
authenticates such sandhis. However, I'll place them before you and if
you do come across references regarding this please let me know so that
I may share it with others.
1. Words that end in Dç/Dçç and when combined with words beginning
with Dç/Dçç have sometimes been written like this:
lçLçç + DççÆHç = lçLççeçÆHç

lç$ç + DççÆHç =lç$ççeçÆHç
lçáäç +Dç$ç= lçáäçe$ç
2. The occurrence of two DçJçûçnçÆ®çÚ s ( ee ) together tell you that
an Dçç is present at that point.

Visarga Sandhi:
Before we do the Visarga Sandhi, it is important to have a table that
differentiates the soft consonants from the hard ones.
ˆÃÅ ‰þÃ ŠþÃ ‹þÃ ŒÃ

þÃ ŽÃ þÃ þÃ ØþÃ
ÙÃ ÚÃ ÛÃ Ã µþÃ
·þÃ ˜þÃ ¸Ã šþÃ ›þÃ
œþÃ ûÃÅ þÃ žþÃ ŸþÃ
¡þÃ £Ã ¥þÃ ¨þÃ

ªþÃ «þÃ ¬þÃ −Ã
The shaded consonants are the kçÀþçíj-J³ç¡çvçççÆvç - hard consonants.

The rest are cç=oáöJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç - soft consonants.
The following table should be helpful
visarga preceded by followed by results in

Dç any soft coalesces into Dççí (for
consonant OR Dç a soft consonant)
ORDççíe (for an Dç)
kçÀ: + DççÆHç = kçÀçíeçÆHç ~
An indeclinable any vowel OR any is replaced by jd
(DçJ³ç³ç) ending in soft consonant
Hçávç: + Dç$ç = Hçávçj$ç ~
anDç except for j
Hçávç: + iç®sçÆlç =
Hçávçiç&®sçÆlç ~
An indeclinable j visarga is dropped and
(DçJ³ç³ç) ending in the Dç becomes Dçç
anDç Hçávç: + jcçlçí = Hçávçç jcçlçí ~
The vocative case, any vowel OR any changes to jd
mçcyççíOçvç, of a $çÝ soft consonant
ending noun çÆHçlç: + Jçvoí = çÆHçlçJç&voí ~
Dç any vowel except is elided
Dç kçÀ: + GJçç®ç = kçÀ GJçç®ç
~
Dçç any vowel OR any is elided

soft consonant yççuçç: + Dç$ç = yççuçç Dç$ç
~
lçç: + iç®sçqvlç = lçç
iç®sçqvlç ~
any vowel except any vowel OR any changes into jd

Dç, Dçç soft consonant
cçáçÆvç: + FçÆlç = cçáçÆvççÆjçÆlç ~
except jd
any short vowel j the short vowel

except Dç becomes long
YçÓHççÆlç: + jçpçlçí = YçÓHçlççÇ
jçpçlçí ~
any vowel changes into
®çd , sd , Mçd ,
ìd , þd , <çd ,
lçd , Lçd mçd ~
Mçd , <çd , mçd Mçd , <çd , mçd ~
Dç kçdÀ , Hçd mçd
vçcç: + kçÀjçíçÆlç =
vçcçmkçÀjçíçÆlç ~
HçájmkçÀjçíçÆlç ~
S<ç:/ Any consonant or elision of the visarga.
mç: vowel except for mç iç®sçÆlç ~
Dç
Name of visarga followed effect example
the preceded by
sandhi by
1.GlJç Dç: j Dççíj cçvç: + jLç: = cçvççíjLç:~
Dç: çÆuç Dççí çÆuç kçÀ: + çÆuçKççÆlç = kçÀçí çÆuçKççÆlç ~
Dç: Jç Dççí Jç sç$ç: + JçoçÆlç = sç$ççí JçoçÆlç ~
Dç: iç Dççí iç ³çMç: + iççvçcçd = ³çMççí iççvçcçd ~
Dç: Oç Dççí Oç lçípç: + Oçvçcçd = lçípççí Oçvçcçd ~
Dç: Dç Dççí e kçÀ: + DççÆHç = kçÀçíeçÆHç ~
mç: + DççÆHç = mççíeçÆHç ~
2. mçlJç Dç: lçd Dçmlçd vçcç: + lçí = vçcçmlçí ~

Dç: ìd Dçäd jçcç: + ìçÇkçÀlçí = jçcçäçÇkçÀlçí ~
Dç: ®çd Dç½ç kçÀ: + çÆ®çlçd = kçÀçÆ½çlçd ~
3. ©lJç G: Dç Gjd Dç Yççvçá: + Dç³çcçd = Yççvçáj³çcçd ~

G: n Gn& Mç$çá: + nçqvlç = Mç$çán&çqvlç ~
F: iç Fiç& cçáçÆvç: + içlç: = cçáçÆvçiç&lç: ~
4. uççíHç Dç: Dçç Dç Dçç cççínvç: + Dççiç®sçÆlç = cççínvç

Dççiç®sçÆlç ~
Dç: F Dç F jçcç: + F®sçÆlç = jçcç F®sçÆlç ~
Dç: G Dç G kçÀ: + GJçç®ç = kçÀ GJçç®ç ~
Dçç: Dçç Dçç Dçç vçjç: + Dçç³çççqvlç = vçjç Dçç³çççqvlç ~
yççuçç: + Dççiç®sçvÆlç = yççuçç
Dççiç®sçqvlç ~
Dçç: iç Dçç iç oíJçç: + iç®sçqvlç = oíJçç iç®sçqvlç ~

Lesson 61 A B C
Faith in the Guru
I've dared to label this lesson 61 ABC because it incorporates a story and a
set of exercises for you as well. To make things easier, I've marked the
sandhis bold. Please try and break the sandhis.
içájçÌ çÆvçÿç ~
Story contributed by Smt. Shilpa Mudur ( Borivli Sabha)
YçêoççÆ³çvççÇ vççcç mççÆjlçmlççÇj³ççmççÇlçíkçÀ DççÞçcç: ~ lç$çççÆ²jç vççcçç®çç³ççx çÆvçJçmççÆlç mcç ~

DççÞçcçm³ç HççÆjmçjçíel³çvlç: cçvççínç³çç&mççÇlçd ~ F&¢Mçb Mççvlçb jcçCççÇ³çb JççlççJçjCçb JçíoçO³ç³çvçç³ç
³çákçwlçcççmççÇlçd ~ DçvçíkçíÀ çÆJçÐçççÆLç&vçmlç$ççO³ç³çvçm³ç nílççíçÆvç&Jçmççqvlç mcç ~ lçí DççÆ²jmççí
Jçíoçvçd Mççm$ççC³çáHççÆvç<çoçvçd ®ç Hçþçqvlç mcç ~ lçí<ççb MçMççÇ, oíJçvçvoçÇ, Dç%çpç³ççÇ ®ç cçíOçççÆJçvç:
~ $ç³ççíeçÆHç Jçíoí<çá , Mççm$çí<çá ®ç çÆvçHçáCçç: ~
SkçÀoççÆ²jçmlççvççnÓ³ççíkçwlçJççvçd YçJçlççb çÆJçÐççiçcçb ¢ädJççnb ÒçmçVç: ~ DçlççíeûççY³ççmçç³ç
cç³çç YçJçvlççí Jç=lçç: ~ çÆkçÀvlçá ³ççÆo kçÀç½çvç çÆmç×³ççí uçyOçJ³ççmlççÆn& cç³çç çÆvççÆo&äb kçÀç³ç¥
kçÀjCççÇ³ççÆcççÆlç ~ çÆ$ççÆYççÆJç&ÐçççÆLç&çÆYç: DçvJçcçv³çlç ~ Dçç®çç³ç&mlçíY³çm$ççÇvçd uçIçÓvçd
kçÀuçMççvç³ç®slçd lççvçd ®ççÞçcçm³ç Hççéç&mLçm³ç çÆiçjí: çÆMçKçjcçvç³çlçd ~ lç$ç YçÓcççÌ $ççÇvçd
Jçlç&áuççvçççÆuçK³ç lçíY³ççí SkçÌÀkçbÀ mLççvçb oÊçcçd ~ çÆncççuç³ççlççiçlççlçd kçÀmcçççq®®çlçd
mçv³çççÆmçvç: cç³çç kçÀççÆvç®çvç yççÇpçççÆvç uçyOçççÆvç ~lçççÆvç cç³çç$ç JççÆHçlçççÆvç ~ ÒççÆlççÆovçcçá<ççÆmç
YçJççÆt: mççÆjlç: Hç³ç DççvççÇ³ç Dççlcçvç: mLççvçcçäççÆOçkçÀMçlçívç HçÓCç&kçÀuçMçÌ: mçíkçwlçJ³çcçd ~
³ççÆo Dç¹§jç jçíçÆn<³ççqvlç lçoç cç¿çb mçÓ®çvçç oçlçJ³çç Fl³çákçwlJçççÆ²jç: lçlç: ÒççqmLçlç: ~
içájçíjç%çç HçççÆuçlçJ³çç ~ Dçlç: HçjíÐçájíJç çÆ$ççÆYç: mJçmLççvçm³ç çÆmçgçvçcççjyOçcçd ~
çÆovççv³çlççÇlçççÆvç ~ ³çÐççÆHç çÆvç³çcççvçámççjmçí®çvçb kç=Àlçb lçLççH³çíkçÀçíeH³ç¹§jçí vç ¢ä: ~ çÆJçÐçççÆLç&vççb
cçvççÆmç Mç¹ç pççlçç ~içá©Cçç³ççíi³çb mLççvçb vç oÊçb m³ççlçd ~Dç$ç yççÇpçççÆvç mççqvlç Kçuçá?
Dç%çpççÆ³çvçç çÆ®ççqvlçlçb ³çlçd içá©: vç Mç¹vççÇ³ç: ~ Dçlç: mç: mJçkçÀç³çç&lçd vç çÆJçjlç: ~ çÆkçÀvlçá
MçMççÇ oíJçvçvoçÇ ®çççÆ²jmçb çÆvçkçÀ<ççiç®slççb lçb ®ççHç=®slççb, <çìd cççmççYçJçvçd ~ YçJçlççí
çÆvçoxMççvçámççjb Jç³çb ÒççÆlççÆovçb mJçmLççvçb Hç³çmçç çÆmçgççcç: ~ çÆkçÀvlçá lç$ç jçíHçm³ç uç#çCçcççÆHç
vççmlççÇçÆlç ~ DççÆ²jç: Mççvlç®çílçmçç lççÌ ÞçálçJççvçd ~ mççqmcçlçb mç GkçwlçJççvçd , yçáçÆ×cçlççí
sanskrit lesson 61A B C 1

çÆJçÐçççÆLç&vç F&¢M³çHçí#çç vççmççÇlçd FçÆlç ~ lçovçvlçjb lçívç lçmcççlçd DççÆOçkçbÀ mççnç³³çb vç oÊçcçd ~
MççÆMçvçç çÆvç½ç³ç: kç=Àlç: ³çlçd DççÆOçkçíÀvç ÞçcçíCç çÆkçbÀ Òç³ççípçvçcçd ~ éç: ÒçYç=l³çnb #çí$çí Hç³ççí vç
çÆvçHççÆlç<³ççcççÇçÆlç ~ oíJçvçvoçÇ çÆkçÀçÆgçlçd #çc³ççmççÇlçd ~ Dçlç FlççíeçÆHç kçÀçuççLç¥ lçívç içájçíjç%çç
HçççÆuçlçç ~ Dç$ççvlçjí içá©Cçç çÆkçÀcççÆHç vçÓlçvçb
vççO³çççÆHçlçcçd ~ Slçmcççlçd kçÀçjCççlçd MçM³ççÞçcççlçd çÆvçiç&lç: ~
Üí Jç<çxeYçJçlççcçd ~ FoçvççR oíJçvçvÐçH³ççMççÆ¹lççíeYçJçlçd ~DçÐç ³ççJçlçd çÆkçÀcççÆHç yççÇpçb
JççÆOç&lçJ³çcçd ~DççÆOçkçíÀvç Hç³çmçç yççÇpçcçíJç cç=lçb m³ççlçd FçÆlç mççíeçÆ®çvlç³çlçd ~ MçvçÌ: MçvçÌ: lçm³ç
mçí®çvçkçÀç³ç&cççÆvç³çlçb pççlçcçd ~ ®çlçáY³ççx Jç<çxY³ççíevçvlçjb oíJçvççqvovçççÆHç ÒçmLççvçm³çí®sç
ÒçkçÀìçÇkç=Àlçç ~ DççÆ²jmççvçá%çç oÊçç ~
Dç%çpççÆ³çvçmlçá mççOçvçç çÆvç³çcççvçámçççÆjCççÇ ÒçJçlç&cççvççmççÇlçd ~ Oç=çÆlçcççvçd mç: ÒççÆlççÆovçb
yç´ïçcçánÓlç&³çálLçç³ç mçÓ³ççxo³ççlçd ÒççkçÀäççÆOçkçÀMçlçJççjb YçêoççÆ³çv³çç: mççÆjlç: Hç³ççí iç=nçÇlJçç
çÆiççÆjcçç©¿ç yççÇpççvççb mçí®çvçb kçÀjçíçÆlç mcç ~ F&¢Mçb ÜçoMçJç<çç&C³çlççÇlçççÆvç ~ SkçÀçqmcçvçd çÆovçí lçívç
SkçÀçí nçÆjlçd çÆyçvoáo&=ä:~ F&<çlçd kçÀçuççvçvlçjcçíkçÀ: HççuçJççí YçÓc³çç Dççjçínlçd ~ lçb
¢ädJçç%çpççÆ³çvç½ç#çáY³çç&cçÞçáOççjç Òçmç=lçç ~ PççÆìçÆlç lçívçççÆ²jmçí MçáYçJççlçç& kçÀçÆLçlçç ~
DççÆ²jç: GkçwlçJççvçd mçç SkçÀç çÆJççÆMçäçÌ<ççÆOç: ( special herb)Dççqmlç ³çç DçvçíkçÀçvçd jçíiççvçd
çÆvçJççj³ççÆlç ~ mçç ÜçoMçY³ççí Jç<çxY³ççíevçvlçjb ÒçjçínçÆlç ~ DççÆHç lçá lçm³çç yççÇpçççÆvç mççJçOççvçb
jçÆ#çlçJ³çççÆvç HççíçÆ<çlçJ³çççÆvç ®ç ~ lçLççH³çmcççmçá çÆmççÆ×ÒçççqHlç: mçcYçJçvççÇ³çç ~ lçm³çç: kç=Àlçí lçá içájçÌ
çÆvç<þç mLççHçvççÇ³çççÆJçjlçmççOçvçç ®ç kçÀlç&J³çç ~ DççÆ®çjçlçd HçÀuçb vç ÒççH³çlçí ~ DçmcçççÆYç: lçá
Òç³çlvççí vç l³çkçwlçJ³ç: ~ ³çoç içá©kç=ÀHçç YçJççÆlç lçoç HçÀuçcçJçM³çb uçY³çlç FçÆlç ~
sanskrit lesson 61A B C 2

Lesson 62.
The Alphabet
JçCç&öçÆJç®ççj:
A) Evolution of Sound.
As Sadhakas, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds.... MçyoÒçHçgç ~

The cause of the world of things....DçLç&ÒçHçgç .... is Hçjcçíéçj. In the context of
sound, Hçjcçíéçj is Mçyoyç´ïçvçd ~ The entire world is said to be born of Mçyo
...MçyoÒççYçJç ~ Evolution is the result of the self movement mHçvovç of Shiva-
Shakti. The line of evolution is from the subtle to the gross. There are five
stages to the emanation of sound.
1. The first is Hçjç which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can best
be described as the storehouse from which inspirations would first
emerge.
2. The second is HçM³çvlççÇ which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated.
This would be the inspiration that would eventually give rise to a
thought or an idea.
3. The third is cçO³çcçç which is grosser and undifferentiated, though not
articulate. This is actual thought process which goes into concretizing
the idea.... a plan of action.
4. Articulate sound is called JçÌKçjçÇ which further takes two forms: subtle
and gross. It is from that that all the letters JçCç&, words Hço and
sentences Jççkçw³ç are manifested. The subtle forms of these letters are
the mantras. The gross takes the form of the language we use.
JçCç&: is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smaller
parts. It is therefore also called Dç#çjcçd ~ vç #çjçÆlç FçÆlç Dç#çjcçd ~ vçço or OJççÆvç
....sound .....can never be destroyed. That Dç#çjcçd, when it is in a written form
is called the JçCç&: ~ Over a period of time both words have now become
interchangeable.

Dç#çj s, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings is
called the Hço ~ A group of Hço s form a Jççkçw³ç ; and Jççkçw³ç s put together so that
another may understand what one wishes to express, then becomes language
Yçç<çç ~ The Sanskrit script, is called oíJçvççiçjçÇ ~
B) JçCçç&:
Let's go over the list of JçCçç&: again. The divisions that you see below have
been made by Panini and described in his 'Ashtadhyayi.' We need to study
this so that we are better able to understand how Panini worked at his
grammar.
mJçjç:
Dç ,F, G, $çÝ, uç= ( ÛmJçmJçjç:) are pronounced in one matra ( a measure of
time almost equal to one second )
Dçç, F&, T, $çÝ=, uç¨ , S, Sí, Dççí, DççÌ (oçÇIç&mJçjç:) are pronounced in two matras
Dç 3, F3, G3, $çÝ3, uç= 3, S3, Sí3, Dççí3, DççÌ 3 (HuçálçmJçjç:).... used when calling
out to someone and take more than two matras to be pronounced.
Dç³ççíiçJççnç: so named by Panini.

Dçb (DçvçámJççj)
Dç: (çÆJçmçiç&:)
(I've spent about a trillion hours trying to find a symbol that looks like two
smilies put together, one on top of the other, the top looking like a smile and
the one below looking like a frown in the place of the visargas for the four
alphabets listed below. Sorry. Don't have the software to create an image
even. But I'm sure you'll be able to figure out what I mean. If any of you
has; and can create an image, please will you send it to me at 'Queries' so
that I may replace these four visargas with those? )
: kçÀ : Kç (çÆpç»çcçÓuççÇ³ç:)
: Hç : HçÀ (GHçOcççvççÇ³ç:)

J³ç¡çvçççÆvç
Jçiçça³çJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç
1 2 3 4 5
kçáÀ FçÆlç HçççÆCççÆvç: (kçÀJçiç&) kçdÀ Kçd içd Içd *d
®çá FçÆlç HçççÆCççÆvç: (®çJçiç&) ®çd sd pçd Pçd _çd
ìá FçÆlç HçççÆCççÆvç: (ìJçiç&) ìd þd [d {d Cçd
lçá FçÆlç HçççÆCççÆvç: (lçJçiç&) lçd Lçd od Oçd vçd
Hçá FçÆlç HçççÆCççÆvç: (HçJçiç&) Hçd HçdÀ yçd Yçd cçd
(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25 J³ç¡çvçççÆvç column-wise
too. For example kçdÀ ®çd ìd lçd Hçd etc. )
DçJçiçça³çJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç
³çd, jd, uçd, Jçd (Dçvlç:mLçç:)
Mçd, <çd, mçd, nd (T<cççCç:)
Ud #çd
Ud #çd and uç¨ are not included in Panini's work, who dealt with only the
language in use and not what is originally in the Vedas. But we shall keep
them in anyway.... just so that we do not forget them.
G®®ççjCçcçd
Your teacher will help you pronounce the mJçjç:, Dç³ççíiçJççnç:, and the J³ç¡çvçççÆvç ~
I'll just supply a table that you can refer to. The beauty here is that this
classification works in various ways. It helps making and breaking sandhis,
writing out words with DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ s and understanding the relationships of
each "family group" ... how one letter can be substituted for another and
ideas like that…. For example, you would have often seen both lçlçd and lçod. It
also helps us understand why Parama Poojya Swamiji pronounces $ç³çcyçkçbÀ
³çpççcçní the way He does.

JçCçç&: GlHççÆÊçmLçççÆvç mLççvçpçv³çJçCç&vççcçççÆvç
Dç Dçç Dç3 kçÀCþ kçÀCþîç:
kçÀ Kç iç Iç *
n çÆJçmçiç& (:) #ç
F F& F3 lççuçá lççuçJ³ç:
®ç s pç Pç _ç
³ç Mç
$çÝ $çÝ= $çÝ3 cçÓOçç& cçÓOç&v³ç:
ì þ [ { Cç
j <ç U
uç= uç¨ uç=3 ovlçç: ovl³ç:
lç Lç o Oç vç
uç mç
G T G3 DççíÿçÌ Dççíÿîç
Hç HçÀ yç Yç cç
GHçOcççvççÇ³ç: (:Hç : HçÀ )
( actually the two
smilies I've mentioned
earlier)
* _ç Cç vç cç vçççÆmçkçÀç kçÀCþççÆo: DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ:
S Sí kçÀCþlççuçá kçÀCþlççuçJ³ç:
Dççí DççÌ kçÀCþçíÿcçd kçÀCþçíÿîç
Jç ovlççíÿcçd ovlççíÿîç
çÆpç»çcçÓuççÇ³ç: (: kçÀ :Kç) çÆpç»çcçÓuçcçd çÆpç»çcçÓuççÇ³ç:
( smilies again.)
DçvçámJççj: vçççÆmçkçÀç -

#çd is a JçCç&: that has been given a position of equal standing in the JçCç&cççuçç
in the Vedas. Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as
kçdÀ + <çd and you will therefore find it in the dictionary in the kçdÀ section.
However, we have retained all the JçCçç&: that are in the original JçCç&cççuçç ~
This has an important effect on pronunciations.

The çÆJçmçiç& carries forward the sound of the letter just before it.
JçCç&: is pronounced JçCç&n, JçCçç&: is pronounced JçCçç&nç, JçCçz: is pronounced JçCçzçÆn
içá©: is pronounced içá©ná and so on and so forth.
When the çÆJçmçiç& is followed by a kçdÀ, Kçd, Hçd, or a HçdÀ, the çÆJçmçiç& is forcefully
expressed. Going by this, if the çÆJçmçiç& were to be followed by #çd, which,
according to grammar a kçdÀ + <çd, the çÆJçmçiç& should have been forcefully
expressed. But it is not. In this case, the çÆJçmçiç& does what it is supposed to
do....it carries forward the sound of the letter just before it.
C) Maheshwar Sutras.
cççníéçj-mçÓ$çççÆCç
cçnçÆ<ç&: HçççÆCççÆvç: mçbmkç=ÀlçJ³ççkçÀjCçm³ç ÒçOççvçç®çç³ç&: ~ HçççÆCçvçí: HçÓJç&cççÆHç DçvçíkçíÀ JçÌ³ççkçÀjCçç: Dççmçvçd

~ çÆkçÀvlçá lçí<ççb ûçvLçç: DçÐçlJçí Dç%ççlçç: DçuçyOçç½ç ~ uçY³çcççvçí<çá ûçvLçí<çá cçnçcçávçí: HçççÆCçvçí: ûçvLç:
Òçç®ççÇvçlçcç: ~
HçççÆCççÆvç: yççu³çkçÀçuçí cçnçcçvoyçáçÆ×: DççmççÇlçd FçÆlç cçv³çvlçí ~ yççuçkçÀ: mç: çÆJçÐççpç&vçç³ç kçÀcççÆHç
Dçç®çç³ç&cçd GHççiç®slçd ~ çÆkçÀvlçá DççÆ®çjb mç: Dçç®çç³ç&iç=nçlçd çÆvç<kçÀççÆmçlç: DçYçJçlçd ~
lçívç DçHçcççvçívç DçlççÇJç oá:çÆKçlç: HçççÆCççÆvç: DçjC³çb içlJçç kçÀþçíjçb lçHçm³ççcçd DçkçÀjçílçd ~
lç$ç Dçv³çí kçíÀ®çvç çÆmç×Hçá©<çç: YçiçJçlç: Mç¹jm³ç GHççmçvççb kçáÀJç&çqvlç mcç ~lçí<ççb mçJçx<ççb lçHçm³ç³çç
mçvlçáä: cçnçoíJç: DçççÆJçYç&Ó³ç mçJçxY³ç: Jçj³çç®çvçç³ç DçkçÀLç³çlçd ~Òçl³çíkçbÀ lçHçmJççÇ mJçkçÀçÇ³çb cçvççíjLçb
v³çJçío³çlçd ~ mçJçx<ççb cçvççíjLçcçd SkçÀmççLç¥ HçÓjçÆ³çlçáb cçníéçj: ®çlçáo&MçJççjb [cç©cçd DçJçço³çlçd ~
HçççÆCççÆvç: ®çlçáo&MçJççjb [cç©vççob ÞçálJçç ®çlçáo&Mç mçÓ$çççÆCç Dçj®ç³çlçd ~ Òçl³çíkçbÀ vçço: Dç F G Cçd
Fl³çççÆo mçÓ$çªHçíCç lçm³ç kçÀCç&kçáÀnjb ÒççÆJçä:~ lçççÆvç mçÓ$çççÆCç cççníéçj-mçÓ$çççÆCç Jçç kçÀL³çvlçí ~ SlçççÆvç
mçÓ$çççÆCç J³ççkçÀjCçm³ç DçççÆomçÓ$çççÆCç cçv³çvlçí ~
1. Dç F G Cçd
2. $çÝ uç= kçdÀ
3. S Dççí *d
4. Sí DççÌ ®çd
5. n ³ç Jç j ìd
6. uç Cçd
7. _ç cç * Cç vç cçd
8. Pç Yç _çd
9. Iç { Oç <çd
10. pç yç iç [ o Mçd
11. Kç HçÀ s þ Lç ®ç ì lç Jçd
12. kçÀ Hç ³çd
13. Mç <ç mç jd
14. n uçd ~
Panini has based his entire grammatical work on these sutras. To avoid a
detailed recital of the letters, he used what is called the Òçl³ççnçj . It is very
much what you would see advertised in a shop window " A-Z available here."
Rather than list what he has, the shopkeeper, in his A-Z, has conveyed the
fact that he stores all that you need.
Similarly, when Panini wished to list only the mJçjç: , he just said Dç®çd and no
more. Look at the sutras again. Which sutra has the Dç ? The first. Which
sutra ends in ®çd ? The fourth. Ignore every JçCç& with the nuçvlç . They are
called Flçd JçCçç&: and are only indicatory letters which disappear the minute
the purpose of indication has been fulfilled.
List all the letters that are in the four sutras and hey presto, you have a list
of all the mJçjç: !

Let's take another example. PçMçd would be all the JçCç& s in the 3rd and 4th
column. Gottitt??
The peculiarity of the Òçl³ççnçj s is that they can start from any JçCç& ~ They
may begin with a JçCç& coming from the middle of the group, but they must
end with an Flçd JçCç&:~
Panini then worked on 41 such Òçl³ççnçj s in his DçäçO³çç³ççÇ. Cçd comes twice as an
Flçd JçCç&:~ Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written against
the Òçl³ççnçj . Whenever you have to choose the second, (2) will be written
against that Òçl³ççnçj.Shall we try work with Òçl³ççnçj s as a home assignment?
Please refer to Lesson 62 A.
D) içáCç, Jç=çÆ×, oçÇIç&, mçcÒçmççjCç changes.

You would have heard of mçávojcçd and it's relative mççÌvo³ç&cçd . It is apparent that
the G and DççÌ are connected. What has happened here is a Jç=çÆ× . It is often
difficult to remember these terms…. içáCç, Jç=çÆ×, oçÇIç&, mçcÒçmççjCç ~ So here is a
list you can refer to when foxed by sandhis. The idea is to see the
correlation amongst alphabets.
mJçj Dç F G $çÝ uç= S Sí Dççí DççÌ

Dçç F& T $çÝ=

oçÇIç& Dçç F& T $çÝ= - - ö õ -
içáCç Dç S Dççí Dçjd Dçuçd S - Dççí -
Jç=çÆ× Dçç Sí DççÌ Dççjd Dççuçd Sí Sí DççÌ DççÌ
³çCçd - ³çd Jçd jd uçd
mççqvOç:
Dç³çççÆo ö - õ ö - Dç³çd Dçç³çd DçJçd DççJçd
mççqvOç:
mçcÒçmççjCç
³ç F
Jçd G jd $çÝ
uçd uç=
***
Lesson 62 A B
Exercises with the Maheshwara-Sutrani
Worksheets
List all the JçCçç&: in the Òçl³ççnçj s below.

1. DçCçd (1)
2. DçkçdÀ
3. FkçdÀ
4. GkçdÀ
5. S*d
6. Dç®çd
7. F®çd
8. S®çd
9. Sí®çd
10. Dçìd
11. DçCçd (2)
12. FCçd
13. ³çCçd
14. Dçcçd
15. ³çcçd
16. _çcçd
17. *cçd
18. ³ç_çd
19. Pç<çd
20.DçMçd
21. nMçd
22.JçMçd
23.pçMçd
24.PçMçd
sanskrit lesson 62 A 1
25.yçMçd
26.sJçd
27.³ç³çd
28.cç³çd
29.Kç³çd
30.®ç³çd
31. ³çjd
32.Pçjd
33.Kçjd
34.®çjd
35.Mçjd
36.Dçuçd
37.nuçd
38.Jçuçd
39.juçd
40.Pçuçd
41. Mçuçd
You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson
is named 62 A B.
sanskrit lesson 62 A 2
Lesson 63
J³ç¡çvç-mççqvOç:
Vyanjan Sandhi.
"Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain…. till I realized that a sandhi

was exactly what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.'
O.K…. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a
plenty? Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in
every language as well.
Just have a look at this….
Shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger Generation, not mine.)
An example of Pçuççb pçMççíevlçí ~
It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of
something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studies
the science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have
here tried to provide the smelling salts.
It's not so bad….. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one
stepatatime.
Is the combination of a consonant with another consonant, a vowel
To make J³ç¡çvç-mççqvOç: easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's go
over how the consonants are classified again.
ˆÃÅ ‰þÃ ŠþÃ ‹þÃ ŒÃ

þÃ ŽÃ þÃ þÃ ØþÃ
ÙÃ ÚÃ ÛÃ Ã µþÃ
·þÃ ˜þÃ ¸Ã šþÃ ›þÃ
œþÃ ûÃÅ þÃ žþÃ ŸþÃ
¡þÃ £Ã ¥þÃ ¨þÃ

ªþÃ «þÃ ¬þÃ −Ã

The shaded consonants are the kçÀþçíj-J³ç¡çvçççÆvç ~ The hard consonants.
The rest are cç=oáöJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç ~ The soft consonants.
Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants
specified by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will
help you tremendously.
Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems
practical to just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhis
into 40 sections of which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives
you examples of the ones you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you
are studying specific details of the sandhis given after the table on page 8
of this lesson. There are plenty of examples, especially from the Bhagavad
Gita, for you to work with.
J³ç¡çvç-mççqvOç: kçÀç³ç&cçd GoçnjCçcçd
Name of the Effect Example
sandhi
1. ½çálJç
a ( mlççí: ½çávçç ½çá: mçd / lçá in close Mçdd
proximity
) ®çá (³çLççmç±îçcçd
with Mçd /®çá
..respectively)
Concrete mçd ®çd ½ç cçvçmçd + ®çuççÆlç =
examples…
cçvç½çuççÆlç ~
mçd Mçd MMç jçcçmçd + Mçílçí =
jçcçMMçílçí ~
lçd ®ç ®®ç mçlçd + ®ççÆj$çcçd
=mç®®ççÆj$çcçd ~
od pçd ppç mçlçd + pçvç: =
mçppçvç: ~
vçd pçd ¡ç MçççÆiç&vçd +pç³ç:
=MçççÆiç&¡ç³ç:
b MçMsçíeçÆì Pç³çd followed by Mçd optionally
first four of a Mçd converts into
Jçiç& sd and if it is
a lçd /od
converts into
®çd
concrete lçd Mç ®s ÞççÇcçlç +d
examples…
Mç¹jçÞçcçç: =
ÞççÇcç®s¹jçÞçcçç:
2. äálJç
äávççäá: mçd / lçá in close <çd
proximity
ìá (³çLççmç±îçcçd
with <çd / ìá
..respectively)
concrete mçd <ç <<ç jçcçmçd + <çÿ: =
examples…
jçcç<<çÿ:
mçd ìd ä jçcçmçd + ìçÇkçÀlçí
=jçcçäçÇkçÀlçí
lçd ìd f lçlçd + ìçÇkçÀç =
lçfçÇkçÀç
<çd lç ä F<ç: + lç: = Fä:
<çd lç ä kç=À<çd + lç: =
kç=Àä:
<çd vç <Cç kç=À<çd + vç: =
kç=À<Cç: ~

3. pçMçlJç
a Pçuççb pçMççíevlçí ~ Pçuçd ( all the any mJçj or a corresponding
This generally consonants minus cç=oá J³ç¡çvç pçMçd
happens the
between two DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç,
different
³çd jd uçd and Jçd )
words.
Concrete kçdÀ F& iççÇ JççkçdÀ + F&Mç:
examples…
=JççiççÇMç:
®çd Dç pç Dç®çd + Dçvlç:
=Dçpçvlç:
ìd Dçç [ç <çìd + Dççvçvç: =
<ç[çvçvç:
lçd Dçç oç Slçlçd + Dççoç³ç =
Slçoçoç³ç
lçd F& oçÇ pçiçlçd + F&Mç:
=pçiçoçÇMç:
lçd Oçd ×d %ççvççlçd + O³ççvçb =
%ççvçç×îççvçb
b Pçuççb pçMçd PççÆMç ~ Pçuçd ( all the a cç=oá J³ç¡çvç corresponding

This generally consonants minus pçMçd
happens in the the
middle of the DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç,
word.
Concrete Yçd Oçd yOçd uçYçd + Oç: =

examples…
uçyOç:~
Oçd Oçd ×d yçáOçd + çÆOç: =
yçáçÆ×:~
4. ®çlJç&
KççÆj ®ç ~ Pçuçd ( all the kçÀþçíj J³ç¡çvç corresponding
consonants minus ®çjd ( first five
the of each Jçiç&: +
DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç, Mçd <çd mçd )
Concrete od mçd lmçd DççHçod + mçá =
examples…
DççHçlmçá
od lçd Êç síod +lçç = síÊçç
od lçd Êç Yçíod + lçç =YçíÊçç
5 lççíçÆuç& lçá uçd lçJçiç& is

replaced by uçd
vçd uçd vçd is replaced
by a nasal uçd
~
concrete lçd uçd uçd oÌv³ççlçd + uççíYç:
examples…
= oÌv³ççuuççíYç:~
vçd uçd nasal uçd ~ Þç×çJççvçd + uçYçlçí
=Þç×çJççBuuçYçlçí
6 DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀmççqvOç:
a ³çjçí evçávçççÆmçkçíÀ ³çjd includes all followed by Is replaced by
evçávçççÆmçkçÀçí Jçç ~ the consonants a nasal (_çd , its own
corresponding
excepting nd ~ cçd, *d , Cçd , vçd
nasal,
³çjd occurring at ) optionally.
the end of a Hço
Concrete lçd cçd vcçd ¬çÀçíOççlçd + cççín: -
examples…
¬çÀçíOççvcççín: /
¬çÀçíOççod cççín: ~
b Òçl³ç³çí Yçç<çç³ççb ³çjd Òçl³ç³ç ending is replaced by

its own
çÆvçl³çcçd in cçd
corresponding
nasal,
compulsorily
concrete od Òçl³ç³ççvçávçççÆmçkçÀ: DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ: çÆ®çod + cç³çcçd =
examples…
çÆ®çvcç³çcçd
7. DçvçámJççj
No need for a
tabular note.
All details at
the end of
this Sandhi
chapter.
Reminders… cçd Jç nçÆjcçd + Jçvoí =

nçÆjb Jçvoí
cçd Hç Hççþcçd + HçþçÆlç =
Hççþb HçþçÆlç ~
8 vçMsJ³çÒçMççvçd vçd occurring at followed by a is replaced by
the end of a Hço sJçd (sd þd Lçd
ìd lçd) and
then by an
Dçcçd (mJçjç: +
nd , ³çd Jçd jd
uçd , +
DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀç:~
concrete vçd ®çd / sd MçBd / Mçdb lççvçd + ®ç =
examples…
lççB½ç / lççb½ç
vçd ìd / þd <çBd / <çbd lççvçd + þ¹çjçvçd
= lççBÿ¹çjçvçd /
lççbÿ¹çjçvçd
vçd lçd / Lçd mçdB / mçbd Dçmcççvçd + lççj³ç
= DçmcççBmlççj³ç /
Dçmcççbmlççj³ç
DçHçJçço: ÒçMççvçd mççqvOç: vç YçJççÆlç ÒçMççvçd + lçvççíçÆlç
This rule does = ÒçMççvçd lçvççíçÆlç~
not apply to ÒçMççvçd

1) ½çálJç mççqvOç:
a) (mlççí: ½çávçç ½çá:)
mçd and a JçCç& belonging to lçá, in close proximity with Mçd and a JçCç& belonging to
®çá are replaced by Mçd and a JçCç& belonging to ®çá ~
Whenever there is a combination of mçd or lç Jçiç& (lçd, Lçd, od, Oçd, vçd) WITH
(either before or after) Mçd or with the ®çJçiç& ( ®çd, sd, pçd, Pçd, _çd ) the mçd
changes into Mçd and the lç Jçiç& changes into its corresponding ®ç Jçiç&
(³çLççmç±îçcçd ….that is respectively.) ~
ûççcççlçd + ®ççÆuçlç: = ûççcçç®®ççÆuçlç: ~
mçod + pçvç: = mçppçvç: ~
lççvçd + pç³ççÆlç = lçç¡ç³ççÆlç ~
Here are a few examples:
1. vç çÆn ÒçHçM³çççÆcç cçcççHçvçáÐçç-

Ðç®sçíkçÀcçá®sçí<çCççÆcççÆvê³ççCççcçd ~
DçJççH³ç YçÓcççJçmçHçlvçcç=×cçd
jçp³çb mçájçCççcççÆHç ®çççÆOçHçl³çcçd ~~ iççÇ0 2-8 ~~
cçcççHçvçáÐçç-Ðç®sçíkçÀcçá®sçí<çCççÆcççÆvê³ççCççcçd
cçcç DçHçvçáÐççlçd ³çlçd MççíkçÀcçd Glçd - Mççí<çCçcçd FçÆvê³ççCççcçd ( To figure out why Mçd has
become sd , look at the next sandhi… MçMsçíeçÆì ~)
2. %ççvçb lçíenb mççÆJç%ççvççÆcçob Jç#³ççc³çMçí<çlç: ~

³çp%ççlJçç vçín YçÓ³ççíev³çp%ççlçJ³çcçJççÆMç<³çlçí ~~ iççÇ0 7-2 ~~
³çlçd %ççlJçç vç Fn YçÓ³ç: Dçv³çlçd %ççlçJ³çcçd DçJççÆMç<³çlçí

3. Dçç½ç³çç&lHçM³ççÆlç kçÀçÆ½çoívç-
cçç½ç³ç&JçÜoçÆlç lçLçÌJç ®ççv³ç: ~
Dçç½ç³ç&Jç®®çÌvçcçv³ç: Mç=CççíçÆlç
ÞçálJççH³çívçb Jçío vç ®çÌJç kçÀçÆ½çlçd ~~ iççÇ0 2-29 ~~
Dçç½ç³ç&Jç®®ç = Dçç½ç³ç&Jçlçd ®ç
4. Þçí³ççí çÆn %ççvçcçY³ççmççp%ççvçç×d³ççvçb çÆJççÆMç<³çlçí ~

O³ççvççlkçÀcç&HçÀuçl³ççiçml³ççiçç®sççqvlçjvçvlçjcçd ~~ iççÇ0 12- 12 ~~
DçY³ççmççp%ççvçç×d³ççvçb = DçY³ççmççlçd %ççvççlçd
b) MçMsçíeçÆì ~
Fully stated, Pç³ç: Mç: s: DççÆì ~ Here, in this sutra, the Pç³ç: is drawn from a
previous sutra. If Pç³çd (first four of a Jçiç& ) is followed by Mçd then that Mçd is
optionally replaced by sd ~
If the Mçd is followed by Dçìd , then if the Pç³çd JçCç& is a od , it will be converted
into a pçd ( mlççí: ½çávçç ½çá: ) and then that pçd is converted into a ®çd ( KççÆj ®ç
....Refer to Sandhi No. 4 ). If it is a lçd , then it is replaced by ®çd ( mlççí: ½çávçç
½çá: ) ~
In lçá + Mçd , the lçá changes to ®çá and the Mçd changes to sd OR remains Mçd ~
ÞççÇcçlçd + Mç¹jçÞçcç: = ÞççÇcç®s¹jçÞçcç: ~
cçnlçd + MçkçÀìcçd = cçn®skçÀìcçd ~


cçcççHçvçáÐçç-Ðç®sçíkçÀcçá®sçí<çCççÆcççÆvê³ççCççcçd
cçcç DçHçvçáÐççlçd ³çlçd MççíkçÀcçd Glçd - Mççí<çCçcçd FçÆvê³ççCççcçd
This could have been written as
cçcççHçvçáÐçç-Ðç®MççíkçÀcçá®Mççí<çCççÆcççÆvê³ççCççcçd
O³ççvççlkçÀcç&HçÀuçl³ççiçml³ççiçç®sççqvlçjvçvlçjcçd ~~ iççÇ0 12- 12~~
l³ççiçç®sççqvlç = l³ççiççlçd Mçççqvlç
2) äálJç mççqvOç:
äávççäá:
Fully stated, mlççí: äávççäá: ~ Here, in this sutra, the mlççí: is drawn from a
previous sutra.
mçd and a JçCç& belonging to lçá, in close proximity with <çd and a JçCç& belonging ìá
are replaced by <çd and a JçCç& belonging to ìá ~
Whenever there is a combination of mçd or lç Jçiç& ( lçd, Lçd, od, Oçd, vçd ) WITH
<çd or with the ìJçiç& ( ìd, þd, [d, {d, Cçd ) the mçd changes into <çd and the lç Jçiç&
changes into its corresponding ìJçiç& ~
jçcçmçd + <ç<þ: = jçcç<<çÿ: ~
F<çd + lç: = Fä: ~
çÆJç<çd + vçá: = çÆJç<Cçá: ~
kç=À<çd + vç: = kç=À<Cç: ~

3) pçMçlJç mççqvOç:
a) Pçuççb pçMççíevlçí ~
Fully stated, Hçom³ç Dçvlçí Pçuççb pçMç: ~
Whenever there is a combination of Pçuçd ( all the consonants {minus the
DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀJ³ç¡çvçççÆvç }, ³çd jd uçd and Jçd ) WITH any mJçj or a cç=oá J³ç¡çvç, it changes
into its corresponding pçMçd ( the third JçCç& of each Jçiç& ) ~ This happens only
if the sandhi taking place is between two different words. If the sandhi is in
the word itself then Pçuççb pçMçd PççÆMç is followed. (Basically it is the same sandhi
but given a different name.)
nd having the same place of utterance as kçÀ Jçiç& ( kçÀCþ ) will be replaced with
that corresponding JçCç& ~
Mçd having the same place of utterance as ®ç Jçiç& ( lççuç á) will be replaced with
that corresponding JçCç&~
<çd having the same place of utterance as ì Jçiç& ( cçÓOçç& ) will be replaced with
mçd having the same place of utterance as lç Jçiç& ( ovlçç: ) will be replaced by
çqokçdÀ + Dçcyçj: = çÆoiçcyçj: ~

cçcççHçvçáÐççÐç®sçíkçÀcçá®sçí<çCççÆcççÆvê³ççCççcçd
cçcç DçHçvçáÐççlçd ³çlçd MççíkçÀcçd Glçd - Mççí<çCçcçd FçÆvê³ççCççcçd

2. cçvçá<³ççCççb mçnñçí<çá kçÀçÆ½çÐçlççÆlç çÆmç×³çí ~
³çlçlççcççÆHç çÆmç×çvççb kçÀçÆ½çvcççb JçíçÆÊç lçÊJçlç: ~~ iççÇ0 7-3 ~~
kçÀçÆ½çÐçlççÆlç = kçÀçÆ½çlçd ³çlççÆlç
cçç½ç³ç&JçÜoçÆlç lçLçÌJç ®ççv³ç:~
kçÀçÆ½çoívçcçd =kçÀçÆ½çlçd Svçcçd
Dçç½ç³ç&JçÜoçÆlç =Dçç½ç³ç&Jçlçd JçoçÆlç
4. ³çlkçÀjçíçÆ<ç ³çoMvçççÆmç ³çppçánçíçÆ<ç ooççÆmç ³çlçd ~

³çÊçHçm³ççÆmç kçÀçÌvlçí³ç lçlkçáÀ©<Jç cçoHç&Cçcçd ~~ iççÇ0 9-27 ~~
³çoMvçççÆmç =³çlçd DçMvçççÆmç
³çppçánçíçÆ<ç = ³çlçd pçánçíçÆ<ç
cçoHç&Cçcçd = cçlçd DçHç&Cçcçd
5. Þçí³ççí çÆn %ççvçcçY³ççmççp%ççvçç×îççvçb çÆJççÆMç<³çlçí ~

%ççvçç×îççvçb = %ççvççlçd O³ççvçb
b) Pçuççb pçMçd PççÆMç ~

Whenever there is a combination of Pçuçd (J³ç¡çvçcçd) WITH any PçMçd
( cç=oáJ³ç¡çvçcçd ) it changes into its corresponding pçMçd ( third consonant) ~ This
generally happens in the middle of the word.
yçáOçd + çÆOç: = yçáçÆ×:~
uçYçd + Oç: = uçyOç:~
4) ®çlJç& mççqvOç:
KççÆj ®ç ~
Fully stated, KççÆj Hçjí Pçuççb ®çjd ~ Here, in this sutra, the ®çjd (first consonant of
each Jçiç&: + Mçd, <çd, mçd) is drawn from a previous sutra.
Whenever there is a combination of Pçuçd WITH a kçÀþçíj J³ç¡çvç,
it changes into its corresponding ®çjd ~
DççHçod + mçá = DççHçlmçá ~
cçç½ç³ç&JçÜoçÆlç lçLçÌJç ®ççv³ç:~
Dçç½ç³çç&lçd + HçM³ççÆlç = Dçç½ç³çç&lHçM³ççÆlç ~ ( lçd does not get converted into od

because it is followed by a kçÀþçíjJ³ç¡çvçcçd )
2. ³çlkçÀjçíçÆ<ç ³çoMvçççÆmç ³çppçánçíçÆ<ç ooççÆmç ³çlçd ~

³çÊçHçm³ççÆmç kçÀçÌvlçí³ç lçlkçáÀ©<Jç cçoHç&Cçcçd ~~ iççÇ0 9-27 ~~
³çlkçÀjçíçÆ<ç =³çlçd kçÀjçíçÆ<ç
³çÊçHçm³ççÆmç = ³çlçd lçHçm³ççÆmç
lçlkçáÀ©<Jç =lçlçd kçáÀ©<Jç

O³ççvççlkçÀcç&HçÀuç = O³ççvççlçd kçÀcç&HçÀuç

5) lççíçÆuç&
Fully stated, lççí: ( <çìîçvlç lçá ) çÆuç ( uçkçÀçjí Hçjí ) HçjmçJçCç&: ~
A consonant of lçJçiç& followed by uçd is replaced by one homogenous with the
latter - HçjmçJçCç& - in this case, uçd ~
oÌv³ççlçd uççíYç: - oÌv³ççuuççíYç: ~
Dççyç´ïçYçáJçvççuuççíkçÀç: - YçáJçvççlçd uççíkçÀç: ~
vçd is replaced by a nasal uçd ~
Þç×çJççBuuçYçlçí %ççvçcçd - Þç×çJççvçd uçYçlçí ~
1. cçÓ{ pçnçÇçÆn Oçvççiçcçlç=<Cççb kçáÀ© mçÂáçÆ×b cçvççÆmç çÆJçlç=<Cççcçd ~

³çuuçYçmçí çÆvçpçkçÀcççxHççÊçb, çÆJçÊçb lçívç çÆJçvççío³ç çÆ®çÊçcçd ~ ( Yçpç iççíçÆJçvocçd – 2 )
³çuuçYçmçí =³çlçd uçYçmçí
6) DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀmççqvOç:
a) ³çjçí evçávçççÆmçkçíÀ evçávçççÆmçkçÀçí Jçç ~
Fully stated, Hçoçvlçm³ç ³çj: DçvçávçççÆmçkçíÀ Hçjí DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ: Jçç ~
³çjd includes all the consonants excepting nd ~
³çjd occurring at the end of a Hço followed by a nasal ( _çd , cçd , *d , Cçd , vçd ) is
replaced by its own corresponding nasal, optionally.
¬çÀçíOççlçd cççín: = ¬çÀçíOççvcççín: / ¬çÀçíOççod cççín: ~
Slçvcçí mçbMç³çb kç=À<Cç = Slçlçd cçí / Slçod cçí ~
çÆokçdÀ + vççiç: = çÆo*dvççiç: / çÆoivççiç: ~
jd remains as it is, it has no corresponding nasal.
Hçávçjd cççín: - Hçávçcççxn: ~

1. ³çmcççVççí çÆÜpçlçí uççíkçÀçí uççíkçÀçVççíçÆÜpçlçí ®ç ³ç: ~
n<çç&cç<ç&Yç³ççíÜíiçÌcç&ákçwlççí ³ç: mç ®ç cçí çÆÒç³ç: ~~ iççÇ0 12-15 ~~
³çmcççVççí = ³çmcççlçd vççí
uççíkçÀçVççí = uççíkçÀçlçd vççí
b) Òçl³ç³çí Yçç<çç³ççb çÆvçl³çcçd ~~ ( JçççÆlç&kçÀ )

The rule ³çjçí evçávçççÆmçkçíÀ evçávçççÆmçkçÀçí Jçç is compulsory if the Òçl³ç³ç that is added
ends in cçd ~
çÆkçÀ³çlçd + cçç$çcçd = çÆkçÀ³çvcçç$çcçd - of little value.
7) DçvçámJççj mççqvOç:~
a) cççíevçámJççj:~
Fully stated, cç: DçvçámJççj: nçÆuç Hçjí - ( nçÆuç is drawn from a previous mçÓ$ç ) - cçd,
at the end of a Hçod is :
1 ) replaced by an DçvçámJççj if it is followed by a consonant.
2) when it appears at the end of a Hço or at the end of a sentence, it remains
as it is.
1. cçÓ{ pçnçÇçÆn Oçvççiçcçlç=<Cççb kçáÀ© mçÂáçÆ×b cçvççÆmç çÆJçlç=<Cççcçd ~

³çuuçYçmçí çÆvçpçkçÀcççxHççÊçb, çÆJçÊçb lçívç çÆJçvççío³ç çÆ®çÊçcçd ~~ (Yçpç iççíçÆJçvocçd - 2)
2. çÆkçbÀ lçodyç´ïç çÆkçÀcçO³ççlcçb çÆkçbÀ kçÀcç& Hçá©<ççíÊçcç ~
DççÆOçYçÓlçb ®ç çÆkçbÀ ÒççíkçwlçcççÆOçoÌJçb çÆkçÀcçá®³çlçí ~~ ( iççÇ0 8- 1 )
b) Jçç Hçoçvlçm³ç ~
At the end of a Hço, the DçvçámJççj can be replaced by an DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ JçCç& which is
homogenous to the JçCç& which follows it.
çÆkçbÀ kçÀjçíçÆ<ç / çÆkçÀ¹jçíçÆ<ç ~ ®çvêb HçM³ççÆlç / ®çvêcHçM³ççÆlç ~

c) vç½ççHçoçvlçm³ç PççÆuç ~
vçd and cçd not at the end of a Hço are replaced by an DçvçámJççj when followed by
Pçuçd - ³çMççbçÆmç ~
d) DçvçámJççjm³ç ³ççÆ³ç HçjmçJçCç&: ~

When DçvçámJççj is followed by a ³ç³çd JçCç& it is replaced by an DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀ which is
homogenous to the latter. Hç¹pç: ~ mççÆgçlç: ~ kçÀCþ ~ kçÀçvlçç ~
8) vçMsJ³çÒçMççvçd ~ (Cracked it!!!! Here's why it is kçÀçqmcçbçÆ½çlçd and not kçÀçqmcççÆgçlçd

!!!!)
vçd occurring at the end of a Hço is replaced by © if followed by a sJçd and
then by an Dçcçd ~ This rule does not apply to ÒçMççvçd ( an avyaya meaning
"tranquil") ~ ( Please have a look at the table for clear examples.)
• Dç$ççvçávçççÆmçkçÀ: HçÓJç&m³ç lçá Jçç ~
The JçCç& preceding © is optionally nasalised.
• DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀçlHçjçíe vçámJççj:~
When it is not nasalised an DçvçámJççj is added.
Thus
kçÀçqmcçvçd çÆ®çlçd = kçÀçqmcçjd çÆ®çlçd ~ vçMsJ³çÒçMççvçd ~
= kçÀçqmcçBjd çÆ®çlçd ~ Dç$ççvçávçççÆmçkçÀ: HçÓJç&m³ç lçá Jçç ~
or = kçÀçqmcçbjd çÆ®çlçd ~ DçvçávçççÆmçkçÀçlHçjçíevçámJççj: ~
This jd is replaced by the çÆJçmçiç& and later by mçd ~ Then the mççqvOç: rules are
followed to give
either a kçÀçqmcçBçÆ½çlçd ~
or a kçÀçqmcçbçÆ½çlçd ~
Similarly, YçJççvçd ®çjçÆlç = YçJççjd ®çjçÆlç
= YçJççBjd ®çjçÆlç /YçJççbjd ®çjçÆlç
= YçJççB½çjçÆlç / YçJççb½çjçÆlç ~
ÒççCççbml³çkçwlJçç - ÒççCççvçd l³çkçwlJçç ~~ iççÇ0 1-33 ~
Òç%ççJççoçb½ç Yçç<çmçí - Òç%ççJççoçvçd ®ç ~~ iççÇ0 2-11 ~
But not in the case of ÒçMççvçd çÆlçÿçÆlç ~
1. DçMççí®³ççvçvJçMççí®çmlJçb Òç%ççJççoçb½ç Yçç<çmçí ~

içlççmçÓvçiçlççmçÓb½ç vççvçáMççí®ççqvlç HççqC[lçç: ~~ iççÇ0 2-11~
Òç%ççJççoçb½ç = Òç%ççJççoçvçd ®ç
DçiçlççmçÓb½ç = DçiçlççmçÓvçd ®ç
***
You may not require to know any more sandhis than the ones listed in this
lesson. If you do come across undecipherable ones, please write. We'll
respond to individual requests.

Lesson 64.
mçcççmç-çÆJç®ççj:
Samas Vichar.
A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed from

generation to generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only
means of ensuring that knowledge was protected. It may have been years
since we've left school, but who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the
other hand, has been relegated to the back alleys of our mind.
In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head.
Sanskrit is the only language in the classical world which makes use of Òçl³ç³çs.
The use of Òçl³ç³ç s helps every single word to have an identity and a meaning
of its very own. But fitting the word + Òçl³ç³ç into a metre in verse form was a
difficult task indeed. "What to do?" asked a poet. "No problem! Let's create
a shortcut," said another. And mçcççmç came into being. mçcççmç, mç cç mç was the
original SMS… Short Message Service. Be proud guys, we created it!!!!!!
I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: Dçnb mçcçm³çççÆcç does indeed mean
'I am creating a synopsis…. or in our layman terms… a shortcut.'
mçcççmç allows a person to string two words together to form one single word.
And "ishortcut ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriate
Òçl³ç³ç. For example instead of saying jç%ç: Hçá$ç: I'd say jçpçHçá$ç: and still make
complete sense.
Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have
such a beautiful face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say "DççÆ³ç ®çvêcçáçÆKç"
Devdas too, by the way, is a mçcççmç word. oíJçm³ç oçmç: , oíJçoçmç: ~ The
difference between a mççÆvOç: and a mçcççmç: would be that in the former, two
letters combine to form a single whole letter or a conjoined letter( either in
the middle of a word or between two words to form a single word) and in the

latter, two words are placed side by side (without the need for a mççÆvOç: to
take place) to form a single word.
In a mçcççmç: , the mçcçmlçHço is the compound word… oíJçoçmç: ~ çÆJçûçn is when you
break it up into its components….. oíJçm³ç oçmç: ~
Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations these
work out, for example oçmçoíJç: would not be correct. And it is with time that
you will figure out which words can be made a mçcççmç of. For example, JçvçÒççHlç:
is allowed and NOT JçvçÒççHlçJççvçd ~ Not to worry. In this case at least …Time will
wait for the Sanskrit enthusiast!
Note:
This lesson is to help you figure out what mçcççmç words mean whenever you
come across them in your course of reading. You also now have the
wherewithal to form your own combination words intelligently.
Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a
time you will find that someone may have formed a mçcççmç in one way and you
may prefer another. Both may be correct. So just relax and enjoy learning
something new.
mçcççmç can be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey
when dissolved.
ÜvÜçí çÆÜiçájçÆHç ®ççnb cçodiçíní çÆvçl³çcçJ³ç³ççÇYççJç: ~
lçlHçá©<ç kçÀcç&Oççj³ç ³çívççnb m³ççb yçnáJç´çÇçÆn: ~~
For our convenience, I have divided them into 9 groups. I have been better
able to retain the information with a wider classification like that.

1. DçJ³ç³ççÇYççJç: A word which conveys a meaning, is a part of the mçcççmç
which, after the combination of the two words, becomes an DçJ³ç³ç~
For example:
add mçá to indicate mççÌYççi³ç 'lots of goodness.' mçácç²uçcçd = cç²uççvççb mçcç=çÆ×:
lots of auspiciousness.
2. lçlHçá©<ç: In this mçcççmç, the second word of the mçcççmç is given

importance. For example: oíJçoçmç: = oíJçm³ç oçmç:~ The first part of the
word is simply an apt description of the second. We are talking about
the oçmç: here and not the oíJç: ~
3. kçÀcç&Oççj³ç: In this mçcççmç, one word is an adjective of the other. It is a

part of the lçlHçá©<ç:, but we shall list it separately for convenience's
sake. For example: vççÇuççílHçuçcçd = vççÇuçcçd GlHçuçcçd ~
4. çÆÜiçá: In this mçcççmç, which is a part of the kçÀcç&Oççj³ç:, the first word is a
number; how many in a collection of things. For example : HçgçJçìçÇ =
Hçgççvççb Jçìçvççb mçcççnçj: ~
5. ÜvÜ: Be sure to look out for the ®ç between words in the çÆJçûçn: of
this mçcççmç:!!! For example: nçÆjnjiçájJç:/nçÆjiçá©njç: =nçÆj½ç nj½ç içá©½ç ~
6. yçnáJç´çÇçÆn: When two words are put together to imply something totally
different, yçnáJç´çÇçÆn: is what you see. For example: ®çvêcççÌçÆuç: = ®çvê: cççÌuççÌ
³çm³ç mç: ~ Here, we are neither giving importance to the moon or to
the forehead but the Person who is adorned so: Shiva.
7. DçuçákçdÀmçcççmç: is not really a different mçcççmç: ~ Whenever, two words

are put together and the çÆJçYççqkçwlç of the first word remains intact,

then mçcççmç: takes place. Depending on the mçcççmç: itself, it can be any
of the above mçcççmç: s. For example: ³çáçÆOççÆÿj: = ³çáçÆOç çqmLçj: ~
8. vç_çdmçcççmç: is not really a different mçcççmç: ~ Whenever you wish to

convey 'the absence' of something, this mçcççmç: is used. For example:
DççÆJçIvç: = vç çÆJçIvç: ~
9. GHçHçomçcççmç: see how the noun is described here.. DçYç³ç¹j: = DçYç³çb

kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç ~
mçcççmç: is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need
to be practical about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let's
go over a few details to help us decode what we may most often come across.
A tabular column will help.
1. DçJ³ç³ççÇYççJçmçcççmç: ~
You will recognize the DçJ³ç³ççÇYççJçmçcççmç: in words
1. Where the first part of the word is an DçJ³ç³ç or a çÆvçHççlç (çÆvçHççlçç: are
particles which possess no gender and number and the case
termination after which is dropped or elided. For example ®çço³ç: (®ç
and others) and Òçço³ç: (Òç and others).
2. The second part of the word is a noun (mç_%çç).
3. The combined word is an DçJ³ç³ç and is vçHçáb. SkçÀJç®çvçcçd ~
4. The combined word mçcçmlçHçocçd is different from the çÆJçûçn:, because the
conveys a DçJ³ç³ç special meaning to the noun.
Addition of DçJ³ç³ç mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn:

to mean
DççÆOç in, on DççÆOçnçÆj njçÌ FçÆlç

GHç closeness GHçkç=À<Cçcçd kç=À<Cçm³ç mçcççÇHçcçd
çÆvçmçd or çÆvçjdd çÆvçpç&vçcçd pçvççvççcçd DçYççJç:
absence
Dçvçá behind/ DçvçájLçcçd jLçm³ç Hç½ççlçd
following
ÒççÆlç every ÒççÆlççÆovçcçd çÆovçb çÆovçcçd
³çLçç in that manner ³çLççMççÆÊçÀ no spelling MççÆÊçÀcçvççÆlç¬çÀc³ç
error here. There is no
visarga. All these
words are DçJ³ç³çs
remember?
mç with/ mçpçvçkçÀcçd pçvçkçíÀvç mçn /pçvçkçÀm³ç
resembling mçç¢M³çcçd
Dçç beyond / upto DçççÆncççuç³çcçd Dçç çÆncççuç³ççlçd
( ®ççÇvçoíMç: )
DççcçáçÆÊçÀ Dçç cçákçwlçí: ( cçáçÆÊçÀ lçkçÀ,
cçáçÆÊçÀ kçíÀ HçÓJç& )
DççyççuçJç=×cçd a life span ( !! )
yççÆn: outside yççÆnûçç&cçcçd ûççcççlçd yççÆn:
Dçvçá near/ towards DçvçákçÓÀuçcçd
towards the bank
ÒççÆlç a) away from ÒççÆlçkçÓÀuçcçd against the bank
(opposite of the
meaning in the
above row)
b) repetition ÒççÆlççÆovçcçd çÆovçí çÆovçí
mçá abundance, mçácçêcçd cçêçCççb mçcç=çÆ×:
prosperity
oájd adversity, oá³ç&Jçvçcçd ³çJçvççvççb J³ç=çÆ×:
poverty
DççÆlç destruction, DççÆlççÆncçcçd çÆncçm³ç Dçl³ç³ç:
end of
DççÆlç inappropriate DççÆlççÆvçêcçd çÆvçêç mçcÒççÆlç vç ³çáp³çlçí
FçÆlç utterance of FçÆlç nçÆj nçÆjMçyom³ç ÒçkçÀçMç:
sound
Dçç a) starting from a) Dççpçvcç a) pçvcçvç: DççjY³ç
b) uptil b) DççcçjCçcçd b) cçjCçHç³ç&vlçcçd
2. lçlHçá©<çmçcççmç: ~
lçlHçá©<çmçcççmç: is that mçcççmç: wherein the first word-part's çÆJçYççqkçwlç-Òçl³ç³ç is

dropped. Depending on which çÆJçYççqkçwlç-Òçl³ç³ç that first part would have taken if
broken into it's çÆJçûçn:, the lçlHçá©<çmçcççmç: is given that particular name. For
example: çÆÜlççÇ³ççlçlHçá©<ç: ~
Go over the short explanation of lçlHçá©<çmçcççmç: at the very beginning of this

lesson.
Note: The word lçlHçá©<ç: itself will help you remember what mçcççmç: this
involves. lçm³ç Hçá©<ç: = lçlHçá©<ç: !!

mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn:
çÆÜlççÇ³ççlçlHçá©<ç: MçjCççiçlç: MçjCçcçd Dççiçlç:
oá:KççlççÇlç: oá:Kçcçd DçlççÇlç:
kç=À<CççÆÞçlç: kç=À<Cçb DçççÆÞçlç:
ûççcçÒççHlç: ûççcçb ÒççHlç:
MççíkçÀHççÆlçlç: MççíkçbÀ HççÆlçlç:
cçíIççl³çmlç: cçíIçcçd Dçl³çmlç:
Yç³çcççHçVç: Yç³çcçd DççHçVç:
ûççcçiçcççÇ ûççcçb içcççÇ
DçVçyçáYçá#çá: DçVçb yçáYçá#çá:

lç=lççÇ³ççlçlHçá©<ç: yççCççnlç: yççCçívç Dççnlç:
Kç[diçnlç: Kç[diçívç nlç:
çÆMçJçç$ççlç: çÆMçJç³çç $ççlç:
çÆMçJç$ççlç: çÆMçJçívç $ççlç:
çÆJçÐççnçÇvç: çÆJçÐç³çç nçÇvç:
%ççvçMçÓv³ç: %ççvçívç MçÓv³ç:
cççlç=mç¢Mç: cçç$çç mç¢Mç:
çÆHçlç=lçáu³ç: çÆHç$çç lçáu³ç:
nçÆj$ççlç: nçÆjCçç $ççlç:
lçlkç=Àlçcçd lçívç kç=Àlçcçd
kçÀççÆuçoçmçjçÆ®çlçcçd kçÀççÆuçoçmçívç jçÆ®çlçcçd
cççmçHçÓJç&: cççmçívç HçÓJç&:
Yç´çlç=mçcç: Yç´ç$çç mçcç:
Oççv³ççívçcçd Oççv³çívç Tvçcçd
Oççv³çíçÆJçkçÀuçcçd Oççv³çívç çÆJçkçÀuçcçd
JççkçwkçÀuçn: Jçç®çç kçÀuçn:
Dçç®ççjkçáÀMçuç: Dçç®ççjíCç kçáÀMçuç:
Mçkç&ÀjççÆcçÞçcçd Mçkç&Àj³çç çÆcçÞçcçd
içá[³çákçwlçcçd içá[ívç ³çákçwlçcçd
kçáÀfvçMuç#çCçcçd kçáÀfvçívç Muç#çCçcçd
cççmççJçj: cççmçívç DçJçj:
And that is the sole reason why you cannot have oC[lçççÆ[lçJççvçd as a lç=lççÇ³çç
lçlHçá©<ç: ~ lçççÆ[lçJççvçd is a Present active participle and doesn't fit with the rules
stated above. Instead, you may have a oC[lçççÆ[lç: ~ Gottit?

®çlçáLççalçlHçá©<ç: kçáÀC[uççÆnjC³çcçd kçáÀC[uçç³ç çÆnjC³çcçd
³çÓHçoç© ³çÓHçç³ç oç©
kçáÀcYçcç=çÆÊçkçÀç kçáÀcYçç³ç cç=çÆÊçkçÀç
çÆÜpççLç&: çÆÜpçç³ç Dç³çcçd
for eg: mçÓHç:
sç$ççLçç& sç$çç³ç F³çcçd
for eg: ³çJççiçÓ:
çÆMçMJçLç&cçd çÆMçMçJçí Focçd
for eg: oáiOçcçd
YçÓlçyççÆuç: YçÓlçíY³ççí yççÆuç:
iççíçÆnlçcçd içJçí çÆnlçcçd
Note:
The compound içá©oçÆ#çCçç cannot be separated into içájJçí oçÆ#çCç ~ The çÆJçûçn: has
to be içájçí: oçÆ#çCçç ~

HçgçcççÇlçlHçá©<ç: ®ççíjYç³çcçd ®ççíjçlçd Yç³çcçd
Jç=kçÀYççÇçÆlç: Jç=kçÀçlçd YççÇçÆlç:
J³ççIç´YççÇlç: J³ççIç´çlçd YççÇlç:
Dç³çMççíYççÇ: Dç³çMçmç: YççÇ:
ûççcççÆvçiç&lç: ûççcççlçd çÆvçiç&lç:
DçOçcç&pçáiçáHmçá: DçOçcçç&od pçáiçáHmçá:
mJçiç&HççÆlçlç: mJçiçç&lçd HççÆlçlç:
HççHçcçákçwlç: HççHççlçd cçákçwlç:
Exceptions DççÆvlçkçÀçoçiçlç: DççÆvlçkçÀçlçd Dççiçlç: (DççÆvlçkçÀ)
oÓjçoçiçlç: oÓjçlçd Dççiçlç: (oÓj)
mlççíkçÀçvcçákçwlç: mlççíkçÀçlçd cçákçwlç: (mlççíkçÀ)

<çÿçÇlçlHçá©<ç: jçpçHçá©<ç: jç%ç: Hçá©<ç:
oíJçHçÓpçkçÀ: oíJçm³ç HçÓpçkçÀ:
F&éçjYçkçwlç: F&éçjm³ç Yçkçwlç:
oíJççuç³ç: oíJçm³ç Dççuç³ç:
mçJç&cçnçvçd mçJçx<ççb cçnÊçj:
mçJç&éçílç: mçJçx<ççb MJçílçlçj:
Exceptions - DçVçm³ç Hçç®çkçÀ: (DçkçÀ
Òçl³ç³ç:)
- Oçvçm³ç nlçç& (lç=®çd Òçl³ç³ç:)
- pçiçlç: ñçäç (lç=®çd Òçl³ç³ç:)
- Içìm³ç kçÀlçç& (lç=®çd Òçl³ç³ç:)
- yç´çïçCçm³ç kçÀÊç&J³çcçd (lçJ³ç
Òçl³ç³ç:)
- yç´çïçCçm³ç kç=ÀlJçç (DçJ³ç³ç)
- jç%ççb HçÓçÆpçlç: (kçwlç Òçl³ç³ç:
added to HçÓpçd)
mçHlçcççÇlçlHçá©<ç: JççÇCççÒçJççÇCç: JççÇCçç³ççb ÒçJççÇCç:

JçíoHççqC[lç: Jçíoí HççqC[lç:
kçÀçJ³çkçáÀMçuç: kçÀçJ³çí kçáÀMçuç:
Mççm$ççÆvçHçáCç: Mççm$çí<çá çÆvçHçáCç:
kçÀç³ç&®çHçuç: kçÀç³çx ®çHçuç:
pçuçuççÇvç: pçuçí uççÇvç:
pçuçcçivç: pçuçí cçivç:
kçÀç³ç&®çlçáj: kçÀç³çx ®çlçáj:
mLççuççÇHçkçwJç: mLççu³ççb HçkçwJç:
ÒçççÆo lçlHçá©<ç Òçç®çç³ç&: Òçiçlç: Dçç®çç³ç&:
ÒççÆHçlççcçn: Òçiçlç: çÆHçlççcçn:
DççÆlçcç³çç&o: DççÆlç¬çÀçvlç: cç³çç&ocçd
Òçl³ç#ç: ÒççÆlçiçlç: Dç#çcçd
GÜíuç: GÃlç: Jçíuççcçd
çÆvçiç&=n: çÆvçiç&lç: iç=nçlçd
3. kçÀcç&Oççj³çmçcççmç: ~
This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of
the other, are combined, you have a kçÀcç&Oççj³çmçcççmç: ~ So you will have a
combination of a çÆJçMçí<çCç and a çÆJçMçí<³ç, an GHçcççvç and an GHçcçí³ç ~ Since one is a
çÆJçMçí<çCç of the other, naturally, when a çÆJçûçn: is formed, both the words will
be in the same çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ:~
You may see the words ®ç DçmççÌ, FJç, SJç, in the çÆJçûçn: to reinforce the
relationship between the two words.
mçá meaning "beautiful/ good" and kçáÀ (kçáÀçqlmçlç) meaning "bad" are added to
words to form a kçÀcç&Oççj³çmçcççmç:~
Note:
Why has this particular mçcççmç: been called kçÀcç&Oççj³ç:? Simple.
Let's look at an example… vççÇuççílHçuçcçd ~ GlHçuçb vççÇuçJçCç¥ Oççj³ççÆlç ~ vççÇuçb becomes
the object in the sentence.
Similarly, içá©oíJç: ~ içá©: oíJçm³ç Hçob Oççj³ççÆlç ~ Alternatively it could be: oíJç: içájçí:
ªHçb Oççj³ççÆlç ~ If you look at the examples in the tabular column, you'll begin
to see how one of the words "becomes" the object of the other.
Even if that may not be an authentic explanation, why must we reject it if it
helps us remember what the kçÀcç&Oççj³çmçcççmç: is?!!
kçÀcç&Oççj³çmçcççmç: mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn:
cçnçoíJç: cçnçvçd ®ç DçmççÌ oíJç:
kç=À<CçmçHç&: kç=À<Cç: mçHç&:
vççÇuççílHçuçcçd vççÇuçcçd GlHçuçcçd
oçÇIç&jppçá: oçÇIçç& jppçá:
kçáÀmçácçkçÀçícçuçcçd kçáÀmçácçcçd FJç kçÀçícçuçcçd
®çvêcçáKçcçd ®çvê FJç cçáKçcçd
cçáKçHç¨çcçd cçáKçb Hç¨çcçd FJç
cçáKçkçÀcçuçcçd cçáKçb kçÀcçuçcçd FJç
Hçá©<ççÆmçbn: Hçá©<ç: çÆmçbn: FJç
kç=À<Cçéçílç: kç=À<Cç½ç éçílç½ç (both are
adjectives)
mvççlççvçáçÆuçHlç: mvççlç½ç DçvçáçÆuçHlç½ç (kçwlç
Òçl³ç³ççvlç çÆJçMçí<çCçs)
®çjç®çjcçd ®çjgç Dç®çjgç (opposites)
içá©oíJç: içá©: SJç oíJç:
çÆJçÐççOçvçcçd çÆJçÐçç SJç Oçvçcçd
lçHççíOçvçcçd lçHç: SJç Oçvçcçd
JçíomçcHçlçd Jçío: SJç mçcHçlçd
Dç³ççíO³ççvçiçjçÇ Dç³ççíO³çç FçÆlç vçiçjçÇ
Dççcç´Jç=#ç: Dççcç´: FçÆlç Jç=#ç:
kçáÀHçá$ç: kçáÀçqlmçlç: Hçá$ç:
kçáÀcççlçç kçáÀçqlmçlçç cççlçç
mçáHçá©<ç: MççíYçvç: Hçá©<ç:
mçápçvç: MççíYçvç: pçvç:
mJççiçlçcçd MççíYçvçcçd Dççiçlçcçd

4. çÆÜiçámçcççmç: ~
mçcççmç with numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure out
what is what!
çÆÜiçámçcççmç: mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn:

HçgçiçJçcçd Hçgççvççb içJççb mçcççnçj:
HçgçHçç$çcçd Hçgççvççb Hçç$ççCççb mçcççnçj:
çÆ$çYçáJçvçcçd $ç³ççCççb YçáJçvççvççb mçcççnçj:
®çlçá³ç&áiçcçd /®çlçá³ç&áiççÇ ®çlçáCçç¥ ³çáiççvççb mçcççnçj:
mçHlççn: mçHlççvççcçd DçÚçb mçcççnçj:
vçJçjç$çcçd / vçJçjç$ççÇ vçJççvççb jç$ççÇCççb mçcççnçj:
çÆ$çuççíkçÀçÇ $ç³ççCççb uççíkçÀçvççb mçcççnçj:
(DçkçÀçjçvlç – uççíkçÀ – kçíÀJçuçb
m$ççÇçÆuç²í)
HçgçcçÓuççÇ Hçgççvççb cçÓuççvççb mçcççnçj:
(DçkçÀçjçvlç – cçÓuç – kçíÀJçuçb
HçgçJçìçÇ Hçgççvççb Jçìçvççb mçcççnçj:
(DçkçÀçjçvlç – Jçì – kçíÀJçuçb
MçlççyoçÇ Mçlççvççcçd Dçyoçvççb mçcççnçj:
<ççCcççlçáj: <çCCççb cççlç¨Cççcçd DçHçl³çcçd
ÜÌcççlçáj: Ü³ççí: cçç$ççí: DçHçl³çcçd
HçgçiçJçOçvç: Hçgç iççJç: Oçvçb ³çm³ç mç:
HçgçKçìdJççÇ / HçgçKçìdJçcçd Hçgççvççb KçìdJççvççb mçcççnçj:
(DççkçÀçjçvlç – KçìdJçç)
5. ÜvÜmçcççmç: ~
Just take a look at the examples. Easy.
Between every word, be sure to add the ®ç . A compound of two words will be
dual and a compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to be
noted is that words beginning with a vowel and words ending in DçkçÀçjçvlç
should come first.
nçÆjnjçÌ nçÆj½ç nj½ç (FkçÀçjçvlç words before

DçkçÀçjçvlç)
F&Mçkç=À<CççÌ F&Mç½ç kç=À<Cç½ç
DçéçjLçívêç: / FvêçéçjLçç: Dçéç½ç jLç½ç Fvê½ç
çÆMçJçkçíÀMçJççÌ çÆMçJç½ç kçíÀMçJç½ç
ûççÇ<cçJçmçvlççÌ ûççÇ<cç½ç Jçmçvlç½ç
nícçvlççÆMççÆMçjJçmçvlçç: nícçvlç½ç çÆMççÆMçj½ç Jçmçvlç½ç
cççlçççÆHçlçjçÌ cççlçç ®ç çÆHçlçç ®ç
HçççÆCçHççocçd HççCççÇ ®ç HççoçÌ ®ç Slçí<ççb mçcççnçj:
jçÆLçkçÀçéççjçíncçd jçÆLçkçÀç½ç Dçéççjçínçæ½ç Slçí<ççb mçcççnçj:
kçÀçkçÀçíuçÓkçÀcçd kçÀçkçÀ½ç GuçÓkçÀ½ç Dçvç³ççí: mçcççnçj:
Hçá$çHççÌ$çcçd Hçá$ç½ç HççÌ$ç½ç Dçvç³ççí: mçcççnçj:
oçmççÇoçmçcçd oçmççÇ ®ç oçmç½ç Dçvç³ççí: mçcççnçj:
Hçá$çHççÌ$çcçd Hçá$ç½ç HççÌ$ç½ç Dçvç³ççí: mçcççnçj:
SkçÀçMçí<ç: a part of the ÜvÜmçcççmç: ~

When similar things are put together and the entire compound is described
by just one of the words, either in the dual or plural, SkçÀçMçí<ç: is seen.
Jç=#ççÌ Jç=#ç½ç Jç=#ç½ç

çÆHçlçjçÌ cççlçç ®ç çÆHçlçç ®ç
Yç´çlçjçÌ Yç´çlçç ®ç mJçmçç ®ç
Hçá$ççÌ Hçá$ç½ç oáçÆnlçç ®ç
nbmççÌ nbmç½ç nbmççÇ ®ç
lççÌ mç ®ç jçcç½ç
³ççÌ mç ®ç ³ç½ç
YçJçvlç: YçJçvlç½ç YçJçl³ç½ç
Jç³çcçd ³çÓ³çb ®ç Jç³çb ®ç
jçcççÌ jçcç½ç jçcç½ç
6. yçnáJç´çÇçÆn:
Read our simple explanation again of this particular mçcççmç: (given at the
beginning of the lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words
of the çÆJçûçn: in the same çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ: or they may be in different çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ:s.
Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe
the compound by adding a ³çb mç:, ³çívç mç:, ³çm³çç: mçç and the like.
In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination of mçn with the
lç=lççÇ³çç çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ:~

Note:
The word yçnáJç´çÇçÆn: itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other
words, a wealthy man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in
marriage to Mr. yçnáJç´çÇçÆn:, who would have the capacity to look after their
child well. It won't be difficult now to connect this word to what the mçcççmç:
implies.
same çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ:
ÒççHlççíokçÀ: ÒççHlçcçd GokçbÀ ³çb mç:
nlçMç$çá: (jçpçç) nlçç: Mç$çJç: ³çívç mç:
kç=ÀlçYççípçvç: kç=Àlçb Yççípçvçb ³çívç mç:
DçOççÇlçkçÀçJ³çç DçOççÇlçb kçÀçJ³çb ³ç³çç mçç
Oç=lçHçá<Hçç Oç=lçççÆvç Hçá<HçççÆCç ³ç³çç mçç
oÊçYççípçvçcçd oÊçb Yççípçvçb ³çmcçÌ mç:
(çÆYç#çákçÀ:)
G×lççÌovçç (mLççuççÇ) G×lç: Dççíovç: ³çm³çç: mçç
HççÆlçlçHçCç&: (Jç=#ç:) HççÆlçlçççÆvç HçCçç&çÆvç ³çmcççlçd mç:
iççÆuçlçHçá<Hçç (uçlçç) iççÆuçlçççÆvç Hçá<HçççÆCç ³çm³çç: mçç
ªHçJçtç³ç&: ªHçJçlççÇ Yçç³çç& ³çm³ç mç:
iç²çYçç³ç&: iç²ç Yçç³çç& ³çm³ç mç:
¢{çYççÆÊçÀ: ¢{ç YççÆÊçÀ: ³çm³ç mç:
similarly : HççÇlçcyçj:,
oMççvçvç:, ®çlçájçvçvç:,
®çlçácç&áKç:, Hç¨ç³ççíçÆvç:
JççÇjHçá©<ç: (ûççcç:) JççÇjç: Hçá©<çç: ³ççqmcçvçd mç:
Different
çÆJçYççÆÊçÀ:s .
içoçHçççÆCç: içoç HççCççÌ ³çm³ç mç:
iç[ákçÀCþ: iç[á: kçÀCþí ³çm³ç mç:
Yççuç®çvê: Yççuçí ®çvê: ³çm³ç mç:
®çvêcççÌçÆuç: ®çvê: cççÌuççÌ ³çm³ç mç:
çÆJç<çkçÀCþ: çÆJç<çb kçÀCþí ³çm³ç mç:
kçÀCþíkçÀçuç: kçÀCþí kçÀçuç: ³çm³ç mç:
with mçn mçHçá$ç: / mçnHçá$ç: Hçá$çíCç mçn Jçlç&lçí FçÆlç
( Hçá$çíCç mççÆnlç: )
mçkçáÀìácyç: / kçáÀìácyçívç mçn Jçlç&lçí FçÆlç
mçnkçáÀìácyç:
mçkçÀcç&kçÀ: kçÀcç&Cçç mçn Jçlç&lçí FçÆlç
mçuççícçkçÀ: uççícvçç mçn Jçlç&lçí FçÆlç
cçnç³çMçmkçÀ: / cçnlçd ³çMç: ³çm³ç mç: (kçÀHçd is added
cçnç³çMçç: because no other rule is applied to
³çMçmçd when forming the compound)
GoçÊçcçvçmkçÀ: / GoçÊçb cçvç: ³çm³ç mç: (kçÀHçd is added
GoçÊçcçvçç: because no other rule is applied to
cçvçmçd when forming the compound)
kçÀHçd is also added F&éçjkçÀlç&=kçÀ: F&éçj: kçÀlçç& ³çm³ç mç: ($çÝkçÀçjçvlç Hçá.)
when the last
word is a $çÝkçÀçjçvlç
in any gender, or
is an F&kçÀçjçvlç or
TkçÀçjçvlç m$ççÇçÆuç²
word
mçáMççÇuçcççlç=kçÀ: mçáMççÇuçç cççlçç ³çm³ç mç: ($çÝkçÀçjçvlç m$ççÇ.)
DçVçOççlç=kçÀ: DçVçb Oççlç= ³çm³ç mç: ($çÝkçÀçjçvlç vçHçá.)
mçávojJçOçÓkçÀ: mçávojçÇ JçOçÓ: ³çm³ç mç: (TkçÀçjçvlç m$ççÇçÆuç²)
ªHçJçlm$ççÇkçÀ: ªHçJçlççÇ m$ççÇ ³çm³ç mç: (F&kçÀçjçvlç m$ççÇçÆuç²)
6. DçuçákçdÀ mçcççmç:~
In cases where the çÆJçYççqkçwlç remains in the mçcçmlçHçocçd , DçuçákçdÀ mçcççmç: is seen. It
can be any of the ones that we have studied in detail.
³çáçÆOççÆÿj: ³çáçÆOç çqmLçj: mçHlçcççÇlçlHçá©<ç:

oájçoçiçlç: oájçlçd Dççiçlç: HçgçcççÇlçlHçá©<ç:
oçm³çç:Hçá$ç: oçm³çç: Hçá$ç: <çÿçÇlçlHçá©<ç:
içíníMçÓj: içíní MçÓj: mçHlçcççÇlçlHçá©<ç:
HçjmcçÌHçocçd HçjmcçÌ Hçocçd ®çlçáLççalçlHçá©<ç:
DççlcçvçíHçocçd Dççlcçvçí Hçocçd ®çlçáLççalçlHçá©<ç:
kçÀCþíkçÀçuç: kçÀCþí kçÀçuç: J³ççÆOçkçÀjCçyçnáJç´çÇçÆn
Jçvçí®çj: Jçvçí ®çj: GHçHçomçcççmç:
8. vç_çdmçcççmç: ~
Add an Dç if it is followed by a J³ç¡çvçcçd and an Dçvç if followed by a mJçj: ~
mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn: DçLç&
Dçmçvoín: vç mçvoín:
DççÆJçIvç: vç çÆJçIvç:
Dçvçéç: vç Dçéç:
Dçvççiçcçvçcçd vç Dççiçcçvçcçd
DççÆJçJçço: vç çÆJçJçço:
DçHçìá: vç Hçìá:
DçvçáHçuççqyOç: vç GHçuççqyOç:
DçHçvLçç: / DçHçvLçcçd vç HçvLçç:
DçHçá$ç: DççÆJçÐçcççvç: Hçá$ç: ³çm³ç mç:
DçvçHçl³ç: DççÆJçÐçcççvçcçd DçHçl³çb ³çm³ç mç:
DçHçá$ççÇkçÀ: DççÆJçÐçcççvçç Hçá$ççÇ ³çm³ç mç:
DçÒçpçç: DççÆJçÐçcççvç: Òçpçç ³çm³ç mç:
DçcçíOçç: DççÆJçÐçcççvçç cçíOçç ³çm³ç mç:
Dçmçnç³ç: vç çÆJçÐçlçí mçnç³ç: ³çm³ç mç:
DçvçHçl³çç vç çÆJçÐçlçí DçHçl³çb ³çm³çç: mçç
Dçvç=Cç: vç Dççqmlç $çÝCçb ³çm³ç mç:
9. GHçHçomçcççmç:
This is a mçcççmç: with GHçHços. Here the word GHçHço stands for any noun.
mçcçmlçHçocçd çÆJçûçn: DçLç&
kçáÀcYçkçÀçj: kçáÀcYçb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç

çÆvçMççkçÀj: çÆvçMççb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç
lçávoHççÆjcç=pç: lçávob HççÆjcçççÆä& FçÆlç
G<CçYççípççÇ G<Cçb Yçá*dkçwlçí FçÆlç
mççícç³ççpççÇ mççícçívç FäJççvçd FçÆlç
Mççm$çkç=Àlçd / Mççm$çkçÀçj: Mççm$çb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç
Yçç<³çkç=Àlçd / Yçç<³çkçÀçj: Yçç<³çb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç
çÆÒç³çbJço: çÆÒç³çb JçoçÆlç FçÆlç

Yç³ç¹j: Yç³çb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç
JçbMçJço: JçbMçb JçoçÆlç FçÆlç
DçYç³ç¹j: DçYç³çb kçÀjçíçÆlç FçÆlç
Oçvço: Oçvçb ooççÆlç FçÆlç
mççcçiç: mççcç içç³ççÆlç FçÆlç
HççqC[lçbcçv³ç:/ HççqC[lçbcççvççÇ HççqC[lçcçd (Dççlcççvçb) cçv³çlçí
FçÆlç ~
Worksheets.
Just try and understand this:
mçcççmç YçiçJçÃçÇlçç ÜçoMççíO³çç³ç:

SJçb mçlçlç³çákçwlçç ³çí YçkçwlççmlJççb Hç³ç&áHççmçlçí ~
³çí ®ççH³ç#çjcçJ³çkçwlçb lçí<ççb kçíÀ ³ççíiççÆJçÊçcçç: ~~ 1 ~~
1) vç #çjcçd - Dç#çjcçd ~ ( vç_çd lçlHçá©<ç )
2) vç J³çkçwlçcçd - DçJ³çkçwlçcçd ~ ( vç_çd lçlHçá©<ç )
3) ³ççíiçí çÆJçÊçcçç: - ³ççíiççÆJçÊçcçç: ~ ( mçHlçcççÇ lçlHçá©<ç )
mççÆVç³çc³çíçqvê³çûççcçb mçJç&$ç mçcçyçáodOç³ç: ~

lçí ÒççHvçáJççÆvlç cççcçíJç mçJç&YçÓlççÆnlçí jlçç: ~~ 4 ~~
1) mçcçç yçáçÆ×: ³çí<ççb lçí - mçcçyçáodOç³ç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
2) mçJçxY³ç: çÆnlçcçd - mçJç&çÆnlçcçd, lççqmcçvçd - mçJç&YçÓlççÆnlçí ~ ( ®çlçáLçça lçlHçá©<ç )
DçLçÌlçoH³çMçkçwlççíeçÆmç kçÀlçá¥ cçÐççíiçcçççÆÞçlç: ~

mçJç&kçÀcç&HçÀuçl³ççiçb lçlç: kçáÀ© ³çlççlcçJççvçd ~~ 11 ~~
1) cçcç ³ççíiçcçd cçÐççíiçcçd ~ ( <ç<þçÇ lçlHçá©<ç )
cçÐççíiçcçd DçççÆÞçlç: cçÐççíiçcçççÆÞçlç: ~ ( çÆÜlççÇ³çç lçlHçá©<ç )
2) mçJçç&çÆCç kçÀcçç&çÆCç - mçJç&kçÀcçç&çÆCç ~ ( kçÀcç&Oççj³ç )

mçJç&kçÀcçç&Cççb HçÀuçççÆvç - mçJç&kçÀcç&HçÀuçççÆvç ~ ( <çÿçÇ lçlHçá©<ç )
mçJç&kçÀcç&HçÀuççvççb l³ççiç: - mçJç&kçÀcç&HçÀuçl³ççiç:, lçcçd - mçJç&kçÀcç&HçÀuçl³ççiçcçd ~ ( <çÿçÇ lçlHçá©<ç )
DçÜíäç mçJç&YçÓlççvççb cçÌ$ç: kçÀ©Cç SJç ®ç ~

çÆvçcç&cççí çÆvçjn¹çj: mçcçoá:KçmçáKç: #çcççÇ ~~ 13 ~~
1) mçJçx YçÓlçç: - mçJç&YçÓlçç:, lçí<ççcçd - mçJç&YçÓlççvççcçd ~ ( kçÀcç&Oççj³ç )
2) çÆvçiçlç&b cçcçlJçb ³çmcççlçd mç: - çÆvçcç&cç: ~ ( ÒçççÆo yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
3) çÆvçiç&lç: Dçn¹çj: ³çmcççlçd mç: - çÆvçjn¹çj: ~ ( ÒçççÆo yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
4) oá:Kçb ®ç mçáKçb ®ç – oá:KçmçáKçí ~ ( ÜvÜ )
mçcç: oá:KçmçáKç³ççí: ³ç: mç: - mçcçoá:KçmçáKç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
mçvlçáä: mçlçlçb ³ççíiççÇ ³çlççlcçç ¢æ{çÆvç½ç³ç: ~

cç³³ççÆHç&lçcçvççíyçáçÆ×³ççx cçtkçwlç: mç cçí çÆÒç³ç: ~~ 14 ~~
1) ¢æ{: çÆvç½ç³ç: - ¢æ{çÆvç½ç³ç: ~ ( kçÀcç&Oççj³ç )
¢æ{çÆvç½ç³ç: ³çm³ç mç: - ¢æ{çÆvç½ç³ç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
2) cçvç: ®ç yçáçÆ×: - cçvççíyçá×çÇ ~ ( ÜvÜ )
DççÆHç&lçb cçvççíyçá×çÇ ³çívç mç: - DççÆHç&lçcçvççíyçáçÆ×: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
³çmcççVççíçÆÜpçlçí uççíkçÀçí uççíkçÀçVççíçÆÜpçlçí ®ç ³ç: ~

n<çç&cç<ç&Yç³ççíÜíiçÌcç&ákçwlççí ³ç: mç ®ç cçí çÆÒç³ç: ~~ 15 ~~
1) n<ç&: ®ç Dçcç<ç&: ®ç Yç³çb ®ç GÜíiç: ®ç - n<çç&cç<ç&Yç³ççíÜíiçç: ~ ( ÜvÜ )
n<çç&cç<ç&Yç³ççíÜíiçÌ: cçákçwlç: ³ç: mç: - n<çç&cç<ç&Yç³ççíÜíiçÌcç&ákçwlçç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
DçvçHçí#ç: MçáçÆ®ço&#ç GoçmççÇvççí içlçJ³çLç: ~

mçJçç&jcYçHççÆjl³ççiççÇ ³ççí cçtkçwlç: mç cçí çÆÒç³ç: ~~ 16 ~~
1) vç çÆJçÐçlçí DçHçí#çç ³ççqmcçvçd mç: - DçvçHçí#ç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
2) içlçç J³çLçç ³çmcççlçd mç: - içlçJ³çLç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
³ççí vç Ë<³ççÆlç vç ÜíçÆä vç Mççí®ççÆlç vç kçÀç*d#ççÆlç ~

MçáYççMçáYçHççÆjl³ççiççÇ Yççqkçwlçcççv³ç: mç cçí çÆÒç³ç: ~~ 17 ~~
1) MçáYçb ®ç DçMçáYçb ®ç – MçáYççMçáYçí ~ ( ÜvÜ )
MçáYççMçáYç³ççí: HççÆjl³ççiççÇ ³ç: mç: - MçáYççMçáYçHççÆjl³ççiççÇ ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
mçcç: Mç$ççÌ ®ç çÆcç$çí ®ç lçLçç cççvççHçcççvç³ççí: ~

MççÇlççí<CçmçáKçoá:Kçí<çá mçcç: mç²çÆJçJççÆpç&lç: ~~ 18 ~~
1) cççvç: ®ç DçHçcççvç: ®ç – cççvççHçcççvççÌ, lç³ççí: - cççvççHçcççvç³ççí: ~ ( ÜvÜ )
2) MççÇlçb ®ç G<Cçb ®ç mçáKçb ®ç oá:Kçb ®ç - MççÇlççí<CçmçáKçoá:KçççÆvç, lçí<çá - MççÇlççí<CçmçáKçoá:Kçí<çá ~
( ÜvÜ )
3) mç²b çÆJçJççÆpç&lçb ³çívç mç: - mç²çÆJçJççÆpç&lç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
lçáu³ççÆvçvoçmlçáçÆlçcççzvççÇ mçvlçáäçí ³çívç kçíÀvççÆ®çlçd ~

DççÆvçkçíÀlç: çÆmLçjcççÆlçYç&çqkçwlçcççvcçí çÆÒç³ççí vçj: ~~ 19 ~~
1) çÆmLçjç cççÆlç: ³çm³ç mç: - çÆmLçjcççÆlç: ~ ( yçnáJç´çÇçÆn )
***
Please do write in case you have any questions regarding this lesson. Hesitate
not and thy doubts shall be gone with the wind!


Sanskrit Lessons From Chitrapur Math Level

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Sanskrit Lessons From Chitrapur Math Level

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/HVVRQ:RQGHU:K\"

sanskrit lesson 1. 1/1

sanskrit lesson 2. 1/2

 -    2 

sanskrit lesson 3. 2/2

 -  +         

sanskrit lesson 4 1/1

sanskrit lesson 5. 1/2

  

sanskrit lesson 5. 2/2

sanskrit lesson 6. 2/3

sanskrit lesson 6. 3/3

sanskrit lesson 7 1/4

sanskrit lesson 7 3/4

sanskrit lesson 7 4/4

sanskrit lesson 7A 2/2

sanskrit lesson 7B. 1/1

sanskrit lesson 7B. 3/3

sanskrit lesson 8 1/1

sanskrit lesson 8 3/3

sanskrit lesson 8 4/4

sanskrit lesson 8A 1/3

fj§à à}à~Ë¡©X©tZRUGVOLNHlËèàà}Ë VXQ àË FKLOG àà|ËHWFDQG

sanskrit lesson 8A 2/3

sanskrit lesson 8A 3/3

sanskrit lesson 9 1/3

sanskrit lesson 9 3/3

~±zàà ~ààà ~ààà ~àà}à

sanskrit lesson 9A 2/4

sanskrit lesson 9A 4/4

sanskrit summing up month 1. 1/1

sanskrit lesson 9C 3/3

}à PDQ0 qà qàààWRZLQFRQTXHU ààWKHQ

~±}àTXHVWLRQ0 Ã  àWRWDNH ààDOZD\V

~±àà~à½àDZLVHPDQ0 oàà¥ oàààWRZDON àà¦àDOZD\V

sanskrit lesson 9D 2/2

sanskrit lesson 9E 1/2

sanskrit lesson 9E 2/2

àèà¨à ij§àoà}à ¹àoà}à ààoà}à

sanskrit lesson 10. 1/3

sanskrit lesson 10. 3/3

ààWUXWK1 ~àà¥ ~àààWRWRXFK

sanskrit lesson 10 A 3/3

sanskrit lesson 11. 1/2

sanskrit lesson 11. 2/2

sanskrit lesson 11 A 3/3

sanskrit lesson 11B 3/3

sanskrit lesson 12 A 2/3

sanskrit lesson 12 A 3/3

sanskrit lesson 12 B 2/2

sanskrit lesson 13 1/3

sanskrit lesson 13 2/3

sanskrit lesson 13 3/3

sanskrit lesson 13 A 1/4

sanskrit lesson 13 A 2/4

sanskrit lesson 13 A 4/4

sanskrit lesson 13 B 1/2

sanskrit lesson 13 B 2/2

sanskrit summing up month 2. 1/1

à¥ à àÜ7KDW6KH

ià¥ à àÜ7KLV6KH

sanskrit lesson 14 3/3

sanskrit lesson 14 A 3/3

sanskrit lesson 14 B. 1/3

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