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Exercise 11 Pithing the Frog

PITHING

make the animal free from pain destroy the Nervous System pithing/dissecting needle foramen magnum - cup-like depression - located between the skull and the atlas (first cervical vertebra) single pithing brain is destroyed double pithing brain and spinal cord are destroyed

Signs of Successful Pithing


Frog will remain limp Legs are extended forward or outstretched and frog will quiver Single pithing will only destroy the brain but the frog will still be able to: breath muscles will still contract heart will still beat

Proper way of restraining the frog during pithing:


Legs should be outstretched and held tightly between ring and small finger Head bent forward , pressure exerted on top of the head by index finger Head is bent over the second finger

Exercise 12 Muscle-Nerve Preparation

Parts of Muscle-Nerve Preparation


Sciatic nerve whitish thread-like structure lying in between the thigh muscle close to the femur Femur Thigh muscles Gastrocnemius large muscle at the postero- inferior part of the lower leg opposite the peroneus Tendon of Achilles remove peroneus, shinbone (tibiofibula) and foot (pes) Muscle- nerve preparation is placed in amphibian Ringers solution

Exercise 13 Application of Different Forms of Stimuli

Stimulus - any change in the environment - Tissues maybe stimulated by: a. mechanical stimulus (tie and pinch the sciatic nerve) b. thermal stimulus ( hot and cold water) c. chemical stimulus (NaCl ) d. electrical stimulus (stimulator) - preferred 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2. it maybe applied and removed easily 3. changes that the electrical stimulus produces is reversible and do not damage the tissues

Stimulus Applied 1. Mechanical 2. Thermal a. Tying

Response single

b. Pinching

single

a. Hot water single b. Cold water single

3. Chemical (NaCl)
4. Electrical a. Direct

series
single

ANSWER TO QUESTIONS
1. Among the different forms of stimuli applied, electrical stimulus gave the better result 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2. it maybe applied and removed easily 3. change that the electrical stimulus produces is reversible and do not damage the tissues 2. Chemical stimulus is not frequently use in the laboratory because it damages the tissue.

Threshold stimulus - stimulus whose strength is just enough to elicit a response Subminimal stimulus - weaker than threshold stimulus - does not cause any response Maximal Stimulus - type of stimulus that causes the greatest response Supramaximal stimulus - strength is greater than maximal stimulus but response is similar to that of maximal stimulus

Exercise 14 The Spinal Frog

Spinal frog- single pithing Normal frog ( only the semicircular canal is destroyed)

Condition
1. Position of : a. head b. eyes c. limbs 2. Pinching the toes 3. Pinching the skin

Spinal Frog
Drooping Half closed Extended No response No response

Normal Frog
Erect Wide open Contracted

4. Pinching the hind toes


5. Response on the other toes 6. Position of the body

No response
No response Tilted to one side (not balanced Normal position

7. Evidence of sight No response


8. Evidence of hearing 9. Touching the cornea 10. Destruction of semicircular canal No response No response Not balanced

Frog moved
frog moved Eyes closed Normal position

Exercise 15 Complex Coordinated and Uncoordinated Reflexes

Condition

Observation

Type of Reflex

Before injection of strychnine a. concentrated HNO3 b. immersion in hot water

Frog flexed the leg all are complex coordinated withdraws the leg reflexes (orderly sequence of muscular contractions

After injection of strychnine (dorsal lymph sac) a. concentrated HNO3 b. immersion in hot water

Stiffening of the Uncoordinated leg (convulsive reflexes movements/spasm odic contractions)

Answer to Questions
1. The type of reflex produced upon the first application of acid is complex coordinated. 2. The strychnine solution causes convulsive movements or spasmodic contraction because strychnine binds with glycine which is a neurotransmitter for relaxation and contraction equilibrium therefore the muscle remains contracted. 3. Withdrawal reflexes are classified under complex coordinated reflex.

Exercise 35 The Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate

Condition
1. Intact heart 2. heart in Ringers solution (room temperature) 3. heart in warm Ringers solution 4. Heart in cold Ringers solution

Results heartbeats/minute
60-100 beats/min Slightly lower than intact heart

the higher the temp. the higher the cardiac rate the lower the temp. the lower the cardiac rate

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Force
Rate Rhythm

increases
increases increases

decreases
decreases decreases

Answer to Questions
1. Increase calcium levels increase heart rate Increase potassium levels lower heart rate 2. Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac activities Parasympathetic stimulation decreases cardiac activities

Exercise 10 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

Isotonic Contraction Muscle length Shortens

Isometric Contraction Muscle retains original length More tension Lesser Greater Force

Muscle tension Less tension Inertia Force Greater Lesser force

Answer to Questions:
1. Isotonic contractions ex. Walking, writing, running Isometric contractions ex. Simply standing, pushing against a wall 2. Isotonic contraction - muscle shortens, mechanical work Isometric contraction - muscle tightening but no shortening of muscle

Exercise 8 Simple Muscle Contraction

Single pithing Muscle preparation (same as muscle nerve preparation) Parts of muscle preparation? Parts removed? What muscle is used? to produce simple muscle contraction, electrical stimulus is applied to the muscle. Muscle is allowed to relax before application of second stimulus

Myogram - record of muscle contraction Muscle twitch/Simple Muscle Contraction - brief contraction of a muscle fiber in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in a motor neuron

Three Phases of Simple Muscle Contraction


A-B lag or latent phase - period after stimulation - contraction is not apparent B-C contraction phase - period when muscle fibers contract (muscle fibers shorten) C-D relaxation phase - period when the myogram falls - muscle returns to its resting state

Exercise 9 Summation

1. Summation - adding together of individual muscle twitches to make a strong coordinated movements - brought about by sending at least 2 successive stimuli - second stimulus comes before the end of contraction or at the beginning of relaxation period.

A - first baseline B - first peak/second baseline C - second peak AB first contraction BC second contraction CD relaxation

2. Second contraction is higher than the first contraction because of the ff. reasons: a. greater tension is produced on the muscle upon sending more than one stimulus. b. second contraction is higher than the first because it starts at a higher baseline c. greater amount of Ca on the second contraction

a - first baseline b - first peak/second baseline c - second peak

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