Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Arijit Mondal
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Directing
- Telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their
ability.
5. Managerial Function
7. Continuous Activity
9. Pervasive Function
11.Communication
Giving orders is an indispensable pat of direction. Managers elicit
two types of behavior when they issue orders namely linear and
circular.
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Motivation
Examine three terms
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Early theories of Motivation
Self Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
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McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
- What do people want from their jobs? When did they feel exceptionally
good or exceptionally bad about their jobs?
- Two factors –
-Factors leading to job satisfaction are separate & distinct from those that
lead to job dissatisfaction. Thus, managers
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who seeks to eliminate factors
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that can create job dissatisfaction may bring peace but no motivation.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Alderfer’s ERG THEORY
- More than one need can be operative at the same time. (no rigid
hierarchy)
-If the gratification of a higher level need is stifled, the desire to satisfy a
lower-level need increases. It has a frustration-regression dimension.
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McClelland’s Theory of Needs
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Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
It says that an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of of effort when
he believes that effort will lead to good performance and that good
performance will lead to good reward and good reward will lead to personal
goals.
1 2 3
Individual Individual Organizational Personal
Effort Performance Rewards Goals
3. Effort-Performance Relationship
4. Performance-Reward Relationship
5. Rewards-Personal Goals Relationship
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Motivation: Applications
3)MBO (Management by Objectives)
- How to make goal-setting operational? Install a MBO program
- MBO emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable and
measurable.
- It is used as a means of using goals to motivate people.
The theory says that specific hard goals result in high individual performance
and feedback also leads to high performance
MBO also discusses about specific goals and feedback.
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2. Employee Recognition Programs
- It covers a wide range of activities from a spontaneous and private thank you”
by boss to a widely publicized formal program.
-Redesigning by
•Job rotation
•Job Enlargement- horizontal expansion
•Job Enrichment – vertical expansion
- Example like piece rate system, profit sharing, bonuses, gain sharing
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Morale
- The degree of enthusiasm and willingness with which the members of a group
pull together to achieve group goals.
Nature of Morale
-Dynamic
- Represents Collective attitude of the workers
- Multi dimensional in nature
- A long term phenomenon
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Factors Affecting Morale
The organization
Leadership
Co workers
Nature of work
Work environment
The employee
High morale only
Morale and Productivity Relationship
High High morale & High productivity
-High morale – high productivity
-High morale – low productivity Morale High productivity only
Sound Leadership