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philosophy and theoreticai lsolialqnqg frd.Rr cvqft-grrr< 96us.:1p.;q


I

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r

q. rqrqfrc.rrq mrrc ,ftrd TI (sociology cannot be neutral dwavs) a {fr* EIR-ssIc< fiq\*rfi'e-r* q*mRwrq wrfl{ FKHS ('.]rre r.ee) frwn o+rft crrcq c,{rqRu,rq u6r< q{sq qrR qrnq wrcq-{ qrryKR 6ftv_E3"t ,{qq ror<,crr{rffn frrftqT fiBrr r E<qr frTR qt qsrcq ftTR r 1,ft.+ (crr$ Rr{E qt$o, qflqR@r{ cqrew ,Tt{rRct Rry qrFE{Ir vstT fi-trc{ssr w(q <r{c" qsq frfffrs, silq flR-$fitl <T cmrffi'foqq q:fiqrfi ,F{f ,f,r{frF +-*r<.mm

ffi fag6e6q ql

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I

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ffiorftf,t

Scopc of Sociology

fr6fiq Ta{
society),
(capitalistic
society)-Q31

ril

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qftrrr*nl
(Soclologrr
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I I

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(Soctological Theory)

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(Social Dcr
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qrfqfrwfrfi c rs-qB mtsRETr{R_fre{ opi, eEi-n, ft&


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IEII

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(sociological theory)

ftsrm wre rarr6 sg fiffs q*, 1ffi $ sq{ {Ir .cqs, fuTtrtt <I qEq .c-carn wrclrm v-qro 1*ffi6t irir rltr c+r< frsr* wruvrs+ sq

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rtc{rr.fi rFG[ I

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I

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(Historical Sociology)
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r

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frcx rrrEs"lEt

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society)-(itr Sql <rFI qI6Fq
I

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ft6n qrrqlEqT Frn
1

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frsFt,

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ffilf{fu

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r

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1

{rrrfu-s w<r<en (soctal Demography) }ilTflqT qTr{H q-{'IE{]]Eq, q;FI$III3I ?FIAIdI, q-{q$TK Iq, qqq(?li'IK <G84, q<(EI3tqgrc atc<rs.[ :Txn&$ o.rd fuT "tt{ {rt-{ e qqREH erB sr<ftF {eftq ffiEr r qfr qqqc{,lR 1frr< +ta"t, wrcw E"K qTrrqSll lRa eroR, 1lt4. frGa cm ,.c<( qsi &Tfi frfvE etm q-{qE{]Td II;IS (density) <fq <r<rr{t {cor6 ETTqT{ EFTITT I I{lflks qiR6.t{ qr{q{Ird ){FrlEBr 'FFI (migraLion) rp1-5{s {trRcfi Tr< I qfr .C<t fir1:t WIEr6{ .fqn C{f$ Sf:t, SFI Ccff+ ,fqfl, dN Celm Sfit q<s..I{it C{m

ffi

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TK

ndrs qr{E{JI-r ffi<try{ qorc'6 'rrq<.$ umm r qT{ts m 1Rfti qft ff{r&+ {e-ftqgt ,q<c.sftFrqa ffiq, 16 qrs(ql qrq qs(1fuq qB{:F{ qfu$ 1R Cefrs6q r giR q-qfrwfr<< rfr{{.tK 6qq e-"iRfr fu ft 1F< c,fr{ lrcnq
I

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Frcn

wfu{

ffi"t wrq q<(Irf{ q$q

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qtk

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crler frEA w{ rilfus,

(urban sociotogy) qrk T:irffist Q-ct-<nfl g.trft,

qe13t

Tpf-{fr-$, Effa

.fi(!ilqe-s

tkss41, rrk wr6qx q-Sr{ qffi qqr6

cgs.l'f6 qrtc qEzTr asn.i

ilrreT;rq
(Social psn

qrr* mrqrir6'H

et frrn

- {ffn *ry

r{Br {r(.i fttrc


Fr+lRT{rqfuH

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nft qNGs 69 ffi r*'.6 qrmrFrr scr qdr rmtqfr@T{ Er{< Eq't&, fr+H .erq ffa ,gg e:otffi qq6 \l.{c.qtq urflTJ efr
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r

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(mofivation),

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(Cultuial Sor crqGs: Ts1u-6 frErr fre


rTr(Tfrr

srrcqr ffC Al

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wrd

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i

TtIlqSBI

(Social Thoq

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I

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rrfu(

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(Sociology of Law) qltsR c$qR@H r{H<ryt {qr<R


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B'rqrfisq

ltmreovr*rRu.n

ffiffi;ffi

qtrqfrurn-i,fR6,C

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(Social psychology)

*ffi*.il*#*"*;1ffiffiffi; ffT
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n**.rTJT

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;;;*. ffi S:,*t#"ffi


;ffi #:
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w'K-qlEn{ cPR-6 qT*"q.,o

(Cultuial Sociology)

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ffi;ry#''-*
(Social Thought)

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r

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(Max weber), r,utr{ ig !r";.,1ffi;r* ;"qr; a* efr*

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mr

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(Gender and development)

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(Medical sociology)

r{Ii

ftftsr{t:Ntsfun Tt' wtqrscq 6<tcrBr sr;rd B aesm q*prt'6 fi&X qfu Tqrcrd $I6tqlr.tt .fiqfr$c {an{ w{'jrq14 DFITJI r q{rq,sm 6<[ctlit iFIR.l, qfurilq {5q( qeTK {{pft-6 reffis fr.drq, cqrqq ffis{t (cw{- ors Bftentl ffi cprr6 Gftcpll q{Iq'EE 6&q mfur qrrs nq atttru {qr e ,trftrffi <rr{E[, 1ffi e qFqi {pfr6 q<.fr Fnn ,{R tm{.fi Trd qlrs {Ffi&s Aftcv-rq frGtr <-rcm 6iltt :rarr6 efr :{ftfi DIfrIs r ffiqm ft&, $ fre Ma
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