Other defects in metals Other defects form in metals during solidification are: 1. inclusions 2. porosity 3. segregations 1.

inclusions Inclusions are generally non-metals found in the solidified solids. They are stress-raisers and are harmful to the strength of the materials. Hard inclusions can cause the metals to chip or break during machining. 2. porosity Porosity is the phenomenon of being porous. It is caused by trapped gases and this may lead the metals to shrinkage. It is detrimental to the ductility and surface finish. This is important especially for pressure vessel which affect the tightness of the vessel. Porosity can be avoided by adequate liquid-metal feeding to all parts during solidification 3. Segregation During solidification of metals, dendrites are initially formed at the surfaces at higher concentration than does the core. After that the metals solidified at lesser concentrations. The resulting non-uniformity of chemical composition is segregation.