DENTURE

BASE
MATERIALS
 CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON CHEMISTRY
• Metals – Co Cr, Type IV Gold etc
• Non metals – Acrylics, Shellac etc
 CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON DURABILITY
• Temporary – Self cure acrylic, Shellac etc.
• Permanent - Heat cure acrylic, metals etc
DENTURE

A removable dental prosthesis with artificial teeth

attached to the base that replaces the masticatory
surfaces and associated structures of maxillary or
mandibular dental arch.
 DENTURE BASE RESINS

• Acrylics
• Vulcanite
• Phenol
formaldehyde
• Vinyl etc
 REQUIREMENTS
• Color same as mucosa
• Translucent
• Less water sorption
• Non toxic and non irritant
• Tasteless, odorless
• Low sp gravity, i.e. low weight
• Dimensional stability if temp is changed
 REQUIREMENTS
• Softening temp above oral temp

• Good thermal conductivity

• Easily available

• Easy to manipulate
REQUIREMENTS
• Fabrication and repair easy
• Radio opaque
• Strong
• Resilient
• Abrasion resistant
 ACRYLIC RESINS

Derivatives of ethylene
Contain vinyl group (-C==C-)
Types
From acrylic acid CH2==CH-COOH
From methacrylic acid CH2==C(CH3)-COOH
COMPOSITION - Powder

PMMA -

Ethacrylate 5%- Copolymer

Dibutyl pthalate 10% - Plasticizer

Benzoil peroxide 0.5% - Initiator

COMPOSITION - Powder

Mercuric sulfide Red pigment

Cd sulfide Yellow
Ferric oxide Brown
Dyed Nylon fibers
Glass, Zr silicate Inorganic particles
10-15% Uranyl salts Opacifier
35% Zr di methacrylate Opacifier
 USE OF INGREDIENTS
Copolymer – Increase solubility of PMMA
Polymer less brittle
Plasticizer – Soft resilient workable polymer
Pigments – for color
Initiator – Initiate free radical production
USE OF INGREDIENTS

Fibers – To duplicate BV & capillaries

Inorganic particles – Improve mech properties
Opacifier – To make resin radio opaque
Adv- Identified in X ray
Disadv - More water sorption
Less handling properties
More deflection
 COMPOSITION - Liquid

• Methyl methacrylate – Monomer

• 0.6% Hydroquinone – Inhibitor
• 10% Dibutyl pthalate – Plasticizer
• Glycol di methacrylate – Cross linking agent
USE OF INGREDIENTS

• Monomer
• Inhibitor – Retard polymerization
• Plasticizer – Increase workability
• Cross linking agent – Improve mech prop
PROPERTIES PMMA & CURED RESIN
• Odorless
• Tasteless
• Translucent
• Can be pigmented
• Density 11.9 gm/cm3
• Mole wt – 50000-1000000 PMMA
1200000 Cured resin
 PROPERTIES PMMA & CURED RESIN
• TS 55 MN/M2
• CS 76 ,,

Strength affected by
design of
denture
mole wt of
polymer
residual
monomer
porosity &
crazing
 PROPERTIES PMMA & CURED RESIN

Elongation – 2%
Coe of thermal expn – 81units
Water solubility – 0.02 mg/cm2
Dimensional stability - water

sorption(rln)
PROPERTIES PMMA & CURED RESIN

Distortion temp – 95 degree

24 hr water sorption – 0.6 – 0.7 mg/cm2
Less in ht cure type
Comp for poly shrinkage
Can act as plasticizer
PROPERTIES Monomer
MP – -48 degree
BP – 100.8 degree
HT OF POLYMERIZATION –
12.9Cal/Mol
POLY SHRINKAGE - 21%
 CRAZING

Formation of macro/microscopic surface

cracks in the denture.
Formed perpendicular to tensile stresses
 Clinical appearance…

• HAZY
• FOGGY
 Disadvantages…..

• Un-esthetic
• Weakening
 Causes……….

• TS causing poly chain separation

• Release of internal stresses
• Solvents like alcohol

Contd…..
 Causes……….

• Frequent repairs
• Frequent removal & insertion of
prosthesis in mouth
• Around ceramic teeth
PREVENTION OF CRAZING

• Reinforced acrylic teeth

• Cross linked acrylic
• Place denture in water when not in use
 Polymerization
shrinkage
• Conventional heat cure –
0.43%
• Conventional cold cure –
0.26%
• Pour type – 0.48%
• Rapid cure resin – 0.90%
• High impact – 0.12%
 POROSITY

Inclusion of surface and

sub-surface voids in the
denture that has
undesirable effects on
physical, esthetic &
hygienic properties of
 Classification……

• External / Shrinkage
• Internal / Gaseous
 Cl in ic al fe at ur es – Ext er nal
porosit y

• Occur anywhere
• Uniform distribution
• Cant be removed by
trimming
• Resin appear pale
 Ca use s o f e xt ernal
po rosit y..

• Inadequate mixing
• Excess monomer
• Packing in wrong stage
• Insufficient material in flask
• Inadequate pressure of
packing
 Prevention of external
porosity..

• Proper proportioning of P & L

• Proper mixing
• Adequate pressure
• Pack in dough stage
C/F of i nternal p orosit y

• Non-u nifo rm dis tribution

• Seen i n th ick ar eas
• Not p re se nt o n su rfa ce
 Causes of internal
porosity
• Water in dough
• Air incorporation
• Impurity
• No separating media
• No bench cooling
• Sudden temp raise
 Prevention of internal
porosity

• Long and low temp for

curing
• Temp not above 100.8
degree
• No impurities
 Disadvantages of porosity
• Poor color
properties
• Less translucent
• Low strength
• More water sorption
• Food accumulation
• Bacterial growth
• Less cleansable
 Technical considerations
• Compression
molding
technique
• Injection molding
technique
• Light technique
• Fluid resin
method
 COMPRESSION
I.
MOULDING
Finishing waxed dentures
II. Mounting & investing

Remove master cast from articulator

Apply separator on the cast
Mount the cast in the lid of flask with
stone/plaster
Contour to facilitate wax elimination
• Upon reaching initial set coat a
separator
• Place body of flask, apply ST
reducing agent on wax & pour
second mix of plaster
• Teeth can be splinted in stone
• Place lid in position and close
III. Dewaxing & preparation of split mould

• Place the flask in boiling water for less than 5

mts.
• Pour hot water onto the split mould carefully to
eliminate wax completely
• Pack when the flask is still warm
IV. Selection & application of separating medium

Uses
Prevent physical contact between resin & plaster
Water in plaster affect polymerization &
optical properties of resin
If resin penetrate into plaster, cleaning &
finishing of denture is difficult

Retrieval of denture is easy

 Examples…

• Tin foil ( First material, Time consuming)

• Cellulose lacquers
• Soluble alginates (Cold mold seal)
• Soaps
• Sodium silicate
• Starches
• Calcium oleate
Cold mold seal

• Composition
Na/K Alginate
Glycerin
Alcohol
Na phosphate
Preservatives
Cold mold seal contd…

• Precautions
No residual wax
Warm but not hot mold
Don't apply over teeth
One/two layer is enough
Avoid pooling of separating medium
Cold mold seal contd…

• Mechanism
Na/K alginate react with Ca in
gypsum forming calcium alginate. It
forms a film over the mould wall.
 V. Proportioning & mixing

• 3:1 by volume 2:1 by weight

• Dry glass or porcelain tumbler is used
• Dispense monomer and then sift polymer
• Cover the glass after mixing to prevent
evaporation of monomer
 Proportioning & mixing

• Less monomer
Less strength
Poor color
Porosity
• More monomer
Porosity
Polymerization shrinkage
VI. Identifying dough stage

5 distinct phases in mixed acrylic mass

Wet sandy
Stringy / Sticky
Dough / Plastic
Rubbery / Elastic
Stiff
 1. Sandy

• Little / no molecular level interaction

• Mix coarse or grainy
• Fluid incoherent mass
 2. Stringy

• Monomer penetrate polymer

• Uncoil polymer chains
• Viscosity increases
• Mass is stringy when touched with spatula
 3.Dough

• More polymer enter the solution.

• Sea of monomer & dissolved polymer is formed
• Behaves like a pliable dough
• Not sticky and wont adhere to vessels and spatula
• Ideal for compression molding
 Dough contd…

Dough forming time – The time required for the

resin mixture to reach the dough like stage is
called so.

ADA / ANSI Specification 12 --- <40 mts

10 mts
 Dough contd…

Working time – The time that a denture base

material remains in the dough like stage.

ADA / ANSI Specification 12 --- 5 mts (Minimum)

DFT & WT influenced by temparature

 4. Rubbery

• Monomer disappear by evaporation &

penetration
• More elastic
• Rebound on compression
• Highly viscous and poor flow
 5. Stiff

• Reaches this stage if mix is allowed to remain for

a long period
• Due to evaporation of monomer
 VII. Packing

Placement and adaptation of denture

base resin within the mold cavity is
termed packing.
Mould should be packed properly
Under packing – Porosity
Over packing – Thick base
Do packing in several steps
 •Do packing in dough stage

• Place resin in flask

• Wet polyethylene sheet is kept over the resin
• Reassemble the flask
• Apply force incrementally to ensure uniform
flow of resin
• Close flask till it is fully closed
• Open flask remove excess (flash) wit knife
• This is called trial closure
• Repeat trial closure till no flash comes out
• No polyethylene sheet is necessary in the final
closure
 VIII. Injection molding

• Special flask is necessary

• Place sprue before second pour of plaster
• Do dewaxing , apply separating medium
• Clamp flask & inject resin
• During polymerization resin shrink. Add
additional resin
 IX. Bench cooling

Keep the flask 30-60 mts @ room temperature

before curing. This is done for

• Pressure equalization in the mould

• Uniform dispersion of monomer
• Attachment of DBR to resin teeth
 X. Polymerization procedure

• Resin contain Benzoil peroxide (initiator)

• @ 60 degrees it release free radical (Ht activator)
• Heating process used to control the
polymerization is termed curing / polymerization
cycle
 Polymerization procedure Contd…

• @ 70 degree, temperature of resin increase

rapidly because of decomposition of Benzoil
peroxide
• Resin & stone are poor thermal conductors
• Exothermic heat accumulate in resin
• Porosity appear if temperature go above 100.8
degree
 Polymerization cycles

• 65 deg for 90 mts (thick), 100 deg for 1 hr (thin)

• 60-70 deg for 9 hr or more
• 74 deg for 8 hr (one step low heat tech)
• 74 deg for 8 hr, increase to 100 deg in 1 hr
• 74 deg for 2 hr, increase to 100 deg in 1 hr
• After acrylization cool slowly to room temp to
avoid warpage
• Remove from bath and cool for 30 mts
• Keep in tap water for 15 mts
• Do deflasking, finishing, polishing and delivery.
 Other sources of heating………
• Steam
• Dry heat ( oven, electric plates)
• Induction heating
• Infra red heating
• Microwave heating
Special resin and nonmetallic flasks are needed
Quick polymerization
Physical properties same as conventional resin
Fit of denture- same as conventional resin
 CHEMICAL CURE ACRYLIC

Self cure acrylic

Auto polymerizing resin
Cold cure acrylic
Dimethyl p toluidine - Activator in monomer

Main difference - Mode activation of initiator

• Polymerization not as complete in heat cure resin

• Less shrinkage / more dimensionally stable

• Less color stability as amines get oxidized. Add

stabilizing agents

• WT less
 Uses……
• To make RPD / CD
• Special tray fabrication
• Repair
• Relining and rebasing
• To make orthodontic appliances
 Technical considerations
• Compression molding technique
Same as heat cure
Only 2 trial closure possible as WT is less
Time for polymerization 30 mts
Maintain pressure for 3 hrs
• Salt pepper
• Hand adapted dough
 Heat cure resin Vs Self cure resin
• Heat activated
• Complete polymerization
• High mole wt
• Resi monomer .2 - .5%
• Water sorption 0.21%
• Less porous
• Solubility 0.2 mg/cm2
• More warpage
• Low mucosa irritation
• Chemically activated
• Incomplete
• Low mole wt
• 3–5%
• 3%
• More porous
• 0.05 mg / cm2
• Less warpage
• More irritation
 LIGHT ACTIVATED RESIN
• Contain urethane di methacrylate
micro filled silica
high mole wt acrylic monomer
acrylic beads as filler
• Single component sheet & rope forms
• Special flask and investment needed
• Light is used to cure resin
 FLUID / POUR TYPE RESINS
• Pourable chemically activated resin for denture
bases
• Mount cast with waxed denture on the lid of flask
• Pour with agar
• Open flask remove cast with denture
• Attach sprues
• Dewax trial denture
• Replace cast in flask
• Place teeth in indentations in agar
• Pour resin through sprue
• Polymerization complete in 30-45mts
 Advantages

• Good denture adaptation

• Less damage to cast during deflasking
• Cheaper than heat cure material
• Simple & less time consuming
• Trial closure not needed
 Disadvantages
• Teeth position may change due to pressure
• Bond between DBR and teeth poor
• Technique sensitive
• Air entrapment in base
• Incomplete flow of resin
 Radio opaque resins
• Acrylic is radio lucent
• Difficult to retrieve if ingested
• 10-15% uranyl salts or 35% zirconyl di
methacrylate is added
• Disadvantages
More water sorption
Less handling properties
More transverse deflection
 High impact / rubber reinforced resin
Butadiene styrene rubber is grafted with
methacrylate which is dispersed in a PMMA
matrix
Advantages
High impact strength
Low stiffness
Less water sorption
Disadvantage
Tissue fit less
 GEL TYPE RESIN

In gel form like vinyl resins

Components blended together, so can never be
auto polymerization type
Only heat activated type available in market
Stiffer than conventional type
 Rapid heat polymerized resin

• Hybrid resin
• Modified initiator
• 20 mt curing in hot water
 Repair resin

• Auto poly acrylic

• Heat cure acrylic
• Light cure acrylic
• Vulcanite
 a. Auto poly resins…
• No warpage
• Room temperature curing
• Low TS
• High residual monomer
• More porosity
• More creep
• Poor color stability
 b. Heat activated resins

• More TS
• Low porosity
• Low residual monomer
• Good color stability
• Warpage as heat needed
• More time consuming
 c. Vulcanite

• Non toxic
• Non irritant
• Opaque so unaesthetic
• Dimensional shrinkage 2-4%
 d. Light activated resin

• Supplied in sheets
• Should be adapted and contoured
• More TS
• Costly instruments needed
 RELINE RESINS

The procedures used to resurface the tissue side

of a removable dental prosthesis with new base
material, thus producing an accurate
adaptation to the denture foundation area.
 Classification

• Temporary
Heat cure silicon
Auto polymerization silicon
Plasticized acrylic
• Permanent
Heat cure acrylic
Self cure acrylic
Light cure acrylic
• Direct
Chemical & light cure resins
• Indirect
Heat cure acrylic
• Chair side
Chemical & light cure resins
• Lab
Heat cure acrylic
• Hard
• Soft
Material pliable for 1- 2 years
Less chance for sore spots
• Therapeutic / temporary
In red, swollen tissue cases
Poor bonding with base
More than 40% dimensional change
Can loose plasticizer
Candida growth
 Resin teeth Vs ceramic teeth
• High fracture resistance • Low
• Significant wear • Less
• Grinding & polishing easy • Difficult
• No clicking • Present
• Chemical bond • Mechanical
• Loss of VD • VD stable
• Minimum wear of natural • Max wear
teeth
• Less esthetic • More esthetic
• Less color stable • More
 TISSUE CONDITIONERS
Applied to the fitting surface of a denture to
provide cushion and prevent the masticatory
load from being transferred to the underlying
bone
They are short term soft liners.
They are chemically activated polymeric materials
that tend to degrade more rapidly than heat
activated resins.
 Indications…

• To promote recovery of tissues

• Post surgical care
• Immediate denture base
• Final impression to register tissues
 Examples…

• Auto polymerized silicon (Best)

• Heat activated silicon (Best)
• Acrylic with butane instead of methane
• Plasticized acrylic
• PVC
 Plasticized acrylic…
• Powder
PMMA / Poly ethyl methacrylate
• Liquid
60-80% plasticizer (Dibutyl pthalate)
Cause slip in polymer
Change in linear pattern
Cushioning effect
 • Heat cure type lasts long
• Self cure type lasts short and called
tissue conditioner
• When plasticizer leaches out, liner
become rigid
• PEMA is more durable
 Denture cleaners

• Don’t use hot water to clean dentures as it

causes warpage
• Light brushing help to clean dentures
• Clean daily
 Requirements…

• Non toxic
• Non allergic
• Non irritant
• Dissolve deposits
• Microcidal
 Types…

• Abrasive powder & paste

Eg- Calcium carbonate ( But abrade resin &
teeth)
• Sodium per borate (May not dissolve had
deposits, harmful to resin)
• Hypochlorite solutions (Dissolve mucoprotiens,
May cause bleaching)
• Enzyme cleaners ( Proteolytic enzymes break
organic compounds of deposits)