FINISH IS THAT PART WHICH RECEIVES THE CLOSURE

SMOOTH ROUND SHAPES---EASILY FORMED SUITABLE ON FILLING LINES LABELED AT RELATIVELY HIGH SPEEDS ACCURATELY POSITIONED IN SPOT-LABELER GREATER STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIOS BETTER MATERIAL UTILIZATION

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THREE STANDARD FURNACE COLOURS

FLINT
AMBER EMERALD BLUE OPAL

COLOURLESS ,CLEAR
BROWN CONTAINS IRON & SULPHUR GREEN CONTAINS CHROMIUM OXIDES MAKE PRODUCT LOOK WHITE MINUTE CALCIUM FLUORIDE

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METALS USED TO IMPART COLOR TO GLASS Cadmium Sulfide Gold Chloride Cobalt Oxide Manganese Dioxide Nickel Oxide Sulfur Chromic Oxide Uranium Oxide Iron Oxide Selenium Oxide Yellow Red Blue-Violet Purple Violet Yellow-Amber Emerald Green Fluorescent Yellow, Green Greens and Browns Reds

Carbon Oxides
Antimony Oxides Copper Compounds Tin Compounds Lead Compounds Manganese Dioxide Sodium Nitrate

Amber Brown
White Blue, Green, Red White Yellow A "decoloring" agent A "decoloring" agent

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FINISH & CLOSURES

FINISHES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIAMETER ,SEALING METHOD & SPECIAL FEATURES. CONTINUOUS-THREAD (CT), LUG, CROWN, THREADEDCROWN, AND ROLL- ON ARE COMMON FINISH DESIGNS. CLOSURES ARE BASED ON THE COST, UTILITY, AND DECORATION THREAD PROFILE HAS CURVED OR PARTIALLY SEMICIRCULAR PROFILE

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NECK & SHOULDER AREAS

IMPACT ON FILLING, AIR DISPLACEMENT, AND DISPENSING HEADSPACE FOR THERMAL EXPANSION AND FACILITATE FILLING MANUFACTURING DEFECT CHOKE NECK RIDGE ON SEALING SURFACE---OVERPRESS UPPER SHOULDER --- BELOW THE NECK. SHOULDER AND NECK BLENDING ---IMPORTANT DESIGN AND PRODUCTION. LOWER SHOULDER--- THE INTEGRATION POINT BETWEEN THE UPPER SHOULDER AND THE BODY.

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SIDES
SIDE IS MOST GENERALIZED AREAS OF THE BOTTLE. LABELING STYLES AND PREVENTING SCUFFING MUST BE

CONSIDERED. BOTTLES DESIGNED WITH LABEL PANELS TO PREVENT SCUFFING. PANEL MAY HAVE PROMINENT BASE AND SHOULDER RIDGES.
IN ANGULAR BOTTLES, ROUNDED CORNERS ARE PREFERABLE

FOR WRAPAROUND OR THREE-SIDE LABELING. SPOT LABELING IS NORMALLY A ONE- OR TWO-SIDED APPLICATION. LABELING OF NON-ROUND SHAPES IS SLOWER THAN FOR ROUND SHAPES.

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HEEL & BASE

HIGH-ABUSE AREA--- START HIGH FROM BASE CURVING

INTO THE BASE

BODY-TO-BASE CURVE SHOULD COMBINE 3 RADII

LARGEST BLENDS BODY TO HEEL, THE SMALLEST BLENDS

HEEL TO BASE.

DIAMETER AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE AS A GOOD DESIGN.

CENTER OF THE BASE ENSURE A FLAT, STABLE BOTTOM . STIPPLED OR KNURLED ON THE CIRCULAR BEARING SURFACE

TO PROTECT THE SCRATCHES NOT TO WEAKEN THE BODY DURING HANDLING AND USAGE.

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HEEL & BASE

KETCHUP BOTTLES AND OTHER SAUCE BOTTLES REQUIRE
HEEL AND BASE BE HEAVIER AND CONTOURED WHEN

EXPELLING THE CONTENTS. WIDE-MOUTHED JAR BASES HAVE DESIGNED-IN STACKING FEATURES. CONTAINER BASE FITS INTO RECESSED CAP. INDENTED CONTAINER BASE FITS OVER CAP
HEEL TAP --- EXCESS GLASS DISTRIBUTED TO THE HEEL.

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STABILITY & MACHINABILITY

BOTTLE STABILITY - CENTER OF GRAVITY, BASE SURFACE AREA PROBLEM IN MFG - TALL AND NARROW BOTTLES BOTTLES SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO BE ALL-AROUND TROUBLE

FREE TO MANUFACTURE, FILL, CLOSE, AND SHIP.

SOME DESIGNS ARE INHERENTLY WEAKER OR MORE PRONE

TO CAUSE TROUBLE IN THEIR FILLING AND THE DISTRIBUTION CYCLE THAN OTHERS.

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VIALS & AMPOULES

AMPOULES FOR PHARMACEUTICALS SERA PREFORMED TUBING STOCK SEALED GLASS CONTAINERS CONSTRICTION--- EASY FRACTUR, STRESS CONCENTRATION COATED WITH A CERAMIC PAINT STANDARD SIZES ---1, 2, 5, 10, AND 20 ml.

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VIALS & AMPOULES

SERUM VIALS RUBBER SEPTUM ; AN ALUMINUM NECK RING. NEEDLE CANNULA TO WITHDRAW SERUM CAN BE ACCESSED SEVERAL TIMES. STANDARD SIZES--- 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, AND 20 ml.

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TUMBLERS & CARBOYS

TUMBLERS --- WIDE-MOUTHED CONTAINERS CARBOYS ---BULK CONTAINMENT FOR ACIDS OR CHEMICALS.

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CARBONATED BEVERAGES
PRESSURE FACTORS GAS DISSOLVED IN PRODUCT EXPRESS ED AS ml CO2 PER ml OF PRODUCT
IF 1200 ml CO2 @ STD CONDITIONS IS DISSOLVED IN 400ml OF BEVERAGE , THEN THE BEVERAGE IS SAID TO YIELD 4 GAS VOLUMES.

INTERNAL GAS PRESSURE : SOFT DRINK 0.34 mPa (50 psi) SHALL BE CAPPED WELL BOTTLE DESIGNS ROUND IN CROSS SECTION PREFFERED GENTLY CURVING RADII TO MAXIMIZE STRENGTH.

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TYPES & PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES
DENSITY 2.5 g/cc INERT IMPERMEABILITY CLARITY REGAL IMAGE RIGIDITY STABLE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES FDA-APPROVED
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TYPES & PROPERTIES

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES :
FRAGILITY

INERT PERFECT FOOD CONTAINER. IMPERMEABILITY CLARITY REGAL IMAGE RIGIDITY STABLE AT HIGH TEMP

HIGH WEIGHT
HIGH ENERGY COSTS

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TYPES & PROPERTIES

ALTHOUGH INERT SODIUM AND OTHER IONS CAN LEACH OUT ON CERATIN SOLUTION USP TYPE-I
BOROSILICATE FLINT (CLEAR), AMBER (BROWN) GLASS VIALS,

USP TYPE-II
DE ALKALIZED SODA LIME GLASS(TYPE3) THAT HAS BEEN TREATED IN THE LEHR WITH SULPHUR TO REDUCE ALKALI SOLUBILITY. THE TREATMENT PRODUCES A DISCCOLOURED APPEARANCE.

USP TYPE-III
CONVENTIONAL SODA GLASS
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USP TYPE I BOROSILICATE (Neutral) GLASS

USP TYPE 1 ADDITION OF 6% BORON REDUCES LEACHING ACTION LEAST REACTIVE GLASS AVAILABLE FOR CONTAINERS. IT CAN BE USED FOR ALL APPLICATIONS AND IS MOST COMMONLY USED TO PACKAGED WATER FOR INJECTION, UNBUFFERED PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS, SENSITIVE LAB SAMPLES & SAMPLES REQUIRING STERILIZATION. ALL LAB GLASS APPARATUS IS GENERALLY TYPE I BOROSILICATE GLASS. TYPE I GLASS IS USED TO PACKAGE PRODUCTS WHICH ARE ALKALINE OR WILL BECOME ALKALINE PRIOR TO THEIR EXPIRY DATE
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USP TYPE II DE-ALKALISED SODA LIME GLASS

o HAS HIGHER LEVELS OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE

AND CALCIUM OXIDE. o IT IS LESS RESISTANT TO LEACHING THAN TYPE I BUT MORE RESISTANT THAN TYPE III. o GOOD ALKALI RESISTANCE o IT CAN BE USED FOR PRODUCTS THAT REMAIN BELOW pH 7 FOR THEIR SHELF LIFE

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USP TYPE III SODA LIME GLASS

o ACCEPTABLE IN PACKAGING SOME DRY POWDERS WHICH

ARE SUBSEQUENTLY DISSOLVED TO MAKE SOLUTIONS OR BUFFERS. o IT IS ALSO SUITABLE FOR PACKAGING LIQUID FORMULATIONS THAT PROVE TO BE INSENSITIVE TO ALKALI. o TYPE III GLASS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR PRODUCTS THAT ARE TO BE AUTOCLAVED, BUT CAN BE USED IN DRY HEAT STERILIZATION

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USP TYPE NP NP SODA LIME GLASS

IS A GENERAL PURPOSE GLASS AND IS USED FOR NON-PARENTERAL APPLICATIONS WHERE CHEMICAL DURABILITY AND HEAT SHOCK ARE NOT FACTORS. THESE CONTAINERS ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR CAPSULES, TABLETS AND TOPICAL PRODUCTS.

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PERFORMANCE & TESTING

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT CONTAINERS COMPLY WITH SPECIFICATION AND GENERAL INDUSTRY GUIDELINES IN ORDER TO WITHSTAND THE NORMAL STRESSES AND MECHANICAL ABUSE RIGHT THROUGH UNTIL THE END USER HAS FINISHED USING IT.

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VERTICAL LOAD
FORCES OF THIS NATURE MIGHT BE PRODUCED DURING CAPPING OR THROUGH STACKING PRODUCTS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER. TO HELP ENSURE GLASS CONTAINERS HAVE ADEQUATE VERTICAL LOAD STRENGTH, WE TEST TO BS EN ISO 81132004 USING A UTM.

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IMPACT TESTING
TO HELP ENSURE GLASS CONTAINERS HAVE AN ADEQUATE IMPACT RESISTANCE, WE CAN TEST TO STANDARD MANUFACTURING CODES OF PRACTICE USING AN INDUSTRY STANDARD PENDULUM IMPACT TESTER.

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THERMAL SHOCK
Hot-fill or heat-treated glassware can be tested for thermal shock resistance to ensure the product is fit for the intended purpose.

Testing can be carried out to ASTM C149 and BS EN ISO 7459 either as pass/fail test typically at 42oC down shock or progressive testing to complete sample failure. EFFECT OF SUDDEN TEMPERATURE CHANGE
EFFECT IS MINIMAL IF BOTH SIDES ARE HEATED OR COOLED SIMULTANEOUSLY

EFFECTI IS PROMINENT WHEN ONE SURFACE IS HOT AND THE OTHER SURFACE IS CHILLED

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COATING PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE PROTECTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT BY USE OF SLIP TABLES AND HOT END COATING TECHNOLOGY. THE LONGEVITY OF THE COATING PERFORMANCE CAN BE ASSESSED USING LINE SIMULATOR, WHEREBY BOTTLE TO BOTTLE ABRASION DAMAGE WHICH MAY BE EXPECTED TO OCCUR ON A FILLING LINE CAN BE REPLICATED AND THE SUBSEQUENT DAMAGE OF THE CONTAINER TESTED.

THIS IS OF PARTICULAR USE FOR RETURNABLE GLASSWARE.

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INTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE

CARBONATED BEVERAGE BOTTLES NEED TO BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND WITHOUT FAILURE THE PRESSURE PRODUCED BY THEIR CONTENTS OVER LONG PERIODS.

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RESIDUAL STRAIN

MEASUREMENT OF ANNEALING STRESSES/RESIDUAL STRAIN TO ASTM C148;

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ON-LINE INSPECTION OF GLASS BOTTLES

BOTTLE SPACER This machine is pre-set to create a space between the bottles on the conveyer to avoid bottle to bottle contract. SQUEEZE TESTER Each bottle is passed between discs that exert a force to the body of the container. Any obvious weakness or crack in the bottle will cause it to fail completely with the resulting cullet being collected by a return conveyor running underneath.
BORE GAUGER The internal and external diameter at the neck finish entrance to the bottle and the bottle height are measured. Bottles outside specification are automatically rejected by means of a pusher positioned downstream from the gauger.
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CHECK DETECTOR Focuses a beam of light onto areas of the container where defects are known to occur from previous visual examinations, any crack will reflect the light to a detector, which will trigger a mechanism to reject the bottle.
WALL THICKNESS DETECTOR This test uses dielectric properties of the glass, the wall thickness can be determined by means of a sensitive head which traverses the body section of the container. A trace of the wall thickness is then obtained and bottles falling below a specified minimum will be automatically rejected.

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HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TESTER A test carried out on bottles which will be filled with carbonated beverages and gauges the internal pressure of every bottle before it is packed. VISUAL CHECK Bottles are passed in front of a viewing screen as a final inspection. The shape of the container will influence its strength, smooth edges result in the formation of a stronger container than one with rectangular or sharp edges

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF GLASS DEFECTS

There are 6 broad classifications of glass defects
1.CHECKS 2.SEAMS 3.NON-GLASS INCLUSIONS 4.DIRT, DOPE, ADHERING PARTICLES OR OIL PARKS 5.FREAKS AND MALFORMATIONS, AND 6.MARKS

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DEFECTS CLASSIFICATION
CRITICAL, those that are hazardous to the user and those that make the container completely unusable. MAJOR, those that materially reduce the usability of the container or its contents MINOR, those that do not affect the usability of the container, but detract from its appearance or acceptability to the customer.

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CRITICAL DEFECTS IN GLASS

1. Stuck Plug. A piece of glass, usually very sharp, projecting inwards just inside the neck bore
2. Overpress. Is a defect where a small ridge of glass has been formed on the sealing surface of the finish 3. Split. An open crack starting at the top of the finish and extending downward. 4. Check. A small, shallow surface crack, usually at the bore of the container 5. Freaks. Odd shapes and conditions that render the container completely unusable. Bent or cocked necks are a common defect of this type. anywhere on the glass container.
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CRITICAL DEFECTS IN GLASS

7. 8. Poor Distribution. Thin shoulder, slug neck, choke neck, heavy bottom are terms used to describe the uneven distribution of glass. Soft Blister. A thin blister, usually found on or near the sealing surface. It can however show up anywhere on the glass container. Choked Bore. Here excess of glass has been distributed to the inside of the finish or opening Cracks. Partial fractures, usually found in the heel area. Pinhole. Any opening causing leakage. It occurs most often inbottles with pointed corners. Filament. A hair-like string inside the bottle. Spike. Spikes are glass projections inside the bottle. Bird Swing. Is a glass thread joining the two walls of the container

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

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MAJOR DEFECTS IN GLASS

1. Chipped Finish. Pieces broken out of the top edge in the manufacturing process. 2. Stone. Small inclusion of any non-glass material 3. Rocker Bottom. A sunken centre portion on in base of the container 4. Flanged Bottom. A rim of glass around the bottom at the parting line

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MINOR DEFECTS IN GLASS

1.Suncker Shoulder. Not fully blown, or sagged after blowing 2.Tear. Similar to a check, but opened up. A tear will not break when tapped, a check will. 3.Washboard. A wavy condition of horizontal lines in the body of the bottle. 4.Hard Blister. A deeply embedded blister that is not easily broken. 5.Dirt. Scaly or granular nonglass material. 6.Heel Tap. A manufacturing defect where excess glass has been distributed into the heel 7.Mark. A brush mark is composed of fine vertical laps, e.g. oil marks from moulds. 8.Wavy bottle. A wavy surface on the inside of the bottle. 9.Seeds. Small bubbles in the glass 10.Neck ring seam. A bulge at the parting line between the neck and the body.

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TOLERANCE IN GLASS
Tolerances as per GLASS PACKAGING INSTITUTE CAPACITY WEIGHT HEIGHT DIAMETER 1% for large bottles & upto 15% for small bottles generally 5% 0.5 to 0.8% overall HEIGHT 1.5% for 200mm & 3% for 25mm

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CAPACITY
Nominal Capacity (ml) up to and including 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 Tolerances (ml) 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.3 Nominal capacity (ml) up to and including 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1250 1500 Tolerances (ml)

5.7 6.0 6.5 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.4 12.5 15.0

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BODY AND HEIGHT DIMENSIONS

Body/Diameter Tolerances D (mm) up to and including
25.0 36.5 50.0 62.5 75.0 87.5 100.0 112.5 125.0 137.5 150.0

Height Tolerances

TD (mm)
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3

H (mm) up to and including

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

TH (mm)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

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MINIMUM GLASS THICKNESS VALUES

Body overall Diameter (mm) Minimum glass thickness (mm) Non-refillable Refillable bottles Surface protected nonbottles refillable bottles

Up to 60 >61 to 71 >71 to 81 >81 to 96 >96 to 110

1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8

1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3

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THINK
END OF LECTURE 07

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