APPENDIX I: PRELUDE TO THE INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE FIRST BRITISH SCHOOL OF ASSYRIOLOGY Had the discovery

of Victorian Assyria been merely a value-neutral exercise of modern historical-critical scholarshipas if such a venture were possible for any subject at any periodchances are the Louvre and the British Museum would not have been locked in a government-abetted dead heat to procure the most impressive spoils for their exhibits, and the archaeology itself would not have commanded such widespread public enthusiasm;1 the excavators and decipherers would not have been engaged in covert
The first major permanent display of Assyrian antiquities in Europe opened in May of 1847 at the Louvre; it consisted chiefly of bas-reliefs shipped to France by the French Consul Paul-mile Botta from Sargons palace at Khorsbd, snidely referred to by the British decipherer Henry Rawlinson as the French Nineveh. The British Museum mounted its first display of Assyrian antiquities in August of 1847; H. W. F. Saggs, The Might that was Assyria (New York: St. Martins Press; London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984) 313; J. E. Reade, Les relations anglo-franaises en Assyrie, in De Khorsabad Paris: la dcouverte des Assyriens, edited by E. Fontan (Louvre, Dpartement des Antiquits orientales: notes et documents des Muses de France 26; Paris: Runion des Muses Nationaux, 1994) 116-35. Internal disruptions of French society at that time, a Catholic nations relative immunity to aggressive biblical confirmation, and the governments decision to publish Bottas excavation results in five enormous and costly volumes go far to explain the disparity between the initial Assyrian revivals in popular French and British culture. P.-E. Botta and E. Flandin, Monument de Ninive dcouvert et dcrit (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1849-50) F. N. Bohrer, A New Antiquity: The English Reception of Assyria (Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1989) 4-12. Indeed the only notable sign of French popular interest in the discoveries is the Assyrian beard of the 1850s, an emulation of a common feature of the Assyrian reliefs and statuary. Extending straight out from the edge of the chin, tapering and terminating in a horizontal line, its most famous wearer was probably the painter Gustave Courbet, Bohrer, A New Antiquity, 6. Since Bismarcks Germany did not become a colonial power until 1883, German nationals played no part in the early Mesopotamian excavations. Without government-sponsored digs in the Middle East, German scholars were dependent on the publication of Assyro-Babylonian texts by the French and British; hence, German assyriological contributions only began to appear in the late 1860s, while the first German-led excavation in Mesopotamia would be Koldeweys in 1898. This is ironic, considering the fact that ten chairs of archaeology were established in German universities by 1850, whereas France and Britain had only one each. The founding of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft in 1898 was spurred by a sense of nationalistic rivalry with France and Great Britain: the Kniglichen Museen in Berlin must acquire exotic cultural treasures equal to those of the Louvre and the British Museum. On the founding and early history of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, see J. Renger, Die Geschichte der Altorientalistik und der vorderasiatischen Archologie in Berlin von 1875 bis 1945, in Berlin und die Antike: Architektur, Kunstgewerbe, Malerei, Skulptur, Theater und Wissenschaft vom 16. Jahrhundert bis heute, edited by W. Arenhvel and C. Schreiber (Berlin: Deutsches Archologisches Institut, 1979) 1:158-62. It was European imperialism rather than disinterested scientific curiosity that provided the necessary financial backing, safety for its citizens abroad and leverage on the Sublime Porte for assyriological advancement in the 19th century. A growing stream of English periodical articles beginning in February of 1846 would keep the British public abreast of young Austen Henry Layards archaeological exploits in Mesopotamia, penuriously funded by British Museum Trustees, dubious of the aesthetic worth of the Assyrian marbles, Athenaeum, no. 955, February 14, 1846, 180. Although the intrinsic fascination of artifacts from a major civilization of the ancient world was never entirely lost sight of, two themes mesmerized the British
1

471 foreign service activities (spying);2 the progress of decipherment would not have produced such a gladiatorial carnage of clashing egos and charges of plagiarism;3 and

publics attention: nationalism and biblical proof. The success of the French excavations at Khorsbd and the triumphant display of the spoils at the Louvre constituted an affront to British imperial supremacy. For the honor of King and Country, it was imperative that sober Englishmen should hoist the British Jack over ancient Assyria by procuring the finest monuments for the British Museum and blaze the way in deciphering the inscriptions written in the baffling wedge-shaped signs. See P. A. Kildahl, British and American Reactions to Layards Discoveries in Assyria, 1845-1860 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1959) 147-94.
2 European archaeology has worked hand-in-glove with national rivalry since the early 18th century, as witness royally-sponsored excavations at Pompeii, Herculaneum and Veleia, and the surveys by Roger de Gaignires of French antiquities underwritten by Louis XIV; see A. Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past (trans. I. Kinnes and G. Varndell; New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997) 242-57. The notion that national sovereignty and dynastic legitimacy could be bolstered by the recording of ruins became popular in the Renaissance. For example, John Leland, a Britannic druidophile, was appointed as Kings Antiquary by Henry VIII in 1533; D. D. Fowler, Uses of the Past: Archaeology in the Service of the State, American Antiquity 52 (1987) 229-48 234. Napoleon Bonapartes invasion of Egypt in 1798 masterfully combined international and interreligious diplomacy, military aggression and the vaunting of French nationalism through a survey of Egyptian antiquities, already imbued with centuries of prestigious mystique in European intellectual history; see J. Trani and J. C. Carmigniani, Bonaparte: La campagne dgypte (Paris: Pygmalion/Grard Watelet, 1988), passim; Schnapp, Discovery of the Past, 295-99; and E. W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1994) 80-88. As in so many other fields of human knowledge, the first major steps in the scientific examination of the remains of ancient Babylonia and Assyria was not taken until the 19th century, when it was one of the side-products of British commerce and imperialism, H. W. F. Saggs, Assyriology and the Study of the Old Testament (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1969), 8; and see the judicious remarks in K. Hudson, A Social History of Archaeology: The British Experience (London: Macmillan, 1981) 70-71. On the politics of identity, nationalism and archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, see N. A. Silberman, Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archeology, and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land, 1799-1917 (New York: Knopf, 1982); M. T. Larsen, Orientalism and the Ancient Near East, in The Humanities between Art and Science: Intellectual Developments, 18801914, edited by M. Harbsmeier and M. T. Larsen (Culture & History 2; Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1989) 181-202; G. Bergamini, Spoliis Orientis onustus. Paul-Emile Botta et la dcouverte de la civilisation assyrienne, in De Khorsabad Paris: la dcouverte des Assyriens, edited by E. Fontan (Louvre, Dpartement des Antiquits orientales: notes et documents des Muses de France, 26; Paris: Runion des Muses Nationaux, 1994) 68-85; K. W. Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Ancient Israel (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); L. Meskell, ed. Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (London and New York: Routledge, 1998). For more general discussions of nationalism, ethnicity and archaeology, see B. G. Trigger, Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist, Man n.s. 19 (1984) 355-70; idem, A History of Archaeological Thought (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989) 110-47; Fowler, Uses of the Past, 229-48; N. Thomas, Colonialisms Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); P. L. Kohl and C. P. Fawcett, Archaeology in the Service of the State: Theoretical Considerations, in Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. P. Fawcett (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 3-18; N. A. Silberman, Promised Land and Chosen Peoples: the Politics and Poetics of Archaeological Narrative, in Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. P. Fawcett (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 249-62; B. G. Trigger, Romanticism, Nationalism, and Archaeology, in Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. P. Fawcett (Cambridge and New

472 that ultimate monument to imperial heraldry, the recreation of an Assyrian palace (the Nineveh Court) in 1854 in Londons Crystal Palace at Sydenham Court,4 would not have come to pass. To be sure, a country in which a religious census on a randomlychosen Sunday would reveal over 60% of the population in church, in which most households owned Bibles,5 and whose grass-roots constituency identified Britains moral mission to colonize Asia and Africa with the spread of Christian civilization,6 will

York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 263-79; S. Jones, The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1997). See the treatments of the Akkadian decipherment wars in P. T. Daniels, Edward Hincks Decipherment of Mesopotamian Cuneiform, in The Edward Hincks Bicentenary Lectures, edited by K. J. Cathcart (Dublin: University College Press, 1994) 30-57 and Larsen, Conquest of Assyria, 293-305. In 1854, seven years after the arrival of the first Assyrian antiquities from Layards excavations, the Sydenham Crystal Palace opened. The Crystal Palace housed a section called the Fine Art Courts, a series of galleries with three-dimensional walk-through architectural tableaus of ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Moorish Spain, Byzantium, medieval Europe, the Renaissance, and the Italian Baroque. Squeezed incongruously between Moorish Spain, Aboo Simbel Tomb & Colossal Figures and Byzantium was the Nineveh Court, 120' long by 50' wide by 40' high, a mongrel structure compounded of polychrome Assyrian-style reliefs and a clerestory drawn from the Hall of Columns at Persepolis. Up until 1867, when the Nineveh Court burned, it was possible, for the price of admission, for a Victorian family to stroll through the throne room of a mock Assyrian palace, located between the Alhambra and Byzantium, and pretend they were back in ancient Assyria. M. D. Wyatt, Views of the Crystal Palace and Park, Sydenham (London: Day and Son, 1854) 20-21, pl. 6; S. Phillips, Guide to the Crystal Palace and Park (4th ed.; London: Crystal Palace Library, 1855) 71-75; Bohrer, A New Antiquity 422-43. The figure of 60% church attendance derives from the famous Religious Census taken March 30, 1851. The study was underwritten by Secretary of State Lord John Russell, and thus had the authority of the British state behind it (those who failed to respond to the first questionnaire received a second; however, no one was jailed for refusing to participate). The questionnaire was prepared and analyzed by Howard Mann. Out of a total population of 18 million, church attendance that Sunday for the Church of England was 5,292,551, for the main Protestant dissenting churches, 4,536,264, and for Roman Catholics, 383,630, the latter figure widely decried as too low. Mann extrapolated that about 5 million people, who were free to do so, did not attended church. See D. Bowen, The Idea of the Victorian Church: A Study in the Church of England 1833-1889 (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1968); W. Gibson, Church, State and Society, 1760-1850 (British History in Perspective; New York: St. Martins Press, 1994) 168-71; F. Knight, The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 36-41; R. Hyam, Britains Imperial Century, 1815-1914: a Study of Empire and Expansion (2nd ed.; Cambridge Commonwealth Series; Lanham, MD: Barnes & Noble, 1993) 90. Hyam, Britains Imperial Century, 91-97. The British government never directly sponsored Catholic or Protestant missions, and was circumspect in limiting missionary work to existing Christian groups in Muslim countries. Nevertheless, Protestant evangelicals and a broad swathe of the British public held a rather uncomplicated notion of the global triumph of their Christian civilization, progressive, humanitarian, and militarily invincible.
6 5 4 3

473 vigorously promote the exploration of the Bible-kingdom of ancient Assyria. This enterprise was a means of illustrating the historical narratives of the Bible while at the same time serving to aid its evangelical proponents in a rear-guard defense against the perceived irreligion of Continental higher-criticism and mounting geological challenges to the Usshurite dating of the world. All of the first generation of Assyriologists were, without exception, biblically engaged, and sought to harmonize the emerging contours of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the Assyria enshrined in the Old Testament.7 Yet I have
Jules Oppert, appointed Professor of Assyrian philology and archaeology at the Collge de France in 1869, published numerous articles on biblical regnal chronology as well as commentaries on the books of Esther and Judith. On the life of Jules Oppert (18251905), see W. Muss-Arnolt, The Works of Jules Oppert, BASS 2 (1894) 523-56; Anonymous, Oppert, Jules (1825-1905), in Wer ists? Unsere Zeitgenossen (Berlin: Arani, 1905) 1:620; C. Bezold, Julius Oppert, ZA 19 (1905) 169-73; C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, Oppert, Julius, in Biographisches Jahrbuch und deutscher Nekrolog, edited by A. Bettelheim (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1905) 10:86-92 (born in Hamburg, Opperts route to academic placement in France presupposed his naturalization as a French citizen). The brilliantly gifted linguist Edward Hincks served as Rector of Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, for 55 years; he was the first correctly to identify Jehu son of Omri in the Black Obelisk inscription, and also made lively contributions to the biblical chronology debate. On the life of the remarkable Dr. Hincks (17921866), see E. F. Davidson, Edward Hincks: A Selection from His Correspondence, with a Memoir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933); S. Lane-Poole, Hincks, Dr. Edward (1792-1866), DNB 9:889b-90a; K. J. Cathcart, Edward Hincks (1792-1866): A Biographical Essay, in The Edward Hincks Bicentenary Lectures, edited by K. J. Cathcart (Dublin: University College Press, 1994) 1-29. Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, a British career soldier and diplomat, published dozens of articles in the Athenaeum and the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society dealing with biblical Assyria in light of Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions. For instance, H. C. Rawlinson, Assyrian History, Athenaeum, no. 1805, May 31, 1862, 72425, begins sententiously with I am glad to be able to announce to those who are interested in the comparative chronology of the Jewish and Assyrian kingdoms, the discovery of a Cuneiform document which promises to be of the greatest possible value in determining the dates of all great events which occurred in Western Asia between the beginning of the ninth and the later half of the seventh century B.C. On H. C. Rawlinson (18101895), see J. P. G. Flemming, Sir Henry Rawlinson und seine Verdienste die Assyriologie, BASS 2 (1894) 1-18; G. Rawlinson, A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1898); S. Lane-Poole, Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-1895), DNB 16:771a-74a; and Larsen, Conquest of Assyria, 178-79, 211, 213, 215-27, 231, 293305, 333-37, 356-59. The Rev. Canon George Rawlinson, Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford University, a fervent Christian apologist, popularized the research of his brother and other Orientalists connected with the British Museum. Under the entry for George Rawlinson, it is fairly stated that [George] Rawlinson was the champion of a learned orthodoxy which opposed the extremes of the literary higher-critics by an appeal to monuments and the evidence of archaeology, R. Bayne, Rawlinson, George (1812-1902), in DNB, Twentieth Century, January 1901-December 1911, 3:166. All of these men began their assyriological investigations confident in the literal historical accuracy of the biblical narratives. The Ussherite dates printed in most Protestant Bibles were perceived as useful benchmarks, but, since the numbers were clearly based on fallible human reason, not divine revelation, they were subject to correction when challenged by pertinent extra-biblical sources, like the Assyrian eponym canon. Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions of an historical nature for the most part were dealt with as if their facticity was above reproach, except in those rare instances when the tenets of biblical
7

474 found little if any relationship between the earliest interpretations of Assyrian religious interactions with foreign polities and biblical studies, avowed or implicit. In a revealing semantic gambit, the English press and Parliament of the early and mid-Victorian era made frequent reference to the British Empire and the colonies but reserved the use of the word imperialism for the French Second Empire.8 The

ideological right of the British Empire to its prosperity and possessions abroad was widely understood as a special dispensation of racially-merited providence.9 The

Assyria were jeopardized. A hermeneutic of suspicion regarding the historiographic shaping of the Assyrian royal inscriptions themselves would not, with isolated exceptions, be exercised until the 20th century. Long before Europeans set spades into the ruin-mounds of Assyria, the trustworthiness of classical Assyria, especially the wilder legends, improbable numbers, and chronology of Ctesias, had been weighed and often found wanting. Doubts about Ctesias reliability are as old as Plutarch, Mor. Artax. I, 4. J. Marsham, Diatriba chronologica Johannis Marshami (London: Jacobi Flesher, 1649) 50-59, canvasses the discrepancies between Herodotus and Ctesias, as does J. F. Schroeer, Imperivm Babylonis et Nini ex monimentis antiqvis (Francofvrti et Lipsiae: Georg. Marc. Knochivm, 1726) 125-44. With the publication of the first evidence of the monuments useable for chronological comparison, the chorus against Ctesias reliability grows more strident, e.g., M. von Niebuhr, Geschichte Assurs und Babels seit Phul aus der Concordanz des Alten Testaments, des Berossos, des Kanons der Knige und der griechischen Schriftsteller (Berlin: Verlag Von Wilhelm Hertz, 1857) 289-333; J. Brandis, Rerum assyriarum tempora emendata (Bonn: Adolphus Marcus, 1853) 10-14, 53-66; Each succeeding discovery has tended to authenticate the chronology of Berossus, and to throw discredit upon the tales of Ctesias and his followers, H. C. Rawlinson, On the Chronology and History of the Great Assyrian Empire, 1:344. As one moves forward through the scholarly output of the 19th century, classical Assyria is appealed to less and less as the corpus of Akkadian historical texts acquire a legitimacy of their own, conditioned by the acceptance of Akkadian decipherment as a scientific accomplishment. Ancient Assyria is bleached of its classical Assyria dye, to be replaced by the startlingly vivid hues of historical Assyria. In the early days of decipherment, however, Henry C. Rawlinson confidently harmonized biblical, classical and historical Assyria into a richly woven tapestry of scriptural confirmation, constantly evolving as it incorporated the latest revelation from the monuments. Baffled by his failure to read correctly the royal Assyrian name of Shalmaneser in the cuneiform inscriptions, and influenced by 2 Kgs 17:3-6s apparent attribution of the destruction of Israel to that king, Rawlinson, by the traditional scholarly expedient of assuming that Sargon was an alias for Shalmaneser, could in 1851 harmonize the royal inscriptions of Sargonwhich spoke of the conquest of Samaria and the deportation of the Israeliteswith the exploits of Shalmaneser recounted in Josephus and the Old Testament; H. C. Rawlinson, Assyrian Antiquities, Athenaeum, no. 1243, August 23, 1851, 902-3. Texts and images alike will verify the Bible: . . . when I shall have accurately learnt the locality of the different bas-reliefs that have been brought from Koyunjik [an acropolis of Nineveh], I do not doubt but that I shall be able to point out the bands of Jewish maidens who were delivered to Sennacherib, and perhaps to distinguish the portraiture of the humbled Hezekiah, ibid. P. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988) 21. The Victorians had a tremendous sense of being in some way in harmony with the progressive forces of the universe. God was on their side. Hyam, Britains Imperial Century, 88.
9 8

475 opening of new markets for British trade was justified because of superior British productivity: its manufactured goods were popularly thought to be of better quality and churned out more cheaply than those of any other nation. While the British toyed with but ultimately rejected annexation or occupation of the territory of the Ottoman Empire until 1919, preferring to maintain its independence as a check on Russian and French regional aspirations as part of the Great Game, the economic concessions won from the Sublime Porte were of profound consequence for the British domestic economy.10 Foreign Secretary Palmerston in 1849: If in a political point of view the independence of Turkey is of great importance, in a commercial sense it is of no less importance to this country. It is quite true that with no country is our trade so liberally permitted and carried on as with Turkey.11 The political stability of the British society, guaranteed by its

Constitution and demonstrated by the unwillingness of its laboring classes to embrace the revolutions which were sweeping the European Continent in 1848, were palpable signs of an Anglo-Saxon mandate to rule the inferior peoples of the globe. Long before the advent of explicit social Darwinism, sophisticated theories of racial supremacy vied with garden-variety bigotry to salve the consciences of British colonial administrators and build momentum in the domestic arena for the acquisition of new territories which, between 1839 and 1851, comprised Aden, New Zealand, the Gold Coast, Labuan, Natal,

10 On the history of British imperial history in the Middle East and the Eastern Question of the 19th century, see E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815-1870 (2nd ed.; The Oxford History of England 13; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) 252-95; S. Searight, The British in the Middle East (A Social History of the British Overseas; New York: Atheneum, 1970); D. Gillard, The Struggle for Asia 18281914: A Study in British and Russian Imperialism (London: Methuen & Co., 1977) 43-133; M. Lynn, British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, in The Nineteenth Century, edited by A. N. Porter (The Oxford History of the British Empire 3; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 117-20; S. V. R. Nasr, European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States, in The Oxford History of Islam, edited by J. L. Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 548-99.

Quoted in Hyam, Britains Imperial Century, 101. On Britains economic relations with the Ottoman Empire, 1838-1914, see P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London and New York: Longmans, 1993) 399-411.

11

476 Punjab, Sindh, and Hong Kong.12 Political Orientalists such as Sir William Jones and (at Hastings impeachment) Edmund Burke argued in the 18th century that the peoples of Hindustan should be ruled for their own improvement through the traditional laws of their native polities.13 The moral imperative to improve and regenerate rotten empires survived to inform British self-perception at every station: in politics, in religion, even in the military. Victorian England was stalwart in her conviction that her civilization incarnated the perfect fusion of technological progress and Christianity.14 The solution to an

advancing tide of intellectual secularization was seen in part to consist of the traditional nostrums used to combat nominal Christianity: clerical reform, urban missions, creation of new churches and restoration of decaying edifices, all of which were prosecuted with astonishing energy throughout the period.15 The rise of militant

evangelicalism out of the 18th-century Wesleyan tradition was translated into Victorian
12 R. Knox, The Races of Men: A Fragment (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1850); C. Bolt, Victorian Attitudes to Race (Studies in Social History; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971); Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 21-23, 57-70, 98-107, 159-70, 173-97; D. Pick, Faces of Degeneration: a European Disorder, c.1848-c.1918 (Ideas in Context; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); R. J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995). 13 N. Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire (EUPL 15; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966) 83, 116-17; J. M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory, and the Arts (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 1995) 3-4; S. N. Mukherjee, Sir William Jones: a Study in EighteenthCentury British Attitudes to India (2nd ed.; Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 1987). The classic distinction between Orientalist-Anglicist philosophies of British rule in India, with 18th-century Orientalists like Sir William Jones advocating rule by native law and customs, and Anglicist Utilitarians like James Mill arguing for radical British inculturation, is currently under fire; see the discussion in MacKenzie, Orientalism, 25-28.

There was revived in the Victorian Age the religious and moral fervour of the Middle Ages, speaking with the modern accent of material progress. Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 245. The sturdy linkage of Christianity, progress and civilization was a leitmotiv in Victorian texts ranging from Parliamentary addresses to railway novels and from British travelogues to Punch cartoon captions. For 19th-century notions of progress, see S. Pollard, The Idea of Progress: History and Society (The New Thinkers Library 26; London: Watts, 1968). In the period between 1840 and 1876, an unprecedented 7,144 Anglican churches were restored and an additional 1,727 were built at a cost of 25 1/2 million, a sum amassed mostly by private donation. Hyam, Britains Imperial Century, 90.
15

14

477 missionary work that was increasingly perceived by Protestant members of society as the all-encompassing rationale for the colonial enterprise. While the Anglican Church was transforming its identity as the constitutionally established Church of England for that of a mere denomination alongside the dissenting church bodies and Roman Catholicism, a source of profound social anxiety,16 the outward countenance of British Christendom perceived a helpless world mired in paganism, barbarism, and false monotheism, and stiffened its resolve. Concrete foreign policy enacted by hard-headed British statesmen, on the contrary, historically tended to rein in missionary activities among non-Christians and kept statements of Christian motives out of official diplomatic propaganda. It was the French who were the more likely to advertise their colonial adventures, as in Algiers, by the catchphrase mission civilisatrice.17 Even the military became Christianized. From 1800 to 1900, the enlisted men of the British army underwent a radical about-face in public opinion, from that of a dangerous collection of press-gang sweepings to a force of disciplined knights dedicated to establishing a new global order.18 In common with other public institutions, the army itself, by the 1860s, had become more ostentatiously Christian than it had been since the Restoration.19 The key to the transformation of public opinion, however, was the

On the broad issue of systemic imperial anxiety, see the nuanced and amply documented treatment in N. Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge Studies in Romanticism; Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
17 18

16

Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 330.

In the early 1800s, the army remained alienated from British society at large, due mostly to the soldierly reputation for brutal, godless existence; soldiers, like the abject urban poor, were simply beyond the pale of decent life, K. E. Hendrickson, III, Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809-1885 (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Cranbury, NJ and London: Associated University Presses, 1998) 26. O. Anderson, The Growth of Christian Militarism in mid-Victorian Britain, EHR 86 (1971) 64; J. M. MacKenzie, Introduction: Popular Imperialism and the Military, in Popular Imperialism and the Military: 1850-1950, edited by J. M. MacKenzie (Studies in Imperialism; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992) 4.
19

478 glorification of colonial warfare as the means for Britain to create a beachhead for its God-given mission of spreading its unique Christian model of civilization abroad. The frequent depiction of its soldiery as Cromwellian Puritans became an irreducible metaphor for the moral stature of the imperial police force.20 In lectures delivered in the 1860s, the art critic John Ruskin expounded his vision of global human stewardship coupled with the militant expansion of empire. Ruskin was concerned with the What he

extension of a moral order justified by the ethic of superior knowledge.

expressed in class terms for Britain was translated into racial terms for the empire. His moral vision of war was bound up with this notion of essentially unequal foes, unequal in both moral and technical terms.21 Victorian attitudes towards Islam were highly diverse.22 Traditional Western libels and prejudices persisted throughout the era: Muhammad the Prophet was vilified as a calculating imposter,23 an epileptic madman,24 an unstable religious enthusiast,25 an
20 J. Richards, Popular Imperialism and the Image of the Army in Juvenile Literature, in Popular Imperialism and the Military: 1850-1950, edited by J. M. MacKenzie (Studies in Imperialism; Manchester: Manchester University Press; New York: St. Martins Press, 1992) 86. 21 22

MacKenzie, Introduction, 5.

See, in general, P. C. Almond, Heretic and Hero: Muhammad and the Victorians (StOR 18; Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989) and A. Hourani, Islam in European Thought (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) 16-43. Almond, Heretic and Hero, 10-15; Anonymous, Mahommed, EBrit (7th ed.; 1842) 14:25-32, explicitly dependent on the work of Prideaux. Forty years later J. Wellhausen, Mohammedanism, Part I: Mohammed and the First Four Caliphs, EBrit (9th ed.; 1883) 16:545-65 speaks of self-deception and naivete on the part of Muhammad, but not imposture. The pivotal 17th century formulation that exercised a marked influence over British scholarship for the next two centuries was H. Prideaux, The True Nature of Imposture Fully Displayed in the Life of Mahomet (First American ed.; Fairhaven, VT: Printed by James Lyon, 1798 [1697]). The word imposture occurs on every other page, and Muhammad himself is usually termed simply the imposter: and being a very subtile crafty man, after having maturely weighed all ways and means whereby to bring this to pass, concluded none so likely to affect it, as the framing of that imposture which he afterwards vented with so much mischief to the world, 10. The early Orientalist dictionary B. dHerbelot, Bibliothque orientale, ou Dictionaire universel, contenant gnralement tout ce qui regarde la conoissance des peuples de lOrient. Leurs histoires et traditions vritables ou fabuleuses. Leurs religions, sectes et politique. Leurs gouvernement, loix, cotumes, moeurs, guerres, & les rvolutions de leurs empires. Leurs sciences, et leurs arts ... Les vies et actions remarquables de tous leurs saints, docteurs, philosophes, historiens, potes, capitaines, & de tous ceux qui se sont rendus illustres parmi eux, par leur vertu, ou par leur savoir. Des jugemens critiques, et des extraits de tous leurs ouvrages (Paris:
23

479 abandoned voluptuary,26 a Christian schismatic and the Antichrist prophesized in the biblical Book of Daniel.27 Whatever positive elements of science, technology, and social
Compagnie des Libraires, 1697) 598-603 (Mohammed) castigated the faux prophte with equal vehemence. Edward Gibbons suavely sidestepped the issue, since he was utilizing Muhammad and Islam as a positive foil to expose the folly of Christian confessionalism; E. Gibbon and S. Ockley, History of the Saracen Empire / by Edward Gibbon. History of the Saracens / by Simon Ockley. (London: John Murray, 1870) 42-45. W. Irving, Life of Mahomet (Everymans Library; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1911) (originally published 1849-50), a generally positive assessment of Muhammad, rejected an imposture on the part of this visionary enthusiast.
24 This conception probably originated in Byzantine circles and was a commonplace in medieval Christian polemics, East and West. Early modern authors like Prideaux saw Muhammads claim to prophetic revelation as a means of concealing his epileptic condition. Victorian authors, groping for a scientific rationale for his religious experiences, linked his epileptic seizures with concomitant hallucinations, thus reducing his claim to divine inspiration to a psychological aberration. According to A. Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad / nach bisher grsstentheils unbenutzten Quellen (Berlin: Nicolaische Verlagsbuchandlung, 1861) 1:207-68, Muhammads affliction was not epilepsy but Hysteria muscularis, a psychopathology whose symptoms include hallucinations. This meticulously annotated scientific diagnosis, replete with contemporary psychological case studies and comparative religious examples, was elegantly serviceable since the authorities cited by Sprenger believed that hysterics frequently resorted to imposture, hence, in a masterful exercise of circular thinking, Muhammads psychology predisposed him to invent lies. Muhammad suffered epileptic fits: T. Nldeke, Mohammedanism, Part III: The Koran, EBrit (9th ed.; 1883) 16:598, perpetuated this notion in the English-speaking world. The conclusion that Muhammads revelations were based on psychopathologies continues to find support in 20th-century academic studies, such as Duncan Black MacDonald and Maxime Rodinson; M. Benaboud, Orientalism on the Revelation of the Prophet: the Cases of W. Montgomery Watt, Maxime Rodinson, and Duncan Black MacDonald, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 3 (1986) 315-17.

Almond, Heretic and Hero, 16-18. Religious enthusiasm a generally derisive 17th- and 18thcentury label used of dissenting emotive religious cultures such as the English Quakers and German Pietists, was applied by some to Muhammad, usually with the overtones of fanaticism and self-deception. While the label of enthusiast continued to be applied to Muhammad by the likes of Irving, Life of Mahomet, the stigma of willful social revolution and deception had fallen away, and indeed, Irving perceived the Prophets enthusiasm as a positive mark of his sincerity and purity of goal (although he was, to a great degree, the creature of impulse and excitement, and very much at the mercy of circumstances, 237).
26 Prideaux spends ten ecstatic pages charting Muhammads lustful course of life, Nature of Imposture, 92-102. Washington Irvings harshest critique of Muhammad was his voluptuary weakness; Life of Mahomet, 231. Most Victorian writers who were ill-disposed towards Islam spent time decrying Muslim sensuality and polygamy. The sensuality of Muhammad, enshrined in Islam and embraced by the Ottoman Turks, is the chief reason for their shocking racial degeneration over the last 200 years; T. C. Trowbridge, Mohammedanism and the Ottoman Turks, British Quarterly Review [American edition] 75 (1882) 145-47.

25

While Muhammad would continue to be identified with the Antichrist into the 20th century, C. Forster, Mahometanism Unveiled: An Inquiry in Which That Arch-Heresy, its Diffusion and Continuance, are Examined on a New Principle, Tending to Confirm the Evidences, and the Propagation of the Christian Faith (London: J. Duncan and J. Cochran, 1829) was probably the most sustained effort by an English author to equate the Prophet with the little horn of Daniel (the Papacy is the big horn). By the midVictorian period this exercise in Christian apocalyptic exegesis was panned on several fronts. Sir William

27

480 organization had been mastered in Muslim societies were acquired through contacts with Christians and Jews, since Islam was patently incapable of the self-regeneration that the sick man of Europe so desperately required.28 Islam enshrined a tyrannous system of government based on brute military force and blind religious conformity.29 The East in general and Islam in particular was a stagnant civilization frozen in primitive tradition, the antithesis of the progressive, freedom-loving Christian West.30 Fatalism is thus the
Muir, Lieutenant Governor in India and Christian apologist, wrote a widely respected biography of Muhammad in which Islamic civilization is tirelessly pilloried as anti-Christian; W. Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: with Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the pre-Islamite History of Arabia (London: Smith, Elder, 1858-1861); C. Bennett, Victorian Images of Islam (CSIC Studies on Islam and Christianity; London: Grey Seal, 1992) 118-26; in the same vein, S. W. Koelle, Mohammed and Mohammedanism Critically Considered (London: Rivingtons, 1889). Almond, Heretic and Hero, 81-88. The glories of Moorish Spain were entirely due to Christian and Jewish example; R. D. Osborn, Islam and the Arabs (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876) 94.
29 Oriental despotism will be treated in the next paragraph. The whirlwind progress of the early Islamic empire is due to the fanatical beliefs of its adherents and the prospect of acquiring booty; Wellhausen, Mohammed and the First Four Caliphs, 558. 30 I. Taylor, Fanaticism (London: Holdsworth and Ball, 1834) 164-65, allows that Islam has negatively impacted Turkish and Persian intolerance, though the real culprit is the essential unchanging despotism of the East, which is nothing more than a homogenous part of the oriental economy. This intolerance is Asiatic, rather than Mohammedan. [Taylors emphasis]. Radical opposition between the West (rule of law, monogamous, Christian, progress) and the East (despotic, polygamous, Islamic, stationary and arbitrary): E. A. Freeman, The History and Conquests of the Saracens. Six Lectures Delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution (3rd ed. with a new preface; London: Macmillan and Co., 1876 [1856]) 1-4; Islam is in its essence stationary, and was framed thus to remain whereas Christianity is a religion of vitality, of progress, of advancement W. G. Palgrave, Narrative of a Years Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-63) (2nd ed.; London and Cambridge: Macmillan, 1865) 1:372. The sickness of the Muslim is due to his blind devotion to the Prophet and his religion; Trowbridge, Mohammedanism and the Ottoman Turks, 144. Several 18th- and 19th-century British authors aver that the prohibition on alcohol is one of the surest checks on Islamic progress and civility (a moments reflection on the drinking habits of England in this period will address the source of this observation); A. Dow, The History of Hindostan, from the Death of Akbar, to the Complete Settlement of the Empire under Aurungzebe; to which are prefixed, I. A Dissertation on the Origin and Nature of Despotism in Hindostan. II. An Enquiry into the State of Bengal, with a Plan for Restoring that Kingdom to its Former Prosperity and Splendor (New Delhi: Today & Tomorrows Printers & Publishers, 1973) (originally published in 1770-71) xvi; Palgrave, Narrative, 1:433-35. One of the longest, most eruditesounding and relentlessly vitriolic comparisons between the Ottomans (representing barbarism) and Western (not Eastern!) Christianity and Europe (representing civilization) was penned by John Cardinal Newman on the eve of the Crimean War; J. H. Newman, Lectures on the History of the Turks in its Relation to Christianity (Dublin; London: John Duffy; Charles Dolman, 1854): The Turks are simply in the way. They are in the way of the progress of the nineteenth centuryMahometans, despots, slave merchants, polygamists 273. 28

481 central tenet of IslamIt suffices to explain the degraded condition of Muhammedan countriesHistory repeats itself in Muhammedan countries with a truly doleful exactness. The great bulk of the people are passive; wars and revolutions rage around them; they accept them as the decrees of a fate it is useless to strive against.31 In nave solidarity with many 19th-century Englishmen, Stratford Canning, later Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, imperious Ambassador to Constantinople, a diplomat active in Turkey for a period spanning fifty years, understood Islamic law as the main inhibitor of Ottoman progress, and believed that [t]he Turkish Empire is evidently hastening to its dissolution, and an approach to the civilization of Christendom affords the only chance of keeping it together for any length of time.32 The political trope of the Orient as the perpetual nursery of despotism is as ancient as Aristotles Poetics and the Greek caricature of Persian kingship in Aeschylus The Persians.33 The despovth" of Aristotle was a king whose rule over his subjects, though legitimate, was indistinguishable from that of a master over his slaves. The modern identification of the Ottoman Empire with oriental despotism (seigneur, dominatus) began with Jean Bodin in the 16th century.34 Montesquieu elaborated and

imparted immense intellectual prestige to this stereotype in his De lesprit des lois,35
31 32 33

R. D. Osborn, Islam and the Arabs (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1876) 26-27. Quoted in Woodward, Age of Reform, 253.

On the Orientalism of Homer, see the perceptive essay by I. J. Winter, Homers Phoenicians: History, Ethnography, or Literary Trope? [A Perspective on Early Orientalism], in The Ages of Homer: a Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, edited by J. B. Carter and S. P. Morris (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995) 247-71. M. Richter, Despotism, in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas, edited by P. P. Wiener (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1973) 2:4.
35 . Laboulaye, ed. uvres compltes de Montesquieu, vol. 3: De lesprit des lois (Chefsduvres de la Littrature franaise 42; Paris: Garnier Frres, 1876). A. Grosrichard, The Sultans Court: European Fantasies of the East [originally published in 1979 as Structure du srail: la fiction du despotisme Asiatique dans lOccident classique] (trans. L. Heron; Wo es war; London and New York: Verso, 1998) is a ramified analysis of Montesquieus political philosophy by means of a psychoanalytic (Lacanian) hermeneutic. 34

482 utilizing his superficial information on the Ottoman Empire and Persia as parade examples of despotic, as opposed to republican or monarchic, governments.36 The

psychological glue that holds together the web of a despotic regime is fear: ira principis mors est. Although the remarkable Enlightenment Orientalist Abraham-Hyacinthe

Anquetil-Duperron (1731-1805) would profoundly challenge the validity of this reading,37 the conception of Muslim principalities as tottering, self-destructive despotisms ripe for assimilation to progressive western modes of government and
In the political philosophy of Baron de la Brde et de Montesquieu, governments are classified into three taxonomies: republican, monarchic, and despotic. Despotic governments, which are prevalent in the Orient, particularly in Turkey and Persia, rule by fear rather than honor or virtue. The despot himself, the more powerful he becomes and the more his condition reinforces the perception that he is everything and his subjects are nothing, becomes naturally lazy, ignorant and voluptuous (naturellement paresseux, ignorant, voluptueux), and the kingdom is entrusted to a vizier. Since passive obedience is desired of the subjects, not civic initiative, education for the masses is of small account to the state. Religion, on the other hand, is quite useful, since the fear and dread it inculcates is readily extended to obedience to the ruler; Islam is particularly valuable in this regard. Severity of punishment for the sake of example rather than clemency is the rule of law. A despotic government is continually in danger of dissolution, because it is corrupt by nature (parce quil est corrompu par sa nature). Large empires necessarily suppose a despotic prince whose wishes are speedily communicated and executed. Such states frequently preserve themselves by surrounding their borders with provinces or vassal states. Preservation of the ruling houses of conquered kingdoms is advantageous to the despot, for they will owe their lives and allegiance to his good pleasure. The arbitrary power of the despot is maintained by a standing army whose allegiance is not to the state but to the ruler himself. For an excellent digest of the problem, see M. Curtis, The Oriental Despotic Universe of Montesquieu, Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies 3 (1994) 1-38. A. H. Anquetil-Duperron, Lgislation orientale, ouvrage dans lequel, en montrant quels sont en Turquie, en Perse et dans lIndoustan, les principes fondamentaux du gouvernement, on prouve (Amsterdam: Marc-Michel Rey, 1778). This astounding work of critical Enlightenment humanism begins by noting that Montesquieus research on oriental despotism was based on inaccurate reports which he used with reckless disregard for context. Anquetil-Duperron then proceeds systematically to undermine the major points of De lesprit des lois by demonstrating that Turkey, Persia and India had governments that respected private property, supported the arts and sciences, agriculture and commerce, ruled by codes of law (like European monarchies) and regulated the succession to the Crown. Le Code des Musulmans, Turcs, Persans, Mogols est lAlkoran (109). The construct of oriental despotism is largely a figment of the European imagination, unscrupulously exploited by, among others, the British to legitimate their colonization of India (171-79). Anquetil-Duperron did not defend all the practices of the Ottomans, Persians or Mughals, but, in the manner of Voltaire, argued cogently that the abuses of these governments contradicted the internal authority by which they ruled, thus demonstrating that the same conception of state law obtained in Asia and Europe. Unhappily, this work exercised no influence on Victorian minds (or German Idealism), waiting to be rediscovered in the twentieth century; R. Schwab, Vie dAnquetilDuperron, suivie des Usages civils et religieux des Parses par Anquetil-Duperron (Paris: E. Leroux, 1934). During Warren Hastings impeachment, Edmund Burke hammered away at his belief that Mughal Islam maintained the strictest public law in the world, with clear constitutional limits on sovereign power. The Utilitarian James Mill preferred Islamic despotism to Hindu rule, and, anyway, the manly Muslims were most like our own half-civilized ancestors, quoted in Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 268.
37 36

483 commerce would become a stock justification of 19th-century European discontent with the Ottoman Empire.38 The Whig Thomas Macaulay captured the sentiments of many with his epigrams on imperial rule: It is a work [creation of a legal code] which especially belongs to a government [the East India Company] like that of India, to an enlightened and paternal despotism.39 preferable to native rule. Enlightened British despotism was morally

A Manichaean dualism would divide the world of most

Victorians, with despotic barbaric unprogressive and Islamic on the left, and free civilized progressive and Christian to the right.40 British Romantic poetry,41 Victorian literature,42 early ethnological descriptions,43 theological44 and missiological45
Dow, History of Hindostan; A. Crichton, The History of Arabia, Ancient and Modern: Containing a Description of the Countryan Account of its Inhabitants, Antiquities, Political Condition, and Early Commercethe Life and Religion of Mohammedthe Conquests, Arts, and Literature of the Saracensthe Caliphs of Damascus, Bagdad, Africa, and Spainthe Civil Government and Religious Ceremonies of the Modern ArabsOrigin and Suppression of the Wahabesthe Institutions, Character, Manners, and Customs of the Bedouins; and a Comprehensive View of its Natural History (2nd ed.; Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1833) 1:335; 2:63; Freeman, History and Conquests, xii-xiv, 55-56; Newman, Lectures on the History of the Turks, passim. On this topic see the excellent discussion in Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 338-60.
39 T. B. M. Macaulay and H. M. M. Trevelyan, Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880) 10:188 (Government of India a speech delivered in the House of Commons July 10, 1833). 40 41 38

Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 269-73.

Among the most influential poems were Walter Savage Landors Gebir, Southeys Thalaba, Thomas Moores Lalla Rookh, Byrons Turkish Tales, and Shelleys The Revolt of Islam. The richly annotated Vathek by William Beckford, translated into English in 1786, marked the transition from the formulaic 18th-century oriental tale, with its eastern mise en scne serving as stage prop for conventional European plots, and the early Romantic verse romance, substantially influencing all of these works. The images of the East exploited by these authors and their openness to the Islamic Orient as a source of political and moral inspiration was prepared by a number of 18th-century travelogues, such as James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790-91), Constantin Volney, Les Ruines (1791), Karsten Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia (1774-78), and the works of Orientalists such as George Sale, who prepared the most popular English translation and commentary on the Qurn prior to the 20th century, and Sir William Jones, translator of numerous Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian works. See Searight, British in the Middle East, 177-80; R. Schwab, Oriental Renaissance: Europes Rediscovery of India and the East, 16801880 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984) 337-49; Leask, British Romantic Writers; M. Sharafuddin, Islam and Romantic Orientalism: Literary Encounters with the Orient (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 1994). The study of imperialism and Orientalism as ingredients of Victorian literature is an academic growth industry. The genres involved range from early imperialist adventure fiction (for instance, the seagoing yarns of Captain Frederick Marryat, transparent precursors of such 20th-century boyhood favorites as
42

484

the Horatio Hornblower series by C. S. Forester); colonialist satire, such as W. M. Thackeray, The Tremendous Adventures of Major Gahagan, in Memoirs of Charles J. Yellowplush, the History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, Coxs Diary, etc. (The Works of William Makepeace Thackeray 3; New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1898) 119-85; romantic, heavily politicized imperial adventure fiction such as Sir W. Scott, The Talisman: a Tale of the Crusaders, and Chronicles of the Canongate (His Waverley Novels; London and New York: Routledge, 1876), and B. Disraeli, Tancred: or, The New Crusade (2nd ed.; London: H. Colburn, 1847); a deluge of Middle Eastern British travelogues, with some of the protagonists disguised in oriental drag, including E. Warburton, The Crescent and the Cross; or, Romance and Realities of Eastern Travel (London: H. Colburn, 1845), R. Curzon, A Visit to Monasteries in the Levant. With Various Woodcuts (3rd ed.; London: John Murray, 1850), A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum (London: John Murray, 1853), R. F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah (New York: Dover, 1964), Palgrave, Narrative of a Years Journey, C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1888). On the last three, see the psychologically perceptive study by K. Tidrick, Heart-Beguiling Araby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). On the genre of the imperial travelogue as studied from a post-colonialist vantage, see M. L. Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (New York: Routledge, 1992). A panoply of openly racist and triumphalist essays and novels were published celebrating the British rites of revenge following the socalled Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, Brantlinger, Heart of Darkness, chapter 7, The Well at Cawnpore: Literary Representations of the Indian Mutiny of 1857, 199-224. Finally, imperial Gothic and occult in the British adventure novel set in the Near East gained a tremendous readership, as represented by H. Rider Haggard and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. As distasteful as Burtons naked racism and ethnocentrism is to the modern anthropological guild, his erudite travelogues mark him as one of the most acutely gifted Victorian students of culture defined as a system of semiotic codes and rules. He was fully conscious of the fact that his anthropological researches represented a form of espionage, and that the information would or could be valuable for furthering British imperial interests. See D. Bivona, Desire and Contradiction: Imperial Visions and Domestic Debates in Victorian Literature (Cultural Politics; Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1990) 38-41; Tidrick, Heart-Beguiling Araby, 57-83; Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 158-71. On the issues of Victorian racism and anthropology, see R. Dennell, Nationalism and Identity in Britain and Europe, in Nationalism and Archaeology: Scottish Archaeological Forum, edited by J. A. Atkinson, I. Banks and J. OSullivan (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1996) 26-27; Trigger, History of Archaeological Thought, 111-18; Trigger, Romanticism, Nationalism, and Archaeology, 263-79. The prince of the church Newman, Lectures on the History of the Turks in its Relation to Christianity, is mostly political and racist diatribe, though oriental (Ottoman) despotism and Islamic stagnation are his favorite themes. The British colonial administrator Muir, Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, wrote a sustained polemic against Islam as an anti-Christian and (oxymoronically) anti-civilization civilization. He is puzzled that Christianity has not yet destroyed Islam. See Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 32-33.
45 British texts written in an abolitionist vein against the horrors or Arab slavers in Africa (with the benevolent intervention of British missionaries and colonial administrators), include D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa; Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years Residence in the Interior of Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West Coast, thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the Eastern Ocean (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858), and H. M. Stanley, My Kalulu, Prince, King, and Slave: a Story of Central Africa (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1887), an adventure novel aimed at boys. See H. A. C. Cairns, Prelude to Imperialism: British Reactions to Central African Society, 1840-1890 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965); Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 245-347; Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 173-97; A. A. Powell, Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India (London Studies on South Asia 7; Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 44 43

485 disquisitions and the visual arts46 were redolent with images of Islam as a despotic regime, even though poetic license or empirical observation might agitate for a transvaluation of the stereotype. From Marlowes Tamburlaine the Great through

Drydens Aurung-Zebe to Beckfords Vathek, portrayals of the orient and of India in particular as a realm of fabulous riches and cruel potentates helped establish the nineteenth-century stereotype offered in such Romantic works as Southeys Curse of Kehama (1810) and Moores Lalla Rookh (1817).47 In recent Islamic historiography it has become fashionable to mark shifting attitudes towards Islam in Victorian England by Thomas Carlyles inclusion in 1840 of

1993). Bennett, Victorian Images of Islam, written by a member of the Baptist Missionary Society, provides a wealth of Victorian and specifically missionary reactions to such Orientalist historiography as Charles Forster, Mahometanism Unveiled, and Sir William Muir, The Mohammedan Controversy, but Bennetts assessments of the primary texts are strongly apologetic in their selectivity; the reader is admonished to proceed with caution.
46 M. Verrier, The Orientalists (New York: Rizzoli, 1979) (limited to 19th-century paintings of Middle Eastern subjects); L. Thornton, The Orientalists: Painter-Travellers, 1828-1908 (Paris: ACR Edition, 1983); S. Koppelkamm, Der imaginre Orient: Exotische Bauten des achtzehnten und neunzehnten Jahrhunderts in Europa (Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, 1987) (interior and exterior architectural designs, mostly Islamic in inspiration, but some Egyptomania and Far Eastern examples); E. Gnther, Die Faszination des Fremden: der malerische Orientalismus in Deutschland (Kunstgeschichte 29; Mnster: Lit, 1990) (deals topically with Despotismus 114-16); MacKenzie, Orientalism (studies the influence of the Near, Middle and Far East on the pictorial and plastic arts, architecture, design, music and theater, late 18th through the 20th centuries); C. Peltre, Les Orientalistes (Paris: Hazan, 1997) (paintings, watercolors and engravings); L. Thornton, Du Maroc aux Indes: voyages en Orient aux XVIIIe et XIXe sicles (Paris: ACR Edition, 1998); J. S. Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994); and for the far more muted Assyromania see Bohrer, A New Antiquity, 6, 338-443; E. Fontan, Le dcor assyrien de la salle Sarzec au Louvre, in De Khorsabad Paris: la dcouverte des Assyriens, edited by E. Fontan and N. Chevalier (Louvre, Dpartement des Antiquits orientales: notes et documents des Muses de France 26; Paris: Runion des muses nationaux, 1994) 242-47; F. N. Bohrer, Les antiquits assyriennes au XIXe

sicle: mulation et inspiration, in De Khorsabad Paris: la dcouverte des Assyriens, edited by E. Fontan (Louvre, Dpartement des Antiquits orientales: notes et documents des Muses de France, 26; Paris: Runion des Muses Nationaux, 1994) 248-59; J. Rudoe, Henry Layard et les dcoratifs, du style Ninive en Angleterre, in De Khorsabad Paris: la dcouverte des Assyriens, edited by E. Fontan and N. Chevalier (Louvre, Dpartement des Antiquits orientales: notes et documents des Muses de France 26; Paris: Runion des Muses Nationaux, 1994) 260-73.
47

Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 85.

486 Muhammad within his pantheon of Romantic cultural heroes.48 In fact, sympathetic and influential assessments of Islam occur in the writings of 18th-century authors (and earlier),49 including the ironic historian of the West, Edward Gibbon.50 The themes of the untamed nobility of the Arab Bedouin and their instinctive genius for a religious experience that the Deists could approve of were adapted by several British Romantic poets who imaginatively subverted the age-old conception of oriental despotism into exotically liveried protests against European cultural imperialism. A subsidiary theme, the corrosive effects of city life versus the moral transformation of the individual available in communion with the uncivilized landscape, also found scope in the literary Bedouin.51 The nostalgic Romantic vision of a society in which culture, political life and religious experience coexist in organic unity was projected into an idealized Islamic past. Even Richard Burton, though in full command of his own unquestioned racial superiority, was prepared to underscore praiseworthy elements of Islamic spirituality.52
48

As the

T. Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History (London: Chapman and Hall, 1840) 54; W. M. Watt, Carlyle on Muhammad, HibJ 53 (1954-55) 247-54; B. E. Dold, Carlyle, Goethe and Muhammad (Messina: Edizioni Dott. Antonio Sfameni, 1984); G. Nash, Thomas Carlyle and Islam, World Order 19 (1984-85) 9-22; Almond, Heretic and Hero, 3.
49

Searight, British in the Middle East, 66-71; Tidrick, Heart-Beguiling Araby, 8-18.

50 To my knowledge, Gibbons Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, with its chapters 50-52 devoted to Muhammad and the Islamic Empire, never went out of print in the 19th century. However, those chapters were republished together with Simon Ockleys History of the Saracens (1708) in the 1870s, suggesting that the publishers scented a sale by repackaging classic and, by the lights of the times, sympathetic accounts of Islam for a Victorian audience; E. Gibbon and S. Ockley, History of the Saracen Empire / by Edward Gibbon. History of the Saracens / by Simon Ockley. (London: John Murray, 1870), E. Gibbon and S. Ockley, The Saracens: Their History and the Rise and Fall of their Empire / by Edward Gibbon and Simon Ockley. (London: F. Warne, 1873?).

See the excellent introduction in Sharafuddin, Islam and Romantic Orientalism, xiii-xxxv. Tidrick, Heart-Beguiling Araby, identifies a set piece that had to figure in the Victorian travelogue in order to make it saleable, to wit, Bedouin characterized as independent, faithful and hospitable 22. Treacherous behavior was rationalized as an evil side effect of urban exposure. R. F. Burton, A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments. Now Entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night; with Introduction, Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and a Terminal Essay upon the History of The Nights (S.l.: Printed by The Burton Club for private subscribers only, 1885) 10:63-65; Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 32.
52

51

487 century wore on and the reality of effective European hegemony over the Middle East entered the public discourse, earlier patterns of anti-Muslim prejudice gave ground to more balanced treatments of Islamic law, cultural achievements and spirituality. Recent surveys of the Orientalist art movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries, for instance, have defended the existence of sympathetic and respectful western portrayals of Muslims at prayer.53 Exceptionally, positive or at least conciliatory assessments of Islam by Victorian Protestant British missionaries do occur.54 The erudite pre-Victorian Christian apologist Charles Forster wrote an extended comparison of the civilizing influence of Christianity and Mahometanism over the barbarian peoples they converted, cast in terms of imperial technology and international trade: the spread of cash-crop agriculture, exportable manufactory like textiles, silk, paper, steel, principles of sound taxation, effective naval power, and the exploration and acquisition of new markets.55 The

eccentric Victorian Turcophile David Urquhart defended the rule of law in Islam, vigorously arguing that the political factions of Europe, measuring Turkey by their own standards, each discovered their particular bte noire in their misconstruals of the Ottoman government.56

In the words of the Orientalist painter Jean-Lon Grme, The thing that strikes you most when you visit mosques is their exclusively religious, almost poetic, atmosphere. These are not our prettypretty Parisian cathedrals, nor our phoney-Greek temples, which are just theatres where the performance is the Mass. Seeing quiet, serious Arabs prostrate themselves without affectation before the wall of the mihrb, I could not help thinking of my good old Madeleine, where the one-oclock service is just like the opening night of a showIn Cairo, its fanaticism if you like, but at least its real religious faith, and it expresses itself without any of that elegant, frivolous piety that characterises the Roman Catholic mosque back home, quoted in M. Werner, The Question of Faith: Orientalism, Christianity and Islam, in The Orientalists, Delacroix to Matisse: European Painters in North Africa and the Near East, edited by M. A. Stevens (London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984) 38. See the provocatively revisionist survey of Orientalism in art in MacKenzie, Orientalism, 43-70.
54 R. B. Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London: Smith, Elder, 1874), J. Davenport, Apology for Mohammed and the Koran (London: privately printed, 1869). 55 56

53

Forster, Mahometanism Unveiled, 2:200-45. Searight, British in the Middle East, 90; Daniel, Islam Europe and Empire, 342-43, 358-59.

488

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Bell, G. L., 390 Bell, W., 240 Belli, O., 172 Benaboud, M., 436 Bendlin, A., 98 Benedict, W. C., 135 Bennett, C., 437, 442 Bennett, C. M., 209 Beran, T., 120 Berchem, M. van, 390 Bergamini, G., 429 Berger, P.-R., 109, 110, 387 Berlejung, A., 76, 189, 236, 284, 349 Beyer, K., 186 Bezold, C., 110, 430 Billerbeck, A., 187 Birch, S., 28, 29, 187 Birch, W. de Gray, 187 Bisi, A. M., 258 Bivona, D., 441 Black, J. A., 67, 130, 171, 270, 277 Blazek, N., 280 Bleibtreu, E., 67, 161, 171, 332 Block, D. I., 146 Boase, G. C., 27 Bodi, D., 147 Bodin, J., 438 Boehmer, R. M., 87, 119, 120 Bhl, F. M. T., 354 Bohrer, F. N., 18, 37, 427, 429, 442 Bolt, C., 433 Booth, A. J., 10 Bordreuil, P., 404 Borger, R., XXI, 109, 111, 115, 141, 177, 184, 185, 204, 232, 234, 235, 239, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 253, 254, 259, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 294, 296, 298, 310, 311, 312, 314, 316, 317, 323, 326, 330, 363, 373, 380, 384, 413, 414, 420 Brker-Klhn, J., XXIV, 68-69, 137, 152, 183, 187, 188, 248, 257, 258, 332, 402, 403, 407 Bossert, H. T., 213 Boswell, J., XXII Botta, P.-E., 51, 119, 154, 157, 164, 427 Bounni, A., 394 Bowen, D., 24, 430 Bowley, J. E., 2 Brandes, M. A., 119, 120 Brandis, J., 28, 431 Brantlinger, P., 40, 432, 433, 441, 442, 443 Braun-Holzinger, E. A., 214, 215 Brewer, G. D., 58 Brice, W., 389, 407, 425

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Leake, M., 391 Leask, N., 28, 434, 441 Leclant, J., 143 Ledrain, E., 44 Leemans, W. F., 296, 300 Lehmann, R. G., 47 Lehmann-Haupt, C. F., 430 Leichty, E., 110 Leland, J., 428 Lemaire, A., 8, 202, 308, 404 Lemarchand, R., 223 Lemche, N. P., 297 Lenormant, F., 43 Lenzen, H., 88 Levine, B. A., 205 Levine, L. D., 90, 109, 124, 125, 138, 140, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164, 240, 268, 277, 353, 354 Levy, T. E., 102 Lewis, B., 24 Lewy, J., 396, 423 Lidzbarski, M., 399 Limet, H., 179 Lincoln, B., 173 Ling-Israel, P., 106 Lipinski, E., 389, 394, 404, 406 Littleton, C. S., 173 Liverani, M., 40, 72-73, 75, 81, 84, 90, 174, 340, 395 Livesey, S. J., 9 Livingstone, A., 76, 144, 147, 148, 186, 246 Livingstone, D., 442 Lloyd, S., 84, 180, 214, 389, 407, 425 Lorton, D., 197 Lotz, W., 33 Loud, G., 200 Luckenbill, D. D., XXII, 156, 159, 204 Luschan, F. von, 213, 214, 400 Lutz, H. F., 250 Lynn, M., 433 M Macaulay, T. B. M., 440 MacDonald, D. B., 436 MacGinnis, J., 247, 320, 321, 324, 331 Machinist, P., 76, 140-41, 178, 190, 285, 370 Machule, D., 204 MacKenzie, J. M., 14, 433, 435, 442, 444 Magen, U., 71-72, 73, 183, 184, 189, 278 Mahmoud, A., 215 Maigret, A., 113 Malaise, M., 215 Mallowan, M. E. L., 87-88, 253 Malloy, J., 220 Manitius, W., 45 Marcus, M. I., 194 Margueron, J.-C., 200, 203, 204, 210 Markle, G. E., 416 Marlowe, C., 442 Marryat, F., 441 Marsham, J., 431 Marwick, A., 95 Masetti-Rouault, M. G., 340 Maspero, G., 36, 42 Matou, L., 167 Matsushima, E., 316 Matthews, R., 398 Matthiae, P., 204, 394 Mattila, R., 103, 309, 410 Mayer, W., 109, 120, 135, 149, 168, 185 Mayer-Opificius, R., 66, 131, 170 Mazar, A., 208 McArthur, V., XXIII McCarthy, D. J., 175 McClellan, T. L., 201 McCown, D. E., 259 McCrea, F. B., 418 McEwan, C. W., 203, 209, 325 McKay, J. W., 53-54, 62, 198 Mnant, J., 33, 160 Menzel, B., 65, 71, 76, 104, 168, 170, 185, 186, 187, 189, 262, 269, 303, 307, 317, 328, 332, 336, 341, 399, 410 Meriggi, P., 395, 396, 397 Meshel, Z., 209 Meskell, L., 429 Mettinger, T. N. D., 349 Metzler, D., 194 Meyer, E., 50, 303 Meyer, G. R., 114 Michalowski, P., 65, 91, 285 Michel, C., 167 Michel, E., 127, 128, 152, 202, 262, 293 Mierzewski, M., 132 Mill, J. S., 433, 440 Millard, A. R., 91, 110, 111, 115, 116, 240, 249, 253, 270, 283, 314, 316, 330, 331, 344 Miroschedji, P. de, 111 Montesquieu, 439 Moore, G. F., 28, 47 Moore, T., 440-443 Moorey, P. R. S., 214, 215 Moortgat-Correns, U., 332 Moran, W. L., 295 Morandi Bonacossi, D., 69, 70, 73, 96 Mosshammer, A. A., 7 Movers, F. K., 5, 9 Mowinckel, S., 46 Muir, W., 24, 437, 442 Mukherjee, S. N., 433

Authors
Mullen, Jr., E. T., 3 Mller, F. M., 43 Mller, K., 201, 202, 404 Mller, K. F., XV, 227 Munslow, A., 97 Mnter, F., 25 Murad, H. Q., 24 Mrdter, F., 43, 57, 161 Muscarella, O. W., 162, 214 Muss-Arnolt, W., 160, 430 Mutawelli, N. al-, 245, 361 N Naaman, N., 3, 4, 6, 111, 156, 159, 254 Nash, G., 443 Nashef, K., 124, 129, 167 Nasr, S. V. R., 433 Nassouhi, E., 248, 250, 253 Naumann, R., 404 Naveh, J., 71, 207, 208, 209 Nelson, B. J., 59 Newman, J. H., 438, 440, 442 Nickelsburg, G. W. E., 2 Niebuhr, K., 440 Niebuhr, M. von, 431 Niehr, H., 4 Nies, J. B., 308, 310 Nims, C. F., 2 Nissinen, M., 78-79, 311, 323, 325, 336-37, 408, 410, 411, 412, 413 Nldeke, T., 436 Norris, E., 21, 24, 33, 160 Nougayrol, J., 212, 393 O Oates, J., 379 Ockley, S., 436, 443 Oded, B., 3, 74, 76, 91, 132, 145, 149, 174, 307 Oestreicher, T., 5, 49, 59 Olivier, J. P. J., 301 Olmstead, A. T. E., 47-48, 49, 55, 57, 63, 78, 92, 123, 124, 153, 154, 178, 190, 193, 397 Olson, R., 13 Onasch, H.-U., 239, 247, 267, 272, 282, 408, 413 Oppenheim, A. L., 75, 116, 135, 149, 240, 295, 307 Oppenheim, M. F. von, 404 Oppert, J., 20, 28, 29, 33, 160, 430 Oren, E. D., 404 Ornan, T., 349 Orthmann, W., 203, 204, 400 Osborn, R. D., 437, 438 Otto, E., 142, 297 Otzen, B., 113 P Palgrave, W. G., 437, 438, 441 Pallis, S. A. F. D., 10 Pardee, D., 206 Parker, B., 186, 409 Parpola, S., XXII, 4, 79, 85, 86, 103, 113-14, 133, 138, 140, 141, 148, 154, 165, 174, 196, 204, 225, 249, 263, 278, 279, 280, 304, 309, 311, 312, 331, 362, 369, 407, 408, 410, 411 Parrot, A., 187 Paterson, A., 99, 136, 137 Pearce, L., 341 Pecrkov, J., 76, 100, 223, 326 Pecorella, P. E., 239 Pedersn, O., 105 Peltre, C., 442 Perrot, G., 183 Perry, E. G., 8, 183 Peters, J. P., 259 Petrie, W. M. F., 201, 210, 409 Pflzner, P., 203 Phillips, III., C. R., 147 Phillips, S., 429 Pick, D., 433 Piepkorn, A. C., 283 Pinches, T. G., 38, 51, 187 Pingree, D., 85 Pitard, W. T., 204 Place, V., 119, 399 Podella, T., 146, 304 Pollard, S., 434 Pongratz-Leisten, B., 71-72, 85, 161, 163, 169, 170, 171, 261, 273, 274, 291, 301, 332, 408, 413 Porada, E., 214, 398 Porter, B. N., 64, 75-76, 77-78, 110, 217, 236, 237, 243, 245, 247, 249, 255, 259, 266, 270, 285, 312, 314, 349, 360, 364, 368, 370, 382, 383, 385, 386 Porter, D., 14 Postgate, J. N., 40, 67, 68, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 141, 153, 154, 171, 178, 226, 229, 239, 240, 259, 265, 297, 298, 302, 313, 317, 318, 327, 341, 395, 401, 410 Potts, D. T., 141 Powell, A. A., 442 Powell, M. A., 103 Prag, K., 388 Pratt, M. L., 380, 441 Preusser, C., 390 Price, S. R. F., 179 Prideaux, H., 435, 436 Pritchard, J. B., 37, 204, 205

Authors
Q Quet, M.-H., 8 Qureshi, J., 14 R Radder, P., XXIII Radner, K., 339, 341, 373 Rainey, A. F., 156, 206 Ranke, H., 187 Ranke, L. von, 95 Rashid, F., 254 Rassam, H., 183, 251, 417 Rawlinson, G., XVI, 14-15, 19, 26, 34-41, 42, 51, 431 Rawlinson, H. C., XVI, 10-11, 12-26, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 51, 145, 160, 427, 431, 432 Reade, J. E., 8, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 109, 111, 128, 132, 138, 157-58, 164, 170, 183, 355, 418, 422, 427 Reich, R., 201, 210 Reimschneider, M., 172 Reiner, E., 114, 295, 305 Reiter, K., 168 Renan, E., 43-44 Renger, J., 284, 428 Renz, J., 206 Repieciolo, M., 391 Reuther, O., 110 Reviv, H., 297, 299, 301 Rhodokanakis, N., 187 Rice, D. S., 389, 425 Rich, J., 222 Richards, J., 435 Richards, T., 80-81, 82 Richter, M., 438 Riis, P. J., 113 Roaf, M. D., 130, 200 Robertson, J. F., 260 Robio de La Trhonnais, F. M. L. J., 42-43 Rochberg-Halton, F., 1, 85, 305 Rodinson, M., 436 Rllig, W., XXI, 106, 123, 128, 152, 223, 340, 394 Roniger, L., 223 Rost, P., 133, 277 Rouse, R. H., 9 Rubin, E., 416 Rudoe, J., 443 Ruskin, J., 435 Russell, H. F., 7, 124 Russell, J. M., 74-75, 131, 132, 137, 138, 140, 229, 332 Russmann, E. R., 142 Ryan, C., 83 Ryder, M. L., 101-2 S Sabatier, P. A., 59 Sachau, E., 390, 399 Sack, R. H., 320 Sader, H., 144, 204 Saggs, H. W. F., 10, 52, 125, 293, 297, 306, 320, 330, 427, 428 Said, E., 13-14, 428 Sad, S., 7 Sale, G., 440 Saller, S. J., 220, 221, 405 Salonen, E., 167, 169 Salvini, M., 120, 136, 154, 339, 340 Samuel, A. E., 234 San Nicol, M., 320 Sass, B., 162, 405 Sauren, H., 180 Sauron, G., 357 Sayce, A. H., XVI, 13, 33, 41-42, 51 Schfer-Lichtenberger, C., 207 Scheil, J. V., 250 Schloen, J. D., 223 Schmidt, V., 43 Schnapp, A., 428 Schrader, E., 44, 45, 419 Schramm, W., 126 Schreiner, J., 5 Schroeer, J. F., 431 Schwab, R., 35, 440, 441 Schwertner, S. M., XXI Scott, J. C., 227, 236 Scott, W., 441 Scurlock, J., 93, 96 Searight, S., 432, 441, 443, 444 Seibert, I., 214 Seidl, T., 5, 66, 170, 171, 182, 258, 284 Seidmann, J., 125, 126 Sells, M., 415 Seux, M.-J., 83, 85, 179, 181, 182, 183, 195, 290 Sewell, E. M., 43 Shafer, A. T., 64, 66, 73, 152, 153, 188 Sharafuddin, M., 14, 28, 441, 443 Shelley, P. B., 440 Shipton, G. M., 210, 214, 383 Shukla, R. L., 26-27 Siewert-Mayer, B., XXI Siker, J. S., 2 Silberman, N. A., 428, 429 Simpson, W. K., 142 Sinclair, T. A., 389 Sindhi, K. M. al-, 398 Singer, I., 393

Authors
Sjberg, . W., 169 Skinner, J., 419 Smelik, K. A. D., 3, 108 Smith, G., 29, 42, 138, 156, 160 Smith, M., 48 Smith, M. S., 42 Smith, R. B., 444 Smith, S., 48 Sobolewski, R., 132 Sollberger, E., 146 Southey, R., 28, 440, 443 Spaey, J., 168 Spalinger, A. J., 408 Spieckermann, H., 5, 59, 60-64, 66, 170, 256 Sprenger, A., 436 Spycket, A., 185, 420 Stade, B., 44, 45 Stanley, H. M., 442 Starr, I., 89 Steible, H., 119 Steiner, R. C., 2 Steinkeller, P., 104 Stol, M., 282 Stolper, M. W., 49, 122, 232, 418 Stone, D. A., 59 Strazzulla, M.-J., 356 Streck, M., 248, 249, 250, 272, 282, 290, 316 Streck, M. P., 391 Strommenger, E., 185 Strzygowski, J., 390 Stucken, E., 46 Sulayman, T., 167 Sweet, R. F. G., 84, 260 T Tadmor, H., 59, 68, 75, 88, 90, 92, 110, 133, 134, 135, 148, 157, 175, 193, 196, 202, 249, 263, 264, 270, 277, 278, 286, 345, 369, 375, 396, 413, 414 Talbot, W. H. F., XVI, 20-23, 27-34, 36, 40, 42, 160 Tallqvist, K. L., 51, 186 Tayrek, O. A., 402 Taylor, E., 387 Taylor, I., 24, 437 Taylor, J. G., 4 Tennyson, A., 27 Thackeray, W. M., 441 Thenius, O., 5 Thissen, L. C., 389 Thomas, F., 399 Thomas, H., 391 Thomas, N., 14, 429 Thompson, R. C., 182, 195, 242, 248, 253, 272, 294, 316, 409 Thompson, T. L., 419 Thornton, L., 442 Thureau-Dangin, F., 106, 109, 257, 258, 280, 300, 395, 396 Tidrick, K., 39, 441, 443 Tiele, C. P., 43 Toloni, G., 5 Toorn, K. van der, 9, 132, 270 Trani, J., 428 Trevelyan, H. M. M., 440 Trigger, B. G., 429, 442 Trowbridge, T. C., 437, 438 Tsukimoto, A., 168 Tucker, D., 240 Turner, G., 200 U Uehlinger, C., 5, 132, 134, 137, 403, 408, 409 Unger, E., 56, 66, 160-61, 170, 187, 188, 282, 296, 391 Ungnad, A., 114, 186, 270, 303 Urquhart, D., 444 Ussishkin, D., 113, 206, 208 V Vaglieri, L. V., 141 Vallat, F., 418 Van der Mieroop, M., 260 Van der Spek, R. J., 6, 38, 136 Van Lerberghe, K., 168, 169 Van Seters, J., 419 Van Soldt, W. H., 85 Vera Chamaza, G. W., 109, 233, 297 Verrier, M., 442 Vikentier, V., 142, 185 Vilders, M. M. E., 205 Villard, P., 176, 392 Vleeming, S. P., 2 Volney, C., 440 Von Soden, W., 52, 53, 76, 148, 202, 298 Voltaire, 440 W Wachsmuth, C., 357 Waetzoldt, H., 167 Walker, C. B. F., 189, 236, 284 Wallace-Hadrill, A., 223 Walsh, G. P., 102 Wapnish, P., 102 Warburton, E., 441 Ward, W. H., 398

Authors
Wartke, R.-B., 172 Watanabe, K., 166, 175 Waterbury, J., 223 Watson, W., 167 Watt, W. M., 443 Weber, M., 219-20 Weidner, E. F., 114, 124, 125, 129, 130, 250, 279, 303, 330, 391, 392, 394 Weiher, E. von, 169 Weinfeld, M., 175 Weippert, H., 205, 206, 209 Weippert, M., 61, 78-79, 133, 142, 143, 155, 204, 205, 280, 307, 395, 396, 420 Weibach, F. H., 417-18 Weissert, E., 93, 275, 282, 372 Wellhausen, J., 5, 44, 435, 437 Wentworth, E. N., 102 Werner, M., 444 Wesselius, J. W., 2 Westenholz, J. G., 124, 126 Westmacott, Jr., R., 18 White, H. V., 96 Whitelam, K. W., 429 Wiggins, S. A., 393 Wilcke, C., 180 Wilhelm, G., 339 Wilkinson, T. J., 240 Williams-Forte, E., 162 Wilson, J. A., 49 Winckler, H., 45-47, 135, 156, 157, 158, 159, 240 Winnicki, J. K., 146 Winter, I. J., 73, 74, 155, 180, 184, 185, 191, 203, 229, 400, 438 Winters, Chris, XXIII Wiseman, D. J., 134 Woodward, E. L., 432, 438 Woolley, C. L., 212, 214, 252 Wrench, J. E., 397 Wright, G. R. H., 206, 208, 209, 211 Wyatt, N., 167. 429 Y Yadin, Y., 210, 383 Yardmc, N., 389 Young, R. J. C., 433 Younger, Jr., K. L., XXIII, 127, 134, 136, 159, 208, 262, 294 Z Zaccagnini, C., 135 Zadok, R., 111, 133, 136, 141-42, 159, 239, 263, 309, 328, 394, 404, 406, 407 Zawadzki, S., 2, 101, 111, 418 Zettler, R. L., 244, 250 Zimansky, P. E., 109, 135 Zimmern, H., 419 Ziolkowski, A., 117, 121 Zwickel, W., 3, 120

11

Divine Names

A
Abirillu, 280 Adad, 19, 84, 123, 124, 125, 131, 157, 158-59, 171, 173, 212, 285, 332, 340; of alab/Aleppo, 89, 169, 262, 339, 342, 343, 402; of Ekallte, 149, 354; of Isste/tu, 141; of Gzna, 303, 330, 341; of Kilizi, 274; of Kumme, 89, 262, 339, 340, 341; of Kurbail, 141, 275-76, 341; of Tell al-Haw, 239, 240, 339, 341 Addu, 261; of Arrapa, 261, 338; of Isna, 239; of Kaat, 238 Amagetin, of Sagub/Sagug, 118 Amurru, 140 Anat, 130-31 Anat-Bethel, 342 Anu, 17, 69, 123, 125, 243, 294, 297, 299, 300, 314, 334, 335, 402, 413 Anuket, 142 Anuntu, 281, 367 Anu-rab, 129, 246, 253, 274, 361 (see also Itarn) Anz, 291, 409 Apla-Adad, 131 Apollo, 118, 121 Ares, 173 Arkytu, 272, 281, 367 Asallui, 235, 314 Asarri, 241 Ashtoreth, 44 Arah, 307 Aur, XV, XVII, 6, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25-26, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65-68, 74, 76, 77, 81, 86, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, 120, 125, 136, 144, 147, 148, 149, 153-77, 178, 182, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200, 210, 212, 216, 241, 248, 256, 266, 274, 275, 279, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 342, 353, 356, 361, 366, 367, 369, 370, 381, 383, 384, 402, 408, 409, 413, 422, 423 Atar, 205 Atarqurum, 280 Ataramain, 195, 280, 282-83 Atiratu, 307

315, 324, 327, 334, 352, 357, 358, 377, 385, 421; Bl arrn, 311, 336, 411, 420; Bl-labrya, 147; Bl-arbi, 247, 254 Blet, 51; Blet-Akkad, 245; Blet-Bbili, 180, 248, 281, 285; Blet-kalli, 282; Blet-TI.LA, 278 Bltiya, 249, 285 Br, 115, 402 Bes, 215 Bethel, 342 Burruqu, 129

D
D, 280 Dagn, 169, 170, 294, 299, 300, 306, 343; of Terqa, 169, 238, 338; of ubtum, 169; of Ura, 169 Dagon, 4 Demeter, 208

E
Ea, 195, 235, 248, 249, 281, 285, 314, 395, 396 El, 205 Enlil, 88, 146, 149, 244, 249, 250, 252, 254, 259, 297, 300, 311, 323, 367, 371, 390 Ennugi, 252 Erra, 268, 299, 300, 377, 414 Erragal, 282 Emun, 342, 343 Etar, 168

G
Gaia, 207-8 Genius of Augustus, 182 Girra, 414 Gula, 129, 245, 248, 249, 310

H
Harpocrates, 215

aldi, 86, 98, 109, 119, 126, 135, 149, 171-72, 195, 278, 286, 340, 424 umum, 130, 279

B
Baal, 4, 9, 42, 211, 221 Baal Harran, 398, 404 Baal-amm, 115, 342 Baal-malag, 342 Baal-pn, 342 Baalat, 115 Bbu, 310, 317, 318, 328 Bagbartu, 135 Bl, 61, 86, 122, 140, 148, 182, 195, 237, 249, 265, 267, 268, 270, 282, 283, 285, 305, 310, 312, 314,

I
Igigi, 195 Il-Amurr, 281 Ilu, 43, 307 Ilu-Wr, 115 Imhotep, 215 Inanna, 146, 214, 241, 258, 367 Inuinak, 143, 195

Divine Names
Itar, 32, 86, 123, 125, 131, 154, 157, 158-59, 171, 182, 183, 212, 213, 214, 215; of Akkad, 247, 254, 307, 313, 376; of Arbail, 79, 183, 185, 191, 274, 281, 291, 295, 363; of uzrna, 313; of Nineveh, 253, 274, 363; of Uruk, 243, 250, 266, 271, 281, 314, 315, 317, 319, 367, 378 Itarn, 129-30, 195, 246, 253, 274, 278, 279, 361 (see also Anu-rab) Itar-arrum, 306 Itr-Mr, 306, 338

N
Nab, 61, 69, 86, 131, 171, 182, 183, 203, 212, 213, 243, 265, 270, 308, 352, 358, 370, 377, 402, 409, 422; of Borsippa, 250, 256, 258, 268, 289, 291, 292, 316, 333, 376; of Kalu, 326; of Drarrukn, 104, 114, 201, 202; a ar of Babylon, 243, 245, 258, 361, 368, 371, 372 Nania, 129, 148, 196, 244, 272, 281, 283, 290, 317, 367, 377, 378 Nanna, 119, 252, 316, 390 Nau/Nasuh, 246, 407-8, 419 Nr-e-tagmil, 129 Nergal, 140, 170, 171, 173, 268, 332, 358, 363, 377; of Cutha, 247, 253, 291; of ublum, 171; of MTurran, 253, 254 Nikkal, 290, 309, 315, 335, 337, 393, 397, 405, 410, 411, 420 Ninegal, 254, 379 Ningal, 251, 252, 253, 316, 378 Ninimma, 252 Ninkasi, 251 Ninlil, 107, 123, 125 Ninma, 249 Ninurta, 154, 183, 185, 188, 326, 371 Nira, 278 Nisroch, 4, 17 Nu, 280 Nusku, 171, 246, 252, 272, 290, 291, 311, 313, 315, 319, 397, 405, 407, 408, 410, 412, 423

K
Kakku, 170 Karhuha, 343 Kubaba, 343, 395, 396, 397, 398 Kulla, 257 Kuparnas, 396 Kurunitu, 278 Kusu, 252 Kuor, 342

L
Lamatu, 212-13 Lares Compitales, 182 La, 272 Lugalbanda, 140 Lugaldimmerankia, 249 Lugalmarada, 282

M
Maat, 409 Madnu, 131, 195, 281, 285 Mrat-Eridu, 140 Mrat-Sn, 140 Mr-bti, 278, 279 Mr-bti-a-birt-nri, 129, 279 Mr-bti-a-pn-bti, 129, 279 Marduk, 38, 42, 48, 51, 52, 65, 75, 76, 77, 79, 116, 122, 131, 136, 140, 146, 147, 148, 149, 168, 170, 182, 191, 195, 196, 212, 230, 233, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242, 245, 248, 249, 260, 263, 272, 273, 27477, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, 299, 300, 312, 314, 316, 324, 334, 335, 342, 357, 358, 360, 367, 369, 370, 373, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 409, 413, 422 Mars, 173 Mary, Saint, 414 Matilis, 395, 396 Melqart, 342, 343 Marum, 131 Mullil, 238 Mullissu, 62, 79, 107, 337, 370, 383 Mylitta, 44 Pahalatis, 115 Plil, 281, 367 Pazuzu, 213-15 PTGYH, 207

Q
Queen of Heaven (biblical), 44

R
Rammnu, 131, 343 Rud, 280

S
Sahr, 115, 309, 419 Sakkud-a-Bub, 129, 278, 279 Salmnu, 339 Sarrumas, 396, 397 Sebetti, 212, 213, 214, 215 Sn, 149, 157, 158-59, 182, 212, 309, 335, 336, 414; of Assur, 337, 399; of Dr-arrukn, 114; of Eluma, 317, 419; of arrn, 90, 184, 191, 213, 215, 232, 239, 242, 247, 248, 251, 255, 257, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 291, 299, 309, 315, 316, 331, 336, 342, 363, 391, 392-93, 399, 401, 402,

II

Divine Names
405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 245; of Ur, 368, 391 Suen, 390

alam-arri, 57, 185-91 alm, 186 almu, 170, 186

agar, 205 ala of Anat, 131; of Ekallte, 149, 354 ama, 66, 84, 86, 131, 157, 158-59, 165, 168, 169, 170, 175, 182, 212, 213, 215, 235, 248, 250, 261, 268, 281, 283, 285, 336, 338, 352, 368, 376, 377, 384, 399, 409 arratu, 282 arrat-Dri, 129, 278, 279 arrat Kidmri, 335 arrat-nipa, 310 eme, 115 ra, 285, 370 idada, 246, 362, 363 malya, 130, 279 ukniya, 129 ulmnu, 339 uzianna, 251

T
Tarhunzas, 113, 395, 396, 397, 398 Tamtum, 249, 265, 289, 310, 333 Teieba, 340 Teub, XIX, 239, 339, 340 Timat, 356

U
Ura, 254, 282, 379 Urigallu, 170 Urktu, 129 Uur-amssa, 272, 281, 345, 367

V
Venus, 9

Y
Yahweh, 4, 8, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 60, 90, 206, 318

Z
Zabba, 282, 285, 310, 317, 318, 328, 370 Zarpntu, 265, 281, 285, 310, 316, 357, 378 Zeus Meilichios, 342

III

Personal Names

Personal Names

A
Abraham, 1, 9, 18, 46 Abydenos, 7 Adad-apla-iddina, 116 Adad-idri, 112 Adad-nrr I, 323, 394 Adad-nrr II, 55, 89, 125, 126, 128, 145, 240, 262, 340 Adad-nrr III, 10, 70, 89, 263, 303, 340, 341, 342, 344, 346, 401, 402 Adad-umu-uur, 88-89, 182, 225, 250, 254 Adda-ati, 102 Ahaz, 2-3, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 107 Aa, 337, 358 Ai-yababa, 126 Auni, 127, 145, 395, 396 Akkullnu, 101, 108, 176, 330, 332 Amar-Suen, 252 Ammianus Marcellinus, 173 Ana-Nab-taklk, 256, 308 Appian, 117 Aqr-Bl-lmur, 322 Arbailyu, 83 Argiti, 86, 120, 135 Arii, 328 Aristotle, 438 Ariyahinas, 395 Arrian, 198 Asdi-Takim, 391 Assurbanipal, XV, XX, 2, 4, 29, 51, 53, 56, 59, 61, 65, 76, 79, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 99, 101, 107, 108, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 140, 141, 142, 143-44, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 176, 185, 197, 200, 228, 230, 233, 234, 237, 238, 239, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 266, 267, 268, 271, 272, 275, 276, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295, 299, 302, 304, 305, 308, 314, 315, 316, 317, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 342, 352, 354, 360, 364, 365, 368, 372-79, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 401, 407, 408, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 417, 420, 423 Asu/Su, 152 Aardu, governor of Cutha, 321 Aardu mar, 182 Aur-bl-kin, 173 Aur-bl-kala, 173, 185, 394 Aur-dn I, 185 Aur-dn II, 125, 145, 173 Aur-dn III, 345 Aur-etel-am-ereti-muballissu, 316 Aur-etel-ilni, 7-8, 88-89, 248, 254, 255, 291, 295, 296, 379, 384, 388, 417 Aur-amta, 184

Aur-li, 157 Aur-mlik, 238 Aur-ndin-umi, 353, 382 Aur-nir-pal II, 1, 28, 30, 31, 36, 69, 88, 102, 106, 112, 126, 127, 132, 151, 152, 172, 173, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 202, 229, 240, 305, 341, 353, 395 Aur-nrr V, 342, 401 Aur-rwa, 86, 341 Aur-ar-uur, 308 Aur-uballi I, 393 Aur-uballi II, 418 Atamrum, 174 Atarumki, 402 Augustus, 48, 72, 182, 184, 356 Azi-ilu, 127

B
Baal of Laruba, 152 Baal of Tyre, 342 Baba-aa-iddina, 130, 173 Balaam, 205 Balas, 289 Balassu, 410 Bar-Gayah, 202 Barrkib, 53, 214, 226-27, 398, 422 Beke, Dr., 19 Bl-ir, 121 Bl-arrn-abu-uur, 405 Bl-arrn-au-uur, 405 Bl-arrn-blu-uur, 131, 296-97, 405 Bl-arrn-dr, 405 Bl-arrn-idr, 405 Bl-arrn-il, 405 Bl-arrn-issa, 405 Bl-arrn-killanni, 405 Bl-arrn-kuurrani, 405 Bl-arrn-abtanni, 405 Bl-arrn-ada, 405 Bl-arrn-arru-uur, 405 Bl-arrn-taklk, 405 Bl-arrn-uballi, 405 Bl-arrn-uuranni, 405 Bl-ibni, 106, 116, 353 Bl-iddina, 86, 308, 315 Bl-iqa, 173, 324 Bl-l-bal, 324, 395 Bl-ler, 295 Belshazzar/Bl-ar-uur, 18 Bl-uzib, 335, 336, 385 Berossus, 6, 18, 431 Bismarck, O. E. L. von, 427

Personal Names

C
Cambyses, 118, 305, 371 Canning, Stratford (Stratford de Redcliffe), 16, 438 Chedor-laomer, 18 Cooper, F. C., 188 Corbet, G., 427 Ctesias, 18, 431-32 Cyrus, 371, 387

Hastings, W., 440 Hatarna, 165 Henry VIII, 428 Herodotus, 18, 36, 37, 118, 173, 431 Hezekiah, 3-4, 5, 31, 87, 151, 206, 432 Holophernes, 6 Homer, 438

ammurapi, 168, 181, 305 arrn-bl-uur, 405 arrnia, 405 arrn, 405 azael, 140, 142, 280, 283, 288, 310, 319, 366 umban-alta II, 359 umban-alta III (Ummanalda), 143

D
Dad, 83, 104 Daiin-Aur, 20 Daley, Richard J., 218, 387 Daley, Richard M., 217-18 Darius I, 118, 198 David, 5 Derceia, 8 Diodorus, 8, 118 Dugdamme/Lygdamis, 290

I E
Ianz, 11, 128, 145, 343 Iasma-Addu, 180, 238 Iaub-Addu, 261 Idibiilu, 156, 162 Ikausa ben Padi, 207, 211 Il-yabi, 317 Ili-ittiya, 212 Ina-ar-Bl-allak, 104 Ina-t-ir, 256 Iruleni, 112 Ii-Dagn, 174 Ime-Dagn, 174, 262, 391 Ipuini, 172, 340 Itar-dr, 241, 330 Itar-umu-re, 195, 246, 281, 337

Ellenborough, Lord, 26 Enakuanna, 146 Enbi-Itar, 146 Eni-ilu, 112 Erba-Marduk, 244 Esarhaddon, XX, 30, 31, 32, 36, 48, 53, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 75, 76, 77-78, 79, 85, 89, 90, 92, 99, 106, 107, 122, 131, 137, 138, 140, 141-43, 148, 150, 151, 165, 184, 185, 196, 197, 200, 204, 217, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 255, 257, 258, 259, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284-85, 286-87, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 302, 304, 305, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 319, 321, 325, 328, 329, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 342, 348, 349, 352, 355, 358-72, 374, 376, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 401, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 417, 420, 421, 423 Esau, 46 Eusebius, 6

J
Jacob, 46 Jehoshaphat, 18 Jehu, 430 Josephus, 1, 3, 4, 432 Josiah, 4-6, 9, 45, 49, 59, 318 Juvenal, 229

G
Gaignires, R. de, 428 Grittu, 83 Gudea, 180, 184, 185

K
Kakku-aplu-uur, 170 Kakku-re, 170 Kakku-arru-uur, 170 Kakka, 170 Kandalnu, 290, 317, 324, 327, 375, 379, 386 Kibaba, 159, 165, 286 Kili-Teub, 123, 151, 340 Knya, 352 Kirua, 159 Kudurru, Babylonian haruspex, 311, 336-37, 411, 412 Kudurru, governor of Uruk, 308

H
Hamiyatas, 395, 396 Hnnu, 61, 132, 133, 150, 155, 190, 192, 193, 214 Hand, 405 Harrnay, 405 Harrnayyu, 405

Personal Names
Kudurru, andabakku of Nippur, 241, 346 Kurigalzu I, 252 Nab-apla-iddina, 344 Nab-bl-kain, 165 Nab-bl-umti, 228, 256, 375 Nab-bl-uur, 313 Nab-ir, 293 Nab-iddina, 304 Nab-iqbi, 409 Nab-mui, 195 Nab-mukn-apli, 162 Nab-pir, 90, 242, 266, 309, 331, 407 Nab-retu-uur, 79, 311, 337, 410-11, 412, 417 Nab-allim, 31 Nab-ar-au, 253 Nab-umu-lir, 149 Nab-uabi, 133, 315-16, 331, 378, 386 Nab-zr-kitti-lir, 359 Ndin-Aur, 101 Ndinu, 226 Nahor, 419 Naid-Marduk, 359, 366 Napoleon Bonaparte, 428 Narm-Sn of Akkad, 115, 179 Narm-Sn of Enunna, 391 Nazi-Marutta, 244 Nebuchadnezzar I, 116. 146 Nebuchadnezzar II, 6, 31, 118, 198, 214, 245, 258, 371 Nergal-iddina, 306 Nergal-uzib, 310, 353 Nimrod, 9 Nimshi, 18 Ningal-iddin, 386 Ninurta-kudurr-uur, 130-31, 290 Ninurta-ndin-umi, 162 Ninurta-tukult-Aur, 105 Ninus, 8 Niqmaddu, 393 Noah, 7 Nr-Adad, 126

L
Layl, 280, 287, 289, 366 Leland, J., 428 Leopold II, King of Belgium, 49 Lot, 46 Louis XIV, 86, 428 Lucian of Samosata, 8 Lugalzaggesi, 118

M
Manasseh, 5-6, 9, 44, 45, 49 Mannu-k-Aur, 303, 330 Mannu-k-Arbail, 186 Man(nu)-k-arrn, 405 Mannu-k-Ninu, 165-66, 177, 199, 303, 330 Mao Tse-tung, 93 Marduk-apla-iddina (ABL corpus author), 112, 338 Marduk-apla-uur, 114 Marduk-mudammiq, 11, 128, 145 Marduk-ndin-a, 122, 149, 354 Marduk-kin-umi, 304, 312, 409 Marduk-allim-a, 104 Marduk-pik-zri, 385 Marduk-umu-uur, 85, 423 Marduk-zkir-umi I, 343 Marduk-zru-ibni, 226 Mr-Itar, 89, 184, 191, 228, 229, 231, 242, 245, 246, 247, 266, 267, 271, 282, 288, 289, 292, 302, 304, 312, 313, 315, 318, 322, 324-25, 326, 327, 329, 332-35, 362, 367, 379 Marvn II, 390 Mat-Ilu, 401 Menua, 154, 172, 340 Merodach-baladan II (Marduk-apla-iddina II), XXI, 87, 88, 116, 136, 228, 237, 241, 265, 278, 301, 321, 329, 350, 351, 352, 353, 359, 365, 375, 381, 386 Moses, 46 Muhammad, 24, 35, 435-37, 438, 442, 443 Mukn-zri, 293, 323, 346 Munnabitu, 85 Muqqadas, 389 Murray, J., 37 Murili, 393 Muzib-Ninurta, 215

O
Omri, 18

P
Padi, 207, 210 Panammuwa, 226, 398 Pausanius, 118, 198 Peric, Bishop, 415 Phh, 215 Piyaili, 393 Pliny, 198 Plutarch, 431 Polybius, 117 Polyhistor, 6 Ptolemy II, 197 Ptolemy IV, 197 Pul, 9, 10, 18

N
Nabonassar, 277, 345, 346 Nabonidus, 18, 110, 112, 239, 247, 255, 371, 387, 389, 417 Nabopolassar, 148, 238, 325, 355, 379, 418 Nab-aard, 184 Nab-a-erba, 225, 289, 308

Personal Names
Puzur-Etar, 185 Puzur-Sn, 116 Shalmaneser V, 94, 233, 270, 273, 293, 297, 347, 350, 353, 375 Sheba, Queen of, 31 Shem, 38 Si-gabbari, 309, 407 Simbar-pak, 116, 283 Sn-balssu-iqbi, 251, 252, 253, 316, 335, 364, 377 Sn-dr, 256, 352 Sn-erbam, 180 Sn-iddinam, 180 Sn-naid, 108 Sn-ar-ikun, 111, 114, 379 Sn-ar-uur, 316-17 Sn-umu-lir, 379 Sn-tabni-uur, 252 Sn-teri, 392 Sipis, 397 Siruatti, 156 Solomon, 39, 113 Ssm, 215 Strabo, 1, 118, 198

Q
Qti-Marduk, 321 Qtiya, 352 Qurdi-Aur-lmur, 306-7, 330 Qurdi-arrn, 405 Qurdi-Nergal, 328

R
Ri-ili, 226, 314, 334 Ri-ili pn, 195 Rmtu, 352 Rusa, 120

S
Sagabbu, 239 Sakkunyaton, 342 Sammu-rmat see Semiramis Samsi, 134 Samsu-ilna, 180 Sangara, 151, 152, 190, 192, 193 Sarduri, 120 Sargon II, XIX, 9, 10, 52, 54, 56, 61, 67, 74, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 104, 106, 107, 109, 112, 114, 116, 119, 120, 126, 134-36, 138, 144, 149, 153, 156-59, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 172, 173, 175, 182, 185, 196, 198-99, 200, 205, 211, 227, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 242, 255, 256, 258, 264, 265, 266, 270, 273, 277, 278, 283, 285, 286, 293, 294, 297, 299, 301, 302, 306-7, 308, 309, 314, 318, 322, 324, 331, 341, 347, 350-53, 363, 364, 369, 376, 381, 406, 407, 417, 420, 423, 427, 432 Sarwatiwaras, 397 Ss, 20, 311, 337, 410-11 Semiramis (Sammu-rmat), 7, 8, 18, 402 Sennacherib, 2, 3-4, 5, 6-8, 11, 17, 28, 30, 31, 36, 52, 56, 59, 66, 67, 68, 74-75, 76, 77, 79, 84, 92, 93, 94, 99, 102, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 121, 122, 132, 136-41, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159-60, 160, 161, 163, 170, 172, 182, 184, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204, 205, 207, 210, 230, 235, 237, 240, 242, 261, 266, 269, 278, 279, 281, 283, 285, 288, 302, 310, 312, 313, 314, 318, 321, 330, 348, 35358, 359, 361, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 373, 377, 379, 382, 383, 406, 407, 421, 432 Serug, 419 Sesostris, 70 Shalmaneser I, 238, 239, 255, 339, 357, 393, 394 Shalmaneser III, XIX, 10, 11, 19-20, 89, 92, 112, 126, 127-28, 132, 150, 152, 161, 172, 182, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 196, 202, 239, 240, 255, 262, 276, 284, 286, 293, 299, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 388, 395, 400, 420, 421 Shalmaneser IV, 296, 401, 402

alam-arri-iqbi, 57, 186, 190 idqa, 137, 151

ama-bunaa, 293, 330 ama-ibni, 231, 277 ama-ra-uur, 130-31 ama-umu-lir, 83, 140 ama-umu-ukn, 2, 85, 143, 144, 149, 150, 176, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 245, 250, 251, 252, 268, 271, 282, 290, 299, 302, 314, 315, 317, 324, 326, 330, 331, 334, 335, 360, 368, 37278, 382, 383, 386, 388, 414 am-Adad V, 89, 108, 128-30, 145, 150, 173, 183, 196, 212, 262, 269, 279, 342, 343, 344, 346, 349, 361, 362, 395, am-Addu I, XIX, 69, 116, 180, 238, 255, 261, 306, 318, 338, 424 am-ilu, 112, 131, 202, 293, 296, 324, 402 arru-murranni, 301 arina/irina, 128 attiwaza, 239, 339, 392 ri-nri, 410 ulgi, 390 uma-iddina, 184, 226, 243, 266, 267, 271, 289, 31011, 312, 324, 327, 333, 335, 336 uppiluliuma, 239, 339, 392 u-Sn, 180, 276 uttarna, 393 zubu (Muzib-Marduk), 354

T
Taba, 141, 280, 281, 366

Personal Names
Tagi-arruma, 394 Taharqa, 62, 142, 143, 185 Taklk-ana-Bl, 328 Tammartu I, 86 Tammartu II, 143 Teelunu, 90, 140, 279 Terah, 419 Teumman, 116 Tiglath-pileser I, 20-23, 32, 33, 51, 67, 68, 104, 105, 123-25, 144-45, 151, 160, 175, 185, 323, 340, 354, 394 Tiglath-pileser III, 2-3, 11, 43, 52, 56, 60, 61, 67, 89, 90, 107, 112, 131-34, 145, 153-56, 160, 161, 163, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 202, 203, 214, 215, 226, 237, 263, 264, 270, 273, 277, 286, 287, 293, 296, 306-7, 322, 323, 330, 342, 345, 346-49, 350, 375, 381, 382, 396, 400, 401, 406, 421, 422, 423 Tukult-Ninurta I, XV, 52, 59, 171, 370, 394 Tukult-Ninurta II, 69, 126, 240, 323 Tuwatis, 396 Yauta (Uaite) b. azael, 142, 143, 145, 282, 283, 287, 366

Z
Zkiru, 133 Zakkur, 115, 402 Zanic, Bishop, 415 Zaziya, 174 Zrtu, 304 Zimri-Lim, 169, 173, 174, 175, 239, 391

b-ar-Aur, 309, 330, 407

U
Uabu, 142, 366 Ubru, 359 Ubru-arrn, 405 Ullusunu, 61, 175 Urad-au, 249, 250, 267, 289, 329 Urad-Ea, 90, 272, 275, 313, 328, 408 Urad-Gula, 225 Urad-Nab, 226, 305 Uruinimgina, 118, 119 Urzana, 86

V
Victoria, Queen, 81 Virgil, 30

W
Warad-urinnum, 170 Wasusarmas/Wassurme, 396, 400, 422

X
Xenophon, 18 Xerxes, 118, 198

Y
Yaub-El, 392 Yau-bidi, 112 Yauta (Uaite) b. Birdda, 143, 283

Place Names

A
Aden, 433 Adummatu (Dmat al-Jandal, al Jawf), 140, 279, 283, 288, 310 Afghanistan, 26 Afis, 115 Africa, 347, 430, 442 Ajjnu, 394 Akkad (the city), 79, 115, 247, 254, 266, 280, 312, 324, 325, 327, 332, 334, 364, 365, 371, 376 Akkad (the land), 31, 107, 140, 146, 230, 263, 265, 269, 353, 363 Alalakh, 323 Aleppo (alab), 89, 101, 169, 262, 269, 309, 339, 342, 343, 395, 400 Algiers, 434 Aligr, 403 Al-Kosh Plain, 126 Amanus, 404 Amasakku, 105 Amdi, 155, 162 America, 10, 49 Ammau, 123 Anat (n, on the Middle Euphrates), 114, 130-31, 140-41, 290 Anat (near Kurbail), 140-41 Anatolia, 138, 150, 391, 397, 401, 417 Antakya, 202 Antioch-on-the-Orontes, 8 Apku, 105 Apum, 167 Arabia, 15, 197, 280, 286, 287, 347, 366 Aratu Canal, 355 Aran, 403 Arbail (Erbl), 79, 98, 105, 140, 183, 186, 191, 27475, 281, 291, 295, 328, 363, 410 Arbu, 109 Ariarmi, 154 Armarial, 109, 158 Arpad, 101. 102, 112, 342, 401, 402 Arrapa, 261, 262, 330-31, 338, 346 Arsln (adattu), 70, 209, 215, 402 Aa Yarmca, 338, 407 Ashdod (Tell ar-Rs), 136, 203, 206, 207 Ashdod-yam (Mnat al-Qala), 136 Ashkelon (Tell Aqelon), 62, 137, 151 Asia, 16, 39, 430, 440 Assur (Qalat a-arq), 22, 65, 67, 70, 75, 76, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 112, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 143, 147, 149, 169, 170, 171, 177, 180, 185, 186, 191, 203, 210, 212, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 269, 272, 274-75, 278, 281, 283, 284-85, 287, 288, 296, 297, 299, 302, 310, 312, 314, 318, 329, 330, 334, 335, 337, 339, 344, 356, 363, 370, 378, 383, 392, 398, 410 Assyria, XVIII, XIX, 1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51,

52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 70, 74, 76, 77-78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 93, 94, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 115, 118, 123, 125, 129, 131, 132, 136, 145, 149, 150, 155, 156, 165, 185, 190, 191, 196, 199, 211, 219, 226, 229, 234, 235, 239, 241, 252, 255, 268, 273, 274, 277, 279, 295, 309, 317, 322, 335, 340, 342, 348, 372, 373, 380, 384, 385, 387, 399, 418-19, 423, 428, 430, 431, 430 Aswan, 142 Australia, 102 Ayyelet ha-ahar, 210

B
Bb-Marrati, 359 Babil, 69 Babylon, XXI, 7, 44, 52, 53, 59, 68, 70, 77, 92, 93, 109, 110, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 140, 148, 149, 180, 181, 184, 185, 195, 196, 226, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 337, 343, 344, 346, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354-56, 358, 360-61, 362, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 413, 424 Babylonia, XVIII, XIX, XX, 11, 16, 31, 43, 44, 45-46, 47, 66, 75, 76-78, 79, 85, 88, 89, 98, 106, 107, 110, 116, 117, 118, 122, 128, 129, 130, 133, 136, 138, 148, 149, 150, 153, 162, 163, 164, 190, 192, 197, 199, 217, 219, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 252, 253, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 280, 281, 282, 284, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 302, 304, 305, 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319, 321-38, 342, 343-88, 392, 401, 411, 420, 421, 423, 424, 428 Baghdd, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26 Baianu, 154 Bahrain, 398 Balu (Tell Abyad?), 239, 395 Balh River, 127, 395, 400, 404, 405 Bala, 104 Balwt (Imgur Enlil), 127, 172, 187, 229, 293, 332 Balkans, 417 Banno, 117 Baralzi, 102 B see apazza Bardst Plain, 119 Bastre Cy River, 140 Bwin, 68, 70, 124, 355, 356 Bzu, 141, 280, 287, 366 Behistun (Bsitn), 16 Berlin, 428 Beth Guvrin, 213

Place Names
Bialasi, 126 Bijakovici, 415 Birti, 149 Bt-Adini, 11, 127, 145, 350, 395 Bt Amkni, 323, 346 Bt-Dakkri, 231, 277, 360 Bt alp, 126 Bt-amban, 377 Bt-Iakn, 140, 197, 321, 346, 351, 354, 365 Bt-Itar, 154, 162 Bt-Reduti, 129 Bt-Sangibuti, 109 Bt-aalli, 133, 346 Bt-ilni, 133 Bt Zamni, 301 Bombay, 14 Borsippa, 129, 184, 231, 244, 245, 250, 251, 255, 256, 262, 263, 264, 267, 289, 291, 293, 294, 296, 299, 302, 305, 308, 312, 316, 321, 324, 325, 327, 332, 333, 336, 343, 344, 346, 351, 363, 364, 365, 374, 376, 378, 382, 383, 387 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 414 Britain, 81, 427, 428, 430, 435 Brussels, 405 Bura, 209 Byblos, 212 Byzantium, 429 Datbir, 129 Delta, Nile, 214, 408 Dr (Tell Aqar), 129, 138, 195, 196, 241, 242, 246, 253, 256, 274-75, 278, 279, 284, 292, 294, 297, 304, 316, 321, 323, 324, 325, 329, 331, 332, 334, 344, 345, 347, 351, 354, 361, 362, 364, 376, 382 Didymae, 118 Dilbat (Tell al-Dlam), 254, 264, 282, 321, 326, 332, 335, 346, 365, 379 Dilmun, 356 Diyarbakr-ayn (Kurkh), 171, 389 Diyl River, 343, 345 Dohuk, 202 Drehem, 276 Dumt al-Jandal see Adummatu Dr-Atara, 265, 269, 352 Dr-Balihya, 133 Dr-Iakn, 136, 278, 351 Dr-Itar, 104 Dr-Katlimmu (Tell Hamad), 212, 339, 394 Dr-Kurigalzu (Aqar Qf), 253, 376 Dr-Nab, 265, 352 Dr-Papsukkal, 129 Dr-arrukn (Khorsbd), 52, 104, 114-15, 120, 163, 164, 324, 330, 399 Dr-arruku (Sippar-Arru), 130, 246, 279, 284, 285, 291, 295, 313, 332, 333, 361, 362, 363, 379 Dr-Tukult-apal-Earra, 153, 161, 345 Dru, 239, 395

C
Cairo, 444 Calah (Assyrian Kalu, modern Nimrd), 87 Canaan, 42 Cappadocia, 168 Carchemish (Jerblus), 101, 127, 151, 152, 190, 192, 193, 212, 214, 317, 393, 394, 398, 400, 418, 419, 424 Carthage, 78, 117 Central Asia, 17 Chaldea, 344, 359 Chicago, 217-19, 387 China, 93 Cilicia, 7-8, 159-60, 163 Constantinople, 438 Copenhagen, 72 Corfu, 28 Corinth, 78 Cothon, 121 Croatia, 414-16 Cutha (Tell Ibrhm), 247, 250, 253, 262, 263, 264, 268, 272, 291, 298, 302, 304, 315, 321, 326, 332, 334, 335, 343, 344, 346, 363, 364, 365, 374, 376, 377, 383 Cyprus, 204, 265, 294 Cythera, 391

E
Ebla, 167, 168, 175, 391 Edinburgh, 27 Egypt, XX, 56, 62, 63, 100, 106, 107, 142, 143, 146, 150, 155, 156, 162, 192, 197, 198, 208, 211, 214, 281, 291, 319, 360, 372, 401, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 417, 423, 428, 429 Ekallte/Ekalltum, 122, 149, 174, 212, 354-55 Elam, 100, 110, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129, 143, 146, 148, 195, 196, 228, 230, 231, 232, 246, 264, 280, 290, 311, 319, 345, 347, 352, 353, 358, 359, 368, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 421 Elbistan, 138 Ellipi, 159, 164 Eluma, 317, 419, 424 Emar, 169, 203, 392 England, 10, 12, 16, 20, 28, 434, 438, 443 Eridu, 140, 252, 265, 278, 294, 297, 351 Enunna (Tell Asmar), 180, 276, 391 Euphrates River, 2, 101. 102, 124, 127, 131, 161, 306, 356, 392, 394, 395, 400, 402, 405 Europe, 15, 48-49, 414, 427, 429, 437, 438, 440, 444

F
Fertile Crescent, 343, 399, 400 France, 12, 20, 427, 428, 430

D
Damascus, 19, 102, 112, 145, 343, 402 Dat-e Harr, 125

Place Names

G
Gamblu, 265, 352 Gannante, 129, 324 Gath (Tell e-f?), 136 Gaza (Azza), 61, 132, 133, 150, 155, 190, 192, 193, 214 Germany, 10, 44, 50, 385, 427 Ghom see Qum Gilead, 205 Gilznu, 152, 341 Girsu, 276 Gkta Ky, 403 Gold Coast (Africa), 433 Greece, 429 Gurgum, 402 Grn, 138 Gzna, 101, 186, 201, 240, 242, 303, 305, 330, 341, 400, 404, 405

urdi, 185 ursn Road, Great, 164 ursagkalamma (Tell Imgarra), 263, 326, 332, 335, 345, 353, 363, 364, 365 uzrnu/uzrna, 239, 313, 317, 328, 394, 395, 405 see Sultantepe

I
Iaballu, 133, 346 Idu, 105 Illubru, 159, 163 India, 15, 26, 35, 39, 40, 47, 81, 85, 433, 437, 439, 440, 441, 442 Iran, 100, 135, 157, 159, 162 Iraq, 339, 409 Ireland, 20, 28, 430 Iskenderun, 8 Israel, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 134, 318, 432 Isste/tu, 140-41, 145 Isna, 239, 242, 339 Itu, 212 Izduia, 129

H
Hamath (Ham), 102, 106, 107, 112-15, 203, 402 Hamburg, 430 Hasanl (Meta), 208 Hatti, 112, 339, 397 Hazor, 209, 210, 383 Herculaneum, 428 Hindustan, 433 Hong Kong, 433

J
Jawf, al see Adummatu Jazra, 98, 240, 390 Jemdet Nar, 388 Jerusalem, 31, 48, 113, 206, 210 Jerblus see Carchemish Jordan, 405 Judah, 2-6, 36, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 59, 60, 107, 206

bu, 123, 124, 126 br River, 98, 105, 153, 161, 215 alau, 105 ilakku, 8, 159, 163 alman (Hulwn?), 268, 269 alul, 92, 357 anigalbat, 339, 392, 393, 400 arr (Kr-arrukn), 152, 158, 159, 162, 164, 16566, 177, 199, 240, 277, 286 aria, 123 arrn (Altnbaak), XIX, 11, 89, 90, 92, 98, 164, 184, 190, 191, 199, 219, 232, 239, 242, 246, 247, 248, 252, 255, 257, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 27476, 288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 299, 302, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 336, 337, 342, 343, 363, 372, 388425 atarikka, 112 indnu, 124 ns, 124 irimmu, 31, 106, 107, 353 ublum, 171 ubukia, 341 umut see Kr-Aur undur, 157 unusa, 124 upapanu, 256

K
Kadesh-Barnea, 206 Kadmuu/Katmuu, 123, 151, 240, 340, 341 Kaat (Tell Barr), 238, 339 Kalu, 65, 69, 70, 87, 90, 98, 105, 152, 182, 185, 186, 188, 192, 241, 305, 326, 339, 345, 363, 410 see also Nimrd Kalzi see Kilizi Kani, 392 Kr-Adad, 104 Kr-Aur, 153, 161, 345, 381 Kr-Nergal see Kiesim Kr-Shalmaneser see Til Barsip Kr-arrukn see arr Kr-Tukult-Ninurta, 212 Kara Burun, 397 Karalla, 156, 240 Karana, 105 Kardunia, 31 Kayari, 123, 394 Kawa, 142 Kayseri, 396 Kenk Boaz, 69, 127 Kerkhah River, 143

Place Names
Khorsbd (Dr-arrukn), 16, 18, 74, 114-15, 124, 154, 171, 182, 201, 203, 211, 278, 294 Kilizi/Kalzi (Qar immk), 98, 274 Killyleagh, 430 Kinalua (Tell Taynt?), 20, 152, 192, 202 Kirkk, 261 Kirrri/abrri, 125 Kissik, 149, 150, 256, 265, 278, 294, 297, 351, 368 Kiesim/Kr-Nergal, 157, 159, 163, 164 Kzkapanl Ky, 203, 401 Knossos, 207 KTK, 202 Kk Hebde, 389 Kuliina, 105 Kullab, 294, 297, 351 Kullania, 101, 102, 112, 202, 203 Kltepe, 67, 167, 392 Kululu, 397 Kumme, 89, 262, 269, 339, 340-41 Kummu, 151, 402 Kumu, 394 Kuntillet Ajrud, 206 Kurbail, 103, 140, 141, 274-75, 277, 341 KUR-DAR.LUGAL.ME.MUEN, 154 Kurdistan, 119, 208 Kurd, 105, 174 Kurkh, 69, 262 Kush, 409 Kuyunjik (modern area on the tell of Nineveh), 321, 363, 420, 432 Mari, 67, 115, 130, 140, 168, 169, 174, 180, 185, 238, 306, 318, 323, 338, 340, 391 Mzamua, 301 Media, 67, 132, 154, 157, 158, 162, 163, 176, 263, 277 Mediterranean Sea, 33, 152 Medjugorje, 414-16 Megiddo, 102, 209, 210, 214, 383 Mehr Kaps, 172 Memphis, 89, 185, 275 Merkes (modern area on the tell of Babylon), 110, 291 Mesopotamia, XIX, 9, 12, 17, 34, 35, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 73, 101, 103, 115, 179, 186, 189, 191, 193, 198, 200, 208, 211, 259, 273, 296, 301, 319, 339, 343, 349, 380, 393, 398, 400, 403, 404, 405, 423, 428 M-Turran/M-Turnat (Tell Haddd and Tull al Sb), 128, 253, 376 Meta, 208 Middle East, 35, 40, 223, 427, 428, 432, 442, 444 Mila Mergi, 153 Milqia, 275 Mnat al-Qala see Ashdod-yam Mitanni, 339, 392 Moscow, 236 Mostar, 415 Mosul, 142 Muair (Mujaisir), 55, 86, 98, 116, 117, 119-20, 126, 135, 164, 172, 185, 278, 286, 341, 424 Muru, 124 Murd-uyu, 155 Muratta, 123 Mushku, 112

L
Labbanat, 237 Labuan, 433 Lachish, 209 Laga, 118, 179, 180, 185 Laru, 129, 266, 269, 332, 346, 382 Laq, 126, 127 Larnaka, 69 Larsa (Tell es-Sinkara), 140, 168, 180, 265, 278, 281, 291, 294, 297, 351, 354, 368, 392 Laruba, 152 Levant, 400, 409 Lice, 64 London, 16, 429 Lower Sea, 384 Lower Zb, 98, 123, 261 Luath, 115 Lull, 168 Luristan, 162

N
Nahr el-Kelb, 62, 63, 69, 142 Nairi, 126, 128, 155, 162, 175, 188 see also Uraru Nairi Sea, 161 Najfehbd, 157-58, 166 Namri, 11, 128, 145, 150, 196, 284, 345 Nabna (Nuaibn), 101, 126, 238, 400 Nampigi/Nappigi, 101 Natal, 433 Near East, 16, 49, 146, 151, 175, 441, 442 Nebo, Mount, 405 Negev, 102, 206, 209 Neirab, 309, 405, 419, 424 Nmed-Itar (Tell Afar), 98 Nmed-Laguda, 140, 265, 278, 294, 297, 351, 352 New Zealand, 433 Niria, 168 Nimrd, 10, 11, 16, 18, 74, 87, 88, 90, 98, 132, 147, 171, 183, 186, 189, 246, 278, 294, 305, 307, 346, 399, 409 see also Kalu Nineveh, 10, 17, 18, 32, 65, 70, 75, 84, 89, 98, 99, 102, 103, 142, 145, 147, 157, 182, 183, 186, 192, 203, 228, 241, 274, 287, 294, 310, 328, 335, 336, 337, 344, 355, 358, 359, 363, 372, 373, 374, 375,

M
Madaktu, 185 Mannea, 336 Maltai, 170 Manute, 112 Marad, 282 Mara, 203

Place Names
387, 399, 401, 409, 410, 411, 412, 417, 424, 427, 429, 432 see also Kuyunjik Nippur (Nuffar), 66, 88, 89, 104, 115, 146, 173, 176, 180, 219, 232, 238, 241, 244, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 276, 294, 296, 298, 300, 308, 310, 311, 322-23, 328, 332, 334, 335, 336, 346, 347, 351, 353, 354, 360, 362, 365, 367, 368, 371, 374, 375, 376, 379, 382, 384 Normandy, 83 North Syria, XIX, 70-71, 127, 150, 152, 202, 203, 262, 391, 397, 405, 416, 423 Nubia, 100, 142, 408 Nuzi, 393

R
Rmat Rhl, 209 Raappa, 131, 310 Ri, 143 Riar, 109 Ribani, 131 Rimuu, 105 Rome, 48, 72, 78, 182, 221, 356, 429 Ruqau, 212 Russia, 26

S
Sagub/Sagug, 118-19 Sallu, 402 Samal, 69, 102, 226, 398, 400. 404, 422 see Zinjirli Samaria, 134, 159, 209, 318 Smerna, 112, 253, 318 Samsat, 399 Saradau (Surda), 123 Sarau, 123 Sar-e Pol-e Zahb, 268 Sarrabnu, 133, 346 Sealands, 61, 136, 149, 231, 321, 359, 366 Sefire, 202 Serbia, 414 Shechem, 208 see also Tell Bala Shephelah, 208, 213 Sidon, 90, 204, 306-7, 360 Siimm, 242 Sikan see Tell Faarya Sikri, 165 Silazi, 154 Sindh, 433 Sinjr, 98 Sippar (Tell Ab-Habba), 111, 231, 250, 251, 268, 280, 282, 283, 294, 295, 296, 298, 300, 324, 326, 331, 334, 346, 352, 353, 359, 363, 364, 365, 374, 376, 377, 378, 383 Sippar-Anuntum, 110 Sippar-Arru see Dr-arukku Southern Levant, 71 Soviet Union, 49, 236 Spain, 429, 437 Sudan, 142 Sugu, 123 Su, 31, 114, 124, 130, 290 Sultahan, 397 Sultantepe, 65, 114, 214, 313, 398 see also uzrnu/uzrna Smant (Somnth), 26 Sumer, 230, 263, 265, 269, 363, 390 Surmanci, 415 Sru, 126 Susa, 110, 116, 117, 148, 185, 199, 290, 295, 354 Syria, XIX, 112, 114, 115, 152, 197, 203, 319, 339, 348, 398, 403 Syria-Palestine, 2, 204, 401, 420, 423 Syrian desert, 140

O
Occident, 14 Orient, 13-14, 438, 440, 442 Orontes River, 101, 203 Oxfordshire, 14

P
Paar, 404 Pathros, 408 Palestine, 46, 59, 120, 137, 150, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 404, 405 Parsua, 164 Pattina/Unqi, 151, 152, 202, 203 Pazarck, 69, 401 Persepolis, 429 Persia, 15, 48, 439 Persian Gulf, 323, 347 Philistia, 133, 136, 137, 155, 156, 162, 163, 198, 201, 216 Phoenicia, 137, 150, 151, 152, 197, 204, 215, 307, 330 Podbrdo, Mount, 415 Pompeii, 428 Punjab, 433 Pylos, 207 Pytho, 208

Q
Qalat a-arq see Assur Qalat Mortka, 140 Qandahr, 15 Qar immk see Kilizi/Kalzi Qaruz, 402 Qar S River, 164 Qedar, 142, 143, 145, 282-83 Qerebti-lni, 129 Qpni (Tektek Dalari?), 239, 395 Que, 8, 307, 308, 411 Qum, 15 Qumnu, 125, 126 Quaima, al-, 209

Place Names

arafand, 203-5 ibur, 154 imirra, 112 ubtum, 169

a-br-u (Basorin), 105, 240 adikanni (Tell Aa), 215 auppa, 240, 339 apazza/B, 11, 132, 247, 254, 345, 363, 364, 376 arragtu, 173, 256 t-iddina, 149, 150, 256, 368 a-uur-Adad, 116 aznaku, 111, 238, 379 ibanibe (Tell Bill), 98 ubaru, 33 ubat-ama, 392 ubria, 155, 162, 312 uarr (Tell emra), 262

Tell Hamad see Dr-Katlimmu Tell Taynt, 101, 113, 152, 202-3, 204, 210 see also Kullania Terqa (Tell al-Ara), 169, 238, 338 Thebes, 118 Tigris River, 16, 19, 119, 123, 161, 188, 239, 240, 268, 346, 351 Tikrakki, 154 Til-Auri, 263, 342 Til Barsip (Luwian Masuwari, modern Tell Ahmr), 69, 112, 127, 183, 209, 214, 239, 258, 395, 396, 400, 403 Til-Garimmu, 112, 138 Till, 242 Topada, 396 Transjordan, 134, 203, 307, 420 Tub, 168 Tull al Sb see M-Turran/M-Turnat Tull al-Wark see Uruk Tr Abdn, 394 Turkey, 402, 403, 433, 438, 439, 444 Tuttul, 235, 279, 392 Tyre, 90, 306-7, 342

T
Tabal, 138, 396, 397, 400, 422 Tabti, 239, 395 Talmus, 103, 105 Tang-e Var, 294 Tanis, 214, 215 Tarbau, 133, 346 Tarbu, 98, 291 Tarshish/Tarsus, 6-7, 160 Tavla Ky, 402 Tel Miqne-Ekron, 71, 203-11, 214 Tell Ab Salma/Tell ez-Zuweyid, 201, 210 Tell Ahmr see Til Barsip Tell al-Furayy, 204, 394 Tell al-Haw, 239, 240, 255, 339, 341 Tell Ard, 203, 206 Tell ar-Rimh (Zamu), 70, 98, 201, 323 Tell ar-Rs see Ashdod Tell Asmar see Enunna Tell Aqelon see Ashkelon Tell Barr see Kaat Tell Dr All, 203-5 Tell e-era, 404 Tell el-Ajjl, 201 Tell el-Orme, 210 Tell Faarya (Sikan), 209 Tell Haddd see M-Turran/M-Turnat Tell Half, 70, 114, 201, 404 see Gzna Tell Hammm at-Turkumn, 389 Tell uwra, 203 Tell Ibrhm see Cutha Tell Imgarra see ursagkalamma Tell Jemmeh, 102, 210, 409 Tell Munbqa, 204 Tell Neb Ynus, 142, 185 Tell Raidiyye, 144 urup, 86

U
Ubaid, 388 Udada, 131 Ugarit, 167, 212, 340, 393 Ulluba, 153, 154, 161, 340 United States, 15, 83, 102, 416 Unqi see Pattina Upper Sea, 384 Upper Zb, 125 Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar), 1, 119, 180, 251, 252, 256, 265, 276, 278, 294, 297, 316, 321, 335, 347, 351, 359, 364, 368, 374, 377, 378, 382, 386, 388, 390 Ura, 169 Uraru, 86, 117, 122, 135, 163, 195, 197, 278, 286, 293, 340, 380 Urfa, 403 Urmia, Lake, 109, 152, 208 Uruk (Tull al-Wark), 87, 88, 140, 146, 148, 149, 150, 169, 176, 196, 232, 241, 243, 244, 250, 255, 256, 257, 258, 264, 265, 266, 271, 272, 276, 278, 281, 283, 284, 290, 294, 297, 301, 308, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 345, 346, 347, 351, 352, 353, 354, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 365, 367, 368, 374, 376, 377, 378, 384, 386, 388, 409 Upina, 128 U, 144 see also Tyre

V
Van, Lake, 152, 188

Place Names
Veleia, 428

W
Wd el-Ar, 201 Wd Sirhn, 141 Waukanni, 393 West Indies, 14 Western Asia, XX, 4, 41, 49, 120, 147, 162, 167, 175, 186, 197, 210, 297, 343, 399, 422, 424, 431 Wiltshire, 27

Y
Yadi, 280, 289, 366 Yugoslavia, 414-16

Z
Zagros, 98, 128, 140, 154, 157, 162, 164, 347 Z, 262 Zalmaqqum, 391 Zamu, 125 Zaraqotaq, 403 Zarbr, Lake, 157 Zerqa, 205 Zinjirli, 53, 62, 63-64, 106, 209, 212-13, 214, 404 see also Samal Zitomislici, 415

AIK! General Index

A
abarakku/rab masenni, 103, 126, 341 accession year see regnal year Achaemenids, 198, 200, 320, 350 Adapa, 85 ad, 56, 66, 67, 166, 173-77 aktu-festivals, 71, 186, 270-75, 283, 312, 412 difference between Assyrian and Babylonian, 27375 Akkadian, XVI, 10, 28-29, 37, 54, 114, 195, 212, 241, 287, 424, 432 altars see cult objects amulets, 212-15 andurru, 296, 301, 360 Anglo-Afghan War of 1839-1842, 15 aplu rt, 370, 383 apostasy, 99 aps, 85 Arabs, 15, 26, 39, 87, 121, 134, 140-43, 145, 150, 156, 162, 194, 195, 197, 230, 279-80, 282, 286-87, 288, 292, 310, 319, 343, 352, 358, 366, 374, 406-7, 442-44 Aramaeans, XX, 2, 3, 43, 61, 107, 126-27, 131, 153, 212-13, 230-31, 265, 277, 308, 310, 318-19, 323, 346, 347-49, 351-53, 357, 365-67, 374, 389, 391, 394, 396, 398-401, 404-7, 416, 424 archaeology, 429 Babylonian, 87-88 biblical, 87 of Hamath, 112-15 of arrn, 389-90 Mesopotamian, 9-10, 87, 257-59, 427, 428 of Babylon, 110 of empire and religion, 68-71, 200-16 architecture Assyrian, 382-83 Babylonian, 245 Bronze Age, 203-4 Egyptian religious, 210-11 Greek, 203 monumental, 217, 233, 242, 259 Neo-Assyrian religious, 200-16 political aspects, 211-16 Syro-Palestinian, 112-13, 202-11 Urarian, 208 archives, XVII, XX, 17, 50, 80-98, 114-15, 165, 170, 200, 218, 225, 330, 335, 405 armies, 1, 6, 15, 39, 41, 54, 69, 72, 81, 93, 112, 117, 119, 120-21, 127, 172, 175, 191, 226, 229, 337-38, 348, 359, 374, 401, 418, 424, 434-35, 439 British, 434-35 Assyrian antiquities, 427, 429 Assyrian provincial system, 100-108, 207, 419-23 AssyrianDictionary Font, XXII Assyrians, XVI, XVIII, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 36, 38, 43, 45, 52, 59-60, 62, 81, 82, 92, 93, 99, 107, 112, 141, 145, 149, 163, 194, 197, 198, 211, 215, 234, 252,

256, 307, 317, 348, 349, 350, 361, 364, 366, 372, 417, 420, 421, 424 Assyriology, XVI, XVIII, 12, 14, 20, 27, 29, 37, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 145, 170, 178, 223, 427-44 methodology, 62 Aur temple at Assur see temple: of Aur astrologers, 1, 85, 108, 170, 223, 332 astrological reports, 83, 94, 176, 195, 271, 328, 409 astrology, 1, 83 asylum, 234, 299 Athenaeum (periodical), 82 audience, 7, 18, 74-76, 86, 93, 189, 194, 224, 322, 327, 334, 335, 356, 360, 383 Ay-ibr-ab (Marduk's processional road in Babylon), 242, 245, 357

B
Babel und Bibel controversy, 47 Babylonian Chronicle, 111, 114, 131, 138, 139, 141, 143, 270, 278, 279, 280, 282, 353, 357, 361, 371, 379, 412 Bakhtiyr, 101 Balwt gates, 127, 172, 187, 293, 332 Basseri, 101 Bedouins, 36, 101, 443 beer, 104, 107 bl piqitti, 246, 324, 325, 327, 328-29 Bible, 2, 9, 10, 17, 18, 34. 35, 41, 44, 63, 107, 175, 178, 418-19, 430-32 biblical Assyria, 431 biblical studies and Assyriology, 430-31 bt ilni, 203-12 bt mumme, 281, 284, 288, 367 Black Obelisk, 11, 18, 19, 127, 145, 152, 202, 430 blasphemy, 99 booty, 53, 61, 62, 92, 102, 116, 139, 140, 197, 227, 232, 246, 274, 275, 290, 312, 349, 359, 362-63, 367, 400, 413, 420, 437 bricks, inscribed, 88, 248, 249, 251, 344, 368 British Foreign Office, 13, 81 British Museum, XXIV, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20. 28, 29, 81-82, 427, 428, 431 British School of Assyriology, first, XVI, 427-32 British society, 431-44 bulls, winged human-headed, 183, 215 bureaucracy, 39, 63, 217-38, 322, 350

C
cadastral surveys, 82, 406 Catholics, 414-19, 430 cattle, 102-5, 236 censorship, 93, 94, 147, 322, 424 ceremony, 99, 169, 173, 256, 305, 312, 315, 335, 408, 423 Chaldeans, 1, 133, 195, 230, 231, 237, 262, 265, 293, 302, 308, 321-24, 329, 343-54, 359-60, 365, 366, 374, 375, 382, 411-12

AIK! General Index

Chicago, 217-18 Chicago Department of Fleet Management, 217-18 Christianity, 34, 35, 434-37, 442-44 chronology, 10, 17, 133, 201, 205, 206, 360-63 church, 23, 38, 414-16, 429-30, 434, 440 Church of England, 19, 24, 31, 34, 41, 430, 434 church-state relations, 24, 415-16 Cimmerians, 138, 164 civic exemptions see exemptions, civic civic space, 233 civil war, 108, 144, 149, 227, 231, 237-38, 343, 375, 376, 378, 383 civilization, oriental, static, 40 clergy appointment of, 89, 228, 311, 313, 315, 316, 335, 336, 386, 387, 388 Assyrian, 25, 90 Babylonian, 89, 334-35 chariot-standards, 56, 332 divination experts, 85 diviners, 53, 85 Egyptian, 89 dream-interpreters Egyptian, 89 Elamite, 90 rib-bti, 108, 171, 191, 264, 295, 304, 324, 327, 328, 332, 334, 352 galamu, 90, 272, 328, 409 haruspex, 85, 311, 336, 411, 423 Israelite, 318 kal, 328 kinitu, 295 pluralism, 386 qpu, 60, 162, 307, 326, 341 qpu, XIX, 308, 324, 325, 326-27, 329, 331, 334, 335, 336, 345, 352 ang, XV, 327, 328, 329, 332, 335, 410 atammu, XIX, 79, 226, 243, 266, 267, 289, 298, 321, 323-25, 327, 328, 329, 333, 336, 352, 360, 371, 386, 421 atammtu, 321, 324 egallu, 300 upar bt ili, 328 urigallu, 316, 327, 412 client rulers, XX, 99, 107, 108, 134, 144, 150, 155, 192, 198, 223, 226, 229, 232, 236 client states, XVI, XIX, 6,167, 99, 100, 106, 107, 126, 152, 163-64, 198, 211, 221, 224, 225, 348 clientelism, XVIII, 219-38 colonial warfare, 435 colonialism, British, 26, 28, 430, 432-33 conspiracy, 311, 336, 337, 411, 412, 423 contumacy, 24 corve, 61, 62, 106, 200, 232, 296-97, 358 court scholars, 223 courtiers, 86, 94 Croats, 414-16 crown prince, Assyrian, 61, 85, 99, 103, 245, 289, 353, 360, 372, 374 Crystal Palace in Sydenham, 429 cult centralization, Yahwistic, 4, 5 cult objects, XVIII, 186, 206, 212, 314, 329, 408 altars, 3, 19, 20, 36, 44, 56, 57, 107, 117, 179, 188, 201, 206, 208, 250 bearing Assyrian royal inscriptions, 288-92 dedication of, 288, 310, 314, 315, 316 refurbishment, 288-92, 314, 316 Sidonian, 306-7 socles, 251-52, 289, 400, 402, 403, 404, 414 cult of Aur at Assur see temple: of Aur cults Assyrian, 36, 54, 56, 59, 62, 74, 98, 100, 105, 106, 156, 191, 252, 330, 332, 382, 404 Assyrian provincial, 7, 99, 163-64 Assyrian, in Babylonia, 66 Babylonian, sponsorship by Assyria, 76 calendrical manipulation of, 303-5 dedication of booty, 363 arrnean, 390-91 illicit alteration, 306-7, 335-36 impositions, 47, 53, 56, 60 news of, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315 non-Assyrian, definition of, 98-99 non-Assyrian, participation by Assyrian kings in, 267 Roman imperial, 179 suppression, 147 tutelary, national, 87 Urarian, 86-87, 172 cultural diffusion, 51 Curse of Kehama, 28, 443 Cyrus Cylinder, 387

D
dates, 107, 267, 324 decipherment, Akkadian, 16, 429 deism, 47 deportations see mass deportations despotic state, 388 despotism, 36, 39, 97, 219, 437-43 diplomacy, XV, XIII, 16, 80, 177, 292, 373, 428 divination, 83, 84, 89, 284, 411 divine abandonment, 54-55, 62, 146-50, 284, 369-70 divinity, concept of, 189-90 Double Crown of Egypt, 408-9

E
East India Company, 13, 14, 16, 440 Ecological Software, XXII economic aid for Elam, 232 economics, 58, 61, 73, 80, 82, 94, 100-4, 181, 192-93, 207, 220-22, 224, 229, 232, 259-60, 295-302, 322, 343, 347, 358, 366, 380, 400-1, 416, 432 Egyptians, 62, 63 Elamites, 116, 231, 290, 353, 359 electrum, 232, 291, 413 elites, XVI, XVII, 64, 89, 117, 166, 190, 220, 227, 234, 269, 301, 338, 370, 404 emesals, 115, 385

AIK! General Index

empire Arab, 39 British, 39, 80, 81, 432 French Second, 432 Islamic, 390, 425 Neo-Assyrian, XV, XX, 4, 12, 34, 40, 55, 58, 60, 72, 80, 82, 90, 94, 103, 111, 215, 223, 227, 242, 283, 345, 372, 373, 430 Neo-Babylonian, 16, 425 Ottoman, XVI, XVII, 27, 38, 39, 40, 97, 432, 433, 438-44 Roman, 39, 97-98, 179, 181, 182, 443 Solomonic, 39 enemy portrayal, 73 in cuneiform literature, 93 ensis, 104 Enma eli, 1, 65, 76, 85, 93, 114, 140, 357, 370, 383 eponym chronicle, 270, 278, 344, 345 eponym lists, 128 qu, 306-7 Erra Epic, 299-300 espionage, 82, 165, 200, 326, 331, 428, 441 ethnicity, 3, 429 euergetism, Assyrian and Roman, 234, 248 evangelicalism, 434 excavations, 16, 87, 91, 96, 112-14, 142, 200-16, 240, 245, 252, 389, 390, 427, 428, 429 exemptions, civic, XVIII, 224, 226, 230, 232-33, 293302, 322, 325, 350-51, 360, 379, 388, 406, 421, 423 kidinnu and kidinntu, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 334, 343, 346, 350, 367, 385, 387, 406 ubarr, 343, 379 zaktu, 294, 296, 297, 298, 302, 406 exorcism, 113, 204 ex-votos, 308 Arab, 279, 280 Aramaeo-Assyrian, 44 Assyrian, XV, 17, 26, 30, 33, 37, 39, 41, 44, 51, 53, 58, 62, 65, 66, 158, 163, 171, 173, 176, 183, 189, 212-15, 274, 384 Assyro-Babylonian, 5 dead, 146-47 Elamite, 118, 148 Eluma, 317 Greek, 207-8 arrnean, 92, 184, 191, 239, 242, 246, 247, 252, 256, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 296, 297, 309, 311, 313, 315, 316, 331, 336-37, 342, 393-413, 416-25 Hurrian, XIX, 339-41 Judahite, 4, 6, 8, 41, 45, 48, 206, 318 Mannaean, 61 Neo-Hittite, 395-97 patron, 82, 87, 115, 129, 136, 143, 260, 274, 316, 358, 363, 384, 390, 413 Philistine, 207-8 Phoenician, 342 political subordination of, 342 Samarian, 134 storm, XIX, 115, 132, 171, 238-39, 269, 303, 33942, 396 Sumerian, 119 symbols, 169-71 Teimanite, 186 Tyrian, 342 Urarian, 135, 340 West Semitic, 115, 131, 205 Gtteraddressbuch, 170, 185, 269, 341 governors, 321-23 Assyrian, 106, 108, 165, 196, 199, 229, 266, 330 Babylonian, 229, 321-23, 330, 335 bl pete, 100, 153, 240, 321, 329, 333, 386 provincial governors, 100-9, 165, 177, 215, 219, 227, 236-40, 266 kin mti, XIX, 103, 321, 329, 395 kin mi, XIX, 321, 386 kin-mtu, 321 aknu, XIX, 321, 329, 386 andabakku, 241, 310-11, 321-23, 328, 335, 367 Greek historians Assyrians in, 1, 118 Greek novels Assyrians in, 7 Greek sources Assyrians in, 8, 191, 431-32 Greeks, 7, 8, 28, 179-80, 198 Guramissu, 252

F
fanaticism, XVI, 26, 41, 48, 50, 436, 444 feather of Maat, 409 feudalism, 99, 178 foundation ceremonies, 248, 270 Franciscans, 415-16 French Second Empire, 432 Frstenspiegel, Babylonian, 233, 295, 298-301, 325,

G
Gamblu, 265, 352 Gilgamesh Epic, 46 glyptic, 60, 66, 91, 168, 181, 212, 258, 348, 398-99, 405, 419-20, 424 cylinder seals, 25, 206, 332, 397, 405, 409 stamp seals, 214, 404, 405 goats, 102 godnapping, 144 gods and goddesses

H
Hebrew Scriptures, 2-6, 9, 16, 19, 34-35, 39, 41, 4445, 57, 430, 432 Assyrians in, 1, 2, 6, 8-9, 17, 192, 318, 354 Babylonians in, 118 hegemony, Assyrian, 30, 71, 83, 108, 166, 225, 230, 380, 381, 386-400

AIK! General Index

heresies and heresy, XVI, 19, 23-25, 32, 33 hermeneutics, XVI, 14, 62, 93, 95 higher criticism, 41 historiography, XVI, XX, 191, 320-21, 354-56, 368, 375-76 Assyrian, 90-93, 160, 286 deconstructionist, 96 methodology, 63 modern German, 50-51 history constructionism, 96 postmodernist, 96 reconstructionism, 95-96 Hittites, 167, 392-93 honey, 105 horned polos, 183 horses, 315, 319, 378, 401 hymn and prayers, XV, 189, 227, 245, 257, 363, 385, 390, 410 Neo-Assyrian, 182, 184 of Kirrri/abrri, 125 of Marduk-mudammiq, Kassite king of Namri, 128 of Muratta and Saradau, 123 of Muru (not Egypt), 124 of Nabna, 126 of Qumnu, 125 of Sarau and Ammau, 123 of Sugu, 123 of Su, 124, 130 of arina/irina of Upina, 128 of the Lullume, 125 of Til-Garimmu, 138 Philistine, 61, 133, 136, 137 Phoenician, 144, 306-7 propagandistic inscriptions on, 286-87 punishment, 148 reconstructed, 196 refurbishment, XVIII, 277-88 repatriation, 55, 277-88 restoration, XVIII, 131, 197, 277-88, 367, 371 royal, 191, 193 mutilation of, 73, 194 Southern Levant, 137 Sumerian, 146 transportation and storage, 145 Urarian, 135 value of, 120-21 imperialism Assyrian religious, XVI, XVII, XIX-XX, XXI, 2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 58, 64, 68, 77, 81, 97, 99, 100, 178, 193-95, 330-31, 380-88, 413, 422-24 Babylonian, 371-72 British, 12, 15, 32, 428 European, 428 religious, defined, 99 Roman religious, 178, 221 incantations, 34, 114 Indo-Europeans, 172-73 information and information-gathering, XVII, 89-90, 94 inscriptions Aramaic, 113, 205, 213, 398-99 Assyrian royal, XVI, XVII, XIX, XX, 11, 19, 25, 28, 41, 74, 91, 93-95, 96, 106, 111, 119, 120, 121, 122, 144, 145, 161, 193, 200, 205, 226, 274, 283, 286, 298, 322, 326, 354-56, 396, 402, 406-14, 431 chronology, 360-63 exaggeration of numbers, 92 dedicatory, 201, 276, 288-92, 306, 391 foundation, XVIII, 75, 87, 235, 241, 244, 254, 255, 294, 301, 329, 368, 371, 397, 401, 424 Hittite, 392-93 Neo-Elamite, 417-18 Neo-Luwian, XX, 114-15, 343, 395-97, 405, 416, 424 West Semitic, 207, 211 intelligence, 82 intercalation, 234, 256, 303-5, 334, 365 investiture, XV, 234, 236, 371, 423

almaneans, 267-28, 377 azannu, 159, 329 indru, 61, 265, 352

I
iconography, 5, 38, 63-64, 66, 73, 74, 170-72, 183, 184-86, 212, 213, 214, 258, 356, 357, 382, 408 Assyrian, 11 lunar crescent, XX, 398-99, 404-5 Neo-Assyrian palaces, 74-75 of Aur, 67 royal self-representation, 72 theriomorphic, 183 ideology, XV, 38, 40, 51, 68, 72-76, 79, 99, 108, 148, 177, 181, 194, 195, 222, 224, 226, 236, 275, 292, 297, 356, 371-72, 387, 417, 422-24 idolatry, 1, 9, 32, 194 idols and images, XVI, 236 Arab, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143 Aramaean, 348-49 Chaldean, 133, 348-49 deportation, 73, 122, 145-46 destruction, XVII, 55, 118-22, 354-56 Egyptian, 197 Egyptian/Napatan, 62, 143 Elamite, 143 introduction of royal, XVII, 198 Israelite, 134 Median, 132 non-Assyrian, 57 of Ai-yababa, usurper of Sru, 126 of Auni, king of Bt-Adini, 127 of Azi-ilu of Laq, 127 of Bialasi (land of Nairi), 126 of Ianz, Kassite king of Namri, 128 of Katmuu, 123

AIK! General Index

Iqqur pu, 114, 246 Islam, 13, 24, 28, 34, 40, 389, 435-44 Israelites, ancient, 46

M
machine politics, 222, 387 Manneans, 165 Marian oracles in Medjugorje, 414-16 Masoretic Text, 5 mass deportation, 60, 109, 110, 118, 133, 134, 136, 138, 143, 145-46, 148, 225, 344 Medes, 160, 165, 197, 240, 331, 418 melammu, 181 menologies, 114, 247, 284 Mesopotamian civilization, ideology of, 259-61, 39091 Middle East studies, 223 missionary work, Christian, 430, 434, 442 m p ceremony, 189, 236, 284 monotheism, 35, 43, 47, 51, 434 MUL.APIN, 85 Muslims, 28, 440, 442, 444 muuu-dragon, 184 mutilations, 194 mythology, comparative, 46-47

J
Jmi al-Firdaws (Great Mosque of arrn), 389 Jews, 437 Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Origins, 29 justice, 230, 234, 245, 273, 297, 298, 301, 327, 388

K
Kassites, 128, 186, 244, 253, 263, 343, 345 kernoi, 206 kidinnu and kidinntu see exemptions, civic kings, audiences with, 322, 324, 325, 329, 335 kingship, XIX, 9, 73, 77, 91, 170, 178-93, 220, 224, 230, 234, 237, 260, 273-75 Assyrian, 41, 181-82, 273-75, 411, 421 Babylonian, 230, 234, 260, 297-302, 350, 370-72, 382-88 deified, 57, 178, 181 divine, XV, 48, 178-87 Egyptian, 408-9 Mitannian, XIX mythology, 371-72 patrimonial, 219-38 Sumerian, 390 temporal, XV knowledge, 81 state-controlled, 80, 85 kudurrus, 25, 231, 382 Kulumanu, 166 kuzippu-garment, 271, 273

N
ngir ekalli, 86, 103, 135 namburbi, 114 narrative truncation, 92 narratives organizd by chronology or geography, 92 nationalism, 50, 414-16 and archaeology, 427-29 New Years festival, 140, 229, 236, 273-75, 346, 351, 409-10 Babylonian, 233, 260-61, 265, 269, 270, 273-75, 283, 300, 308, 346, 350, 351 Neoplatonism, 46-47 Ninopedia, 8 Normandy Invasion, 83

L
Lalla Rookh, 28, 440, 443 Lamatu incantation series, 213 lamassus, 182, 215 land Babylonian, restoration of, 231 grants, 82, 313, 317, 318 of Aur, XV, 68, 100 Langraum reception suite, 207 legitimacy, XIX, 220, 230, 233, 238, 302, 338, 385, 428, 431 levy, 61, 297, 302, 406 lions, 183 liturgy, 115, 300, 335, 385 Louvre, 188, 427 loyalty, 67, 150, 166, 174, 176, 177, 198, 200, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, 292, 302, 318, 322, 324, 33637, 359, 366, 386, 387 benefits of Assyrian, 226-27 loyalty oaths, 67, 166, 173, 174, 175, 176, 199, 200, 256, 331 lunar crescent standards, 398, 402, 403, 409, 420

O
oaths, 48, 67, 74, 166, 168, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 186, 190, 199, 261, 331, 410 oblates, 308, 310, 318, 352, 357 offerings, XVIII, 21, 51, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 66, 101, 106, 107, 117, 150, 164, 172, 179, 185, 192, 195, 202, 206, 213, 236, 238, 249, 253, 261-69, 277, 278, 292, 300, 303, 310, 313, 327, 330, 351, 377, 381 dari, 101, 104 first-fruits (rtu/SAG.ME), 101, 106 ginu, 105 gin, 56, 101-3, 106, 107, 108, 177, 266, 267, 313, 330 guqqnu, 266 sattukku, 101, 106, 107, 265, 266, 268, 376 to Aur, 63, 329, 330 votive, 150, 310, 319 officeholders competition among, 223, 226, 387

AIK! General Index

hereditary, 386 Old Testament see Hebrew Scriptures omina, 83, 85, 408 oracles, XX, 82, 165, 190, 237, 311, 317, 318, 410-17 Orientalism, XVI, 219 in literature, 440-41 in the arts, 442, 444 Orientalists, 13, 14, 24, 35, 431, 433, 436, 440, 442, 444 Orthodox Christian Serbs, 414-16 orthostats, 202, 215 ostraca, Hebrew, 206 oxen, 106, 187, 235, 268, 313, 377 politics, 15, 25, 26, 30, 64, 78-79, 217, 218, 284, 286, 359, 391-95, 414-16, 428, 433 Assyro-Babylonian, 343-88 Poor Man of Nippur, 300 Postmodernism, 63 prestige, 15, 54, 81, 191, 223, 224, 233, 246, 272, 284, 338, 412, 438 prisoners-of-war, 308, 400 Elamite, 101 progress, 40, 52, 428 propaganda, 54, 62, 63, 72, 74, 77, 82, 93, 269, 284, 287, 301, 358, 368-69, 378, 421, 434 prophecies, XX, 83, 181, 195, 200, 281, 337, 411, 414-17 prophetic office, 411 Protestants, 416, 436 provincial governors see governors: provincial provincial states, 56, 57, 61, 394 Ptolemies, 146, 197, 234 public opinion, 434 public transcript, 227, 230, 235, 237, 424 Puqdu, 149, 265, 308, 346, 352, 357 see also Aramaeans Puritan Revolution, 194

P
palaces Assyrian, 87, 200-1, 209-10 Nimrd, 87, 171 "Palace Without Rival", 84 Philistine, 155, 190, 192 Pan-Babylonians, 46-50, 419 Panopticon, 235 pantheon Assyrian, 52, 54, 65, 176, 182-83, 199, 370 Assyro-Babylonian, 175 Babylonian, 42, 62, 66, 122, 230, 264, 349, 384 arrnean, 408, 410, 411 Parliament, 15, 16, 24, 432 patriarchs, biblical, 418-19 patrimonialism, 219-20 patronage-clientelism, 219 patron deity see gods and goddesses: patron patron-client relationship, 221, 222 patronage, XVIII, XX, XXI, 99, 135, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 255, 269, 272, 275, 277, 301. 302, 308, 318, 321, 326, 334, 338, 340, 341, 342, 358, 363-65, 378, 381, 385, 386, 387, 420, 421, 422, 424 patrons, 167, 218, 220, 221, 232, 233 Roman, 220 Pazuzu, 213, 214 Persians, 197 philanthropa, 234 pt p ceremony, 169 plagiarism, 88 planets, 44, 45 policy, XV, XVI, XIX, XX Assyrian administrative, 60, 100 Assyrian military, 60 Assyrian religious, 49, 63, 191, 197, 199. 286, 358 Babylonian, 75, 348-50, 368 client states and provinces, distinctions between, 106-8, 198 religious foreign, 58, 59, 339-43 political culture, 72, 334-35 political mythology, 284-85, 356, 370-72 political philosophy, 439 political science, 50, 58, 64, 219, 220, 388, 438 political theology, 65, 99, 179, 356-57, 383-85

Q
Qqi, 101 Qurn, 35, 439-40

R
Rabbinic sources, Assyrians in, 8-9 rab q, 3, 103, 139, 145 racism, modern, 39, 433, 441 rebellion, 75, 98, 108, 143, 150, 159, 176, 192, 195, 225, 228, 229, 230, 234, 268, 269, 286, 316, 335, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 387, 395 regnal year, 92, 106, 128, 232, 248, 277, 311, 360, 361, 362, 371, 412-13 reliefs, 10, 11, 17, 18, 39, 55, 56, 57, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 80, 91, 93, 99, 119, 121, 132, 137, 144, 145, 172, 173, 189, 193, 200, 229, 301, 332, 399, 422, 427, 429, 432 rhetoric in Assyrian royal inscriptions, 93, 121, 264 Richard M. Daley, Mayor stencil, 218 rtu (offering/food remnants), 263, 264, 277 rites, 9, 31, 33, 48, 122, 164, 172, 182, 256, 266, 275, 284, 303, 305, 313, 330, 335, 340, 408 ritual, XV, XVIII, XXI5, 53, 57, 71, 72, 73, 78, 86, 89, 113, 114, 147, 164, 169, 186, 187, 189, 227, 229, 233, 236, 250, 259, 260, 270, 273, 275, 284, 300, 304, 324, 327, 331, 332, 333, 342, 360, 393, 409 Roman Catholicism, 434 Roman law, 220 Romanticism, 440-44 Romans, 8, 39, 117, 121, 198, 221, 222 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, 17, 20, 29, 431 Royal Geographical Society, 17, 19, 81

AIK! General Index

Royal Society of Edinburgh, 27

dus, 182 irktu, 308, 310 ubarr see exemptions, civic urinnu, 168-71, 295, 309, 407 t-ri-official, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 298

S
sacrifices, 19, 55, 57, 79, 103, 168, 172, 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 198, 261-69, 281, 305, 315, 339, 340, 343, 344, 364, 377, 383, 407, 409 sacrilege, 195, 369 salutatio, 221, 224, 236 scholars, XVI, 1, 7, 9, 17, 20, 28, 30, 31, 37, 89, 164, 188, 223, 225, 229, 335, 336, 337, 361, 373, 410, 427 Scythians, 172-73 Sepoy Mutiny, 39, 441 Serbs, 414 sesame/linseed oil, 105 sheep, 92, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 186, 187, 267, 268, 314, 315, 377 Sh, 26, 48 small wars, 81 socles see cult objects social sciences, 219, 222 social status, 223, 336 solar disk, winged, 51, 66, 170, 186, 403 spectacle, 15, 193, 235, 236, 275, 341, 344, 356, 375 spying see espionage standards, divine Assyrian, 161, 166, 170, 171, 173, 176-77, 256, 331 Babylonan, 130 statecraft, 1, 64, 83, 85, 424 statues Assyrian royal, 184, 275, 324, 340-41, 408 Egyptian, 142 royal, 20, 69, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 226, 271, 275-76, 333, 381 royal, destruction of, 120 steles, 215 Assyrian royal, XX, 68-70, 72, 91, 97, 99, 152, 158, 159, 163, 166, 183-84, 187, 189, 193, 194, 202, 206, 250, 275, 333, 382, 401-4, 422 Neo-Babylonian, 109 Neo-Luwian, 395-97 steleform rock reliefs, 69, 187, 188, 189 votive, 382 substitute king, 325, 334, 360, 371, 409 sukkallu, 103, 165 Sunn, 26 surveys cadastral, 85 ordnance, 81 Sydenham Court, 429 symbol of Aur, XVII, 19, 51, 54, 56, 67, 153-56, 158-77, 160-77, 198-200, 216, 331-32, 381 Syro-Ephraimite coalition, 192

T
talbotype, 27 tax and taxation, 33, 62, 82, 83, 100-2, 105, 181, 226, 232, 234, 265, 296-98, 303, 322, 323, 352, 360, 380, 406 one-fifth tax (amussu), 102 ibtu-tax, 106, 265, 377 temple in Jerusalem, 3, 4, 48, 206, 210 of Aur, XV, 64, 67, 68, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 147, 149, 169, 176, 184, 185, 186, 210, 278, 281, 284-85, 288, 310, 314, 334, 356, 361, 370, 383 temples aktu, 65, 71, 76, 210, 248, 272, 274, 290, 309, 310, 345, 356, 357 architectural formulae, 245, 258, 382-83 archives, 114 Assyrian, 20, 53, 55, 70, 71, 79, 103, 104, 105, 108, 147, 169, 184, 185, 188, 200-2, 210, 258, 274-75, 288, 310, 326, 383 diversion of resources, 108 Athenian, 7 Babylonian, XIX, 87, 109, 110, 111, 128-33, 13839, 146, 149-50, 176, 180, 184, 232, 245, 246, 248-49, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 259, 262, 266, 270, 271, 272, 278, 281, 282, 283, 289, 298, 304-5, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 321-38, 345, 351, 362-65, 367, 375-79 bearing Assyrian royal inscriptions, 288-92 cardinal orientation, 113 Carthaginian, 121 cellas, 186, 201, 202, 244, 246, 266, 271, 276, 287, 314, 333, 377, 407, 413, 420 dedication of booty, 312, 413 destruction of, XVII, 109-18, 195, 354-56, 381 Egyptian, 118 Elamite, 110 grants of land, 313, 317 Greek, 118 arrnean, XIX, 239, 242, 246, 266, 271, 272, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, 391, 407-14 Indian, 26 Judahite, 205-6 Langraum cella, 201-2, 203, 258, 383 lintels, 290-91 Median, 157-58 megaron form, 113, 203, 204, 210 nature of civic identity, 259-61 North Syrian, 204 Philistine, 4, 205-6, at Tel Miqne-Ekron, 71, 203211

alam arrtiya, 154, 155, 166, 183-84, 190, 276

AIK! General Index

Phoenician, 90, 204 refurbishment, 241, 345, 378 restoration, XVIII, 55, 166, 232, 238-61, 362, 36869, 376-77 restoration of livestock, 314, 367 Samarian, 4 storm-god, XIX Syro-Palestinian, 152, 202-16 Urarian, 109, 135, 185, 208, 278 theophoric elements, 52, 170, 186, 394, 405 thronerooms, Neo-Assyrian, 200 titularies, 82, 89, 106, 181, 230, 250, 252, 290, 369, 376, 379 royal Assyrian, 130 took the hands of DN (formula), 270-72, 276-77, 281, 377, 412, 421 tortures, 99 trade, XIX, 61, 82, 102, 129, 192, 207, 234, 307, 347, 349, 366, 380, 400, 401, 432, 433, 444 Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (Periodical), 29, 34 travelogues, 13, 25, 390, 434, 440, 441, 443 traitors, 85, 193, 235, 336 treason, 24, 83, 99, 155, 227, 310, 311, 319, 327, 336, 337, 353, 388, 411, 424 treaty, 56, 61, 82, 86, 166, 174, 175, 176, 177, 202, 222, 229, 239, 332, 339, 343, 344, 391, 392, 401 tribute, 9, 21, 22, 23, 24, 33, 39, 53, 61, 62, 74, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 112, 127, 152, 155, 165, 192, 229, 322, 324, 330, 344, 359, 400, 402, 424 turtnu, 103, 112, 152, 202, 239, 293, 324, 395 Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon, 53, 61, 62, 99, 401, 410 vassals, 48, 52, 56-58, 61, 165, 193, 214, 396-97, 422 Victorian Assyria, 12, 427 Victorian England, 12, 39, 41, 97, 434, 443 violence, XVII-XVIII, 73, 78, 80, 112, 193-97, 255, 335, 414-16 voluntarism, 221, 224, 230

W
warfare rape committed during, 121 religious aspects, 167, 177. 273-75 Roman, 117 weapon of Aur see symbol of Aur weapons, 167 divine, 67, 167, 168, 169, 170, 189, 199 divine (Neo-Assyrian), 169-70 divine (Old Assyrian), 171 divine (Old Babylonian), 168, 173-74 divine (Urarian), 171-72 inscribed, 162 sword of Aur, 167, 168 Whigs, 28, 440 wine, 90, 106, 108, 411

Y
Yahwism, 44-45, 60, 318 yoke of Aur, 6, 81, 144

U
University of Chicago, XX, XXIII, 418 uraeus, 409 Ustai, 414 Utilitarians, 433

Z
zaktu see exemptions, civic ziggurats, 44, 109, 110, 122, 189, 233, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 249, 251, 253, 257, 258-59, 323, 339, 376 zodiac, 45

V
vassal states, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 439

1 Temple Names

B
Bt akti a ri (Aur temple outside the walls of Assur), 65, 76, 210, 356, 357

E
.an.na (Itar temple in Uruk), 87, 88, 241, 243, 244, 250, 256, 257, 272, 281, 290, 301, 328, 329, 352, 358, 364, 367, 376, 377 .an.r (Nanna cella/temple in Ur), 252 .babbar (ama temple in Sippar), 250, 376 .bra.dr.gar.ra (arrat-Nippur temple in Uruk), 244 .dim.gal.kalam.ma (Itarn/Anu-rab temple in Dr), 246, 253, 376 .dr.gi.na (Bl-arbi temple in apazza/B), 247, 254, 367 ..r.ke (Marduk temple in Sippar-Arru), 291 .gi.gun.na (Enlil ziggurat-temple of Nippur), 249, 250 .gi.rin (ziggurat of Dr-Kurigalzu), 253, 376 .gidru.kalam.ma.sum.ma (Nab a ar temple in Babylon), 245, 258, 368, 371, 372 .gi .pr (Nikkal cella in arrn), 290 .i.li.an.na (Nania cella within the .an.na complex of Nippur), 244, 250 .l.l (Sn temple in arrn), 239, 242, 247, 248, 257, 267, 272, 291, 331, 391, 401, 407, 411, 412, 413, 416, 421 .ur.sag.gal.kur.kur.ra (Aur temple in Assur), 149 .ur.sag.galam.ma (Enlil cella of his ziggurat in Nippur), 250 .ibbi-Anum (Ura and Ninegal temple at Dilbat), 254 .kar.za.gn.na (Ea shrine of Esagila in Babylon), 235, 248 .ki.si.ga (Dagn temple in Terqa), 238 .ki.nu.gl (Nanna temple in Ur), 119, 252 .kur (Enlil temple in Nippur), 88, 115, 116, 219, 244, 249, 250, 254, 258, 323, 376, 379 .lugal.galga.si.s (Nanna ziggurat in Ur), 251 .m.da.ri (Itar-of-Akkad temple in Babylon), 254 .ma (Ninma temple in Babylon), 249 .me.lm.an.na (Nusku temple in arrn, Anu ziggurat in Uruk), 243, 290 .me.te.nun.e (Addu temple in Kaat?), 239 .mes.lam (Nergal temple in Cutha), 247, 253, 264, 272, 333, 376, 377 .nir.gl.an.na (Itar cella in Uruk), 243, 266, 271, 281 .sa.bad (Gula temple in Babylon), 249 ..l.la (Nergal temple in M-Turran), 253, 376 .e.ri.ga (idada temple in Dr-arruku), 246 .temen.n.gr.ru (Sn and Ningal temple of Ur), 251 .ti.la (Gula temple in Borsippa), 245 .tr.kalam.ma (Blet-Bbili temple in Babylon), 180, 248

.ul.ma (Itar-of-Akkad temple in Akkad and SipparAnuntum), 110, 247, 325 .umu.a (Marduk cella in Esagila of Babylon), 248 .zi.ba.ti.la (Gula temple in Borsippa), 245 .zi.da (Nab temple in Borsippa), 184, 245, 250, 251, 264, 267, 325, 327, 333, 363, 376, 378, 382 Esagila (Marduk temple in Babylon), XXI, 116, 122, 147, 148, 184, 195, 226, 242, 243, 248, 249, 250, 256, 259, 264, 266, 270, 271, 277, 281, 285, 287, 289, 300, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 332, 334, 352, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, 367, 370, 372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381, 384, 387, 388, 408 Earra/.ar.ra (Aur temple in Assur), 147, 285, 370, 383 Etemenanki (Marduk ziggurat in Babylon), 242, 243, 244, 249, 372

G
Gipru, Ningal temple of Ur, 252 Gul.la.ir.ra (shrine of Bl-labrya in Assur), 147

Text and Object Citations

Aramaic Texts
Vorderasiatisches Museum no. S 3604, 213 Vorderasiatisches Museum no. S 5913, 213 KAI no. 215, 226 KAI no. 216, 226 KAI no. 218, 59, 400 Papyrus Amherst 63, 2, 191

Biblical and Jewish Texts

1 and 2 Maccabees, 6 1 Kgs 13, 318 1 Kgs 17:9-10, 20, 204 2 Kgs 10:18-27, 4 2 Kgs 16, 3, 4, 44, 107 2 Kgs 17:3-6, 432 2 Kgs 17:5-6, 134 2 Kgs 17:24-28, 318 2 Kgs 17:25-28, 90 2 Kgs 18, 3 2 Kgs 19:10-13, 37, 4 2 Kgs 19:12-13, 418 2 Kgs 19:37, 17 2 Kgs 21, 45 2 Kgs 23, 4, 45 2 Kgs 23:15-20, 318 b. Sanh. 94a, 8 Daniel, 6, 18, 31, 437 Esther, 33, 430 Ezek 27:23, 419 Gen 14, 18 Isa 20:1, 9 Isa 37:11-13, 38, 4 Jer 43:10-13, 118, 198 Josephus, Ant 1.154-57, 1 Judg 16:23-31, 4 Judith 3:8, 6 Jubilees 11-12, 1 Philo, Abr. 69-71, 77, 82, 1 Philo, Migr. Abr. 178-79, 184, 1 Ps 82:6-7, 147 Tobit, 6

Diodorus I.49.5, 118 Diodorus II, 3, 4-20, 20, 8 Herodotus IV.62, 173 Herodotus VI.19, 118, 198 Herodotus IX.13, 118 Pausanius I.16.3, 118, 198 Pausanius VIII.46.3, 118, 198 Pliny XXXIV.16.34, 198 Plutarch, Mor. Artax. I, 4, 431 Polyhistor, 6 Strabo XI.11.4, 198 Strabo XIV.1.5, 118, 198 Strabo XVI.1.6, 1 Strabo XVII.1.43, 198 Strabo XVII.1.46, 118

Cuneiform Texts and Museum Objects

1 NT 142, 244 1 R 35, 1, 263 1 R 48 no. 9, 243 3 R 12, 83, 106 3 R 14-15, 109, 118 3 R 16 no. 5, 248 3 R 5 no. 6, 127 3 R 66, 186, 187, 189 5 NT 702, 244 5 NT 703, 88, 249, 250 12 N 43, 244 12 N 110, 298 12 N 129, 328 12 N 135, 241 12 N 148, 328 12 N 187, 308 47-7-2,22+29-31+35-40+45+48, 265, 270, 278 48-11-4,1, 152, 202 51-9-2,32, 188 51-9-9,633, 395 51-10-9,78R, 88, 249 79-B-34, 106 79-7-8,102, 82 79-7-8,134, 290 79-7-8,259, 328 79-7-8,272, 165 79-7-8,337, 82 80-6-17,2, 248 80-6-17,3, 250, 251 80-7-19,22, 182 80-7-19,24, 103 80-7-19,41, 249, 329 80-7-19,45, 256 80-7-19,67, 331 80-7-19,111, 318 80-7-19,333, 290

Classical Texts
Abydenos, 7 Aeschylus, The Persians, 438 Ammianus Marcellinus, 173 Appian, Pun., 117, 121 Aristotle, Poetics, 438 Arrian, Anab. VII.19.2, 198 Chariton, 7 Diodorus I.46.2-4, 118

Text and Object Citations

80-7-19,345, 410 80-7-19,353, 410 80-11-12,227, 244 81-2-1,38, 103 81-2-1,103, 103 81-2-4,51, 328 81-2-4,55, 86 81-2-4,62, 289 81-2-4,66, 267, 289, 312 81-2-4,67, 140 81-2-4,77, 360 81-2-4,90, 103 81-2-4,127, 184 81-2-4,130, 336 81-2-4,131, 245, 247, 315, 333 81-2-4,137, 418 81-2-4,153, 399 81-2-4,174, 254 81-2-4,190, 165 81-2-4,290, 165 81-2-4,306, 272 81-2-4,379, 321 81-2-4,468, 173, 176, 256 81-3-24,367, 248, 250 81-6-25,266, 376 81-7-6,210, 243 81-7-27,29, 246 81-7-27,30, 271, 313 81-7-27,31, 308 81-7-27,32, 352 81-7-27,68, 410 81-11-3,360, 248 81-11-3,361, 248 82-3-23,142, 331 82-3-23,1573, 247 82-3-23,1653, 248 82-3-23,1837, 248 82-5-22,63, 182 82-5-22,88, 121 82-5-22,98, 304 82-5-22,107, 372 82-5-22,108, 311 82-5-22,122, 249 82-5-22,125, 182 82-5-22,127, 407 82-5-22,145, 309 82-5-22,152, 314, 328 82-5-22,164, 309 82-5-22,170, 104 82-5-22,527, 79, 281 82-5-22,531, 290 82-7-14,1010, 314 82-7-14,1025, 239 82-7-14,1032, 248 82-7-14,1043, 248 82-7-14,1044, 248 82-9-18,8612, 248 83-1-18,1, 385 83-1-18,5, 246, 281, 325 83-1-18,15, 103 83-1-18,19, 313 83-1-18,30, 304 83-1-18,32, 312, 327 83-1-18,53, 149 83-1-18,54, 305 83-1-18,66, 314 83-1-18,67, 103 83-1-18,83, 289 83-1-18,107, 324 83-1-18,117, 309 83-1-18,122, 311, 411 83-1-18,123, 316 83-1-18,146, 266 83-1-18,202, 409 83-1-18,270, 313 83-1-18,282, 103 83-1-18,305, 409 83-1-18,334, 310, 358 83-1-18,346, 399 83-1-18,349, 410 83-1-18,392, 399 83-1-18,454, 410 83-1-18,541, 281 83-1-18,543, 335 83-1-18,551, 165 83-1-18,600, 249, 316 83-1-18,697, 165 83-6-30,3, 248 84-2-11,356, 131, 140, 141, 270, 278, 279, 280, 312 84-2-11,490, 202 91-5-9,103, 82 93-10-14,50, 251 94-1-15,335, 248 96-4-9,6, 418 98-2-16,145, 122, 141, 191, 280, 311 98-2-16,181, 148 98-7-11,124, 263 98-10-11,20, 248 1900-3-10,2, 248 1902-4-12,385, 138, 314, 316 1904-10-9,271, 86 1909-3-13,1, 84, 112 1912-7-6,9, 110, 247 1914-2-14,1, 294 1915-4-10,2, 244 1915-4-10,3, 345 1919-10-11,4708, 251 1919-10-11,4709, 251 1919-10-11,4743, 88, 249 1922-8-12,63, 116 1924-9-20,250, 251 1927-10-3,16, 252 1927-10-3,18, 252 1927-10-3,19, 252 1927-10-3,266, 252 1927-10-3,269, 252 1927-10-3,272, 252 1927-10-3,273, 252

Text and Object Citations

1927-10-3,274, 252 1927-10-3,60, 251 1927-10-3,9, 252 1932-12-12,497, 147 1933-10-13,3, 252 1933-10-13,4, 252 1935-1-13,5, 251 1935-1-13,9, 251 1971-7-5,1, 85 1973-12-18,1, 136 1979-12-18,16, 251 1979-12-18,43, 251 1979-12-20,174, 250 1991-1-27,1, 395 ABL no. 43, 101, 103 ABL no. 80, 225 ABL no. 119, 249 ABL no. 120, 249, 289 ABL no. 126, 165-66 ABL no. 127, 165 ABL no. 128, 165-66 ABL no. 129, 165-66 ABL no. 130, 242, 407 ABL no. 131, 407 ABL no. 132, 407 ABL no. 134, 266, 309 ABL no. 135, 407 ABL no. 148, 86 ABL no. 150, 108 ABL no. 157, 241 ABL no. 158, 331 ABL no. 159, 331 ABL no. 160, 331 ABL no. 163, 331 ABL no. 168, 165, 331 ABL no. 169, 165 ABL no. 170, 165 ABL no. 171, 165 ABL no. 172, 165 ABL no. 202, 176, 256 ABL no. 257, 184, 271, 289 ABL no. 259, 149 ABL no. 268, 315 ABL no. 301, 295, 302 ABL no. 327, 374 ABL no. 337, 333 ABL no. 338, 304 ABL no. 339, 313 ABL no. 340, 289, 292, 302, 322 ABL no. 381, 86 ABL no. 387, 301 ABL no. 401, 304 ABL no. 404, 289 ABL no. 409, 86 ABL no. 418, 359 ABL no. 429, 108 ABL no. 437, 78 ABL no. 438, 279 ABL no. 457, 242, 407 ABL no. 464, 249, 250, 267 ABL no. 468, 352 ABL no. 471, 249, 329 ABL no. 474, 140 ABL no. 476, 246, 281 ABL no. 489, 309 ABL no. 496, 315 ABL no. 497, 314 ABL no. 498, 226, 314 ABL no. 514, 315 ABL no. 516, 308 ABL no. 532, 103 ABL no. 539, 176, 332 ABL no. 551, 108

A
A 19, 125 A 39, 125 A 333, 174 A 418, 284 A 889, 306 A 1858, 168 A 2125, 174 A 2229, 238 A 2231, 306 A 2388, 174 A 2560, 392 A 2793, 106, 204 A 3140, 168 A 3354+, 174 A 4259, 392 A 4260, 171 A 4509, 306 A 8012, 8104, 8107, 8109, 8128, 8137, 8162, 11867, 249 A 8013-8087, 8102, 8106, 8124, 8139, 8145, 11849, 11851, 11852, 11857, 11860, 11863, 11864, 11866, 11868-11870, 111 A 8088-8101, 8103, 8127, 8129, 8144, 8160, 11848, 11850, 11854, 110 A 11254, 270, 278 A 12152, 238 A 17589, 294 A 17590, 294 A 31310, 244 A 32262, 244 A 33618, 244 A 33619, 244 A Babylon 9, 248 A Babylon 55, 248 ABL no. 3, 182 ABL no. 5, 182 ABL no. 6, 182 ABL no. 23, 409 ABL no. 28, 313 ABL no. 29, 272 ABL no. 32, 281, 337 ABL no. 36, 271

Text and Object Citations

ABL no. 552, 331 ABL no. 556, 165 ABL no. 573, 328 ABL no. 585, 242 ABL no. 595, 372 ABL no. 612, 271, 313 ABL no. 617, 173, 176, 257 ABL no. 625, 313 ABL no. 629, 333 ABL no. 642, 407 ABL no. 645, 165 ABL no. 652, 182 ABL no. 659, 140 ABL no. 667, 271, 313 ABL no. 669, 313 ABL no. 673, 246 ABL no. 689, 289 ABL no. 699, 173, 176, 256, 257, 313 ABL no. 701, 407 ABL no. 702, 360 ABL no. 707, 331 ABL no. 709, 331 ABL no. 711, 331 ABL no. 712, 165 ABL no. 713, 165 ABL no. 724, 103 ABL no. 726, 103 ABL no. 727, 103 ABL no. 744, 333 ABL no. 746, 266 ABL no. 751, 316 ABL no. 755, 311, 411 ABL no. 768, 86 ABL no. 797, 176, 257 ABL no. 810, 165 ABL no. 853, 322 ABL no. 870, 372 ABL no. 878, 295, 299, 302 ABL no. 914, 324 ABL no. 923, 85, 408, 413, 422, 423 ABL no. 926, 295 ABL no. 951, 336 ABL no. 956, 246, 274, 304, 312 ABL no. 965, 321 ABL no. 968, 243, 266, 289, 324 ABL no. 971, 305 ABL no. 1000, 256 ABL no. 1008, 165-66 ABL no. 1014, 312, 333 ABL no. 1016, 321 ABL no. 1023, 103 ABL no. 1029, 352 ABL no. 1044, 165 ABL no. 1046, 165 ABL no. 1047, 256 ABL no. 1051, 184 ABL no. 1073, 407 ABL no. 1074, 176 ABL no. 1087, 104 ABL no. 1098, 184 ABL no. 1160, 103 ABL no. 1171, 103 ABL no. 1191, 165 ABL no. 1200, 256 ABL no. 1201, 328 ABL no. 1202, 267, 289, 312 ABL no. 1214, 245, 247, 315, 333 ABL no. 1217, 311 ABL no. 1219, 249 ABL no. 1221, 182 ABL no. 1223, 407 ABL no. 1227, 309 ABL no. 1237, 385 ABL no. 1241, 149, 256, 368 ABL no. 1246, 316, 317 ABL no. 1258, 304 ABL no. 1285, 226 ABL no. 1290, 153, 242 ABL no. 1298, 86 ABL no. 1312, 165 ABL no. 1330, 352 ABL no. 1339, 112, 121, 338 ABL no. 1340, 249 ABL no. 1345, 321, 352 ABL no. 1355, 352 ABL no. 1377, 103 ABL no. 1384, 103 ABL no. 1385, 228 ABL no. 1387, 257 ABL no. 1393, 311, 411 ABL no. 1400, 86 ABL no. 1417, 328 ABL no. 1431, 295 ABL no. 1453, 165 ABL no. 1454, 165 ABL no. 1471, 165 ADD no. 49, 101 ADD no. 70, 298 ADD no. 215, 410 ADD no. 228, 141 ADD no. 255, 310, 358 ADD no. 275, 410 ADD no. 385, 140 ADD no. 389, 410 ADD no. 621, 298 ADD no. 738, 318 ADD no. 802, 410 ADD no. 812, 401 ADD no. 851, 89 ADD no. 952, 102 ADD no. 960, 103 ADD no. 981, 410 ADD no. 999, 103 ADD no. 1000, 103 ADD no. 1001, 103 ADD no. 1007, 103 ADD no. 1010, 103 ADD no. 1013, 104

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ADD no. 1017, 103 ADD no. 1024, 103 ADD no. 1046, 410 ADD no. 1064, 82 ADD no. 1072, 103 ADD no. 1092, 103 ADD no. 1110, 324 ADD no. 1134, 103 ADD no. 1157, 186 ADD no. 1166, 410 AH 82-7-14,1000, 251 AH 82-7-14,1025, 248 AH 82-7-14,1038, 282 AH 83-1-18,1338, 132, 141, 270 AH 83-1-18,1339, 142, 279 Aleppo Museum 4526, 257, 258 Antakya Museum 11832, 202 AO 2489, 185 AO 2776, 261 AO 4162, 119 AO 4628, 238 AO 4655, 126 AO 5470, 243 AO 6772, 244 AO 6793, 317 AO 11503, 183 AO 19863, 294 AO 19887, 135 AO 19939, 110 AO 21370, 294 AO 26555, 258 ARM 1 no. 74, 180 ARM 1 no. 75, 261 ARM 1 no. 136, 262 ARM 4 no. 76, 391 ARM 5 no. 75, 392 ARMT 13 no. 147, 174 ARMT 17 no. 219, 340 ARMT 18 no. 54, 169 ARMT 18 no. 69, 169 ARMT 22 no. 246, 169 ARMT 22 no. 247, 169 ARMT 23 no. 213, 169 ARMT 23 no. 446, 169 ARMT 25 no. 697, 168 ARMT 26/1 no. 24, 392 ARMT 26/1 no. 32, 174 ARMT 26/1 no. 194, 171 ARMT 26/1 no. 260, 238 ARMT 26/2 no. 389, 174 ARMT 26/2 no. 526, 174 ARMT 27 no. 80, 391 ARMT 27 no. 81, 391 ARU no. 76, 410 ARU no. 166, 410 ARU no. 170, 410 ARU no. 174, 410 ARU no. 194, 140 ARU no. 214, 410 ARU no. 641, 141 Ashm 1922.181, 88, 249 Ashm 1922.190, 254 Ashm 1924.627, 88, 249 Ass 742, 128 Ass 1017, 126 Ass 3916, 281 Ass 4312a, 125 Ass 4489a, 125 Ass 4585, 125 Ass 4533t, 126 Ass 6342, XV Ass 6366, 116 Ass 6596, 108, 128, 129, 130, 279 Ass 10182, 125 Ass 10557, 394 Ass 11159, 109, 118 Ass 11607, 399 Ass 14709, 202 Ass 17313, 239 Ass 18497, 262 Ass 19086, 125 Ass 19869, 171 Ass 22819, 399 Ass 44891, 125 Ass Ph 438-45, 461-69, 482-83, 489-92, 128 Ass Ph 784-87, 108, 128, 129, 130 Ass Ph 3394, 108 Ass Ph 4123a, 170 Ass Ph 4681, 262, 341 Ass Ph 6799, 151

B
B 65, 248 BBSt. no. 10, 382 BBSt. no. 36, 283-85, 345 BE 8084, 243 BE 12131, 248 BE 15316, 243 BE 32167, 243 BE 39840, 243 BE 41054, 243 BE 41230, 243 BE 41419, 243 BE 41472, 243 BE 46374, 243 BE 46403, 243 BE 46404, 243 BE 46406, 243 BE 46407, 243 BE 46408, 243 BE 46410, 243 BE 46435, 243 BE 46436, 243 Bibliothque Nationale Inv. 65 no. 5929, 248 Bibliothque Nationale, Cabinet des Mdailles, Collection Henri Seyrig 1973, I, 525, 404 BM 12064, 248

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BM 12110, 248 BM 18934, 153, 160 BM 19065, 251 BM 21901, 418 BM 22505, 294 BM 22533, 248 BM 25091, 122, 141, 191, 280, 282, 311 BM 25127, 111, 148 BM 27859, 263 BM 28384, 248 BM 33338, 249 BM 34026, 116 BM 35046, 290 BM 38345, 244 BM 40074, 248 BM 41650, 376 BM 45793, 243 BM 47655, 248 BM 47656, 248 BM 50582, 247 BM 50662, 248 BM 50843, 248 BM 55467, 355 BM 56628, 314 BM 56634, 248 BM 56639, 248 BM 60105, 331 BM 68613, 248 BM 75976, 131, 270 BM 75977, 142, 278 BM 77223, 248 BM 78264, 248 BM 82598, 251 BM 86379, 122, 191, 282, 283 BM 86918, 248 BM 87220, 382 BM 89106, 202 BM 90281, 250 BM 90807, 88, 249 BM 90864, 248, 250 BM 90865, 248, 250 BM 90866, 250, 251 BM 90935, 248 BM 91000, X, 283 BM 91107, 251 BM 91109, 248 BM 91112, 282 BM 91115, 248 BM 92502, 131, 140, 141, 270, 278, 279, 280, 282, 312 BM 96273, 138, 314, 316 BM 98988, 165 BM 99040, 165 BM 99229, 313 BM 102966, 84, 112 BM 103000, 84, 112 BM 104738, 110, 247 BM 108775, 294 BM 113204, 244 BM 113205, 345 BM 114277, 251 BM 114278, 251 BM 114299, 88, 249 BM 115688, 116 BM 116230, 317 BM 116987, 251 BM 117759, 212 BM 118805, 188 BM 118815a+b, 106 BM 118817, 106 BM 118819, 106 BM 118821, 106 BM 118834, 265, 278 BM 118884, 152, 161, 262, 270 BM 118885, 127, 128, 145, 152, 161, 202 BM 118892, 108, 128, 129, 183, 395 BM 118908, 155 BM 118931, 132 BM 118934, 132, 153 BM 118936, 155, 263 BM 119014, 252 BM 119021, 252 BM 119023, 252 BM 119024, 252 BM 119271, 252 BM 119274, 252 BM 119277, 252 BM 119278, 251 BM 119279, 252 BM 121006, 248 BM 122614, 242, 294 BM 122615, 242, 294 BM 123425, 249, 316 BM 124350, 252 BM 124351, 252 BM 124665, 127, 161, 293 BM 124666, 127, 161, 293 BM 124667, 127, 161, 293 BM 124800, 140 BM 124927, 121 BM 124961, 154 BM 127994, 249 BM 128156, 127, 161, 293 BM 128302, 248 BM 128311, 248 BM 131982, 134, 155 BM 132980, 116 BM 134502, 147 BM 134503, 147 BM 134504, 147 BM 135586, 85 BM 135992, 136 BM 137345, 251 BM 137349, 251 BM 137381, 251 BM 137408, 251 BM 141627, 395 Borger BIWA, Die Nergal-La-Inschrift,, 253, 272

Text and Object Citations

Borger BIWA, Large Egyptian Tablets,, 239, 247, 267, 272, 413, 420 Borger BIWA, Zur Inschrift L4,, 282 Borger BIWA, A, 101, 107, 110, 111, 118, 143, 144, 185, 250, 268, 283, 326, 330, 381, 413 Borger BIWA, B, 142, 282, 413 Borger BIWA, C, 142, 143, 248, 253, 272, 282, 316, 413, 414 Borger BIWA, F, 101, 110, 118, 143, 185, 250, 283, 413 Borger BIWA, H, 248, 249, 253 Borger BIWA, IIT, 248, 250, 253, 272, 316 Borger BIWA, J Stck, 249, 316 Borger BIWA, Lose Bltter, 290, 317 Borger BIWA, T, 248, 250, 253, 272, 283, 316, 413, 414 Borger BIWA, TTafl, 248, 250, 283, 316 Borger Esarh., AsBbA, 138, 243, 278, 279, 281, 285, 294, 383; AsBbE, 184, 235, 243, 281, 383; AsBbF, 83, 84; AsBbH, 235; Ass. A, 297, 298; Bab. A, 148, 234, 243, 259, 277, 384; Bab. B, 148, 243, 259; Bab. C, 234, 243, 259, 266, 277, 311; Bab. D, 148, 234, 243, 259, 266, 277, 311; Bab. E, 234, 243, 259, 277; Bab. F, 243, 259, 266, 311; Bab. G, 243, 259; Bab. H-N, 243; Borsippa A, 244; Gbr. II, 84, 177; Mnm. A, 63, 106; Mnm. B, 141, 142, 279, 280, 288; Mnm. C, 62, 89, 142; Nin. A, 31, 32, 83, 84, 141, 204, 277, 279, 280, 287, 288; Nin. B, 280, 289; Nin. D, 204; Nippur A-D, 244; Smlt., 232, 245, 246, 312, 363; Uruk A, 84, 243, 279; Uruk B, 243, 266, 271, 281; Uruk C-D, 244; Uruk G, 243 BoTU 44, 393 Bristol H 5097, 88, 249 Bu 88-5-12,120, 248 Bu 89-4-26,17, 140 Bu 89-4-26,209, 290 Bu 91-5-9,11, 103 Bu 91-5-9,61, 249 Bu 91-5-9,71, 304 Bu 91-5-9,170, 165 Bu 91-5-9,183, 289, 292, 302, 322 CBS 16483, 251 CBS 16484, 251 CBS 16485, 252 CBS 16486, 252 CBS 16487, 252 CBS 16488, 255 CBS 16489, 252 CBS 16490, 252 CBS 16491, 251 CBS 16555a, 251 CBS 16555b, 251 CBS 16556a, 252 CBS 16556b, 252 CBS 16557, 252 CBS 16558, 255 CT 26 pl. 16, 163 CT 26 pl. 17, 84, 112 CT 26 pl. 84, 112, 184 CT 34 pl. 30, 247 CT 34 pl. 31, 247 CT 34 pl. 34, 110 CT 35 pl. 22, 248 CT 53 no. 15, 307 CT 53 no. 17, 411 CT 53 no. 20, 407 CT 53 no. 31, 372 CT 53 no. 34, 313 CT 53 no. 41, 184 CT 53 no. 44, 411 CT 53 no. 47, 153, 242 CT 53 no. 48, 314 CT 53 no. 60, 249 CT 53 no. 75, 245, 315 CT 53 no. 106, 282 CT 53 no. 107, 411 CT 53 no. 129, 103 CT 53 no. 141, 140 CT 53 no. 172, 86 CT 53 no. 208, 407 CT 53 no. 214, 242 CT 53 no. 262, 407 CT 53 no. 333, 140 CT 53 no. 340, 135, 278 CT 53 no. 734, 407 CT 53 no. 793, 86 CT 53 no. 839, 407 CT 53 no. 846, 249 CT 53 no. 858, 86 CT 53 no. 866, 328 CT 53 no. 876, 267 CT 53 no. 892, 165 CT 53 no. 906, 336 CT 53 no. 921, 314, 328 CT 53 no. 923, 309 CT 53 no. 959, 249 CT 54 no. 22, 310 CT 54 no. 31, 256, 308 CT 54 no. 37, 321 CT 54 no. 60, 313, 358

C
CBS 14, 243 CBS 24, 168 CBS 80, 168 CBS 733, 316 CBS 1356, 168 CBS 1632a, 88, 249 CBS 1757, 316 CBS 2350, 244 CBS 8632, 88, 249 CBS 8633, 88, 249 CBS 8644, 250 CBS 8645, 249 CBS 8654, 88, 249 CBS 9482, 249 CBS 15337, 251

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CT 54 no. 66, 293 CT 54 no. 67, 352 CT 54 no. 92, 324 CT 54 no. 112, 149, 256, 368 CT 54 no. 133, 352 CT 54 no. 212, 295 CT 54 no. 429, 316 CT 54 no. 441, 336 CT 54 no. 470, 321 CT 54 no. 483, 256, 352 CT 54 no. 506, 267, 312 CTN 1 no. 3, 89 CTN 1 no. 9, 90 CTN 1 no. 12, 89 CTN 1 no. 35, 89 CTN 3 no. 52, 170 CTN 3 no. 99, 170 CTN 3 no. 102, 170 CTN 3 no. 103, 170 CTN 3 no. 108, 170 CTN 3 no. 120, 89 E 1327, 195, 248 E 4650, 128 E 6262, 281 E 7813, 185 E 7815, 131 E 7893, 248 E 9512, 239 E 9583/4, 143 Emar VI 4, no. 545, 169

F
Frahm Einleitung, T 12, 84, 112, 138, 159, 184 Frahm Einleitung, T 16, 106, 137, 138, 151, 204 Frahm Einleitung, T 17, 106, 137, 138, 204 Frahm Einleitung, T 18, 109, 118 Frahm Einleitung, T 25, 138 Frahm Einleitung, T 26, 138, 184 Frahm Einleitung, T 27, 138 Frahm Einleitung, T 29, 83, 106 Frahm Einleitung, T 64, 140 Frahm Einleitung, T 122, 109, 118, 149, 355 Frahm Einleitung, T 139, 109, 118, 356 Frahm Einleitung, T 167, 242 Frahm Einleitung, T 174, 310 Frahm Einleitung, T 184, 170 Fuchs Khorsabad, 32, 84 Fuchs Khorsabad, 46, 84 Fuchs Khorsabad, 55, 84 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 94-95, 157, 158 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 94a, 157, 158 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 98, 159 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 99, 162 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 250-52, 136 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 277-78, 265 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 288a-b, 265 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 311-14, 264 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 316-17, 308 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 320-21, 270 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 320-25, 265 Fuchs Khorsabad, Ann 376-78, 265, 278 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 61, 159 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 76, 135 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 104-7, 136 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 125-26, 136 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 136-37, 265 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 137, 278 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 140-44, 265 Fuchs Khorsabad, Prunk 141, 270 Fuchs Khorsabad, S3, 324

D
DeZ 3320, 394 DeZ 3835, 394 Di 2122, 168 D 32-8, 114 D 32-9, 114 D 32-15, 114 D 32-16, 114 D 32-17+20+38, 114 D 32-18, 114 D 32-22, 32-23, 114 D 32-26, 114 D 32-27, 114 D 32-28, 114 D 32-29+42, 115 D 32-37, 114, 115 D 32-43, 114 D 32-45, 294 D 32-47, 294 D 32-49, 114 D 32-50, 114 D 32-51, 114 D 32-52, 114 D 32-53, 115 D 1005, 114 D 1293, 294 D 1294, 294 DT 1, 298 DT 3, 264 DT 98, 333 DT 236, 310 DT 272, 248

G
Grayson Chronicles, no. 1, 131, 140, 141, 142, 270, 273, 278, 279, 280, 282, 312, 357 Grayson Chronicles, no. 2, 111, 148 Grayson Chronicles, no. 3, 418 Grayson Chronicles, no. 14, 122, 144, 191, 280, 282 Grayson Chronicles, no. 15, 138, 316

E
E 1326, 296

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Grayson Chronicles, no. 16, 122, 191, 282, 283 Grayson Chronicles, no. 21, 128, 129, 130, 262, 344 Grayson Chronicles, no. 24, 263 IM 132847-51, 240 IM 132897, 131 IM 132899, 130 IM 142109, 245 Israel Museum 71.72.249, 106, 204 Israel Museum 74.49.96a, 396

H
HE 144, 317 HS 42, 88, 254 HS 1956, 244 HS 1958, 88, 254 HS 2981, 88, 249

J
J. Rosen Collection 5230, 83 Johns Doomsday Book no. 1, 82 Johns Doomsday Book no. 2, 82 Johns Doomsday Book no. 3, 82 Johns Doomsday Book no. 4, 82 Johns Doomsday Book no. 5, 82, 313 Johns Doomsday Book nos. 6-22, 82

I
IAA 87-9, 404 IM 1101, 252 IM 1102, 252 IM 1103, 252 IM 16429, 252 IM 48412, 252 IM 48413, 252 IM 48414, 252 IM 54669, 128 IM 56578, 84, 112 IM 59032, 142 IM 59046, 141, 279, 281, 289 IM 59721, 244 IM 60496, 152, 153, 202 IM 60497, 276 IM 60971/2, 136 IM 61711, 244 IM 61715, 244 IM 64018, 102 IM 64210, 170 IM 64222, 170 IM 65574, 127 IM 66885, 244 IM 70310, 244 IM 74476, 399 IM 74477, 399 IM 74489, 399 IM 74496, 170 IM 77087, 298 IM 77106, 328 IM 77112, 241 IM 77125, 328 IM 77164, 308 IM 95916, 131 IM 95917, 131 IM 112566, 240 IM 112567, 240 IM 113620, 240 IM 113626, 240 IM 113629, 240 IM 113631, 240 IM 124171, 248 IM 124193, 131 IM 124195, 131 IM 124202, 290

K
K 4, 299 K 17, 176, 332 K 30, 142 K 51, 270 K 63b, 165 K 83, 176, 256 K 84, 295, 302 K 108, 104 K 120b, 290 K 122, 101, 103 K 126, 289 K 144, 290 K 168, 78, 325 K 177, 279 K 189, 336 K 228, 239, 247, 267 K 233, 295, 299, 302 K 252, 170, 186, 187, 189 K 342b, 101 K 410, 399 K 426, 140 K 474, 315 K 477, 315 K 480, 333 K 492, 182 K 499, 249 K 504, 241 K 509, 149 K 514, 315 K 517, 374 K 520, 225 K 527, 281, 337 K 530, 331 K 545, 314 K 548, 103 K 583, 182 K 595, 182 K 598, 108 K 602, 409 K 609, 165

Text and Object Citations

K 616, 165 K 624, 242, 407 K 625, 407 K 634, 108 K 640, 331 K 646, 226, 314 K 650, 165 K 655, 407 K 672, 176, 257 K 683, 165 K 708, 103 K 750, 195 K 797, 103 K 837, 103 K 843, 195 K 853, 272 K 866, 195 K 881, 104 K 883, 79 K 891, 316 K 905, 322 K 930, 246, 274, 304, 312 K 960, 195 K 990, 295 K 997, 165 K 1003, 328 K 1013, 165 K 1014, 242, 407 K 1024, 313 K 1025, 331 K 1032, 271 K 1047, 165 K 1052, 165 K 1060, 407 K 1098, 242 K 1114, 103 K 1119, 372 K 1131, 103 K 1148, 272, 313 K 1167, 173, 176, 256 K 1173, 313 K 1204, 272 K 1222, 313 K 1234, 266, 309 K 1243, 331 K 1245, 324 K 1253, 407 K 1258, 86 K 1263, 333 K 1268, 184 K 1285, 307 K 1349, 297 K 1353, 310-11 K 1354, 363 K 1356, 170 K 1364, 290 K 1383, 272 K 1391, 103 K 1393, 311 K 1405, 272 K 1424, 153, 242 K 1426, 314 K 1436, 335 K 1461, 249 K 1514, 399 K 1519, 249, 250, 267 K 1523, 335 K 1550, 256 K 1551, 333 K 1579, 104 K 1603, 399 K 1604, 399 K 1608a, 141 K 1614, 184, 289 K 1634, 109, 118 K 1668, 135 K 1669, 157, 158, 166 K 1671, 135 K 1673, 156, 240 K 1680, 28, 106 K 1681, 294 K 1890, 256, 308 K 1896, 331 K 1903, 407 K 1907, 86 K 1911, 249 K 1915, 372 K 1919, 321 K 1935, 242 K 1961, 165 K 2017, 82 K 2085, 85 K 2388, 84 K 2564, 317 K 2622, 310 K 2631, 272 K 2632, 253, 254 K 2650, 394 K 2653, 253, 272 K 2654, 253 K 2664, 248 K 2675, 239, 247, 267, 272, 413 K 2694, 282 K 2701A, 85, 413 K 2711, 363 K 2802, 143 K 2813, 290 K 2822, 290 K 2855, 253, 272 K 2889, 321 K 3039, 103 K 3047, 143 K 3049, 143 K 3050, 282 K 3106, 127 K 3202, 270 K 3265, 290 K 3298, 290

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K 3405, 283 K 3438, 332 K 3751, 133, 153, 154, 264, 396 K 4267, 226 K 4271, 165 K 4282, 153, 242 K 4294, 165 K 4401a, 128, 129, 130, 262 K 4447, 295 K 4487, 363 K 4669, 335 K 4670, 313 K 4678, 312, 333 K 4682, 321 K 4688, 165 K 4695, 86 K 4729, 82, 313 K 4730, 369 K4740, 293 K 4745, 352 K 4754, 82 K 476743, 266, 289, 324 K 4792, 245, 315, 327 K 5083, 165 K 5213B, 103 K 5385, 256, 308 K 5448b, 149 K 5458, 165 K 5502, 407 K 5531, 407 K 5541, 352 K 5559, 293 K 5614, 352 K 5617, 352 K 6048, 281 K 6232, 250, 295 K 6330, 147 K 6359, 147 K 6386, 243 K 6951, 82 K 7328, 103 K 7378, 321 K 7381, 135, 278 K 7516, 245, 315, 327 K 7535, 399 K 7596, 248 K 7862, 289 K 7979, 147 K 8125, 82 K 8134, 82 K 8179, 82 K 8323, 281 K 8379, 112, 121, 338 K 8394, 290 K 8412, 249 K 8674, 335 K 8680, 335 K 8681, 295 K 8683, 102 K 8741, 282 K 8759, 291, 408, 413 K 8787, 324 K 8957, 82 K 9138, 147 K 9143, 291 K 9728, 82 K 9912, 332 K 9923, 332 K 9925, 170 K 9996, 102 K 10412, 410 K 10489, 321 K 11396, 82 K 11416, 82 K 11498, 165 K 11500, 335 K 11505, 165 K 11517, 165 K 11665, 335 K 11799, 256, 308 K 11918, 82 K 11955, 410 K 12033, 79, 281 K 12046, 407 K 12956, 82 K 12958, 321 K 13081, 321 K 13118, 256, 308 K 13129, 82 K 13132, 82 K 13173, 352 K 13204, 82 K 13222, 82 K 13224, 82 K 13383, 281 K 13394, 82 K 13548, 82 K 14270, 102 K 14302, 82 K 14309, 102 K 14644, 293 K 14677, 282 K 15074, 165 K 15416, 321 K 16059, 407 K 16116, 321 K 16119, 352 K 16529, 86 K 18114, 283 K 20151, 147 K 20329, 102 K 20907, 333 K 21672, 283 K 22110, 283 KAH 2 no. 143, 323 KAR 139, 307 KAR 216, XV KAV no. 182, 379

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KAV no. 197, 108 KBo I no. 1, 392 KBo I no. 3, 392, 393 KBo XIX no. 50, 393 KBo XXVIII no. 114, 392 Ki 1904-10-9,17, 165 Ki 1904-10-9,26, 103 Ki 1904-10-9,41, 103 Ki 1904-10-9,42, 228 Ki 1904-10-9,44, 186 Ki 1904-10-9,47, 257 Ki 1904-10-9,69, 165 Ki 1904-10-9,124, 410 Ki 1904-10-9,135, 399 Ki 1904-10-9,169, 311, 411 Ki 1904-10-9,179, 399 Ki 1904-10-9,261, 313 Kt 89/k 370, 167 Kt 89/k 371, 167 Kt 93/k, 167 Kt n/k 32, 167 KTU2 1.162, 167 KTU2 1.24, 393 KUB III no. 1a, 392 KUB XIX no. 13+14, 393 Kwasman, Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, no. 40b, 101 Kwasman, Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, no. 171, 310, 358 LAS I no. 287, 304 LAS I no. 289, 333 LAS I no. 290, 333 LAS I no. 291, 245, 247, 315, 333 LAS I no. 292, 312, 333 LAS I no. 293, 313 LAS I no. 309, 101, 103 LAS I no. 315, 108 LKA no. 31, XV LKA no. 63, 124 LKA no. 64, 151 LKU no. 46, 314

M
M 6669, 392 M 7750, 340 M 11478, 238 M 11906, 238 M 15077, 168 M 15109, 168 MAH 10830, 127 Mara Archaeological Museum no. 1948, 203 McGill Ethnological Collection ML 1.18, 88, 249 Menzel Tempel, T 43, 170 Menzel Tempel, T 80, 186 Menzel Tempel, T 82-84, 332 Menzel Tempel, T 113, 187, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 114, 187 Menzel Tempel, T 115, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 118, 187, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 119, 186, 187, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 120, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 121, 186, 187 Menzel Tempel, T 132, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 134, 189 Menzel Tempel, T 147, 170, 186 Menzel Tempel, T 150, 185 Menzel Tempel, T 154, 262, 269, 341 Menzel Tempel, T 196, 141 Menzel Tempel, T 208, 410 Menzel Tempel, T 215, 410 MNB 1848, 261, 300

L
LAS I no. 7, 271 LAS I no. 8, 246 LAS I no. 29, 281 LAS I no. 57, 289 LAS I no. 58, 289 LAS I no. 117, 408, 413 LAS I no. 129, 372 LAS I no. 175, 314 LAS I no. 185, 409 LAS I no. 190, 246, 274, 304, 312 LAS I no. 268, 313 LAS I no. 269, 272, 313 LAS I no. 270, 313 LAS I no. 271, 272 LAS I no. 272, 271 LAS I no. 273, 313 LAS I no. 275, 266 LAS I no. 276, 289, 292, 302, 322 LAS I no. 277, 246, 281 LAS I no. 278, 325. 333 LAS I no. 279, 333 LAS I no. 280, 78, 325 LAS I no. 281, 267, 289, 312 LAS I no. 282, 313 LAS I no. 283, 282 LAS I no. 284, 245, 315, 327 LAS I no. 286, 271, 289

N
N III 3155, 294 N III 3156, 294 Nabonid no. 1, 248 Nabonid no. 4, 109, 110 Nabonid no. 8, 109, 195, 248, 358 Nabonid no. 9, 248 NBC 1219, 308, 310 NBC 2502, 345 NBC 2507, 250 NBC 2509, 243, 266, 281 NBC 2510, 243 NBC 6055, 243 NBC 10653, 244

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NBC 11323, 244 NCBT 1132, 291 ND 812a, 147 ND 1002, 170 ND 1104, 185, 341 ND 2080, 186 ND 2090, 87, 88, 241, 329 ND 2320, 399 ND 2332, 399 ND 2381, 102 ND 2601, 136 ND 2632, 293 ND 2663, 330 ND 2686, 306, 330 ND 2715, 330 ND 2773, 330 ND 2791, 140 ND 3400, 134 ND 3401, 136 ND 3402, 134 ND 3403, 136 ND 3408, 134 ND 3409, 134 ND 3417, 136 ND 4164, 409 ND 4178, 409 ND 4301, 134, 155 ND 4305 134, 155 ND 5422, 134, 155 ND 5500, 152, 153, 202 ND 5550, 326 ND 7021, 170 ND 9910, 170 ND 9911, 170 ND 9915, 170 ND 10000, 276 ND 10027, 89 ND 10038, 89 ND 10048, 90 ND 11000, 127 Ni 2484, 180 NL no. 13, 306 NL no. 19, 102 NL no. 42, 165 NL no. 63, 165

R
RIMA 1 A.0.39.4, 306 RIMA 1 A.0.39.5, 306 RIMA 1 A.0.39.6, 306 RIMA 1 A.0.39.7, 306 RIMA 1 A.0.39.8, 238 RIMA 1 A.0.39.1001, 261, 338 RIMA 1 A.0.40.1001, 116 RIMA 1 A.0.76.3, 394 RIMA 1 A.0.77.1, 357, 394 RIMA 1 A.0.77.16, 239 RIMA 1 A.0.83.2001, 185 RIMA 2 A.0.87.1, 21-23, 33, 111, 123-25, 160, 175, 323, 394 RIMA 2 A.0.87.2, 125 RIMA 2 A.0.87.4, 124 RIMA 2 A.0.89.2, 173, 185 RIMA 2 A.0.89.3, 185 RIMA 2 A.0.89.5, 173 RIMA 2 A.0.89.7, 394 RIMA 2 A.0.98.1, 125, 173 RIMA 2 A.0.99.1, 125-26 RIMA 2 A.0.99.2, 126, 262 RIMA 2 A.0.100.1, 323 RIMA 2 A.0.100.5, 126 RIMA 2 A.0.101.1, 31, 126, 127, 152, 173, 188 RIMA 2 A.0.101.17, 188 RIMA 2 A.0.101.30, 152, 185, 305, 341 RIMA 2 A.0.101.2007, 215 RIMA 3 A.0.102.2, 127, 152, 161, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.5, 127, 161, 262, 293 RIMA 3 A.0.102.6, 127, 128, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.7, 127 RIMA 3 A.0.102.8, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.10, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.12, 276 RIMA 3 A.0.102.14, 19-20, 127, 128, 152, 161, 202, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.16, 152, 153, 202, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.20, 127 RIMA 3 A.0.102.23, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.24, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.25, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.26, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.28, 127 RIMA 3 A.0.102.29, 127, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.30, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.34, 127 RIMA 3 A.0.102.39, 262 RIMA 3 A.0.102.40, 128 RIMA 3 A.0.102.63, 188 RIMA 3 A.0.102.78, 188 RIMA 3 A.0.102.2002, 324, 395 RIMA 3 A.0.103.1, 70, 108, 128, 129, 395 RIMA 3 A.0.103.2, 129, 130, 173 RIMA 3 A.0.103.4, 129 RIMA 3 A.0.103.9, 344 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2, 202, 402

P
PMA F29-6-387a+b+e, 249 PMA F29-6-387c, 244 PMA F29-6-387d, 244 PMA F29-6-387f, 244 PMA F29-6-397, 244 Postgate Royal Grants, no. 39, 313 Postgate Royal Grants, no. 40, 317 Postgate Royal Grants, no. 83, 410 Postgate Royal Grants, no. 144, 410 Postgate Royal Grants, no. 299, 410 PTS 2253, 291

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RIMA 3 A.0.104.3, 402 RIMA 3 A.0.104.8, 263, 344 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2000, 324 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2010, 202 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2011, 202, 293 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2012, 202 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2013, 202 RIMA 3 A.0.104.2014, 203 RIMA 3 A.0.105.1, 203 RIMA 3 A.0.105.2, 296 RIMB 2 B.2.4.6, 116 RIMB 2 B.2.4.8, 116, 146 RIMB 2 B.3.1.1, 116 RIMB 2 B.6.14, 195 RIMB 2 B.6.15.2001, 345 RIMB 2 B.6.21.1, 241, 329 RIMB 2 B.6.22.3, 241, 258, 294, 301 RIMB 2 B.6.22.4, 241 RIMB 2 B.6.22.5, 241 RIMB 2 B.6.22.6, 241 RIMB 2 B.6.23.1, 242 RIMB 2 B.6.26.1, 116 RIMB 2 B.6.31.1, 289 RIMB 2 B.6.31.2, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.3, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.4, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.5, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.6, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.7, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.8, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.9, 243 RIMB 2 B.6.31.10, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.11, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.12, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.13, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.14, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.15, 244, 257, 278 RIMB 2 B.6.31.16, 244, 266, 271, 281 RIMB 2 B.6.31.17, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.18, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.19, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.20, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.21, 244 RIMB 2 B.6.31.1001, 314 RIMB 2 B.6.32.1, 248, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2, 248, 295, 384 RIMB 2 B.6.32.3, 248, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.4, 248, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.5, 249, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.6, 248, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.12, 248, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.13, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.14, 248, 250, 251, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.15, 249 RIMB 2 B.6.32.16, 88, 249, 250 RIMB 2 B.6.32.17, 249 RIMB 2 B.6.32.18, 249, 250 RIMB 2 B.6.32.19, 249, 250, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.32.20, 254 RIMB 2 B.6.32.21, 253 RIMB 2 B.6.32.22, 253 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2001, 251 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2002, 251 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2003, 251, 316 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2004, 251, 316 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2005, 251 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2006, 251 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2007, 251 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2008, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2009, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2010, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2011, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2012, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2013, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2014, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2015, 252. 316 RIMB 2 B.6.32.2016, 252 RIMB 2 B.6.33.1, 282 RIMB 2 B.6.33.2, 250, 376 RIMB 2 B.6.33.3, 250, 251, 376 RIMB 2 B.6.33.4, 251, 376 RIMB 2 B.6.33.5, 316, 376 RIMB 2 B.6.33.6, 376 RIMB 2 B.6.33.2001, 317 RIMB 2 B.6.35.1, 291 RIMB 2 B.6.35.2, 291, 295 RIMB 2 B.6.35.3, 254 RIMB 2 B.6.35.4, 88, 254 RIMB 2 S.0.1001.1, 131 RIMB 2 S.0.1001.3, 131 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.1, 131 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.2, 146 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.3, 140, 290 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.4, 140 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.5, 140 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.6, 131 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.9, 131, 140 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.10, 130, 131, 140 RIMB 2 S.0.1002.11, 131, 140 RIME 3/2 4.5.1, 185 RIME 3/2 92, 390 RIME 4 6.11.3, 238 RIME 4 E4.3.7.9, 180 RIME 4 E4.5.15.2, 391 Rm 2,2, 86 Rm 2,13, 104 Rm 2,97, 278 Rm 2,130, 82 Rm 2,189, 328 Rm 2,464, 165 Rm 2,514, 267 Rm 3,11, 249 Rm 58, 407 Rm 59, 165 Rm 60, 176, 256 Rm 69, 108 Rm 133, 291, 408, 413 Rm 217, 352

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Rm 275, 147 Rm 280, 336 Rm 288, 291, 408, 413 Rm 293, 323 Rm 464+594, 240 Rm 478, 82 Rm 854, 128, 129, 130, 262 Rm 970, 165 Rm 1046, 127, 293 Rm 1047, 127, 293 RS 5.194, 393 RS 17.340, 393 RS 19.148, 340 RS 24.250+259, 393 SAA 4 no. 51, 165 SAA 4 no. 65, 165 SAA 4 no. 66, 165 SAA 4 no. 77, 165 SAA 4 no. 78, 165 SAA 4 no. 150, 335 SAA 4 no. 264, 281 SAA 4 no. 266, 335 SAA 4 no. 282, 299 SAA 4 no. 306, 335 SAA 4 no. 307, 335 SAA 4 no. 308, 335 SAA 4 no. 309, 335 SAA 4 no. 310, 335 SAA 5 no. 84, 86 SAA 5 no. 85, 86 SAA 5 no. 95, 86 SAA 5 no. 146, 86 SAA 5 no. 147, 86 SAA 5 no. 165, 86 SAA 5 no. 203, 301 SAA 5 no. 250, 153, 242 SAA 6 no. 59, 310, 358 SAA 6 no. 98, 410 SAA 6 no. 198, 141 SAA 6 no. 219, 186 SAA 6 no. 264, 186 SAA 6 no. 302, 186 SAA 6 no. 308, 186 SAA 6 no. 309, 186 SAA 7 no. 58, 324 SAA 7 no. 62, 186 SAA 7 no. 151, 410 SAA 7 no. 153, 410 SAA 7 no. 161, 103 SAA 7 no. 184, 103 SAA 7 no. 185, 103 SAA 7 no. 186, 103 SAA 7 no. 193, 103 SAA 7 no. 208, 103-4 SAA 7 no. 209, 103 SAA 7 no. 211, 103 SAA 7 no. 212, 104, 107 SAA 7 no. 215, 103 SAA 8 no. 4, 195 SAA 8 no. 153, 195 SAA 8 no. 181, 272 SAA 8 no. 182, 272 SAA 8 no. 183, 272 SAA 8 no. 316, 85 SAA 8 no. 333, 182 SAA 8 no. 397, 195 SAA 8 no. 418, 409 SAA 8 no. 459, 195 SAA 9 no. 2, 79, 281 SAA 9 no. 7, 79 SAA 10 no. 13, 271, 408 SAA 10 no. 14, 246 SAA 10 no. 24, 281, 337

S
SAA 1 no. 7, 135, 278 SAA 1 no. 50, 309 SAA 1 no. 129, 104 SAA 1 no. 163, 328 SAA 1 no. 175, 102 SAA 1 no. 188, 266 SAA 1 no. 189, 309 SAA 1 no. 190, 407 SAA 1 no. 191, 407 SAA 1 no. 192, 407 SAA 1 no. 193, 407 SAA 1 no. 194, 407 SAA 1 no. 195, 407 SAA 1 no. 196, 407 SAA 1 no. 197, 407 SAA 1 no. 198, 407 SAA 1 no. 199, 407 SAA 1 no. 200, 407 SAA 1 no. 201, 407 SAA 1 no. 202, 242, 407 SAA 1 no. 203, 242, 407 SAA 1 no. 220, 328 SAA 1 no. 239, 328 SAA 1 no. 247, 242 SAA 1 no. 248, 328 SAA 1 no. 251, 307 SAA 1 no. 264, 242 SAA 2 no. 1, 175 SAA 2 no. 2, 175, 343, 401 SAA 2 no. 3, 175 SAA 2 no. 4, 175 SAA 2 no. 5, 175, 342 SAA 2 no. 6, 99, 342, 372, 410 SAA 2 no. 8, 175 SAA 2 no. 9, 175 SAA 2 no. 10, 175 SAA 2 no. 11, 175 SAA 3 no. 9, 363 SAA 3 no. 11, XV, 227 SAA 3 no. 13, 181 SAA 3 no. 30, 121, 146 SAA 3 nos. 34-35, 76, 147, 148

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SAA 10 no. 40, 289 SAA 10 no. 41, 289 SAA 10 no. 68, 225 SAA 10 no. 96, 101, 103 SAA 10 no. 107, 108 SAA 10 no. 111, 385 SAA 10 no. 112, 310-11, 335 SAA 10 no. 118, 336 SAA 10 no. 160, 411 SAA 10 no. 169, 360 SAA 10 no. 174, 85, 408, 413 SAA 10 no. 179, 311, 336, 411 SAA 10 no. 185, 372 SAA 10 no. 191, 182 SAA 10 no. 196, 182 SAA 10 no. 207, 182 SAA 10 no. 228, 182 SAA 10 no. 240, 409 SAA 10 no. 253, 246, 274, 304, 312 SAA 10 no. 258, 314 SAA 10 no. 294, 226 SAA 10 no. 338, 271 SAA 10 no. 339, 272, 274, 275 SAA 10 no. 340, 272, 313 SAA 10 no. 341, 313 SAA 10 no. 342, 313 SAA 10 no. 343, 313 SAA 10 no. 347, 333 SAA 10 no. 348, 292, 298, 302, 322, 360 SAA 10 no. 349, 246, 281, 325, 327, 328, 329, 333 SAA 10 no. 350, 312, 333 SAA 10 no. 351, 333 SAA 10 no. 352, 78, 325, 327, 333, 360 SAA 10 no. 353, 267, 289, 312, 325, 327, 333 SAA 10 no. 354, 245, 315, 327 SAA 10 no. 355, 313, 327 SAA 10 no. 357, 304 SAA 10 no. 358, 184, 271, 289 SAA 10 no. 359, 266 SAA 10 no. 362, 333 SAA 10 no. 363, 333 SAA 10 no. 364, 245, 247, 315, 333, 335 SAA 10 no. 368, 282 SAA 10 no. 369, 313 SAA 11 no. 15, 240 SAA 11 no. 26, 401 SAA 11 no. 80, 102 SAA 11 no. 94, 103 SAA 11 no. 104, 102 SAA 11 no. 201, 82 SAA 11 no. 202, 82 SAA 11 no. 203, 82 SAA 11 no. 204, 82 SAA 11 no. 205, 82 SAA 11 no. 206, 82 SAA 11 no. 207, 82 SAA 11 no. 208, 82 SAA 11 no. 209, 82 SAA 11 no. 210, 82 SAA 11 no. 211, 82 SAA 11 no. 212, 82 SAA 11 no. 213, 82 SAA 11 no. 214, 82 SAA 11 no. 215, 82 SAA 11 no. 216, 82 SAA 11 no. 217, 82 SAA 11 no. 218, 82 SAA 11 no. 219, 82, 313 SAA 11 no. 220, 82 SAA 12 no. 22, 318 SAA 12 no. 24, 313 SAA 12 no. 48, 317, 318 SAA 12 no. 86, 310, 317, 318 SAA 12 no. 87, 310, 317, 318 SAA 12 no. 90, 317 SAA 12 no. 91, 313 SAA 12 no. 96, 326 SAA 13 no. 4, 256, 304 SAA 13 no. 5, 256, 304 SAA 13 no. 8, 103 SAA 13 no. 9, 103 SAA 13 no. 10, 103 SAA 13 no. 11, 103 SAA 13 no. 18, 103 SAA 13 no. 19, 103 SAA 13 no. 20, 83, 103 SAA 13 no. 21, 103 SAA 13 no. 25, 108 SAA 13 no. 26, 108 SAA 13 no. 31, 103 SAA 13 no. 34, 184 SAA 13 no. 46, 182 SAA 13 no. 47, 336 SAA 13 no. 60, 305 SAA 13 no. 75, 181 SAA 13 no. 134, 336 SAA 13 no. 140, 184 SAA 13 no. 161, 249 SAA 13 no. 162, 249, 289 SAA 13 no. 163, 249 SAA 13 no. 164, 249 SAA 13 no. 165, 249 SAA 13 no. 166, 249, 250, 253, 267 SAA 13 no. 167, 249 SAA 13 no. 168, 249, 334, 373, 388 SAA 13 no. 172, 267 SAA 13 no. 174, 226, 314, 334 SAA 13 no. 175, 314, 334 SAA 13 no. 176, 315 SAA 13 no. 178, 184, 324, 327, 334 SAA 13 no. 179, 243, 266, 289, 324, 327 SAA 13 no. 181, 267, 312, 327 SAA 13 no. 187, 315 SAA 13 no. 188, 314, 328, 329 SAA 13 no. 190, 83, 140 SBF 239, 405 SH 80/1527, 394 SH 82/1527, 394

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SH 809, 262 Sm 117, 165 Sm 240, 399 Sm 343, 165 Sm 346, 256 Sm 488, 184 Sm 671, 248 Sm 920, 316 Sm 1001, 240 Sm 1028, 359 Sm 1039, 103 Sm 1045, 301 Sm 1047, 399 Sm 1056, 86 Sm 1097, 103 Sm 1158, 165 Sm 1178, 82 Sm 1212, 331 Sm 1223, 165 Sm 1338, 407 Sm 1564, 147 Sm 1624, 407 Sm 1666, 249 Sm 1871, 316 Sm 1876, 369 Sm 1903, 147 Sm 1934, 86 Sp 158+II 9623, 116 Streck Asb., lxiv, 88 Streck Asb., 362, 85 Streck Asb., Cyl. L1, 248 Streck Asb., Cyl. L2, 248 Streck Asb., Cyl. L6, 248, 387 Streck Asb., Cyl. P1, 248 Streck Asb., Stele S2, 248 Streck Asb., Stele S3, 248 STT no. 44, 317 STT no. 49, 313 STT no. 64, 328 STT no. 88, 187, 189 STT no. 406+407, 313 SU 51/33, 313 SU 51/57+118+147B+184, 313 SU 51/117, 317 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Mila Mergi Rock Relief, 153 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Stele III, 396 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 1, 153, 155, 263 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 2, 133 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 4, 155, 156 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 7, 133, 153, 154, 264, 345, 396 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 8, 133-34, 155, 156 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Summary Inscription 9, 134, 155, 202 TC 3, 93, 167 TC 3, 163, 167 TCL 3, 83, 84, 173, 176, 177 TH 8, 303 TH 112, 186 TH 113, 186 TH 729, 404 Th 1929-10-12,2, 248, 253, 316 Th 1930-5-8,3, 242, 294 Th 1930-5-8,4, 242, 294 Thompson Rep. no. 22, 409 Thompson Rep. no. 72, 272 Thompson Rep. no. 100, 272 Thompson Rep. no. 157, 195 Thompson Rep. no. 165A, 195 Thompson Rep. no. 170, 182 Thompson Rep. no. 256c, 272 Thompson Rep. no. 268, 85 Thompson Rep. no. 271, 195 TKSM 21/676, 184, 271, 327, 336 TM 75.G.2420, 175

U
U 3249g, 252 U 3249i, 252 UCLM 9-1793, 250 UET 1 275, 180 Ug. 5 L 511, 340 UM 33-35-191a, 252 UM 33-35-191b, 252 UM 55-21-384, 249 UM 84-26-7, 244 UM 84-26-8, 88, 249 UM 84-26-9, 88, 249 UM 84-26-10, 88, 249 UM 84-26-11, 88, 249 UM 84-26-12, 250 UM L-29-632+633+636, 249 UM L-29-634, 244 UM L-29-635, 244 UM L-29-637, 244 UM L-29-639, 244

T
Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 3, 396 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 5, 155 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 8, 264 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 9, 153, 277 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 10, 153 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 13*, 345 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 14*, 154, 396 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 15, 263 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 20, 155 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 25, 202 Tadmor Tiglath-pileser III, Annal Unit 27, 396

Text and Object Citations

V
VA 968, 135, 265, 294 VA 2536-41, 248 VA 2663, 351 VA 3295, 202, 293 VA 3587, 250 VA 4902, 248 VA 5057, 202 VA 7832, 248, 250, 253 VA 8248, 109, 118 VA 8409, 248 VA 14553f, g, 241 VA 14663a-e, 241 VA 14664a-i, k-l, 241 VA 14664m, 241 VA 14668, 243 VA Ass 4511, 108, 128, 129, 130 VA Bab 601, 248 VA Bab 602, 248 VA Bab 603, 248 VA Bab 604, 248 VA Bab 614, 248 VA Bab 632, 248 VA Bab 634, 248 VA Bab 647, 289 VA Bab 4052a, 243 VA Bab 4052b, 243 VA Bab 4052c-f, 243 VA Bab 4052g, 243 VA Bab 4053, 243 VA Bab 4074, 243 VAS 1 no. 37, 351 VAS 1 no. 71, 135, 265, 294 VAS 1 no. 90, 410 VAS 16 no. 156, 180 VAS 19 no. 21, 105 VAS 19 no. 25, 105 VAS 19 no. 49, 105 VAS 19 no. 56, 105 VAS 19 no. 62, 105 VAS 19 no. 73, 105 VAT 1433, 180 VAT 5394, 410 VAT 8288, 126, 262 VAT 8883, 310, 318 VAT 8901, 410 VAT 8918, 185, 186, 262, 341 VAT 9538, 147 VAT 9550, 323 VAT 9555, 147 VAT 9562, 125 VAT 9583, XV VAT 9625, 127 VAT 9628, 129 VAT 9632, 126 VAT 9640, 125 VAT 9651, 128 VAT 9656, 310, 318

VAT 9940, 124 VAT 10047, 151 VAT 10084, 323 VAT 10422, 126 VAT 10464, 186 VAT 11316, 126 VAT 11318, 126 VAT 13084, 105 VAT 13142, 291, 295 VAT 13831, XV VAT 14519, 314 VAT 16387, 186 VAT 16389, 105 VAT 16398, 105 VAT 16399+16400, 105 VAT 18008, 105 VAT 18037, 105 von Weiher Uruk 3, no. 120, 169 Vorderasiatisches Museum no. S 3902, 404

W
W 856, 266 W 1831a, 241 W 2589, 241 W 2704, 241 W 3764, 243 W 3885, 243 W 4098, 243 W 4238, 243 W 4444, 250 W 4496, 243 W 18419, 243 W 20942, 250 W 23852, 243 W 22660/0, 195 WAA 124550, IX, 171 WAA 124542, 171 WAA 124553, 171 WAA, Or. Dr., III, Central II, 132 WAA, Or. Dr., IV, 25, 136 WAA, Or. Dr., IV, 32, 137 WAA, Or. Dr., IV, 59, 137 WAA, Or. Dr., IV, 65, 137

Y
YBC 2146, 244 YBC 2147, 243, 266, 281 YBC 2170, 345 YBC 2180, 250 YBC 2181, 87-88, 241, 294 YBC 2372, 88, 249 YBC 4499, 392

Neo-Luwian Texts
National Syrian Museum, Aleppo 2460, 395-96

Text and Object Citations