Trends in Linguistics Documentation 25

Editors

Walter Bisang Hans Henrich Hock Werner Winter

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir

by

Irina Nikolaeva

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. The publication of this volume was made possible by subsidies from the Finno-Ugric Society and the Foundation for Endangered Languages.

Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

Nikolaeva, I. A. (Irina Alekseevna) A historical dictionary of Yukaghir / by Irina Nikolaeva. p. cm. - (Trends in linguistics. Documentation ; 25) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Yukaghir language - History - Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. PM20.N55 2006 494'.6-dc22 2006012647

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche

Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>.

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 ISSN: 0179-8251

Copyright 2006 by Walter de Gruyter G m b H & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany.

 joob

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to all my Yukaghir consultants, and especially my principle guide to the language, the late Vasilij Salugin. I am deeply indebted to Tapani Salminen for his help in converting my database into a format suitable for publication. Without his assistance and encouragement this volume would not have appeared. I also thank Aleksandr Anikin, Uwe Blsing, Michael Fortescue, Eugene Helimski, and Tapani Salminen for discussing Yukaghir materials and related questions with me. Many special thanks go to Simon Carne for patiently editing the English text. The work on the book has been partly supported by the Spinoza Prize awarded to Frederick Kortlandt by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, by the Finno-Ugric Society (Helsinki), and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Sonderforschungsbereich 471 at the University of Konstanz. I wish to thank Professor Kortland for his kind support of my work. I am very grateful to the Foundation of Endangered Languages for sponsoring this publication. The book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Aleksej Vasil'evi Nikolaev.

Preface

Yukaghir is spoken in the extreme North-East of Siberia. Several centuries ago there used to be several Yukaghir idioms, but by the end of the 19th century only two varieties had survived. They are referred to as Tundra (or Northern) Yukaghir and Kolyma (or Southern) Yukaghir. These languages exhibit fairly significant differences, especially in vocabulary. Although traditionally they have been termed dialects, some scholars prefer to view them as separate languages and speak about "a Yukaghir language family" rather than "the Yukaghir language" (Kurilov 2001; Maslova 2003). According to estimates from the late 1980s, Tundra Yukaghir is spoken fluently by about 150 people and Kolyma Yukaghir by about 50 people, but these numbers seem to be rapidly decreasing. This book has two main purposes. First, it is intended as a relatively complete source of information on the Yukaghir lexicon. No comprehensive lexicographic description of Yukaghir is available for the international linguistic community. In addition to several relatively small glossaries (Veenker 1989; Endo 1997, 2001; Nyikolajeva 2000; Nikolaeva and alugin 2003; Maslova 2001, 2003), two major dictionaries have been published so far: Angere (1957) and Kurilov (2001). The former is based on Jochelson (1900) and mostly presents the data from Kolyma Yukaghir as spoken at the end of the 19th century. The transcription and morphological segmentation used in this dictionary are seriously flawed. Kurilov (2001), together with its shorter version Kurilov (1990), is a very rich collection of the modern Tundra Yukaghir lexicon, but it uses the Cyrillic transcription with Russian translations and copies are rare outside Russia. Most importantly, each of these sources only describes one Yukaghir idiom. In contrast, this dictionary presents the different varieties of Yukaghir in comparative format. The modern Tundra Yukaghir materials are taken from published sources, while the modern Kolyma data were obtained through my own fieldwork conducted in the 1980s-1990s. Although some lacunae are inevitable, the book presents the first fairly comprehensive lexicographic description of Kolyma Yukaghir. In this respect it can be viewed as an attempt to document the lexicon of this highly endangered language. The dictionary also contains earlier materials starting from the late 17th century, most of which reflect extinct varieties of Yukaghir. J M.TvSSiity G iOwt LQfftea

viii

Preface

Second, and most importantly, the dictionary provides a reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir, which has not previously been attempted (but see Nikolaeva 1988). Proto-Yukaghir is understood as the common ancestor of all known Yukaghir varieties. Proto-Yukaghir stems are established based on internal reconstruction and comparison between various Yukaghir idioms, as well as the external data. In some cases I cite possible cognates of Yukaghir stems from other languages, mainly Uralic and Altaic. Yet this dictionary is not etymological in the usual sense, i.e. it is not meant to provide etymologies for all Yukaghir words. Our present knowledge of the history of Yukaghir is insufficient for this purpose, but this dictionary may be a first step in this direction. The Yukaghir family is usually classified as isolated, although its possible distant genetic relationship with Uralic has been much discussed (Collinder 1940, 1957, 1965; Bouda 1940; Angere 1956; Tailleur 1959b; Nikolaeva 1988; Fortescue 1998). There is no consensus on this matter, mainly because the history of Yukaghir has remained little known. Since in this volume Yukaghir forms are not only cited in their modern shape, but are reconstructed for the first time, my hope is that it will provide a foundation for future etymological work. The dictionary will assist scholars to establish the affiliation of Yukaghir and to reconstruct the ethnic and linguistic situation in prehistoric northern Asia, as well as to investigate the possibility of distant genetic relations between language families in general.

Table of contents

Acknowledgements Preface Abbreviations Introduction 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 2. 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.1.6. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 3. 3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. Organization of the dictionary The structure of an entry Sources Presentation of the data and translations Transcription and transliteration Grammatical information Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments Sources of the Yukaghir material Old Yukaghir Witsen Mueller/Lindenau Klitschka Boensing Billings/Merk Matjukin (uvan and Omok) End of the 19th century and 20th century Kurilov Krejnovi Spiridonov Jochelson Schiefner Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology Phonemic inventory Vocalism Consonantism Some non-phonemic variations Positional restrictions on consonants Vowel harmony Harmony in the first foot Harmony of short vowels after the first foot

v vii xi 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 8 10 10 10 12 15 17 18 24 25 25 25 25 26 27 29 29 29 31 33 34 35 36 37

Table of contents

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels 3.3.4. Synharmonism 3.4. Alternations of vowels 3.4.1 Quantitative alternations 3.4.2. Deletion 3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels 3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel 3.5. Alternations of consonants 3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation 3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants 3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation 3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and7 3.6. Epenthesis 3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis 3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters 3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis 4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology 4.1. Vocalism 4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony 4.1.2. Non-high vowels 4.1.3. High vowels 4.1.4. Long vowels 4.2. Consonantism 4.2.1. Inventory 4.2.2. Sibilants and affricates 4.2.3. Fricatives 4.2.4. Sonorants and glides 4.2.5. Consonantal clusters 4.3. The structure of the stems 4.3.1. Monosyllabic stems 4.3.2. Bisyllabic stems 4.3.3. Trisyllabic stems 5. List of affixes Notes References Dictionary Index of meanings Language index

39 40 41 41 43 45 46 47 47 48 50 51 52 53 53 54 57 57 57 57 61 64 65 65 66 68 69 71 74 74 75 77 79 84 87 95 465 499

Abbreviations

Languages Chuk. Esk. Ev. Evk. Kor. Mong. Nen. Ngan. Ost. Rus. Selk. T Yak. Chukchi Eskimo Even Evenki Kolyma Yukaghir Koryak Modern Mongolian Nenets Nganasan Ostjak Russian Selkup Tundra Yukaghir Yakut FP FU FV MG NS NT ou OY PA PE PY S TU Finno-Permic Finno-Ugric Finno-Volgaic Proto-Mongolian Northern Samoyed Northern Tungus Ob-Ugric Old Yukaghir Altaic Proto-Eskimo Proto-Yukaghir Samoyed Tungus Uralic

Sources of Yukaghir materials BO KD KJ KK KL M MC ME MK MU MO RS SD SU TD Billings (1787) Boensing (1781) Kolyma Yukaghir from Jochelson's manuscript dictionary Kolyma Yukaghir (Jochelson 1898, 1900) Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovi 1982) Klitschka(1781) Maydell (Schiefner 1871b) huvan materials of Matjukin (Wrangel 1841) Merk (1787) Kolyma materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) Ust'-Janskoe materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) Omok materials of Matjukin (Wrangel 1841) Raj skij/Stubendorf (Schiefner 1871 a) Kolyma Yukaghir (Spiridonov 2003) Suvorov (Schiefner 1871a) Tundra Yukaghir from Jochelson' manuscript dictionary

xii

Abbreviations

TJ TK W

Tundra Yukaghir (Jochelson 1900) Tundra Yukaghir (Krejnovi 1958, 1982) Witsen (1692)

Sources of etymologies CED DEWOS EDAL ESRD ESRZ Fortescue et al. (1994) Steinitz (1966-1993) Starostin et al. (2003) Anikin (2000) Anikin (2003) JRS JU HUV LR UJN Slepcov (1972) Collinder (1940) Collinder (1965) Fortescue (1998) Collinder (1957)

Grammatical terms ABL ACC AJD ADV AN APPL ATTR AUGM BP CAUS COLL COM COND CONN CONV DAT DEL DES DIM DIR DS EMPH EV FREQ FUT ablative accusative adjectival derivation adverbial action nominal applicative attributive augmentative body part causative collective comitative conditional connective converb dative delimitative desiderative diminutive directive different-subject converb emphatic evidential frequentative future ITER HAB HORT LAT LOC MULT N NEG NOM NONIT OF ORD PART PERF PL POS PP PRED PROH PROL PRON QUAL RES SF SG iterative habitual hortative lative locative multiplicative nominal derivation negation nominative non-iterative object focus ordinal participle perfective plural possessive postposition predicative prohibitive prolative pronominal qualitative resultative subject focus singular

Abbreviations

xiii

GEN IMP IMPF INCH INDEF INST INT INTER INTR

genitive imperative imperfective inchoative indefinite instrumental intensive interrogative intransitive

SN SS STAT SUP TEMP TR TRANS INTJ V

subject nominal same-subject converb stative supine temporal transitive translative interjection verbal derivation

Other abbreviations dial. id. lit. Ppr. dialectal idem literally page proper noun rect. rev. smb smth rectus reverse somebody something

Introduction

1. Organization of the dictionary The dictionary part of the volume is preceded by this Introduction which explains the principles of the phonological transcription adopted in the book, describes the sources of the data, and discusses the grounds for the suggested reconstruction, as well as the relationship between different varieties of Yukaghir. The dictionary is followed by an English index intended to facilitate the search for Yukaghir equivalents of English words, and a language index.

1.1. The structure of an entry The data in the dictionary are organized alphabetically according to reconstructed stems preceded by an asterisk. In the alphabetical order the diacritics such as the palatalization sign ('), the length sign (:) and the hachek are disregarded. The letters and ; n, and \ g and ; I and /'; d, d' and , as well as e and a are treated as one letter each. For recent borrowings into Yukaghir, mainly from Russian, Yakut and Even, the source forms are cited without an asterisk. Russian verbs are cited in the infinitival form, although Yukaghir normally borrows the bare stem. Each reconstruction or source word is provided with a consecutive number from 1 to 2659, with which the entry is cited in the reverse index. Unfortunately, for technical reasons the following 36 numbers are missing from the numeration: 113, 196, 207, 318, 416, 428, 437, 588, 690, 799, 1114, 1143, 1144, 1222, 1244, 1296, 1559, 1578, 1706, 1736, 1873, 1922, 1923, 2001, 2080, 2119, 2175, 2216, 2259, 2266, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2494, 2503. Thus, the dictionary includes 2623 entries. In each entry the reconstruction or the source word is followed by the Yukaghir data. The source of the data is indicated by an abbreviation in capital letters before the word. For most entries the data are organized in several groups, each of which is written on a separate line. A group is formed by at least two words from different sources which exhibit more or less identical morphological structure in an uninflected form. For example, verbs have the same aspectual affixes, and nouns have the same derivational affixes or are parts of the same compound. When deciding whether words belong to the

Introduction32

same group I have ignored transcriptional differences between the sources, as well as regular phonological variations. The data within a group is cited in the following order: data from the 20th century Kolyma Yukaghir - data from the 20th century Tundra Yukaghir - data from the earlier sources. The words in a group normally have the same meaning and it is only cited once, after the first word. So when the following words in a group are not accompanied by a translation, it should be assumed that they have the same meaning as the first word in this group. Where the meaning of a word in a group differs, a translation immediately follows. If a word has an additional meaning together with the meaning it shares with other words, this is indicated with a plus sign (+). Words from different sources within a group are separated by a semi-colon. As an example I cite below part of the entry for the stem * k-, (1) *kK ke:- to chop; KK kie-, koie-; KJ koie-; KD koie-; T kie- to undo, to unrip; to cut; TJ kaie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish ku: split, crack; KK kuu: + scratch; KD kou: KJ koda- to take off |TK kiere- to cut This fragment includes two groups, one with the basic meaning 'to chop' and another 'split, crack'. Both go back to the reconstructed proto-stem *k-. Some words have meanings that differ from the basic meaning, e.g. TD konie'to cut a skin or a fish'. KK kuu: means 'split, crack' and additionally 'scratch', as indicated by the plus sign. The entry contains also the words KJ koda- 'to take off and TK kiere- 'to cut' derived from the same stem but having no exact correspondence in any other available sources. Such words are not members of a group. They are presented on a separate line and divided by the sign |. Translations are given after each word. When it is unclear whether the word belongs to the relevant entry, it is preceded by a question mark. Some entries also contain brief etymological remarks and comments (see 1.6 for details). These are written on separate lines.

1.2. Sources The modern Kolyma data come from my field materials recorded among the Kolyma Yukaghirs in the settlements Nelemnoe and Zyrjanka, as well as in Jakutsk, in 1986-1991. Some of these materials remain unpublished, others

Introduction 3 3

have been published as text collections (Nikolaeva 1989, 1997, 2000) and a school dictionary (Nikolaeva and Salugin 2003). I have also used other sources of modern Kolyma Yukaghir for consultation, such as Spiridonov (1997), Endo (1997, 2001), and Maslova (2001, 2003). However, I do not indicate them because they mostly correspond to my field data.1 It is not my goal to present all Kolyma Yukaghir derivations here, especially the numerous aspectual forms of verbs, which exhibit various degrees of productivity. Normally, verbal derivations are cited in three cases: (i) if the derived form has a direct correspondence in at least one other source and therefore is part of a group, (ii) if its meaning is unpredictable and substantially differs from the base form, and (iii) if it provides some phonological information relevant for the reconstruction. So if a verbal derivational form is not cited, the reader should not automatically assume it to be non-existent. Relevant generalizations and a list of attested verbal derivations can be found in Maslova (2003). On the other hand, I have tried to cite all or most attested nominal derivates and compounds, as well as some idiomatic expressions. Words of Russian origin in Kolyma Yukaghir are only cited if they are recorded several times from different informants and so can be considered more or less established loanwords. But I cite all Russian words that occur in other sources. The modern Tundra Yukaghir data are exclusively taken from the works of Kurilov (1990, 2001). Other data from the 20th century and the late 19th century come from the works of Jochelson, Spiridonov and Krejnovi. My intention was to cover these sources as fully as possible, but I have omitted many expressions whose status seems to be in between lexicalized compounds and free collocations, as well as some predictable derivational forms. Earlier materials are represented by the data from Schieffner (1859, 1871a, 1871b) from the second half of the 19th centuiy, and by what I refer to as Old Yukaghir, i.e. data from all known Yukaghir sources starting from the late 17th century until the first third of the 19th century (on Old Yukaghir see 2.1). They are taken either from published sources or unpublished archive collections. See Abbreviations for explanations of the labels, and Section 2 of the Introduction for descriptions of the sources.

1.3. Presentation of the data and translations Although Kolyma Yukaghir data are unified on phonological grounds, in some cases I also cite free and idiolectal variants; they are separated with a comma. Verbs are cited as uninflected stems followed by a hyphen, as are

Introduction34

some postpositional stems that can host an inflection. Nouns are given in the basic Nominative Singular form. The words from published and unpublished sources are normally cited as they appear in the source, while Cyrillic-based data are transliterated (see 1.4). In some cases I have chosen to provide corrected versions of records that are obviously erroneous in square brackets after the abbreviation rect. Variations that occur in the sources are separated by commas. The presentation of the data from the 20th century sources basically follows the same format as for modern Kolyma Yukaghir. Nouns are written without a hyphen, unless they only occur in an inflected form in the source in question. Verbal stems are given without inflectional affixes and are followed by a hyphen. Because of fiisional processes on the morpheme boundaries, such truncated forms may differ from the actual stem. For example, KJ 'strange, odd' is represented by the participle pailie, where -e is a participial affix. In fact the verbal stem is pajlu:-, while -: changes into -i before certain affixes. But as the stem pajlu:- is not attested in KJ in this shape, I cite it as pajli-, merely omitting the participial suffix. In contrast, pre-20th century data are given as they occur in the source, i.e. in inflected forms. For example, the stem - 'to say' is represented in SU as mo'ny and . These are inflected forms of the 3rd person Singular and Plural, respectively, cf. mon-i and mo-i. Translations and grammatical comments for such forms are not provided. Hyphenation, spacing and capitalization that occurs in the sources is not preserved. However, I provide a morphological analysis for compounds and separate their components with a hyphen. Hyphenation concerns both nominal and verbal compounds. By verbal compounds I mean lexicalized expressions which normally include a verb and a noun in a possessive, case or postpositional form. Proclitics are also separated with a hyphen, while suffixes are not. In some cases it is difficult to see whether we are dealing with a compound or a suffix, e.g. -ed'ilil in T aded'ilil 'waist' (cf. ad-il 'waist'). Such elements are not separated with a hyphen. If a compound is attested in more than one source, it is cited as a group of words in the entry that corresponds to its first component. Consider for example a fragment of the entry *aa. (2) aan-pugelbe: beard, moustache [lit. mouth fur]; KJ aade-pugelbie, aa-pugolbie\ KD aa(n)-pugelbie, aan-pudelie; T aa-bugue\ aan-bugut'e\ TD an'an-bugoe, an'an-pugoe; anghen-bugu'lbv, ME angen-bugulbie

Introduction 3 5

As can be seen in (2), literal translations may be provided to facilitate the understanding of the morphological structure of a compound. Note that in most nominal compounds the first component stands in the Genitive in -rt/-d, which does not belong to the stem. If the second component of a compound does not exist independently, it is cited as a separate entry. If a compound is represented in only one source, for modern Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir it is given as a whole. Isolated compounds from other sources are not cited, but their components are treated separately under their respective entries. Consider the following example. (3)T morqile broken country with many hills and holes; TD -morxile The TD -morxile is only attested as the second component of an isolated compound, i.e. a compound which does not have a direct correspondence in other sources. This compound is not given, but TD -morxile is cited together with the independently existing T morqile and is preceded by a hyphen. Where the translations provided in the sources were in a language other than English, I have given English equivalents. However, I shortened and simplified some of the translations from Kurilov (2001), which gives several meanings for each entry. For fuller information on the semantics of Tundra Yukaghir words the reader should consult Kurilov's original works. Closely related meanings are separated by commas, while more distantly related meanings are separated by semi-colons. Obviously, the decisions I had to make here are somewhat individual. Proper nouns are translated with the abbreviation pr. and further explanations are given in brackets (e.g. a man, woman, river, etc). For most birds and fish Latin names are provided in addition to English translations.

1.4. Transcription and transliteration The modern Kolyma Yukaghir data are cited in phonological transcription, as explained in Section 3 of this Introduction. Latin-based sources are TD, KD, B, ME, M, R, SU, ST, W, MU, and MC. These data are cited essentially as in the source, but I transliterated as y, denoted vowel length with a colon rather than a macron, and have ignored some diacritics (for example, the signs " and on vowels). Some small changes in the citation of individual sources are also possible. They are explained in the respective subsections of Section 2.

Introduction36

Sources based on Cyrillic are T, KJ, TJ, TK, KK, SD, BO, KL, MC, and MO. The data from these sources are given in transliteration. In (4) I present the basic rules of transliteration applicable to all sources cited in this volume. (4) Cyrillic a 6 S e 3

Transliteration b W, V g d e,jejo, ' z i j k 1 m n 0

Cyrillic p T X 4

Transliteration s t U f q, 0 t e ju, 'u ja, 'a e,je-

, "jaf"

This system differs slightly from the standard transliteration used to render Cyrillic in that is rendered as w rather than v and x is rendered as q rather than x. Such a transliteration brings the records of the Yukaghir words closer to phonemic transcription. Note that when transliterating and x in Russian words I use the letters v (rather than w) and x (rather than q), respectively. The so-called jotacized letters (, and ) are transliterated in two ways depending on their position. Word-initially or after a vowel they are transliterated as the combination of j and the corresponding non-jotacized vowel (, or a). After a consonant they are transliterated as a non-jotacized vowel, while the preceding consonant takes a palatalization sign ('). Again the purpose of this system is to make the form closer to the Yukaghir equivalent. The jotacized vowel e, as well as the Old Russian letters and "jaf", occur only in Old Yukaghir materials, since modern Cyrillic-based sources use

Introduction 3 7

instead. These letters do not normally involve palatalization of the preceding consonant. However, in Matjukin's materials (MO and MC) the initial e- may denote je- as well as e, cf. MC eme ~ ee: 'father' but MC ~ T jabo:j 'dead'. For these sources I write je- when it is confirmed from other sources and (j)e- when the word is otherwise unknown. The word-final "hard sign" which was used after a final consonant in the old Russian orthography does not denote any sound and has been left out in the transliteration. The "soft sign" denotes palatalization of the preceding consonant, but if it occurs after ( = ) palatalization is not marked because is already palatalized. When this sign is used after n, I, and d, the whole string is transliterated as , /', and d\ respectively. Boensing (BO) and Klitschka (KL) additionally use the sign ', whose meaning is not entirely clear. On vowels it is likely to denote stress, while on consonants palatalization. This sign is preserved in transliteration, but at the beginning of the word before a vowel it is rendered as j. Some Cyrillic letters, e.g. , and , occur in Yukaghir words only by mistake, since the corresponding sounds do not exist in Yukaghir.

1.5. Grammatical information The dictionary is not intended as an introduction to Yukaghir grammar and provides only a minimum of grammatical information, mostly indications of word classes. Yukaghir distinguishes the following grammatical classes: (i) nouns, (ii) verbs, (iii) adjectives, (iv) adverbs, (v) postpositions, (vi) numerals, (vii) pronouns, (viii) conjunctions, (ix) particles, and (x) interjections. Verbs and nouns are easily distinguished by morphological criteria. As mentioned above, nouns are uninflected in the Nominative Singular and are cited in this form. Verbs rarely appear uninflected, and verbal stems are followed by a hyphen. The category of verbs includes qualitative and quantificative stems translated with adjectives and numerals, respectively, e.g. emb- 'black' and ataql- 'two'. Transitive and intransitive verbs have different inflectional paradigms. In some cases I indicate whether the Yukaghir verb is transitive or intransitive by the abbreviations TR and INTR after the translation. This is done, first, if the English translation is ambiguous, as e.g. for the verb 'to open', and second, when the transitivity of the Yukaghir verb does not correspond to its English equivalent. For example, ege:r- 'to tread on, to step on (TR)' is transitive, unlike its English counterpart.

Introduction38

Adjectives in Yukaghir form a small closed class, which includes at least the following words: a ' b i g \ j u k u 'small', omo 'big', joloq 'last', poq 'white', pmk 'round', ik 'long, tall', :l' 'old, ancient', and il'l' 'new, fresh, (an)other'. The grammatical class of these words is not indicated in the dictionary. Adverbs, numerals, conjunctions and pronouns are not indicated either, but their category should normally be clear from the translation provided. Postpositions in Kolyma Yukaghir are marked as PP. Interjections are marked as INTJ and in some cases an approximate translation or an explanation of use is provided in brackets. Particles either express a certain grammatical meaning or serve discourse purposes. Unlike adverbs or interjections they cannot form an independent utterance, not even an elliptical one. From a morphological viewpoint they rather form an heterogeneous class. Some particles are free standing words, others are bound words, while yet others are clitics. I do not provide details of their morphological behavior here. Some particles are translated with their English equivalents, while for others I provide a description using the general word "marker". For example, the approximate meaning of the qata is something like 'let us', but in the dictionary it is translated as 'hortative marker'. Proper nouns and interjections, as well as most particles, are not included in the reverse index. Section 5 of this Introduction contains a list of Yukaghir inflectional and derivational morphemes which is meant to facilitate the morphological analysis of the cited materials. Grammatical labels used in the dictionary are largely based on Maslova (2003) with a few deviations discussed in Nikolaeva (2005).

1.6. Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments The principles of the Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction are explained in Section 4 of this Introduction, which should be consulted before using the dictionary. Alternative reconstructions are indicated with a slash or brackets. Homonymous reconstructions are provided with numbers, e.g. *aj- 1 and *aj- 2. As with all sources, if a reconstructed stem does not normally occur in an uninflected form, it is followed by a hyphen. This is characteristic of all verbal stems, as well as some non-verbal stems. No attempt is made to reconstruct the Proto-Yukaghir meaning, but in most cases it can be easily deduced from the meanings of the daughter words. If the word in only attested in one Old Yukaghir source, the reconstruction may only be a very rough approximation, since these sources

Introduction 3 9

are not very reliable. Such reconstructions are marked with a question mark. Thus, the meaning of the question mark differs: in the presentation of the data it indicates that it is questionable whether the word is related to the relevant stem, while in a reconstruction it indicates that it is approximate. In most cases I have tried to reconstruct a stem alone and so omitted easily recognizable and fairly productive affixes even if they are present in all daughter words. For example, the aspectual and valence-changing verbal affixes are excluded from the reconstruction. On the other hand, reconstructions may include some non-productive affixes, such as for example the nominal suffixes -r/-t, -ma, -l', and -k-/-q. Etymological comments are very brief. I mostly cite potential cognates from Uralic and Tungus-Manchu languages, but in a few cases I also mention Turkic, Mongolian, Chukchi and Eskimo parallels. For the most part potentially related words are cited as they appear in the cited sources. In some instances small transcriptional changes are made, but without any substantial revisions. If the comparison with Yukaghir is highly problematic, it is preceded by a question mark. If a comparison has been suggested in the previous literature, references are given after the double slash sign //. When such references are missing, the comparison is suggested here for the first time. Translations are provided for the cognate words, unless their meanings are basically identical to the meaning of the Yukaghir words and are easily detected. In the comment line I indicate whether the phonological shape of the word is irregular and comment on individual phonological and semantic changes. Irregularity either suggests that the word looks like a recent borrowing but the source is unknown to me, or that the word is morphologically complex. The comment line may also contain information on whether the Yukaghir word was borrowed into another language.

Introduction310

2. Sources of the Yukaghir material This section of the Introduction describes the sources from which the Yukaghir data are cited, other than my own field notes on Kolyma Yukaghir, which will be addressed in Section 3. 2.1. Old Yukaghir In this section I outline the sources of what I refer to as Old Yukaghir. This term describes the varieties of Yukaghir spoken between the first known record of the language (in the second half of the 17th century) and the first third of the 19th century. The upper "border" is marked by the time when an important phonological change, the simplification of the intervocalic clusters, took place (see 4.2.5). The Old Yukaghir data come from published and unpublished sources. The unpublished sources are kept in the following archives: the archive of the Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, abbreviated as AAN, the Manuscripts Department of the State Public Library, St Petersburg, abbreviated as OR GPB, and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow, abbreviated as RGADA. Most of these data were collected by the expeditions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, such as the Second Kamchatkan Expedition (17331743), the North-Eastern Expedition of Joseph Billings (1785-1793), and the expedition of Ferdinand von Wrangel (1821-1824). The work of these expeditions is addressed in detail in Gnueva (1940), Vdovin (1954) and irina (1983), among others. Other materials were collected by Petr Pallas via correspondence with the local administration and later systematized by Friedrich Adelung, as part of the Russian Academy of Science's programme for the compilation of comparative dictionaries of world languages. Pallas published his materials twice, in slightly different versions (Pallas 1786, 1789), while Adelung's compilations remain in the archives.1 All these sources represent slighly different idioms, but I leave open the question of whether they should be classified as dialects or separate languages. The philological analysis of Old Yukaghir sources presented here was first suggested in my dissertation (Nikolaeva 1988a).

2.1.1. Witsen The first known record of Yukaghir is actually a published text. It appeared in a book by the Dutch diplomat and scholar Nicolaas Witsen (1641-1717) first

Introduction 3 11

published in 1692. Witsen himself did not visit the Yukaghir land. He received the Yukaghir materials by post sometime after his visit to Moscow in 16641665, probably through his cousin Andrea Vinius, who later headed the Siberian Chancellery in Moscow (Gebhard 1881: 44; Wiadimiroff 1997). The text is a translation into Yukaghir of the Lord's prayer. Nothing is known about its origin. It is essentially a word-to-word translation and in some respects preserves the Russian syntax, for example, by postposing a possessive pronoun, which is not typical of Yukaghir. The text is written in Dutch orthography; for instance, the digraph oe denotes u. Witsen's text was published by Adelung (1806: 562), Schiefner (1871a: 393-394), and Collinder (1940: 14), however these publications omit some diacritic signs and do not provide explanations for some words. Therefore I cite it here as a whole after Witsen (1785: 687). The first line presents Witsen's text, the second line gives possible modern Kolyma Yukaghir correspondences, while the third line provides glosses. Otj ee: father Totli, tt-1' thou-POS Mitsj, mit-l' we-POS kandi qadi which koendsjoenga, kuu:-g sky-LOC poegandallanpoh, pugu-d-all-b sun-GEN-boss-N kaltei, kel-t-j come-FUT-3 Miltj mit-l' we-POS Je and Temllngh Nim, nu: name

Legatei l'-i-t-j be-PL-FUT-3

Totli tt-1' thou-POS konda qodo how koed Zjuga, kuu:-g sky-LOC

Ltiot, l'-t-i t be-FUT-3SUBJ Je i and levianh: lebe:-g earth-LOC

t'sjemol al omo:l-l will-N Lnliagel i:-legul smoke-food

Monidetjelh, moni-d-t-l stomach-TR-FUT-? ponkatsj poa: leave.IMP Mitin, mit-in we-DAT

keyck kej-k give-IMP Taldelpon tadul-p debt-PL

Mitin mit-in we-DAT Mtlpoel, mit-1'-pul we-POS-PL

telaman, ?-m here-TEMP Mt mit we

kondan qodo how

poniatsjok tannevinol poa:-o:k ta-?-in leave- INTER. 1 PL owe-?-DAT

Introduction312

Mtlpoel, mit-P-pul we-POS-PL

Je i and

kondo qodo how kondo qodo how

Olgonlk l-qai:-lk NEG-chase-PROH molak moli by.no.means

Mitel mit-u-1 we-O-PRON. ACC

Olo Oimk, l-?-mik NEG-7-TR.2SG kimda annelan; kimda:-? deceive-? tonbanck, tnb--k strong-V-IMP Je and

Mitel mit-u-1 we-O-PRON .ACC Je i and

Le dot l'-t t be-FUT SUBJ tndlov,

poegoedal Lenpoh, pugu-d-[all]-b sun-GEN-boss-N koendejanck. kude-j-k become-?-IMP

As can be seen above, most words from this text have Kolyma Yukaghir equivalents, so we may be dealing with an Old-Yukaghir idiom that was very close, if not identical, to Kolyma Yukaghir. If this is so, the text is likely to have been recorded on the upper Kolyma. In this dictionary Witsen's materials are indicated as W. The original transcription is preserved, except that, as for the other sources, I write instead of*

2.1.2. Mueller/Lindenau Chronologically the next data on Old Yukaghir were recorded by Jakob Lindenau, a participant of the Second Kamchatkan expedition organized by Gerhard Friedrich Mueller. Lindenau's task was the ethnographic description of the Siberian peoples, including their languages. His Yukaghir materials consist of two wordlists recorded in 1741, when Lindenau traveled from Jakutsk to Oxotsk. Both are translations of the standard Latin list compiled by Mueller, which contains about 300 words from the basic vocabulary. The lists reflect two different Old Yukaghir idioms. The list I refer to as Mueller/Kolyma (MK) is kept in RGADA in the socalled Portfeli Millera (fund 199, list 2, part 513, 13, pp. 20-23 rev.). Page 20 contains the title: Jukagirisch (Kolymskije Yukagiri) - Korjakish Korjakisch II - Kurilisch, and consequently some Chukotkan-Kamchatkan words. There are no references to Yukaghirs in the comments provided on page 23, so the exact place of the recording is unknown. It is however clear that we

Introduction 3 13

are dealing with Yukaghir from the upper or middle Kolyma. The list contains about 220 lexical entries, as well as the incomplete verbal paradigm. As far as I know, it has never been published before. This source is likely to reflect the language of the Kolym-cy tribe that lived in the middle basin of the Kolyma, as well as on the rivers Jasanaja and Korkodon (Dolgix 1960). Kolym-cy is the Russian word, while the Yukaghirs used the word kgim to refer to this tribe, cf. modern T k.jm 'Kolyma Yukaghir'. According to Sauer (1802), Yukaghirs of the upper Kolyma considered themselves the descendants of the people called konghini, which suggests the PY *kkim, cf. also the hydronym kogiina found in Jochelson's materials. According to Jochelson (1900: 209), Kolyma Yukaghirs of the end of the 19th century regarded the kgim as an extinct archaic tribe. In the 18th century ten kgim clans merged together on the upper Kolyma into three clans called in Russian Rybnikovskij (Fish clan), Nartennyj (Sledge clan), and Ukanskij (Hare clan) (Dolgix 1960: 417). The former later joined the lower Kolyma Yukaghirs and mixed with other tribes (oromba and Omok-i), while the latter two became ancestors of the modern Kolyma Yukaghirs. The idiom reflected in MK was apparently spoken by a Northern group of kgim, possibly by members of the Rybnikovskij clan. Lindenau's second wordlist contains about 280 words. It was recorded in Ust'-Janskoe, a settlement on the mouth of the Jana in the middle of the Northwestern Yukaghir territory and is abbreviated here as MU (Mueller/Ust'Janskoe). According to Dolgix (1960), in the 17th century this territory was occupied by several Yukaghir tribes: Jandin-cy (on the right bank of the Lena), Xoromo-X (in the upper basin of the Yana), Jangin-cy (around the middle of the Indigirka), Onojdi (on the right bank of the Jana), and Oljubenzi (in the lower basin of the Indigirka). Veenker (1984) attributed the language of MU to the Xoromo-x tribe. However, by the time it was recorded (1741), the Northwestern Old Yukaghir tribes had been already greatly mixed. The Jandin-cy were a mixed Even-Yukaghir tribe to start with (Dolgix 1960: 382). According to Gurvi (1982), they later mixed with the Xoromo-i and Jangin-cy, while the Jangin-cy mixed with the Evens, in their turn. The tribe Onojdi was divided into two clans, Petajskij/Betil'skij and Del'janskij/Zel'janskij. The former was apparently Tungus by origin, and Gurvi (1966: 11), contrary to Dolgix, did not even consider it Yukaghir. So the idiom reflected in MU is likely to be a mixture of several idioms spoken by North-Western tribes, and also had an Even component. This list is known in several copies. The main copy, arguably written down by Lindenau himself, is preserved in RGADA (fund 199, list 2, part 513, 10, pp. 5-8 rev.) and contains the following title on page 5: Lexikon burjatskij, tungusskij, lamutskij [The Buriat, Even and Evenki vocabularies]. The first

Introduction314

sheet has the additional title: Yukaghiri Ust-Janskoe [The Yukaghirs from Ust'Janskoe]. It is this copy that is published in the present volume and denoted as MU. In addition, there are several copies made by scribes. (i) OR GPB, fond 7, 111, pp. 15-20 rev. (ii) AAN, fund 94, list. 1. 170, pp. 1-14 (iii) OR GPB, Erm/nem., 41/1, pp. 95-100 (iv) OR GPB, Erm., 577
( v ) O R G P B , fund 7, 142

(vi) OR GPB, fund 7, 111, pp. 21-22 The relationship between these copies can be represented in the following way: RGADA fund 199, list 2, part 513, 10, pp. 5-8 rev.
()

I
(iii) (iv) (V) (vi)

Copy (i) has the following title on page 9: Tungusike (Werchna Angara) Tungusice (Jakutz'k) - Yukagiri (Ust-Janskoe) [Evenki (Upper Angara) Evenki (Jakutsk) - Yukaghir (Ust'-Janskoe)]. Page 16 rev. contains two additional words absent from the other copies, which I have included in the dictionary: kak 'penis' and papa 'vagina'. Copy (i) and consequently all copies derived from it, i.e. (iv), (v) and (vi), demonstrate numerous inconsistencies in rendering the diacritic signs, as well as the following copying mistakes (in order of appearance).
Table 1. MU num tschuwndsch jong, jongla angg tschanngdscham llega copy (i) mem tschiwoondsch jongjongla anga tschangdscham lloga modem Yukaghir num ubed' Kjoul T aa
-

T al'

house heart nose mouth wolverine fish

Introduction 3 15 Table 1 cont. tschul ljngdschand lngde-bndsche lngdetsche imbujen ngdsche ongtschele ongnit namdtschit ltsche -jelaxln -andaklon jmbn nsche vaitag nxtscha endschdsche -tschom jehot tschal gngdschando lrigderbundsched lngdesche imbyjen anydsche ongtschell ongnet namdtschit ttsche -jelakln -andklon jmbon usche baitag nktscha endschldsche -tschonv jchot T u:l ja d-: T ledbud' T ledt immu:j
-

meat, flesh (goose) egg want to eat (INTR. 1SG) eat(FUT.lSG) get drunk (INTR. 1SG) cry stand (FUT.INTR.l PL) stand (FUT.INTR.3PL) low smoke four two dead (INTR.3SG) water woman (AUGM) sable living (IMPF.PART) big arrow

T oo:ti:li T oo:itj
-

Kju: Kjelekun ataqun Tjabo: o:i: pa:jtg noq ed' omo:Kjooti:

Copy (i) or one of its derivatives served as the source of Pallas's publications (1786, 1789),4 although Pallas transliterated it into Cyrillic. His materials reflect the deviations from the main copy cited above; for example, he writes for mem, instead of {) 'house'. Notably, Pallas omitted some words from the original list. A few words from copies (ii) or (iii) were published in Schiefher (1859, 1871a) and Veenker (1984).5 In this volume the MU list is published in full for the first time.

2.1.3. Klitschka The materials of the Irkutsk governor Franz (Fedor) Klitschka include the translation of the 22 so-called Bachmeister sentences (Bachmeistersche Sprachproben) and numerals. They were sent by Klichka to Pallas in a letter received by the addressee on 10 July 1781. The manuscript is kept in OR GPB (fund 7, 11, pp. 3 rev. - 5). Page 5 rev. contains the following note: Rgu le 10 Juillet 1781 de Mr de Klitschka Gouvernier d'Irkutsk, while page 3rev. contains the title: Rei perevedennye srednekovymskogo jukagirskogo rodu ot knjazca Afanasija Ostrjakova i proix inorodcev togo e roda [Sentences translated by the princeling of the Yukaghir Srednekolymsk tribe Afanasij

Introduction316

Ostrjakov and other members of the same tribe]. The so-called Schgren's fund (AAN fund 94, list 2, 60, p. 5) has a copy of the numerals from Klitschka's materials with the following title: Perevod na jukagirskoj jazyk, perevodikov zdes ne sluilos', a niepisannye slova najdeny v prenix delax [A translation into Yukaghir. There are no translators here, but the words below were found in the earlier documents]. So the translation was made in the vicinity of Srednekolymsk where the Northern group of Kolyma Yukaghirs ( Kolym-cy) lived. Indeed, from a lexical viewpoint, Klitschka's materials stand very close to Mueller/Kolyma (MK), see 2.1.2. Klitschka's materials were originally written down in Cyrillic, but published by Schiefner (1871a) in a Latin transliteration. This transliteration deviates from the original at several points, partly because Schiefner attempted to correct supposed errors in the Cyrillic text. The deviations are shown below together with the transliteration used in the present volume and, where possible, approximate equivalents from modern Yukaghir.
Table 2.

Schiefner el jennili marxilduek ale amtan emut keilani manal oil elejun jojulen pndai jonkul xoni omo juoa luko pimai modoi tin adi

KL ' ' ' XOHtjbH '

transliteration el-(j)ennylyi marxildiek ale-amda chemu kejlanii manal'a oil'a eleju )ejule p'andaj (j)ejunkul qoneii omo ju'oa ljukon ipimailo modoni tynn adyi

marqil'd:k l-amdj umu kejli majl jl' jo:lj jo:lj pe:dj joul qoni omo:j j: juko:j memjl modoi ti adi

do not want (INTR.1PL) little girl immortal (INTR.3SG) everybody red (INTR.3SG) hair there is/are no ill (INTR.3SG) ill (INTR.3SG) burn (INTR.3SG) nose go (INTR.3SG) big (rNTR.3SG) see (TR. 1SG) small flame (ACC) sit (INTR.3PL) this firm, hard (INTR.3SG)

Introduction 3 30

Klitschka's materials were published in Jochelson (1900: 229-230), where they were essentially translated into contemporaiy Yukaghir. In this dictionary they are reproduced in my transliteration after the manuscript and denoted as KL. 2.1.4. Boertsing The materials of the assessor Boensing include the translation of Bachmeister's sentences and some numerals. The original manuscript is kept in OR GPB (fund 7, 132, pp. 45 rev. - 46 rev). As follows from the note on page 46 rev., the data were sent to Pallas by Boensing in a letter of 24 March 1781 received by the addressee on 5 September 1781. In addition, the State Public Library in St Petersburg (OR GPB) has several secondary copies in fund 7: (i) 132, pp. 26-31, (ii) 132, pp. 32-36, (iii) 132, pp. 37-41, (iv) 137, pp. 9-12, (v) 137, pp. 13-16, and (vi) 137, pp. 17-20. These contain many copying mistakes and are not considered here. Copies (i), (ii) and (v) as well as the main copy have the following title (the English translation is mine): Translation of Russian sentences into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir with a separate indication of each language made in the fortress of Giiga according to the printed book sent by Mr. Timofej malev. Copies (iii) and (iv) have a different title: Translation from Russian into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir made by the commander of the Okhotsk port Captain Leutenant Zubov via interpreters. This indicates that the translation was made in or near Giiga, i.e. not in a Yukaghir territory.6 As already suggested by Tailleur (1962: 56-58), the idiom recorded by Boensing is particularly close or even nearly identical to the Cuvan idiom recoded by Matjukin (on which see 2.1.6 below). This idiom was spoken by the Cuvan-cy tribe, which lived on the Anadyr' and underwent strong assimilation by the Chukchi in the 18th century. The uvan- were constantly attacked by the Chukchi, especially after 1747 when the Chukchi defeated the local Russian troops and moved closer to Anadyr' (Wrangel 1841: 82; Argentov 1886: 12; Antropova 1957: 179; Okladnikov 1975: 17; Gurvi 1982: 173-74). A part of the uvan-cy escaped to Nizhnekolymsk and in the 19th century was assimilated by the Tundra Yukaghirs. Some of them still preserved their ethnic identity at the end of the 19th century, but did not know their language (Nejman 1872: 40; Maydell 1894: 61; Jochelson 1894: 27). Another part of the uvan- was assimilated by the reindeer breeding Koriaks (Maydell 1925: 24). Finally, the third part settled on the Anjuj in Markovo and underwent russification (see 2.2.5).7 Boensing's materials were first published in Schiefher (1871a), while Tailleur (1959a) later reproduced this edition. Apart from omitting many

Introduction318

diacritic signs, the following deviations from the original copy can be seen in Schiefner's publication.
Table 3. Schiefner ili umboti imoxanbo tingii titunge onomikondo juxkon makagat te jaiee ina elookongat uotleBO '' ' ' '!)' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' !) transliteration l-jumboty imoxabo tngi tteng onmn-kondo jxo mnagat t jneje zhelo onngat motlemodern Yukaghir T l-jabatj -anbo:j Ttegi
-

T -kde Tjuko: mono

-

o:i:l unugt
-

immortal (INTR.3SG) five these run (INTR.3SG) man little (INTR.3SG) how eyes smoke water (ACC) from the river (ABL) more

In this dictionary Boensing's materials are cited as in the original copy and abbreviated as BO.

2.1.5. Billings/Merk A list of 500 words was recorded during the North-Western expedition directed by Captain Joseph Billings. The place, time and circumstances of the recording are well known from the published diary of the expedition (Sauer 1802). The recording took place on 15 January 1787 in the settlement Nunkuntung-nagel (K nungd-n-ail) situated in the mouth of the river Nelemnaja, a tributary of the Jasanaja. These materials also reflect the language of the Kolym-cy tribe (see 2.1.2). All words found in Billings' materials are known in modern Kolyma Yukaghir or the earlier variety of Kolyma Yukaghir recorded by Jochelson. Several copies of the list have survived, but they show significant differences.8 Three copies are based on the English orthography: (i) Billings' copy (OR GPB, fund 7, 137, pp. 23-30 rev.); page 30 rev. contains a note: A us Billings Papieren, (ii) the publication of Sauer (1802), and (iii) the

Introduction 3 19

publication of Schiefher (1871a). Further, there are two publications in Cyrillic, Saiyev (1811: 93-102) and Pallas (1789). They both represent the transliteration of the English-based list, but lack several entries. The transliteration of the digraphs tsh, zsh, sh, dzsh as well as gh by Saryev is inconsistent and there are other mistakes that may have appeared when transliterating from Latin to Cyrillic script. These are shown below.
Table 4. Saryev iaicb Moiioxaia Sauer antoo larkul natshennee onmannee malgialachlon angnuma nejunmolgul chuniirkiellendzshien umat i-ak etcha ydoo ivi nndri moinchaija irken ad-: larqul a:i nmi mal-jalo:j anum -molil kunir-kiI'd'o:j j:mt aja:k ee
-

son root sharp (INTR.3SG) clever (rNTR.3SG) eight (INTR.3SG) earlier year nine (INTR.3SG) see (TR.2PL) glad (IMP) father husband shadow weak (INTR.3SG) wave one

ajbi: nono:j
-

irkin

Both Saryev's copy and Sauer's list contain common copying mistakes absent from other sources, cf.:
Table 5. Saryev ' Sauer lukundae manalla'e itsheendamey poondalvolle lie'usha arra'ngia i-anguitshel jukud-: majl i:d-amun po:d-olbl' ju: arannj jo:n-kiil

boy hair elbow widower soul, spirit light (INTR.3SG) forehead

20

Introduction

Table 5 cont.

Billings lukund
-

Schiefner
-

itsheendami poondolvle lewsha arrangya i-onguitshel

monol itscheendami poondolvole lewsha arannei ionguitshel

jukud-: majl i:d-amun po:d-olbl' ju: araj jo:n-kiil

boy hair elbow widower soul, spirit light (INTR.3SG) forehead

But the following words show that Saryev did not copy directly from Sauer, since Sauer's list contains copying mistakes not followed by Saryev.
Table 6.

Saryev

Sauer marchet sagetak pudanniai onmanneig poinjuletsk mjil kunshu

marqil' legitk pudenme:j nmi pn-joul mail kuzhu:

girl feed (IMP) tall (3SG) clever evening coat sky

This indicates that Saryev and Sauer used a common source based on English orthography. Pallas's publication contains the same Cyrillic transliterations as Saryev's list, but also shows the individual mistakes illustrated below.
Table 7.

Pallas

Saryev
-

Billings tshukta aktshel alangnae

-

angnuma

ukt ekil' elejaqtk anum

city; Jakutsk boat lazy sing (IMP) earlier

Some of these mistakes could have emerged as a result of the misunderstanding of the Cyrillic form, which suggests that Saryhev and Pallas used a Cyrillicbased source.

Introduction 3 21

On the other hand, Billings' and Schiefner's materials exhibit common features and contain considerably more words than those of Saryev and Sauer, although they lack a number of words present in the latter. The following table demonstrates copying mistakes shared by Billings and Schiefiier.
Table 8.

Saryev
-

Sauer tia kanbunnoi cha'nnin nunbur keivey ondzshil ondzshi

Billings
-

Schiefiier
-

kanbonnoi channen nunbar keivy onzshil onzshi

kanbonnoi cha'nnen nunbar keivy onzhil onzshi

ti: kenbunj qanin kejbj ud'il' o:i:

here wide (INTR.3SG) when dew thin (INTR.3SG) nail water

Billings' list also contains some individual features not shared by Schiefner.
Table 9.

Billings marklo oniak nengashe pomzshole'ni angunma tshayoia

Schiefiier marchloo aniak nenganshe pomzsholene angnuma

-

marql'-: ak nigi pmli anum ooj

daughter speak (IMP) yesterday round (INTR.3SG) earlier knife

This suggests that Billings' and Schiefner's lists both go back to another English-based source, presumably different from the one used by Saryev and Sauer (see Veenker 1984: 573 for a similar conclusion about Schiefner's and Pallas's publications). In other words, the inheritance schema for this group of sources can be reconstructed in the following way.

Introduction322

English-based proto-source

English-based source

English-based source

Billings

Schiefner

Cyrillic-based source

Sauer

Saryev

Pallas

In this dictionary I cite the reconstructed forms of the English-based protosource and indicate them as B. The reconstructed forms are cited with an asterisk if they do not coincide with any of the actual sources. Their relationship to the individual sources is shown in Table 10.
Table 10. reconstruction *aimivi *artshetshngzsha *arrnei *etch *illeynnee *i-nguitshel *kailey *ke-ick *koikil *ledemne *poldshitsha *pondolvlle *yakandaitsha *ylon *yrka *ylaklon *yelondzshendigia *yelongdukshimba *yomel *yatsh *yonrul Billings aimaivi arlshetshunzsha arrangya etschea illeyennee i-onguitshel bailey ke-ich
-

black sorrow light father wind forehead raven give stump low leaf widow horse three ice four sun's ray east neck pain mow

Sauer aimibi artshetshnzsha arrngi etcha illejnnie i-anguitshel

-

ledemnee
-

poondolle
-

keick koikl ledemni paldshitsha pondalvlle

-

yalon yarka yelaklon yelonzshendigia yelongidukshimba yomuel yoatsh yourul

ilon irka ilahlon jelondshent digia jelongdukshimba jomel joatsh

-

Introduction 3 2 3 Table 10 cont.

reconstruction *aimivi *artshetshngzsha *arrnei *etch "illeynnee *i-nguitshel *kailey *ke-ick *koikil *ledemne *poldshitsha *pondolvlle *yakandaitsha *ylon *yrka *ylaklon *yelondzshendigia *yelongdukshimba *yatsh *yomel *yonrul

black sorrow light father wind forehead raven give stump low leaf widow horse three ice four sun's ray east pain neck mow

SaryCev
-

Schiefiier aimaivi artscha tschungzsha arannei etche illevennee ionguitel

-

iapica,
-

!
-

ledemnee peldshitsha poondol voile yakandaitscha yalon yarka yelaklon yelonzshendigia jolongodukshimba joatsh jomuel jonrul

Finally, three wordlists that resulted from the work of the same expedition are based on German orthography: (i) OR GPB, fund 7, 137, pp. 2 rev. - 8; page 2 rev. contains the title: Bey de Billingschen Expedition ven Dr. Merk gesammelt,9 (ii) AAN, fund 94, list 2, 59, pp. 1-8; page 8 contains the folllowing note: Captain Billings and some explanation about the Yukaghir calendar in English, as well as the title: Vocabulary of the Dialect of the Kovima Ukagers, and (iii) the publication of Rohbeck (Billings 1802: 91-129). Copies (i) and (ii) are almost fully identical, except that in (ii) all words begin with a capital letter, as was usually the case when copies were made by a scribe. Copy (iii) is a transliteration from English into German orthography. Its source was either Saryev or a Cyrillic-based list that served as Saryev's source. This can be seen from the fact that the word 'wise' in Saryev's list appeared as a result of the miscopying of the word onmannei, while Rohbeck re-transliterated it as onmannsy. The German-based list (i) is cited in the dictionary as ME. Since none of the mentioned sources contains all the words found in the other source, the

Introduction324

present volume is the first publication of Billings and Merk's materials in full. Whether and ME had a common source remains unclear. The words in these sources are written in the same order, but they are likely to result from parallel recordings of the same speaker by two different members of the expedition. This could account for the divergences in citing grammatical forms. For example, the entry 'to see' is represented as the 2 person Plural in (umat) and as the Imperative and the 2nd person Plural in ME (Juk and jumat)\ the entry 'thou' is translated as the Nominative in (tat) and the Predicative in ME (tattak), and the entry 'to eat' is represented as the Action Nominal in (landgal) and the Imperative in ME ( langdak, lagk). Such divergences could have appeared if the informant repeated the word several times in different grammatical forms and each recorder wrote down a different form.10

2.1,6. Matjukin (uvan and Omok) Further Old Yukaghir materials were recorded by sub-lieutenant Fdor Matjukin, a participant of Wrangel's expedition (1821-1824). The recording was made in 1821 on the river Malyj Anjuj (Wrangel 1841: 81). Matjukin's materials represent two Cyrillic-based word lists, the so-called uvan list (about 210 words) and the Omok list (134 words), plus five Cuvan sentences. Compared to other Old Yukaghir materials, the quality of the transcription is very poor and both lists, especially the Omok, contain numerous mistakes. A large number of words cannot be identified, probably due to fundamental mishearings or misspellings. The original manuscript seems to be absent from the materials of Wrangel's expedition kept in the State Navy Archive in St Petersburg. The lists we have at our disposal were first published in the diary of the expedition (Wrangel 1841: 115-125) and reproduced in Starevskij (1889: 421^37, 461^64, 639). The latter version contains many copying errors, but served as the basis of some phonological conclusions in Angere (1956), see Tailleur (1962: 57). The Cuvan list reflects the language of the Markovo uvan-cy (see 2.1.4). The identification of the Omok materials is difficult because the term is present in all varieties of Yukaghir." Both in modern Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir it generally means 'people, tribe', cf. also om-ni: 'people'. It remains unclear to which of the Yukaghir tribes Matjukin referred as Omok. What is certain is that the Omok materials exhibit phonetic parallels with Tundra Yukaghir not shared by other varieties of Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4). However, there are no reasons to believe that the Omoks were direct ancestors of all the modern Tundra Yukaghirs; rather they may constitute

Introduction 3 2 5

one of their components (Nikolaeva, forthc.b). In fact, Tundra Yukaghir exhibits more Even loanwords than the language recorded by Matjukin and differs from it in several other respects. Tailleur (1959a, 1962) was the first to analyze Matjukin's materials. We owe him the identification of many uvan and Omok words, although in many cases his solutions differ from mine. In the present volume I cite the uvan and Omok materials in transliteration after Wrangel (1841), and indicate them as MC and MO, respectively.

2.2. End of the 19th century and 20th century 2.2.1. Kurilov The modern Tundra Yukaghir data denoted here as T are cited after the works of Gavril Kurilov, mostly his Yukaghir-Russian dictionary (Kurilov 2001) and its shorter version (Kurilov 1990). Lexical entries included in the dictionaries are taken from Kurilov's large collection of texts, some of which have been published in Latin-based transliteration in Maslova (2001) and in Cyrillic in Kurilov (2005). These data are transliterated as described in 1.4. I have tried to cover these sources as fully as possible, but did not include all productive derivational forms cited in Kurilov's dictionaries. Sometimes my English translations differ from his Russian ones. Tundra Yukaghir has (or until recently had) two local idioms, Qaaji: and Alaji:, which exhibit slight phonetic differences (Kurilov 1987: 5-8; Krejnovi 1958: 24-25). Kurilov mostly recorded the Alaji: variety originally typical of the so-called First Alazeja tribe on the lower Alazeja. More precisely, his materials reflect Tundra Yukaghir as spoken in the last third of the 20th century in the settlement Andrjukino. Qaaji: Yukaghir was spoken by the clans who nomadized between the lower Kolyma and Alazeja and is primarily known from the works of Jochelson (2.2.4).

2.2.2. Krejnovi Eruxim/Evgenij Krejnovi's materials are indicated in this dictionary as KK for Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovi 1982) and KT for Tundra Yukaghir (Krejnovi 1958, 1982). The Cyrillic transcription is transliterated on a regular basis. However I do not indicate some non-phonemic

Introduction326

pronunciational variants such as r, which, according to Krejnovi (1982: 12), represents the stop variant of the uvular fricative 5 (i.e. 7). Krejnovi made his recordings approximately between 1940 and 1980. They mainly reflect the Alaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. 2.2.3. Spiridonov The materials of Nikolaj Spiridonov are denoted as SD and reproduced after Spiridonov (2003). This work is a publication of Spiridonov's manuscript Yukaghir-Russian and Even-Russian dictionaries edited by Aleksej Burykin. The original manuscripts have not been preserved. The dictionaries are known from the copies made by the ethnographer E. Orlova, which are currently kept in the Magadan Regional museum. Spiridonov himself was a native speaker of Kolyma Yukaghir. The Yukaghir part of the dictionary reflects the language of the Kolyma Yukaghirs of 1930-1931. According to the editor of the published version, the dictionary remained unfinished: there are considerably more words beginning with the letter a than those beginning with the last letters in the alphabet. The dictionary includes about 750 entries, and many of them are toponyms and hydronyms. The published version contains many misspellings, as the text was copied several times by people who did not have a good knowledge of the language, first of all Orlova herself. Spiridonov used a mixed orthography based both on the Cyrillic and Latin writing systems, as had been customary in some publications on Northern languages in the early 1930s before the unified writing system was adopted. The 2003 publication omits the diacritics that apparently indicated stress. In this volume the Cyrillic letters are transliterated.

2.2.4. Jochelson Woldemar Jochelson's materials reflect the varieties of Yukaghir spoken at the end of the 19th century and the very beginning of the 20th century. He recorded Kolyma Yukaghir and the Qaaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. Jochelson's materials are represented by two types of data. First, I have used his published works (Jochelson 1898, 1900). They are marked as KJ and TJ for Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. Jochelson's other published works (e.g. Jochelson 1905) are not used, as they hardly contain any words absent from the publications mentioned above. In rendering these Cyrillic data I have followed my usual transliteration practice with the following amendments:

Introduction 3 2 7

Jochelson's is rendered as e, d, which optionally represents i, is rendered as i, is rendered as d\ and the sign indicating the optional palatalization on is omitted. Stress is not shown. Second, I have used Jochelson's manuscript dictionaries, which remain largely unpublished. They are kept in the form of card files in the Archive of St Petersburg's Institute of Oriental Studies in the so-called Jochelson's Fund}2 The Kolyma Yukaghir dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, 17-22 under the title Yukaghir-Russian dictionary. Part of this dictionary was published in Jochelson (1926: 317-327), but the manuscript is much more substantial. In the present volume these materials are denoted as KD. The Tundra Yukaghir dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, 13-16 under the title Khangai-Russian dictionary. A few Qaaji: words are cited in Jochelson (1926: 317-327). In the present volume these materials are marked as TD. I also cite Yukaghir words from the text of Jochelson (1926) and have included them in KD and TD. Although my publication of the manuscript dictionaries is more complete than Jochelson (1926), I have not reproduced them in full. A separate edition of these would be an interesting project, though not strictly required for the purpose of this dictionary. In particular, I have omitted many idiomatic expressions and sentence examples, as well as Jochelson's comments on the origin and usage of some words. In the manuscripts verbs are cited in the Imperative and in the 3rd person Singular forms, while I only cite verbal stems. In the Khangai dictionary Jochelson cites nouns in the emphatic form in -, but I cite them uninflected. The dictionaries are written down in Latin-based transcription. While rendering it I made the following additional changes: stress is not indicated, / stands for / and /' stands for l, stands for n',h for g. (both h and g. represent non-phonemic variants of in the original), for n, d' or J, for d, and m for m\ In the original, m' indicates a non-phonemic palatalization before the diphthongoid e: [ie],

2.2.5. Schiefiier Anton Schiefner was the first to undertake a linguistic study of Yukaghir, in the second half of the 19th century. In his three articles (Schiefner 1859, 1871a, 1871b) he provided short grammatical notes and published word lists compiled from previous archival sources, as well as the new data he himself collected through correspondence with the local administration. On Schiefner's publications of earlier sources see 2.1.2,2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5. Schiefner's materials come from the following sources. First, in 1859 he received two short Yukaghir texts from the governor of Jakutsk, Dr. Julius

Introduction328

Stubendorff, and one text from the teacher in a Jakutsk primary school, Fedor Rajskij. These texts were recorded from an Omolon Yukaghir who visited Jakutsk in 1858 and represent the same idiom. Schiefher published them twice, in Schiefner (1859) and, with the improved transcription and translation, in Schiefher (1871a). In this dictionary I cite these materials after the latter publication and denote them as RS. Second, in 1861 Schiefher received a list of 2289 words, 50 sentences and one short text from Petr Suvorov, the Chukchi missionary in Srednekolymsk. Suvorov's materials are published in Schiefner (1871a). In this dictionary they are denoted as SU. RS and SU reflect the idioms spoken on the Omolon and in Srednekolymsk, respectively. They represent geographically and linguistically close varieties of Kolyma Yukaghir. Third, Schiefner (1871b) presents 111 sentences recorded by the General Governor of Eastern Siberia, Baron Gerhard von Maydell. These are indicated here as M. Maydell himself was involved in geographic and ethnographic work in North-Eastern Siberia in 1868-1870 (see Maydell 1894-1896, 1925). He recorded his Yukaghir materials in 1870 on the river Anadyr' in the settlement Markovo. The basin of Anadyr' and Markovo in particular was then inhabited by the Yukaghir uvan- tribe, see 2.1.4. However, Maydell noted that most uvan-cy could not speak their language when he visited them. Some had begun to speak Russian, while others had been assimilated by the Kolyma Yukaghirs (Maydell 1894-1896; Jochelson 1905; Gurvi 1966: 142). Maydell found it difficult to find speakers of the language in Markovo. Only one elderly lady was able to provide him with translations of Russian sentences into Yukaghir, and the influence of Russian syntax is evident in these translations. These materials do not show significant linguistic differences from Kolyma Yukaghir and hardly represent the language of the uvan-. Most of Schiefner's materials were re-published in Jochelson (1900: 227 229, 231-237), however Jochelson made many changes and corrections, essentially adapting them to the language spoken at the end of the 19th century. I cite Schiefner's materials after his publications, with the following changes in transcription: instead of n, d'instead of j ( ' ) , and instead of g.

Introduction 3 29

3. Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology In the dictionary I have used my own phonological transcription for modern Kolyma Yukaghir. Here I explain this transcription and provide a phonological description of the language, which serves as the basis for the Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction in Section 4. This description should not be viewed as comprehensive: it only concentrates on certain relevant topics. Note that it deviates from previous descriptions (Krejnovi 1982; Maslova 2003) on a number of points. In some cases I have chosen to compare the Kolyma Yukaghir data with modern Tundra Yukaghir. In this Introduction I have rendered the Tundra Yukaghir in my phonological transcription, although in the text of the dictionary I have left all data other than the Kolyma Yukaghir as they appear in the existing sources. Where in this Introduction there is no indication of the source, the examples are taken from Kolyma Yukaghir.

3.1. Phonemic inventory 3.1.1. Vocalism Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have identical vocalic systems as below. (1) front unrounded rounded high non-high i i: e e: back unrounded rounded u u: :

Short non-high vowels are not specified for place of articulation when they occur after the first bimoraic foot, i.e. after the initial structures CVCV, CVC or CV:. As was first suggested in Nikolaeva (1986), in this position they are represented as a neutral vowel , which may partly harmonize to a full vowel (see 3.3.2). The vowel is not included in the phonemic inventory, because its distribution is fully predictable from the syllabic structure. Therefore it does not contrast with full vowels. However, I find it useful to indicate it in the transcription because, as shown below in 3.4.1 and 3.4.2, has distinct phonological properties not shared by other vowels. The vowel is also present in a few monosyllabic functional words that normally form a single phonological phrase with the adjacent lexical word,

Introduction330

such as the pronouns mt 'I', tt 'thou', and possibly some forms of the auxiliary verb l'- 'to be'. For Tundra Yukaghir Kurilov usually writes diphthongs instead of long mid vowels, but not always consistently, cf. T xoolew- 'to kill' (Kurilov 1990: 307) and xuole.w- id. (Kurilov 1990: 308). There are variations in Jochelson's and Krejnovi's materials, too, e.g. KJ xamluo xamlo- 'how many, how much' and KK juo- ~ jo:- 'to see'. Krejnovi (1958: 9, 1982: 9 10) explicitly mentioned the diphthongs ie and mo, but did not discuss their phonological status. However, there are no minimal or quasi-minimal pairs that can distinguish diphthongs from the corresponding long mid vowels. Instead, the falling diphthongs are the non-phonological variants of long mid vowels, i.e. e: can be realized as ie, : as uo, and as u (or wo).2 Diphthongs are generally preferred in the stressed position, especially in monosyllabic words, but this distribution is a tendency rather than a strict rule. There are only two words in Kolyma Yukaghir where the long e: never diphthongizes: me:me: 'bear' and emme: 'mummy'. The former is apparently an emphatic taboo word which appeared as a result of reduplication (see 4.3), while the latter is an affectionate nursery word. T rte.nuke: 'riddle' and eke: 'elder sister' do not seem to allow diphthongs either, but both are recent Even borrowings. In any case, these few words do not provide sufficient evidence for the phonological status of falling diphthongs. Maslova (2003) analyzes the glides j and w in the syllable-final position as consonants. In this Introduction a different solution is adopted: the glides j and w before a consonant or a pause are analyzed as vocalic components of rising diphthongs and are transcribed as j and u, respectively. There are no prevocalic rising diphthongs, but the glides are realized as the consonantal j or b ~ T w, cf. moj-m 'holds (TR.3SG)' vs. moj-o:-j 'is held (RES-3SG)', ku-d- (optionally [kwd-]) 'to drive out' ~ keb-ej- 'to leave', and T lau-m 'eats (TR.3SG)' (optionally [lawm]) ~ law-i-t- 'to feed'. The following arguments support this solution. First, it follows from the phonotactic properties of the language. According to Maslova (2003: 34), consonantal clusters are disallowed in the syllable-final position with the exception of ^'-initial clusters, e.g. qojl 'God' and qojl-gt (ABL). The diphthong analysis strengthens the generalization: if j is analyzed here as vocalic, such words do not present exceptions. Similarly, in Kolyma Yukaghir the Imperative morpheme -k attaches after a vowel-final stem, but is absent after a consonant, since a word cannot end in two consonants (see 3.6), cf. mada:-k 'sit down (IMP)' but ril 'write (IMP)'. But -k occurs after j, e.g. kej-k 'give (IMP)', apparently because the latter is vocalic. Second, the glide can be followed by the epenthetic /, which only occurs

Introduction 3 31

between two vowels (3.6.1), cf. tadi:-l-a:- 'to start giving' (INCH) and uj-l-a:- 'to start working' (INCH). Third, as discussed in 3.4.1, in monosyllabic nouns the vowel is always long. This is because such words must be bimoraic, but the final consonant does not provide a mora. However, monosyllabic nouns ending in or j do not contain long vowels, e.g .jou 'illness' and kj 'man'. This indicates that the final segment here is not a consonant but a moraic vowel. Finally, the consonant j does not occur at the end of a consonantal cluster (see 3.2). As noticed in Maslova (2003: 34), the only exception is the cluster wj, e.g. ewjemet 'came in (INTR.2PL)' (in Maslova's transcription). With the analysis of w as vocalic, this case does not present an exception: j here functions as a syllable onset. I transcribe this word as ujmt. The rising diphthongs in the first foot can contain any vowel, e.g. kj 'man', pajp 'women', pujm 'blows (TR.3SG)', tolou 'wild reindeer', and leu 'eat (TR.1SG)'. After the first foot only two diphthongs involving non-high vowels seem to be allowed in non-compound words, ej and aj. Their distribution depends on the harmonic quality of the stem in the same way as the distribution of harmonizing long vowels a: and e: (see 3.3): ej occurs in front stems and aj occurs in back stems. For example, these diphthongs are present in certain verbal affixes such as the Perfective -ej-/aj-, -dej-/-daj-, -rej-/-raj-, -tej-/-taj-, and -ej-/-aj-, e.g. loil-daj- 'to make fire' vs. el'g-dej- 'to break', oly-aj- 'to push' vs .jed-ej- 'to appear'. Note that although the only short non-high vowel allowed after the first foot is , these affixes do not contain . As is shown in 3.3.2, optionally harmonizes in rounding to the vowels of the first foot, so if they contained we would expect the form *loil-doj-, at least in some idiolects. However, such forms do not exist. This provides an additional argument for analyzing ej and aj as diphthongs, rather than the combination "short vowel + / ' .

3.1.2. Consonantism The consonantal systems of Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir differ slightly. The table below marks with the symbols T or the phonemes that are particular to either language.

Introduction332

(2) voiceless stops voiced stops voiceless fricatives voiced fricatives voiceless affricates voiced affricates nasals laterals trills approximants

labial P b

coronal t d Ts, K

palatal

velar uvular g q

n r

d'

Tw

Krejnovi (1982) records the palatal stop t' instead of c, however in modern Kolyma Yukaghir it is pronounced as a palatal voiceless affricate and is so transcribed by most other sources. According to Maslova (2003), b is not a phoneme in Kolyma Yukaghir, which instead has the phonemic w. She takes b to be a variant of w, either a free variant in the intervocalic position or a positional variant after a sonorant. However, the alternations shown by b are similar to the alternations of other voiced stops. It is realized as b after a sonorant and as b or w (in some idiolects) intervocalically. In the coda position b undergoes assimilative processes typical of other voiced consonants (see 3.5.2). For this reason I have treated b as a voiced stop in this volume. So, unlike in Maslova's description, all voiceless stops have a voiced counterpart: p ~ b, t ~d, ~ g, ~ d', ~ , and q ~ (in the latter case there is also a difference in the mode of articulation). As for w, I have argued in the previous subsection that in Kolyma Yukaghir it does not have a phonemic status. Rather it is an optional pronunciational variant of u, which occurs before a consonant as the second component of a diphthong. Before a vowel, w may optionally replace b in some idiolects. In contrast, in Tundra Yukaghir w is phonemic: it occurs word-initially and contrasts with b in the intervocalic and syllable-initial position, e.g. T qabaa: 'bald' vs. qawarq 'pit', ilwi:- 'to graze' vs. tilba:'to trample down'. The phonemes w and b in Tundra Yukaghir have a different origin, see 4.2. The distribution of k/q, on the one hand, and g/y, on the other, is not free but depends on the harmonic quality of the stem (see 3.3.4). But since the domain of synharmonism does not include inflectional suffixes, one can easily find minimal and quasiminimal pairs distinguished by velar vs. uvular

Introduction 3 33

consonants, e.g. monoy 'mountain sheep' vs. nono-g 'thorn (LOC)'. This suggests that k, q, g, and are distinct phonemes.

3.1.3. Some non-phonemic variations Most allophonic variations are described in Krejnovi (1982) and Maslova (2003); here I will only discuss the variations relevant for my transcription. Voiced stops tend to undergo fricativization in the intervocalic position. For example, Krejnovi and Maslova normally write as the allophonic variant of c. occurs intervocalically or word-finally (3a) in contrast to the available word-initially or after some consonants (3b). But I write in both cases, on phonological grounds. (3)a. ee: kebe b. er obul [eie] [kebe] [er] [obul] father went(3SG) bad sea

Another example is the inter-speaker variation b ~ w mentioned in the previous subsection, which is reflected in Maslova's transcription. Such variations are fully predictable and are not recorded in my dictionary. The previous sources have not mentioned that the vowels a and undergo optional fronting after the palatal consonants j, , l\ and , especially if they are unstressed, e.g .janm gej- ~ jenmgej- 'to run into' and ajdo: ejdo:- 'spare'. These variations are reflected in my data. The initial prevocalic j can be deleted, which leads to various changes, e.g .jomil ~ imil 'neck', ju:-legul ~ i:-legul 'flour', jurgud'e:j ~ irgud'e.j 'star', julug ~ i.lug 'sorrow', and joo:- ~ io: uo:- 'to sleep'. In other instances the initial j, I or assimilates to the second syllable, e.g .jel'o.d' ~ l'el'o.d' 'sun', umuej- ~ mumuej- 'to press', l'a:j ~ja:j 'spleen \joulu~ loulu- 'to ask', and ja:i:- ~ a.i:- (< *an-) 'to scratch'. Other non-predictable optional variations that may be reflected in my transcription are rql' ~ l' (e.g. mal': < marqlo: 'daughter'), ql ~ q (e.g. ataqlt ~ ataqt 'second'), m ~ b (e.g. mi. b ~ mi.m 'basis, character, custom'), ~ (e.g. lukil ~ lkil 'blunt arrow'), i ~ (e.g. mimil ~ mumul 'young antlers'), and i~ e (e.g. mi.d'i: ~ me.d'i: 'sledge').

Introduction334

3.2. Positional restrictions on consonants Since the syllabification constraints do not allow more than one consonant in the coda or onset position (see 3.6), Kolyma Yukaghir only exhibits two-consonantal clusters. A table of attested clusters is presented in Krejnovi (1982: 31), but it appears to miss some generalizations, namely, that consonants fall into several natural classes based on their combinatorial properties: voiceless obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives), voiced obstruents, the vibrant r, other sonorants, and j. It also fails to mention that the morpheme boundary plays a certain role in the well-formedness of clusters either. Table (1) represents possible combinations across the morpheme boundary. Table (2) shows the co-occurrence of consonants within a morpheme. The symbol # stands for the word boundary.
Table 1. voiceless obstruents voiceless obstruents voiced obstruents sonorants j voiced obstruents
-

sonorants

j
-

# +
-

+ + + +

+
-

+ +
-

+ + +

+ +

Table 2. voiceless obstruents voiceless obstruents voiced obstruents r other sonorants j voiced obstruents
-

r
-

+
-

other sonorants
-

+
-

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

As follows from the tables, clusters ending in j are totally forbidden. The syllable-initial j assimilates to the previous consonant both across the morpheme boundary and inside a morpheme (3.5.4). Voiced obstruents only occur intervocalically, after a sonorant or a glide, and alternate with other consonants elsewhere (3.5.1 and 3.5.2). They are disallowed word-initially with the exception of a few words, but in Tundra Yukaghir word-initial voiceless consonants may undergo voicing (3.5.3).

Introduction

35

Generally speaking, the combinatorial potential of a consonant within a morpheme is lower than across a morpheme boundary. Sonorants do not normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5). However, there are no restrictions at the morpheme boundary, e.g. ludul-t- 'to provide with iron (iron-TR)' and urun-t- 'to provide with a bed (bed-TR)'. The consonant r typically co-occurs with tautomorphemic voiceless obstruents, but in some cases it may precede a voiced obstruent. There are additional restrictions on the individual consonants not reflected in the tables. The consonant does not occur word-initially and is not allowed word-finally, although it is possible in Tundra Yukaghir. In Kolyma Yukaghir is depalatalized if it appears at the end of a word, e.g. kejbn 'make thinner (IMP)' from kejb- 'to make thinner'. The clusters In and jl usually assimilate into and jj, respectively. This creates geminates, which are otherwise rare. The clusters nl and nl' are generally disallowed, at least at the morpheme boundary. In such clusters n assimilates to / with further palatalization before the palatal /'. Examples are kil'-l' 'whose' < kin 'who' + l' (Possessive) and mol'-l 'said (EV.INTR.3SG)' < - 'to say' + (Evidential). But when a sonorant-final stem is followed by an /-initial affix, I usually falls out, e.g. nugen < nugen-l 'hand (ACC)' and qa.rak < qa:r-hk 'skin (PRED)'. The geminated is found in the word o (evidently, from *ot) 'vessel made of birch bark' and may optionally be created as a result of morphological derivation, e.g. terikd-j 'married (INTR.1SG)' > terikd- > terikt- ( > terk-).

3.3. Vowel harmony Vowel harmony operates in two domains, the first foot and the uninflected word, and the rules differ. The first foot is bimoraic, and so has the following structures: (C)VCV, (C)V: or (C)VC (on the foot structure see 3.4.1 and 4.3). Obviously, the harmony is only observed in the (C)VCV type. Note that the distinction between two harmonic domains has not been mentioned in previous work. All previous studies (Jochelson 1905; Collinder 1940; Krejnovi 1982; Maslova 2003) describe one type of harmony and extrapolate it onto the word as a whole.

Introduction336

3.3.1. Harmony in the first foot Stems are either harmonically back or harmonically front. The distribution of vowels into harmonic classes according to frontness is shown in (4). (4) front back e u (u) i i

If the first foot has two vowels, i.e. has the structure (C)VCV, these vowels must share the value for the frontness feature. The front and back vowels do not co-occur within the first foot. The value of the frontness feature of the stem determines the harmonic value of some long vowels in further syllables (3.3.3), as well as the synharmonism (3.3.4). As follows from (4), e and are front, and a and are back. The vowel is harmonically front but phonetically back (for a historical explanation of this fact see 4.1.3). This means that it is compatible with e and (e.g. pure, T pure 'on, outside', ug 'road, trace'), but typically not with a and o. There are only a few words where and a co-occur. Some are recent borrowings, e.g. T pura:qil' 'jaeger (Stercorarius)' ~ Ev. prakil 'kind of bird' and T qularq 'seagull' < Ev. kular 'gull'. Similarly, ule- 'to stand still' is a back stem. The vowel i occurs both with front and back vowels, as demonstrated in (5a) and (5b), respectively. (5)a. kieb. ibor itata: T ibaashow T ier apart to roam saddle reindeer

wart mido-, T miraground squirrel T imol to peep (of a mouse)

Although the latter cases are less frequent, they are by no means uncommon. For a historical explanation of this see 4.1.3. The vowels of the first foot also share the roundness features, but the roundness harmony only operates on a subset of vowels, namely, on non-front non-high vowels. In other words, the back vowels and a cannot co-occur within the first foot, so the structures *CaCo or *CoCa are generally forbidden. In (6a) I present examples of roots with non-front vowels, and in (6b) of roots with front vowels. (6) . T a a T nono mouth loop b. g merefish trap to fly

Introduction 3 3 7

A number of exceptions such as toal 'scum' or T mojarq 'softened (fish)' are insignificant. They may result from erroneous recording. Vowels in front stems do not necessarily agree in roundness, e.g. T kde 'man', T kne 'friend'. Such stems normally have the structure CCe (but not *CeC), while the first consonant is the labial p or m, sometimes also or /s. This suggests that originally the stem was CeCe, but the first vowel was labialized under the influence of the word-initial consonant (see 4.1.2). In other words, the lack of rounding harmony is here secondary.

3.3.2. Harmony of short vowels after the first foot After the first foot the harmony is mainly restricted to short non-high vowels. All high vowels, most of which are epenthetic (see 3.6), are harmony-neutral. As was mentioned in 3.1.1, the only short non-high vowel after the first foot is a. In roots and derivational suffixes this vowel can harmonize to the vowels of the first foot. Unlike in the first foot, this kind of harmony is optional. Some speakers always pronounce a, while in the pronunciation of other speakers this vowel shows partial harmony in frontness and roundness to the vowel(s) of the first foot in the following manner. (7) first foot a e harmony a e examples [aqala] or [aqal] [monoo] or [mono] [terike] or [terik] fox moufflon wife

As shown in Nikolaeva (1988a), harmony is more likely to occur in the stressed position, while the non-stressed a normally remains phonetically neutral. This kind of optional assimilation of a has been described as harmony in previous studies on Yukaghir and is the main reason for the transcriptional inconsistencies in the existing sources. The vowel a may be rendered as a, o, or e, even within the same word and when recorded by the same author. This is shown by the following examples. (8) a. a: 'domestic reindeer' KK a:t'e, at'e, a:c'a, ax'e; KJ a:e; KD a:e; SD , ase-, ace-; SU -aa; RS -aa; M a, aae, aaa; MO amd'e [rect. ate]; aaitsha; ME ointscha; MK atsche, aatschen-

Introduction338

b. touk 'dog' KK touke, tewke-, towke-, touka; KJ toboko, toboke; SD tobuka; RS towka; M towka, twoka, towko-, towka-, tuka; MC tawala [rect. tawaka]; tabaka; ME tavacke c. unem 'ear' KK uneme-; KJ uneme; SD unume; SU unma; RS unama; MC inama; inmo-; KL unemo; oonmma; ME unoma; MK unjma d. orom 'man' KK oromo; KJ oromo, romo; KD coromo, coro, romo-; SD oromo; TD -soromo ; SU orma; RS -oroma; M sorma, sormaga; KL oroma, oromo; toromma, -toromma; ME torroma, -schoromok; MK tschrrma Such variations do not normally occur with short vowels within the first foot, which are rendered in the same way by all authors, cf. (9) a. a a 'mouth' KK aa; KJ aa; KD aa; SU ga; RS ang; MC aigga [rect. angga], anga; MO aigg [rect. angg]; BO anga; KL angaga; ang; ME anga; MU angg; MK nga b. moo 'hat' KJ moo; SD mogo; mogo; MU mong, but ME mochga Inflectional morphemes are normally excluded from the harmony. By inflectional I mean case and number suffixes for nouns and tense/mood and agreement suffixes for verbs, as well as suffixes of non-finite verbs. In contrast, verbal aspectual and voice-like affixes do harmonize. In inflectional morphemes all non-high short vowels are pronounced as or (stressed) e (stressed a in Tundra Yukaghir). For example, moo-g 'hat (LOC)' may be pronounced as [mooge] or [moog] and aa-l 'mouth (INSTR)' may be pronounced as [aale] or [aal].

Introduction 3 3 9

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels There are two types of long vowels, harmonizing and non-harmonizing. Affixes that contain the long : do not harmonize, probably due to the fact that in most cases : has appeared as a result of the contraction of a short vowel and a consonant (see 4.1.4). Some examples of non-harmonizing affixes with long : are -bo.-, T -bo.l- (Qualitative) and T -()o\(Stative/Resultative). They are compatible with both front and back stems, cf. the Resultative forms kuded-o:- 'killed' and amd-o:- 'dead'. 3 In addition, there is a group of non-harmonizing affixes containing the long a: and e: such as T -e:- (Causative), T -de: (Diminutive), and T -na:(Inchoative). Other affixes with long non-round vowels do harmonize. Harmonizing affixes are represented by two variants, one of which co-occurs with back stems and contains the vowel a:, and another that co-occurs with front stems and contains the vowel e:. Roundness harmony does not operate in this case. Some examples of harmonizing affixes with long vowels are T -a:-/-e:(Inchoative), T -qa:-/-ke:- (Inchoative), T -a:l-e: (nominal derivational suffix), and T -d'a.-l-d'e:- (Intransitive). This is demonstrated by the following Inchoative derivations (the consonant / is epenthetic, see 3.6.1). (10) a. ani:qoi:imb. jugibj> mereani:-l-a:qoi:-l-a:im-a:jug-e:ib-e> j:-l-e:mer-e:to scratch to pierce to sit down to kiss to suck to see to fly

The same behavior is observed for affixes containing the diphthongs ej/aj (see 3.1.1), for example: (11) a. jata jo -n b. elgju:- jata -dajjoo-dajelg-dejju:-dejto straighten to open to break to smoke

Introduction340

If a harmonizing affix follows the long o:, it harmonizes to the first vowel of the word in bisyllabic words (12a). In trisyllabic words both front and back variants of the affixes are available (12b). (12) a. kio:jero:b. nigejo:eginmo:kio:-l-e:jero:-l-e:light shallow

nigejo:-l-e:nigejo:-l-a:heavy eginmo:-l-e:- eginmo:-l-a:- deep

As discussed below in 3.4.1, the vowel a is lengthened in certain phonological environments, in which case it harmonizes to the vowels of the first foot.

3.3.4. Synharmonism As was mentioned in 3.3.1, every stem in Yukaghir is either back or front. This distinction conditions the synharmonism, i.e. the distribution of velars and uvular consonants. Front stems may only contain and g, while back stems are only compatible with q and y. The domain of synharmonism is the root augmented by derivational affixes, for example: (13) qolut kigi:mammoth to prick aa-pme-gto pierce (ITER) to roll (ITER)

Synharmonism is not observed in recent borrowings, e.g. kal'ip 'iron pincers for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets' < Rus. kalibr and T que 'two year old male reindeer' < Ev. :- 'to gallop (of a reindeer)'. In inflectional morphemes consonants fail to harmonize. In this case Kolyma Yukaghir has generalized the front variants with g and k, and Tundra Yukaghir has generalized the back variants with q and y, see the following examples with the Locative affix -g ~ T -y rendered in the phonetic transcription. (14) [loil-ge] [labut-ke] in the fire in the snag T [nime-a] T [mt-qa] in the house by me

The generalization of one harmonic variant seems to be a rather recent process. Jochelson's materials (from the end of the 19th century) show that

Introduction 3 41

at least in certain cases synharmonism operated in inflectional morphemes as well, e.g. KJ mada:-q 'sit down (IMP)' ~ mada:-k, KJ jo-ole 'head (ACC)' ~ jo:-gl. Vowel harmony was also more widespread, especially in the now extinct Korkodon variety of Kolyma Yukaghir.

3.4. Alternations of vowels Sections 3.4 and 3.5 address only those alternations that are relevant for the transcription and reconstruction suggested in this volume.

3.4.1 Quantitative

alternations

There are two basic types of vowel lengthening in Kolyma Yukaghir. First, a full short vowel (i.e. not ) can be lengthened for prosodic reasons. Monosyllabic nouns have the structure (C)V: or (C)V:C, while the structures *(C)VC or *CV are impossible. This distribution can be explained with the assumptions that (i) the minimal lexical word must correspond to a foot (McCarthy and Prince 1995); (ii) the foot in Yukaghir is bimoraic, and (iii) the word-final consonant does not project a mora. In other words, bimoraicity is satisfied by vowel length. In most monosyllabic words the vowel is genuinely long and does not alternate with short vowels, cf. o: 'trousers' and o:-a:-l'l 'apparently had trousers (trousers-PROPR-EV.INTR.3SG)'. Such vowels are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir as long. Other stems exhibit alternations with short vowels, e.g. e:r > je:r 'furkation' but ere-1'- 'to spread (legs)', and Te:-j 'is (INTR.3SG)' but l'd-t-i 'will be (FUT-INTR.3SG)'. The vowel here is underlyingly short, but lengthened when the word is monosyllabic to maintain bimoraicity. For such stems I reconstruct a short vowel. Second, before the bimoraic affixes CV: or CVC the vowel a lengthens into e: or a:, depending on the harmonic quality of the stem. As was shown above, rounding harmony does not operate in this case. Short vowels other than do not lengthen in this context. Some examples of bimoraic morphemes that cause this kind of lengthening are T -de: (Diminutive), T -- (Evidential), T -nun-( Habitual), -ji:-/-i:-/-d:- (Iterative), T -i\(Causative), -d'a:-/-d'e:- (Habitual), -bo:-, T -6o.7-(Qualitative), and -aj-/-ej-, -daj-l-dej-, T -raj-l-rej-, -taj/-tej- (Perfective Transitive). (15a) illustrates the Diminutive, and (15b) the Evidential.

Introduction342

(15)

a.

a: po:r nm ejm joort jaqt egetejr-

aa:-de: pora:-de: nme:-de: ejme:-de: joorta:-l'l jaqtar-! egete:-l'l ejre.-1'l

reindeer spring mind price to wound to sing to put, to raise to walk

b.

This lengthening is caused by the need to parse the word into bimoraic feet (see Nikolaeva 1998 for details). The bimoraic affixes that take the final position in the word, e.g. the Ablative -gat, the 2nd person Plural transitive -mt, the 3rd person Plural transitive -a:, the Predicative -lk, and the Dative -in, do not cause lengthening. Vowel shortening occurs in (at least some) (C)V:C stems, e.g.: (16) a: a: edge face aadajaadajto hit to return (INTR)

Alternations take place when there is a long vowel or a diphthong in subsequent syllables. So the vowel length depends on the phonological environment, namely, the presence of bimoraic syllables (except CVC) later in the word. This suggests that it may be related to stress. Stress is not addressed in detail here. In short, it is quantity-sensitive, although the rules of stress assignment differ slightly from those described in Maslova (2003: 58-59) after Nikolaeva (1988a). The stress falls on the rightmost syllable with a long vowel or a diphthong. Otherwise it falls on the right-most CVC syllable, and in the absence of the latter on the last syllable.4 So, for example, in a: the stress falls on the first vowel and in aadaj- the stress falls on the diphthong aj. The stem shows the alternation aa- (where the first vowel is unstressed) ~ a: (where the first vowel is stressed). The question is whether a short or a long vowel is underlying, and how to formulate the condition for the alternation. There are various solutions to this problem, but in this work I adopt the analysis under which the vowel length is primary. This is reflected in the transcription of such stems as (C)V:C throughout the dictionary. The underlying long vowel may be unstressed and shortened if there is a stress-attracting syllable further in the word. See 4.3 for more information on the structure of the stems and their historical origin.

Introduction 3 4 3

3.4.2. Deletion Vowels are deleted in several environments. First, deletion is conditioned by the ban on vowel clusters (see 3.6). If a vowel-initial affix follows a vowel-final stem, this creates the potential context for a hiatus. The most frequent vowel-initial affixes are the following: T -o:- (Resultative), T -o:k (1st person Plural Interrogative), T -a:-/-e:- (Inchoative), T -aj-/-ej(Perfective), -:- (Desiderative), T -/. - (Causative/Transitive), - -i: (Noun), -: (Causative/Transitive), -: (Noun), and - (Intransitive). avoid a hiatus, the vowel is deleted before such affixes, as is shown by the following Resultative examples. (17) kudedjo:d ilitkuded-o:jo:d-o:ilit-o:to kill to play to curse

Deletion does not apply to long vowels; instead an epenthetic consonant is inserted to avoid the violation of syllabification constraints (3.6.1). Full short vowels demonstrate mixed behavior: normally they are preceded by a consonant epenthesis, but in some cases they are deleted like . As argued in Nikolaeva (1998), the choice of a strategy (vowel deletion vs. consonant epenthesis) is determined by prosodic considerations. Second, the vowel is deleted in the sequence of two underlying light syllables C C . The deletion applies to every second C syllable with the exception of the last syllable, so that the following strings are possible (V here is not equal to a). (18) + + + ... + C# V/C + C + + C ... + C#

Some of the affixes that show the alternation C/C are T -t-/-t- (Future), T --/-- (Proprietive), --/--, T -s-/-s- (Causative/Transitive), -d-/-d-, --/-- (Causative/Transitive), -b/-b- (Noun), and T --/-- (Plural). It is also observed in C C affixes such as T -ml/-ml (3rd person Singular Perfective Participle and Object Focus) and T -tg/-tk (Augmentative). (19) a. ult-t-ml jeld -t-m l tied (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) pulled out (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG)

Introduction344

b. aji:-t-ml lek-t-ml

shot (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) eaten (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG)

The alternation a ~ 0 can in principle be described either as epenthesis or as the deletion of a. Here the second approach is chosen because, as argued in Nikolaeva (1998), there is a phonological contrast between the a-final and consonant-final words. Roots (C)V:C and (C)V:C clearly contrast in the bare form, e.g. a:r 'baby's cloth' and qa:r 'skin'. In suffixes a phonological contrast exists, for example, between the word-final Perfective Participle suffix -m and the 3rd person Singular suffix of transitive verbs -m, cf. qart-m 'divided (PERF.PART)' vs. qart-m 'divided (TR.3SG)'. The epenthesis analysis fails to explain why epenthesis applies to some consonant-final forms, but not others. In other words, the conditions for epenthesis cannot be stated in phonological terms. So a is underlying and is included in the representation of affixes in Section 5 of this Introduction. Certain aspects of the C/C alternation were first described in Krejnovi (1978, 1982), although he did not consider strings containing several alternating affixes. Under his account, nominal and verbal stems fall into two classes depending on the quality of the final segment, so that C affixes are combined with one class, and affixes with another. In Nikolaeva (1998) I argue against this analysis and show that the deletion of a is motivated prosodically, namely by the interaction of syllable and foot constraints. In brief, Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits a strong, though not exclusive, tendency for the underlying material to be parsed into bimoraic monosyllabic feet, i.e. the structures CVC or CV:.5 This implies that unlike many other languages Yukaghir prefers close syllables to open syllables. The sequences C are transformed into CC because they better satisfy this requirement. Some affixes C (C ) never show the alternations in question, i.e. they do not lose a when following a a-final stem. These are the affixes that always take a word-final position such as T -/a (Accusative), T -/a (Possessive), -g, T -y- (Hortative), -ga/a, -yn (Definite Accusative), - (Comitative), T - (Temporal), -g, T - (Locative), e.g. a:d-m 'in autumn (TEMP)' and T sesp-l 'door (ACC)'. In addition, there are a number of non-final C suffixes that never show alternations, such as T -d- (3rd person Possessive), T -d'(Intransitive), T -d- (Intransitive), T -g--- (Iterative), -(Transitive), and -b- (Inchoative), e.g. pul'd'-g- 'to be loose (ITER)' and anm-d-g, T anm-d- 'in his/her shrubs (POS-LOC)'. The reason these affixes do not alternate is that they contain voiced obstruents

Introduction 3 4 5

that go back to consonantal clusters. At some stage of the history of the language the structure of the suffix was *CC and perhaps it still has to be represented as such at the synchronic level (see 3.5.1, 4.2.5 and the list of affixes in Section 5). When it follows a C syllable, the sequence *C-CC is well-formed from the point of view of foot constraints, therefore deletion does not apply.

3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels The mid vowels in the first syllable may assimilate fully or partially to the vowel of the second syllable. When the second syllable has the vowel a: or the diphthong aj, in the first syllable may change into a. The following examples show either the Inchoative -a:- or the Perfective -aj-. opol-dmodoorp-o:qonpoj-e:to cut to take out to sit to hang to go to carry a burden a-a:pal-a:mad-a:arp-ajqan-a:paj-ajto cross the river to escape to sit down to raise to set off to lift

In a similar manner, in some words becomes e when there is e: or i: in the second syllable, e.g. po-o\- 'to stay, to remain' ~ pe-i:- 'to leave' and poj-e:- ~ pej(j)e:- 'to carry a burden'. The vowel alternates with and e before o: and e:, respectively. In (21) -o:- is the Resultative affix, and -e:- is the Inchoative affix. (21) gg to enter standing fish trap oo-:o-o:eg-e:to be inside to stand to stand up

In some cases may be pronounced as before a high vowel in the following syllable, cf. uguj 'morning' derived from the same stem 'to stand'. These assimilative processes are not productive and must be specified lexically. Alternations are never observed in some stems with mid vowels such as, for example, lol- 'to boil' and ono- 'to steal', cf. their Inchoative forms loly-a:- and on-a:-, respectively.

Introduction346

3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel Some affixes of the structure do not show the C /C alternation described in 3.4.2, but trigger the deletion of the stem-final vowel in verbs instead. This process has not been addressed in previous descriptions of Yukaghir, but it is important for reconstructing the structure of the stem. The vowels a, e, and sometimes a can undergo deletion at the end of the verbal stem. Examples (22a) are from Kolyma Yukaghir and (22b) from Tundra Yukaghir. a. pme-gie-gmodoinepd'e-1 b. loqo-silato turn to lengthen to sit to cut down smell to protrude dry pm-nit-nmot-tin-p-loq-nsil-nround long to seat to cut down smelling protruded dry

In some cases the stem-final vowel is deleted before consonant-initial affixes that have another structure, and each case has to be lexically specified. (23a) illustrates Kolyma Yukaghir and (23b) illustrates Tundra Yukaghir. (23) a. olokileb. ile-tejlaja-r to steal to wade to push back side ol-nukil'-d'i:-bo:il-dilaj-ud to steal vagrant to push backward

In the absence of a stem-final vowel the epenthetic ~ i may be inserted before the suffix, see 3.6.3. In some stems the final vowel is deleted when there is no further derivational affix. When the stem is followed by an affix, the vowel is preserved, e.g. o- 'to cut' but oyo-j 'knife', je:r < e:r 'fork' but ere-g'to spread'.

Introduction 3 4 7

3.5. Alternations of consonants 3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation The voiced obstruents d, b, g/y and alternate with sonorants of the same place of articulation. Unlike in previous description of Yukaghir, all these alternations are analysed here as realizations of the same historically motivated process (see 4.2.5). Obstruents occur before a vowel, while sonorants occur before a consonant or a pause with the following distribution. (24) before V d d' b g/y , T r before or # n m n

Examples of the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternations are presented below; (25a) exemplifies Kolyma Yukaghir and (25b) Tundra Yukaghir. before V kud-u-1 lud-u-1 ed'-u-l o-u-nbni:ted-u-1 jab-a:mub-egnira-sab-aod'e sa-u-sbefore kun-tlun-buge e-d' o-d' nen-inen-djam-d'i:mum-nin-arsam-non-eso-di-

mud iron life to get wet to squeal, to squall wealth to die to shorten to grin to stretch drop, dew to lose

to make dirty cauldron living wet to growl, to snarl to get rich to be ill short to growl flat dampish to lose (ITER)

The consonants n and alternating with d and d' may undergo further assimilation if they occur before I or (see 3.2), e.g. mid'-u-m 'took (TR.3SG)' ~ min-t-m 'will take (FUT-TR.3SG)' ~ mil'-M-u-m < *min-M-u-m 'took (EV-TR.3SG)'.

Introduction348

The question that arises in a synchronic description is which consonant is underlying, a sonorant or a voiced obstruent. As will be shown in 4.2.5, the alternating consonants originate as homorganic clusters, i.e. neither of them can be treated as a historical source of the other. In principle it should be possible to analyze the alternating consonants as clusters at a synchronic level as well. This is supported by the fact that some affixes C containing a voiced obstruent behave as if their underlying structure were CC with respect to vowel deletion (see 3.4.2). However, there are also arguments against this analysis. In particular, the structures (C)VCV, where the second consonant goes back to a cluster, end in a full short vowel rather than , as is typical of (C)VCC structures. In this they pattern together with bisyllabic stems without consonantal clusters (see 4.1.4). I therefore leave the question of the underlying representation of alternating sonorants and obstruents open.

3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants Apart from the frequent "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation described in the previous subsection, Yukaghir exhibits the second type of alternation for voiced obstruents. In some stems and affixes voiced obstruents occur in their basic form before a vowel, but undergo various assimilative processes before a consonant or a pause.6 These alternations differ from the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation in two respects. First, the quality of the resulting consonant depends on the quality of the following segment, i.e. whether it is voiced, voiceless or a sonorant. Second, the resulting consonant is not necessarily homorganic with the voiced obstruent which occurs before a vowel. Assimilative alternations of voiced obstruents are shown in the following table, where the first line indicates what follows the alternating consonant.
Table 3. vowel d g b voiceless obstruent t

#
t u~ w u~ w u~ w

q
P

voiced obstruent u~ w u~ w~ u~ w u~ w

m n m m~ u~ w

1 1 u~ w u~ w u~ w

Introduction 3 49

Some examples follow. (26) a. leg- 'to eat' leg-u-m (TR.3SG), lek-t-m (FUT-TR.3SG), leu-j (IMPF.PART), le-a: (TR.3PL), lem-mk (TR.2SG), leu-dll (SS.PERF), leu (TR.1SG) b. o- 'to cut' o-u-m (TR.3SG), oq-t-m (FUT-TR.3SG), ou-j (IMPF.PART), o-a: (TR.3PL), om-mk (TR.2SG), ou-dll (SS.PERF), ou (TR.1SG) c. tb- 'to cover' tb-u-m (TR.3SG), t-a: (TR.3PL), tu-mk (TR.2SG), tu-l'l(EV), tu (TR.1SG), tp-i:- (ITER) d. kebe- 'to leave' kebe-j- (PERF), ku-d- (TR) e. terikd- 'to marry' terikd-i (INTR.3SG), terikt- (FUT.INTR.1SG), terikt (IMP), terikl-l'l- (EV) The consonants d'and do not show such alternations. Previous studies of Yukaghir (e.g. Maslova 2003: 39^12) describe some alternations discussed in this subsection and the previous subsection, but do not mention that they systematically fall into two types: the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation and the assimilation of voiced obstruents. The latter is typical of some stems and affixes, and the former of the others. As will be shown in Section 4.2, they have different origins: while voiced consonants alternating with sonorants go back to clusters, voiced consonants showing assimilation go back to single consonants. Consonants d' and z do not participate in the assimilative alternations because they cannot go back to a single consonant. In a synchronic description of Yukaghir these facts have to be lexically specified. In this dictionary stems exhibiting the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation are represented with a slash, e.g. jan-/jad- 'to send', whereas stems exhibiting assimilation are represented with a single consonant, e.g. kd- 'to gather, to tighten (a rope)'. The two processes in question prevent voiced obstruents from appearing in the syllable-final position (see 3.2). If a voiced obstruent occurs before another consonant, it

Introduction350

either assimilates partly or fully to it or alternates with a homorganic sonorant.

3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation Consonants in clusters usually agree in voicing and palatalization. The consonants n, , I, /'assimilate in palatalization to the following consonant. The non-palatalized n and / are palatalized before , l\ or d\ although this process is optional and is not always reflected in the transcription adopted in the dictionary. Some examples were presented in Section 3.2. Depalatalization is observed for and /' , when they occur before a non-palatal consonant, e.g. an-t- 'to answer' vs. a-- 'to talk' and T pun-na:- 'to kill (INCH)' vs. pu-i-m 'killed (TR.3SG)'. In Tundra Yukaghir this process also applies across word boundaries, e.g. T mat abue.n (< abue:-) dadi. 'I gave(it)to my grandmother', where - is the suffix of the Dative changed here into -n before the non-palatal consonant beginning the verbal form dadi. (< tadi. ). Further, as described in Maslova (2003: 43), voiced obstruents (stops or affricates) show progressive devoicing after voiceless obstruents, cf. the following examples involving the 3rd person Possessive suffix -gi and the Locative suffix -g. (27) lukul pulut qa:rbs arrow old man Russian boat lukul-gi pulut-ki qa:rbs-ki lukul-g pulut-k qa.rb s-

Regressive devoicing takes place when a voiced obstruent occurs before a which has emerged as a result of the assimilation j > (see 3.5.4), e.g. terikd-jk 'married (INTR.2SG)' > terikd-k > terikt-k ( > terik-k). In Tundra Yukaghir stops and affricates are voiced after a sonorant across a word boundary, while the sonorant may be optionally deleted. As shown in Nikolaeva (forthc.), this process applies within a syntactic phrase, mostly NP, PP or a Focus Phrase. For example, T lail baril 'spark of the fire' < lail 'fire' + parih 'spark', aljadawur dite < aljdawur tite 'like the mittens', and aj-l barul < aj-l (PRED) parul 'we made tea'. Similarly, the Negative proclitic l- triggers voicing in Tundra Yukaghir, e.g. l-bund' < l-pund' 'I didn't kill'.

Introduction 3 51

3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and j The sibilants (K , T s) alternate with r in the position after n and both in Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir and sometimes with d in Tundra Yukaghir, although these processes seem to apply selectively. They normally occur in compounds where the first component takes the Genitive affix -n. This nasal may fall out, e.g. ju:-ra: 'fire for smoking out mosquitoes' < ju:-n 'smoke' + a:l 'tree, stick' and T ja:-rawa 'birch bark' < ja:-n 'birch tree' + sawa 'skin'. Examples of the alternation s ~ d in Tundra Yukaghir are the following: T egi-n-dukun 'collar' < egi-l 'back of the head' + sukun 'cloth', o:-n-dusk 'mug' < o: 'iron' + susk 'bowl', and umu-n-daburq 'flat place on the hill' < umu-r 'hill' + saburq 'flat place'. In Tundra Yukaghir s changes into r in other environments as well, sometimes even across word boundaries, e.g. T kde rusej < kde susej 'the man threw (it)'. As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the consonant j never occurs as the second component of a cluster. It assimilates to the preceding consonant both across the morpheme boundary and inside a morpheme. The rules of assimilation are basically the same for Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir and are as follows: j j > (phonetically [s] in Kolyma Yukaghir), Cj > Cc, and Nj > Nd', where is an obstruent and N is a sonorant. The consonant r demonstrates mixed behavior: in some forms it behaves like an obstruent, while in other forms it behaves like other sonorants. These assimilative processes are very common in, although not restricted to, the paradigm of intransitive verbs, as most intransitive agreement affixes begin with j . Examples (28) are for Is1 person Singular intransitive forms. modomalajpe:dterqonomodo-j mala- pe:dt- er- qon-d' o-d' to sit to fall asleep to burn bad to go wet

The process j j > could have occurred through the intermediate stage j, as is shown by the following variations found in Jochelson's materials: KJ mala ~ malai < malaj-j 'fell asleep (INTR.3SG)'. Other frequent contexts for the assimilation of j are the suffix of the Subject Nominals -jo:n/-jo:d and the Iterative suffix -ji:, which may take the forms -i: or -d'i., e.g. tadi:-ji:- 'to give (ITER)' but jar-d'i:- 'to swim (ITER)' and ek-i:- 'to enter (ITER)'. After the negative clitic l- the stem-initial j does not change

Introduction

into d'. Instead the following alternations are observed: l +j > IT ~ jj, e.g. l-j:j > jj:j ~ l'l'.j 'did not see (3SG)' and T l-jawaj > l'l'awaj 'did not die (3SG)'. In the word-final position assimilation of j after a consonant does not apply. Instead the glide is realized vocalically as /. For example, this occurs in the 3rd person Singular intransitive inflection, cf. modo-j 'sits (INTR.3SG)' but qon-i 'goes (INTR.3SG)' and ajld-i 'washes (INTR.3SG)'. After u: the word-final j is realized as [i], while the vowel changes into i, e.g. eru:- 'bad' but eri- 'bad (INTR.3SG)' < eri:-j < eru:-j. Verbal stems ending in the Intransitive affix -u: are numerous and are represented with u: in the dictionary, although u: is absent in most inflectional forms. After i: the word-final j either falls out or changes into , while the vowel is shortened, e.g. pi- ~pi: <pi:-j 'put (TR. 1PL)'. A number of intransitive verbal stems end in o:, which is likely to go back to the Resultative/Stative affix -o:-. After such stems the consonant j exhibits the same alternation as after sonorants, i.e. it alternates with d', e.g. po:- 'to stay' and po:-d' (INTR.1SG). This probably has a historical explanation. As shown in 4.1.4, most long vowels originate from the contraction of a vowel with a glide or a spirant. The Resultative/Stative suffix -o:- may be related to the copula verb o:- 'to be', which in its turn goes back to the stem represented in the dictionary as *w-. So this affix historically contained the glide, i.e. -o:- < *w < *>. The glide caused the same assimilative processes as sonorants. They are also observed in the Qualitative suffixes -jo:- and -bo:-, which probably contain the same -o:-. In Tundra Yukaghir the affix -o:- is followed by the consonant /. This consonant is overtly present in the 3rd person Plural but falls out before j > d', cf. T qudo.l- 'to lie' > qudo.-d's (INTR.1SG) and qudo:l-i (INTR.3PL). In the 3rd person Singular the string Ij changes into w, e.g. T qudo:- (INTR.3SG) < qudo:l-j. In Kolyma Yukaghir the final j does not undergo assimilation, cf. qodo:- 'to lie' and qodo:-j (INTR.3SG). In a similar manner, when the Qualitative affix -me:- is followed by j, the latter changes into d', e.g. titi-me:- 'such' > titi-me:-d' (INTR.1SG).

3.6. Epenthesis The syllabification rules in Kolyma Yukaghir forbid vowel-initial syllables, except at the beginning of the word. This means that vocalic clusters are ruled out.7 A possible hiatus is prevented either by vowel deletion (see 3.4.2) or by consonant epenthesis. Further, more than one consonant in the onset or coda

Introduction 3 53

position are ruled out. This means that consonantal clusters are disallowed at the word edges, and no word-medial cluster can contain more than two consonants.8 To prevent impossible clusters epenthetic vowels are inserted.

3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis In Kolyma Yukaghir the epenthetic consonant is /. It generally occurs before the same vowel-initial suffixes that cause vowel deletion, as described in 3.4.2. Normally an epenthetic I is inserted after a stem ending in a long vowel, but in some cases it can also follow a short vowel not equal to a. See examples (29), which involve the Resultative -o:-. (29) a. mongb. jaqai:d'imon-o:g-o:to say to come in

jaqa-l-o:to arrive i:d'i:-l-o:- to tell

Maslova (2003: 56) notices that the epenthetic / is also inserted after j, e.g. ukej-l-o:- 'to exit (RES)'. As was argued in 3.1.1, this demonstrates that j in such cases counts as vocalic. In Tundra Yukaghir other epenthetic consonants may apply. For example, j functions epenthetically as in T ki-j-o:- 'two' vs. ki-n 'two (ATTR)' and T memda-j-o:l- 'to be prepared (RES)' vs. memd- 'to prepare'. The consonants r and are inserted after the proclitics - and i-, respectively, if the latter precede a vowel-initial stem. Examples can be found in the respective entries of the dictionary. In contrast, in Kolyma Yukaghir proclitics are not accompanied by epenthesis when they precede a vowel-initial stem. Instead, either the first vowel of the cluster is deleted or the cluster is preserved in violation of the constraint that prohibits vocalic clusters.

3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters According to Maslova (2003), the only epenthetic vowel in Kolyma Yukaghir is u. Indeed, this is veiy frequently the case, but sometimes / also functions epenthetically, although this has to be lexically specified. For example, i occurs between the stem-final d and the nominal derivational

Introduction

suffix -I in the word ad-i-l 'youth', cf. ad-: 'son' (lit. 'youth child'), as well as before the Dative -n, T - in the pronominal forms mt-i-n ~ T mt-i- 'to me (DAT)' and the like. In older Russian loanwords i was inserted at the beginning of the word to prevent initial clusters, e.g. istena: < Rus. stena 'wall' and KK istakan < Rus. stakan 'glass'. The variations ~ i are also possible, e.g. sar-u-m ~ sar-i-m 'covered (TR.3SG)'. The epenthetic vowel is systematically inserted after a consonant-final stem before a suffix of the structure -C which takes the final position in the word. These are, for example, the following suffixes: T -m (3rd person Transitive), T -/ (nominal derivational suffix and Action Nominal), T -/ (Pronominal Accusative), and -t, T -r (Same-Subject Converb). Examples (30a) illustrate the Action Nominal, while examples (30b) show the 3rd person Singular Transitive forms. (30) a. mid'-u-l (T med'-i-l) kel-u-1 mon-u-1 to take to come to say b. mid'-u-m leg-u-m pad-u-m to take to eat to cook

Some word-final suffixes of the structure -C never trigger epenthesis for various reasons. The Imperative -k falls out after a consonant in Kolyma Yukaghir (but not in Tundra Yukaghir), the Genitive -n/-d replaces the stem-final consonant, the 3rd person Intransitive -j turns into -i (see 3.5.4), and the 3rd person Hortative -n always occurs after the Hortative morpheme -g, so the need for epenthesis never arises. Kolyma Yukaghir also employs the epenthetic a, which occurs only beween the consonant-final stem and the Predicative morpheme -k, e.g. mt--k 'I (PRED)' and pulut-- 'old man (PRED)'.

3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis Word-medial vocalic epenthesis is addressed neither in Krejnovi (1982) nor in Maslova (2003), but it is in fact very frequent. Epenthetic vowels that occur word-internally are or /, and variations are possible, e.g. iilb ~ iulb 'tiredness'. Word-medial epenthesis serves to prevent potential three-consonantal clusters. For instance, an epenthetic vowel must precede the complex Inchoative affix -Ib- (from I + b) when it follows a consonant-final stem, e.g. er- 'bad' > er-u-lb- 'to become bad' and ad'strong' > ad-i-lb- 'to become strong'.

Introduction 3 55

In other cases epenthesis occurs in phonotactically ill-formed biconsonantal clusters. Consonant-initial affixes immediately follow a consonant-final stem if the resulting cluster is allowed by the phonotactic constraints, but are preceded by epenthesis otherwise. This concerns such affixes as T -m(u)- (Inchoative), -u- (Iterative), T -ji:- (Iterative), T -t-, -- (Causative/Transitive), and -()- (Imperfective), and some others. For instance, -n(u)- follows a i-final stem in ril-n(u)- 'to write (IMPF)' and -t- follows q in joq-t- 'to bring (TR)' because the clusters n and qt are well-formed; -ji:- follows an /--final stem in jar-d'i:- < jar-ji:- 'to swim (ITER)' because it assimilates to d' in this position; and so on. On the other hand, if the potential cluster is bad, epenthesis applies, e.g.: adej-rabudjedlego-e:ede: strong to walk to pull to be seen to eat to lose one's way to call ad-i-mueg-u-uabud-u-ji:jed-u-ji:leg-i-to-u-ed-u-nuto to to to to to to become stronger walk pull out be seen feed lose call

As described in 3.4.4, the stem-final vowel may fall out. In some words an epenthetic vowel can be inserted instead of the deleted vowel of the stem. This process is extremely frequent and may apply even if the potential cluster is well-formed. Examples (32a) and (32b) illustrate the vowel deletion and epenthesis insertion before various affixes in Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. jaqaligejodomoromodoaml -dajporq-j jmg laja-mumoja- newrlalwto come jaq-u-ji:old lig-u-muto bind jod-u-tto dress mor-u-mod-i-b to sit to swallow aml-u-jb curved riverbank porq-u-ajto spin jmg-i-j to stay to become soft to frighten to cover laj-i-tmoj-i-nnewr-u-lu:Ialw-i-j to come to become old to twist to dress seat sunset to bend whirlpool to be late soft frightening extra blanket

Introduction

Generally speaking, the conditions on word-internal epenthesis are not entirely clear in the sense that many instances of epenthesis seem to have become lexicalized. But most occurrences of short high vowels in non-first syllables appear to be epenthetic or at least have an epenthetic origin. For example, the Habitual morpheme -nun- is likely to go back to reduplication of the Imperfective affix -n(u)- with the epenthetic between its two occurrences. The vowel has now become part of the Habitual affix. The same is true for the Supine affix -din (< dn < d-r) and some other affixes. Such affixes are represented with a vowel in the list of morphemes in Section 5. On the other hand, although some affixes are frequently accompanied by epenthesis, this does not apply in all contexts. For example, the Inchoative -m- and the Imperfective -n- are normally followed by u, but the latter is absent before a long vowel and in some other cases. Such affixes are cited without in Section 5.

Introduction 3 57

4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology This section suggests a reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology. By Proto-Yukaghir I mean a common ancestor of all known modern and extinct varieties of Yukaghir.

4.1. Vocalism 4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony The following short vowels are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. Note that * and *y are not present in modern Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir. (1) front vowels back vowels i e () u

As in modem Yukaghir, non-high vowels were reduced and realised as in the position after the first foot. This vowel was not phonemic, as its distribution is fully predictable from its position. In some environments could undergo lengthening, while in other contexts it could be deleted. The vocalic system in (1) exhibits frontness harmony. The distribution of stems into harmonic classes remained practically unchanged. This is because, as I show below, the modern goes back to *ii and therefore behaves as a front vowel, while *y has changed into i with back harmonic properties. So the only difference between (1) and the system described above for modern Kolyma Yukaghir is that in the latter there is no front correlate to u. It is also possible that Proto-Yukaghir had roundness harmony similar to that present in Kolyma Yukaghir (see 3.3.1). As all non-high short vowels were realised as after the first foot, roundness harmony was only limited to the initial structures (C)VCV. The correspondences of Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir vowels are presented below. I do not discuss here irregular correspondences that are only represented by one or two examples. They are usually mentioned in the text of the dictionary and alternative reconstructions are provided.

4.1.2. Non-high vowels PY * a > K T a This trivial correspondence is illustrated by the following examples: T aa 'mouth', aq ~ T waq 'angle', and T qail 'eagle'.

58

Introduction

PY *o > , , , Examples of the correspondence ~ are pod ~ poyod 'money', toal 'scum' ~ toyul 'used tea leaves', and T 'people'. On the other hand, can correspond to T a, cf.: (2) omduobul ou: tolou odul jomil ou T amduawul warulu: talaw wadul amil saw

to hurry sea root wild reindeer Yukaghir neck to put on wooden bowl

Not all varieties of Tundra Yukaghir exhibit a in these cases. Jochelson mostly records o, Krejnovi or a, and Kurilov a, cf. TJ wodul ~ T wadul 'Yukaghir', TD woduri T waduri- 'to try, to stand firm', and TK wolod'e ~ T waluod' 'prize'. In some words the variation ~ a is attested in Kurilov's materials. According to Kurilov (1987: 7), this reflects two local idioms of Tundra Yukaghir, Qaaji: and Alaji: (on them see 2.2.1). The vowel a is typical of the Alaji: variety, and the vowel of the Qaaji: variety. Other Yukaghir idioms, including Old Yukaghir, show in these cases. Even the Omok idiom, which phonologically stands the closest to Tundra Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4), exhibits in the place of T a, e.g. MO wogo ~ T waya 'face'. Observe also the following example: MU lloga, MK oljog ~ T al'y (< *) 'fish'. This suggests that T a goes back to o, as is also supported by the following Even words: T lalim ~ Ev. nolima 'sledge' and T abuka in abuka-mayil 'fur coat without a traditional triangle gusset' ~ Ev. obuka 'man's clothes'. While the direction of borrowing is unclear in the former case, the latter word has Tungus correspondences (see TMS 2 4) and so is borrowed from Even into Yukaghir. This indicates that in some Tundra Yukaghir words the change *o > a took place. This change was fairly recent and typical of the Alaji: variety, but has now become the norm. There are also Even loanwords where the Even a corresponds to T a, e.g. T ama: < Ev. ama: 'father', T qabal'- 'to grow bald' < Ev. qabata 'bald'. This raises the question of the phonological environment of the change *o > a. There is no clear answer to this question. The examples in (2) suggest that the change occurred in the context of the labial consonants m, b or w, probably as a result of dissimilation. This seems to be true for most instances

Introduction 3 5 9

of the correspondence ~ T a. However, there are exceptions. For example, in (3a) this correspondence does not occur in the context of labials, while in (3b) the presence of a labial does not trigger the change of into a in Tundra Yukaghir. nodo loil jonod'jotni:omo qobo T nada lail janud'i:jatni:omo qobo

bird fire to tidy up to drive people down

wolf fire to collect one's belongings to drive people on the surface

I reconstruct PY *o in stems with the correspondence T a ~ . If we only have Tundra Yukaghir forms with a at our disposal but no Kolyma Yukaghir correspondences, it is impossible to tell whether *a or *o should be reconstructed. I reconstruct *a in such cases, but this is merely conventional. For example, for T abuu 'tin (box)', which has no corresponding Kolyma word, the reconstruction is *ampu\, but in principle it could also be *ompu.. In some infrequent cases, the reverse correspondence is also observed, i.e. a ~ T . Again it mostly occurs in the context of the labials, e.g. (4) pararpalm T porworpwolm

to chatter cautious shaman

This indicates that either Kolyma Yukaghir showed the same dissimilation process *o > a as Tundra Yukaghir, albeit to a lesser extent and in different words, or that the vowel here should be reconstructed as *a, in which case T a must have changed into when next to the labials. In the absence of clear evidence I have left this question open and have provided alternative reconstructions for this case. For example, the first stem in (4) is reconstructed as *par-/*por-, PY *>K, u;T The reconstruction of the PY * is based on the trivial correspondence ~ T , cf. T kd'e 'worm', T pmn - 'round', T rd' 'middle', and T pg'to gallop'. In Old Yukaghir and Schiefner's materials was mostly rendered

Introduction

as or e, but this is likely to represent an auditory error. Jochelson, Krejnovi, Kurilov, and Maslova are not always consistent is rendering either. Jochelson systematically records only before n. The correspondence ~ T results from the change of into under the influence of the high vowel of the following syllable. This change is relatively recent, since Jochelson records , e or in this case, cf.: unmut unu pulut ud'il' KJ nmuunu, onpolut od'il', ed'il' T nmur nu: plur d'il'

antler, horn river old man nail, claw

The change * > motivates the morphonological alternations in some stems, cf. wj 'real, true' ~ ubuj 'true, truth'. It is also observed for long vowels, e.g. .l' 'ancient' ~ u.ld'i: 'tale' ( < KJ uoled'). PY > e, , /'; , This phoneme is pronounced as e in modern Yukaghir, but in Old Yukaghir sources e is often rendered as a or o, which may indicate that its pronunciation was closer to the low , e.g. amea, ME aime, MU omei, KL amei ~ emej 'mother'. Jochelson consistently writes in the place of the modern e. PY *e can be illustrated by the following correspondences: T epe: 'grandmother', T e-/ed- 'live', and ejr- ~ T ewr- 'to walk'. The vowel *e could labialize after the initial labial consonants p and m, e.g. mdi:-, T mri:- 'to hear, to understand' (< PY *me-) ~ TU *mede'to feel, to notice' and pmn-, T pomn- 'round' (< PY *peme-) ~ TU *pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted'. Some words show the ~ e variations within one idiom or between idioms, e.g. medin ~ mdin 'as soon as', memj ~ T mmdij 'flame', and pril' 'toe' ~ T peril 'kick', prind'to kick'. The process of labialization could have taken place after the nonlabial consonants and s/ as well, as shown by the following words: bul ( > ubut) 'branch of the larch tree; bedding made of larch branches' ~ NT *seg-/*sew- 'to lay branches in a yurt' < TU *seg- 'to lay branches in a yurt' and erere- ~ TU *sere:- 'to embroider'. See also the following correspondence and variations in the modern languages: knm ~ kenm 'friend', g- ~ T seg- 'to enter', and jl ~ ejl 'small stone, pebble'. In such cases I provide alternative reconstructions with *e and *. In some words the quality of the first vowel in Proto-Yukaghir can be reconstructed from the quality of the vowel of the second syllable. For example, the change * > e has probably taken place in T krel 'devil', T mrelwo:-

Introduction 3 6 1

'melted' and T kne. These words have e in the second syllable and are likely to have had it in the first syllable as well, if we assume roundness harmony. The respective Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions are *kere-, *merelwo:- and *kene. The labialization *e > explains the violations of the roundness harmony in front stems in modern Yukaghir addressed in 3.3.1. Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits the change *e > i before a high vowel, parallel to the change * > observed above, e.g. mi.d'i: ~ KJ med'i 'sledge' and e.d'i. l, i.d'il ~ KK ied'uol 'story'.

4.1.3. High vowels PY *u> , i; T u, i- PY * / > K /, m; T /, Most Proto-Yukaghir high vowels are represented by the two trivial correspondences: PY *u > T (e.g. T murg 'thick forest', T kukul 'devil', T nug- 'find') and PY *i > T / (e.g. igej ~ T igij 'rope', T kind' 'moon', T ilg 'branch', ib T iw- 'to suck'). Other words demonstrate the opposite distribution in the sense that i in one language corresponds to in another language. In (6a) I cite examples for the correspondence / ~ T and in (6b) for ~ T i. a. lige:mided' iger mimil b. kue: num T luge: murid' uur mumul kie: nime old needle side young antlers mosquito house

Old-Yukaghir materials show either or i in such cases, cf. MK nma, MU 'house', MK imoje ~ T umuj 'pike', and MK midndscha, midndscha 'needle'. There are reasons to think that changes of the high vowels occurred under the influence of the neighbouring consonants. In particular, i could develop into when adjacent to a labial. This is confirmed by the word 'house' related to TU *nim. T nime preserved the original vowel i, while in Kolyma Yukaghir / changed into u, apparently under the assimilative influence of m. Also observe the potential relation between umui: 'fishing rod' and NT *ie- 'to fish with a fishing rod', where could have developed from i next to the labial m. The opposite process *u > i was likely to occur in the context of a palatal

Introduction

consonant, cf. uger, iger 'side' related to TU *ui: 'thigh', nugen ~ T niin, ugen-, uun- 'arm' related to TU *ua 'muscles; elbow', and T iir 'brook, source' related to TU *ui/*i id. If the assimilation explanation is true, we can expect that the words 'young antlers' and 'needle' contained *i and should be reconstructed as *mimil and *mien, respectively. The change */ > occurred in Tundra Yukaghir. The same can be assumed for T umuj 'pike' with respect to OY *imoj (in modern Kolyma Yukaghir this word is absent). Assimilation to another vowel also played a role here. In the modern Yukaghir languages the alternation ~ i may depend on the quality of the vowel of the second syllable, cf. T ie: 'stomach, mood, soul' but T uurukun 'apron' (literally 'stomach thing'), and pige 'box' but lun-buge 'cauldron' from lud-ul 'iron' (< *lunt-) and pige 'box', where the following development is assumed: *lun + *pige > Imbige > lunbuge. However, several words such as lige- ~ T luge- 'old' still remain unexplained and are provided with alternative reconstructions in the dictionary. PY * > T The reconstruction of the vowel * is problematic, as it is not represented in any modern Yukaghir variety. This vowel is not used in the reconstructions provided in the dictionary and *u is written instead. Yet, there are two reasons to think that * could have been present in Proto-Yukaghir. First, *w can be reconstructed based on systemic considerations as a front counterpart to PY *u. Second, in both modern varieties of Yukaghir behaves as a harmonically front vowel, although its phonetic quality is back (see 3.3.1). As was first suggested in Nikolaeva (1992), this mismatch can be explained if the source of T is the harmonically front * and the harmonic quality of the stem remained intact after the change *ii > u. In the modern languages is harmonically back in only a few words, mostly from Tundra Yukaghir. Such words are normally fairly recent borrowings from Tungus. Examples follow. (7) T ulal 'ermine' < TU oli 'pole-cat' T uld'y- 'to twitter' < TU *o:li:- 'to gossip, to babble' T quo: < Ev. kuaw- 'to make noises (of a gull)' T que 'two-year old male reindeer' < Ev. :- 'to gallop (of a reindeer or a horse)' T ubaaj- 'to dive' < TM *up-/*op- 'to dive; deep place' T urq 'two-year old female reindeer' < TM *ur-/*ir- 'three-year old wild deer'

Introduction 3 6 3

In such cases has a source different from *ii, normally or the harmonically back u. This explains its back quality in modern Yukaghir. As there are no or very few cases of the original back u, we might suspect that *u changed into another back vowel before the change *ii > took place. This matter is still unresolved, but at least in some words the change > could have occurred. Observe the following words probably borrowed from Tungus. (8) T paad'i: (with the further change into a in Tundra Yukaghir) < TU *puyu 'awl' T moli modal particle < TU *mulri- 'doubt, not be able' p o l - 'gum' < TU *pul- id. T ma. ro:- 'happy' (probably from *mar-o:-) < TU *murun 'happiness, mind' pol- 'to slip' < TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface'

Such loanwords are older than most of those that demonstrate the correspondence TU/Ev. ~ Yuk. u, e.g. kuru.k < Ev. or Yak. kuru.k 'always' and T muktij 'knife with the tip cut off < Ev. mukti 'blunt'. However, T kokota: 'closed end of a sleeve in a child's overalls' < Ev. kukatan 'gloves' may be quite recent. PY *y> i,ja-, a; T /, e The PY *y is reconstructed based on the following evidence. First, as shown in 3.3.1, both Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have words where i is harmonically back. I suggest that the corresponding stems in Proto-Yukaghir contained the back *y. Second, in some cases the back /' in Tundra Yukaghir corresponds to a or ja- (in the word-initial position), e.g. aayaj- ~ T sisaej- 'to become torn' and arqul 'paw' ~ T sisq 'finger', cf. also KJ qid'ilbe- ~ qad'ilb'laugh'. If the last word is not an erroneous recording of Jochelson, we are dealing here with PY *y which changed into a in Kolyma Yukaghir. Some Tundra Yukaghir words have a back e which can also go back to *y, e.g. T eab 'waist'. Also observe the following correspondences: jail ~ T eil, ayil 'edge' and qaq-, kiq- 'to choke' ~ T qeqs- 'to gurgle'. Finally, Tungus back stems with i are usually borrowed in Yukaghir as back, e.g. T tilba:- 'to trample down' < TU *tilpa- 'to smear, to knead, to squash' and T sirba:- 'to squeeze' < TU *sir- 'to press'.

Introduction

4.1.4. Long vowels In the dictionary the long vowels are reconstructed in monosyllabic stems and in (C)V:C stems, although in both these types they were probably secondary and caused by prosodic reasons (see 3.4.1 and 4.3). Since quantitative alternations of vowels are basically identical in Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir (see 3.4.1 and 3.4.2), they are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. Most of the original *(C)VCC stems where the medial cluster was simplified into a single consonant (4.2.5) do not contain a long vowel in modern Yukaghir. So they look just like (C)VCV stems in which the medial consonant does not go back to a cluster and the vowel of the first syllable is short. Examples of such stems follow. (9) PY *sompl'*qomp *nont To q *noq obol'qobo nodo joodajnoo T sabal'qobo nada jo ot jnoo

to lose bottom bird; animal to open sand; ashes

In a few stems where the second consonant goes back to a cluster the first syllable is long, i.e. they pattern together with (C)V:C stems, e.g. T l.dj'to crumble' (< *li:nt-), T qa:dl 'armpit' ( < *qantl), T ki:d' 'demon' ( < *kin'), and o:- 'to drink' ( < *on-). I do not have an explanation for why they behave differently from the stems listed in (9). Some *(C)VCC stems show variations in length, e.g. T id'e ~ i.d' 'bottom part of a woman's coat trimmed with dog fur and tassels'. Many long vowels in Kolyma Yukaghir have appeared as a result of contraction of a short (typically stressed) vowel and the following spirant or glide, namely *j, *w or *y. The contraction normally took place if the spirant or glide was syllable-final, as illustrated by the following examples. *aw > o: *aj > a: *ow > o: *uw > u: *u > u: *ej > i: *j > i: *w > u: aro:j ~ KJ aravje ajil, a:il ~ KJ aiile jo:, jou ~ KJ joboe Kjo: ~KJjobo u: ~ newe, ME niiv, S niv ju:lugul ~ S juglugul ni:n-qa:r ~ S nejn ( > nejn)-kar -ji:li ~ KJ -jeili arnu:ja: ~ MK armnewja, S arinuaja lenok bullfinch back disease name shoulder cloud INTR.1PL wolverine

Introduction 3 65

* > : *i>i:

Kj:l' tl' - ~ joglerim Ki:d -~Sigda

to love to catch

Observe also the following correspondences: i: ~ T j 'point, edge' (< *j-) and je:d' ~ T jed' 'excrement' { has contracted in K). In Tundra Yukaghir contraction is less frequent, but also takes place, e.g. T i:s- 'suck' < iws-. The contraction is still a live process, as shown by the following free variations attested in modern Kolyma Yukaghir: (11) ujni:~u:ni: pe:d' ~ pejd' kerpi: ~ kej ( <*kerpj) roasting spit shoulder-blade shoveling

In some words contracted and non-contracted variants have lexicalized, e.g. kejfo- 'red' ~ ke.i'o:- 'diy' and ke.j 'in front' ~ kejdej- 'to defeat'. Examples where e: corresponds to T i: should probably be explained as different results of the contraction of the string *ej, cf. pe.d', pejd' ~ T pi.d' 'shoulder-blade' and kej- ~ T ki:- 'to give'. Finally, modern Yukaghir exhibits long vowels that cannot be explained either by contraction or by prosody. Such vowels are observed in roots and affixes, for instance, the Causative -/:- and the Diminutive -de: (see the list of affixes in Section 5). They are rendered as long in the dictionary, although we cannot exclude that the length here is also secondary.

4.2. Consonantism 4.2.1. Inventory The Proto-Yukaghir consonantal system included the following phonemes. (12) labial and bilabial stops affricates sibilants fricatives nasals laterals trills approximants P dental t s n 1 r palatal velar and uvular k/q ' () (') 1' j

m w

Introduction

This system had no voiced obstruents. They developed in the modern languages either from fricatives or from consonantal clusters (4.2.3,4.2.5). Phonotactic restrictions were similar to those found in the modern languages (see 3.2): and r did not occur word-initially, while voiced fricatives only occurred either intervocalically or after a sonorant. The velar stop and the uvular stop q were probably non-phonemic synharmonic variants. However I transcribe them with distinct symbols in the reconstructions throughout the dictionary (although not in the list of affixes provided in Section 5 of this Introduction). There are reasons to think that Proto-Yukaghir exhibited the same constraints on syllabification as the modern languages (3.6), i.e. threeconsonantal clusters and clusters at word edges were disallowed. In diphthongs ending in w or j, glides counted as vowels before the following consonant. Therefore they could precede a consonantal cluster, e.g. *aj/*ajk, *ejd/ejnt-, and *ewnt-. The reconstruction of most consonants is based on the trivial correspondences PY *p > 1 p, PY *t > T PY *k/q > T k/q, PY *m > T m, PY *n > T n, PY * > T , PY */ > /, PY *> l\ and PY *r > . Examples can be easily found in the dictionary. Below only non-trivial correspondences are addressed.

4.2.2. Sibilants and affricates The opposition of the palatal and non-palatal affricates * and *' is only reconstructed for the position after a sonorant (4.2.4). Even if it was originally present in other positions, reflexes do not differ in the modern languages: there is only one non-voiced affricate (optionally in Kolyma Yukaghir, see 3.1.3). Jochelson sometimes records a palatal, but it rather corresponds to , i.e. a positional variant of the non-palatal affricate. So there are no reasons to assume two affricates other than after a sonorant, although it is not excluded either that their reflexes have merged elsewhere. In Nikolaeva (1988a, 1988b) I reconstruct the palatalization opposition for the sibilants *s and . Under this analysis, the palatal * is the source of the regular correspondence ~ T s, e.g. g- ~ T seg- 'to enter' and sure 'body' ~ T sure 'skin (of a hand)'. In Tundra Yukaghir * lost palatalization, while in Kolyma it became , possibly through the intermediate stage of T or *\ Note that languages spoken in the Yukaghir area, such as Yakut, Even, Evenki, and the old Russian dialect of Kolyma (Bogoraz 1901), do not have palatalization opposition for sibilants. The only sibilant normally has the interdental pronunciation. This could be also true for and T J. They are both recorded as in Jochelson's manuscript dictionaries

Introduction 3 6 7

(KD and TD), which suggests that the pronunciational difference between them at this stage was insignificant. I further argued that *s changed into I or 0 , possibly through the stage of *6. This reconstruction is based on external comparison. In a number of words the Uralic or Altaic *s corresponds to / or 0 in Yukaghir. (13)a. U *sekV!*skV 'upper arm; forearm' ~ T egi(:)l 'back of the head' FU *srV'root; vein' ~ larq- 'root' FU *sewe-/*see- ~ K T leg- 'to eat' U *sala ~ olo- 'to steal' b. TU *saa(rj ~ ier 'pit, hole' PA *sri ~ id'i: 'sinew' There are two instances where MC shows 5 in the place of j or I in the other Yukaghir varieties: MC sogote ~ K T jooti: 'arrow' and MC sogondonde ~ logundintshina 'salt'. These words are likely be the result of an erroneous recording, as suggested in Tailleur (1962: 91, 93). So the following processes can be assumed for the history of Yukaghir. (14) a. * S > 0 > 1 / 0 b. * > (/G') > , T s

Similar changes are reconstructed for the Proto-Uralic sibilants in Ugric and Samoyed languages (e.g. Xelimskij 1982). However, they are hypothetical in Yukaghir, as (14) crucially depends on external correspondences. Therefore in this dictionary I only use one sibilant and write it as *s, assuming that it developed into and T s. In other words, in the convention used in this dictionary, *s corresponds to the presumed *s in (14), while for the words in (11) */ or 0 are reconstructed. This system may in principle reflect a more recent stage of Proto-Yukaghir. It is worth noticing that the Old Yukaghir sources hardly differentiate between affricates, on the one hand, and sibilants, on the other, cf. tshall, ME tschal, MU tschal, MK tschel ~ a:l, T sa:l 'tree' and tshul, ME tschul, MU tschul, MK tschul ~ T u:l 'meat'. Therefore Collinder (1940: 168) and Jochelson (1898: 154) suggested that sibilants and affricates had the same source. Yet, their reflexes in the modern languages clearly differ. In addition, the comparison with Tungus shows that affricates and sibilants were originally distinct, cf.:

Introduction

(15)

a. TU *ab- 'noise, noisy' ~ abo:- 'loud' TU *le- 'to jump on one foot' ~ T ule- id. b. TU *saja 'interval (between fingers)' ~ aj-, T saj- 'across' TU *seri 'decking, covering' ~ eril, T siril 'bottom edge of the chamois that covers a yurt'

I believe the reason why affricates and sibilants were often conflated in earlier sources lies in the difference between male and female pronunciations. According to Jochelson (1898: 153-154), in earlier Kolyma Yukaghir men pronounced both and as , while in the female pronunciation affricates and sibilants were always distinguished. It is reasonable to assume that most Old Yukaghir sources reflect the male pronunciation. In fact, there is documentary evidence for that: Billings (1811: 25) refers to his consultant as an 'old man', and so does Matjukin. For this reason most Old Yukaghir sources did not distinguish between and c. The difference between the male and the female pronunciation was later lost and the female norm was generalized.

4.2.3. Fricatives The reconstruction of the Proto-Yukaghir interdental * is based on the correspondence T - ~ -d-, -t. The word-final t in Kolyma Yukaghir probably appeared due to the devoicing of d in the word-final position, see 3.2 on the phonotactic restrictions. The PY *S only occurred intervocalically or wordfinally. (16) . jo.d-, lioda, ME liota ~ T l'o. r- 'to play' mdi:-, MC mody, KL moria, mozyi, moedik, mo:e:dik, ME moktyk, moitik ~ T mri - 'to hear' pude, MU buden 'up', pudanmoi, ME pudangma, MC padanmei 'tall' ~Tpure 'up' kde.l, ME MK kodel ~ T kre.l 'wolf b. pulut ~ T plur 'old man' unmut, ME onmut ~ T nmur 'horn, antler' Most Old Yukaghir sources record d/t in the place of PY *. The only Old Yukaghir source that renders * as r, as in Tundra Yukaghir, is MO, cf. the following words:

Introduction 3 6 9

(17)

melut, B/ME mlud, MK mlut, MC malyt ~ MO melur ' breast' abut, awoot, ME auut, MK -awut ~ T awur 'nest, container', MO abor 'brain' qodol'~ MO xoral' 'boat'

This shows that different reflexes of *<5 (d/t vs. r) were present even before the Old Yukaghir period. When a Tundra Yukaghir word has r in the absence of a Kolyma counterpart, strictly speaking it is impossible to tell whether *r or * is to be reconstructed. However, I do not provide alternative reconstructions in this case and always write *r. The reconstruction of the PY *' was suggested in Nikolaeva (1988a) based on external comparison with Uralic. In Proto-Uralic *' was a fairly rare phoneme. At least in one case the potential U *''w 'spleen' may correspond to ja:j, l'a:j ~ T Ta:j id. If this comparison is correct, it may suggest that at some stage the Proto-Yukaghir system included the palatal interdental *<5' which further developed into l'( > j). However, this possibility is hypothetical and is not adopted in the dictionary. In the modern languages only occurs as the back counterpart of g. Synharmonic variations of velar and uvular consonants can in principle go back to the Proto-Yukaghir stage. But voiced stops were altogether absent in ProtoYukaghir. So the pair g/y is likely to go back to the PY *y. In the modern languages this phoneme is represented by a number of alternations described in 3.4.2: as g/ before a vowel; k/q before a voiceless obstruent; ~ w before a voiced obstruent, I or a pause; before ; and m before m. So in some cases the PY *y could become a glide component of preconsonantal diphthongs, as demonstrated by the following word: ejr-, T ewr- ~ KL agra, S agreje < *ey-r- 'to walk'. The Old Yukaghir sources show g or h in the place of *y, e.g. -igia, ME -ikeie, MK -ige ~ igej, T igij 'rope' and igh.il, ME jehll, MC ege- ~ jail, T iyil 'edge', whereas Jochelson sometimes records r, e.g. KJ joroto- ~joyoto- 'to wound'.

4.2.4. Sonorants and glides The bilabial approximant *w is preserved in Tundra Yukaghir in all positions except for the initial position before i. There are no words that begin in *wi-. In Kolyma Yukaghir the initial *w- was lost, cf. the following correspondences:

Introduction

(18)

a:donor e:n

T wa:rwanar we:n

to pull tongue another

The only Old Yukaghir idiom that preserves the word-initial *w- as in Tundra Yukaghir is MO, e.g. MO wogo ~ T waya 'face', MO wener ~ T wanar 'tongue', and MO woldik 'to laugh' ~ MC ol'in 'joy'. The reconstruction of the initial *w- is supported by external parallels such as ou: 'thin root used as a thread for fastening boats', T waruluu 'root' ~ U *wacV/*wanV 'root' and T went- 'to stretch out, to expand' ~ FU *wene- 'to stretch out, to expand'. When a Kolyma Yukaghir word begins with a vowel, except /', and there is no corresponding Tundra word, I provide alternative reconstructions, with and without the initial *w-. The word-medial was preserved in Tundra Yukaghir and changed into b in Kolyma Yukaghir, e.g. abut ~ T awur 'next, container' and ibi- ~ T iwi- 'to suck'. The word-medial w is normally written as w or in Old Yukaghir, e.g. abut ~ KL awun-, MK -awut, awoot, ME auut 'nest, container' and lebe: ~ BO Iewe-, KL lewe-, MK lew, W levia-, levye, ME leviya 'earth'. This shows that the change w > b in Kolyma Yukaghir is a fairly recent process. The word-medial *-w- is reflected as in both Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir. However, in the other positions it can undergo various changes. For example, in some words the initial *- is reflected as j in Kolyma Yukaghir, cf. jomil ~ T amil 'neck'. The same concerns the initial */- which is sometimes reflected as j in the modern languages, but the Old Yukaghir data clearly show that we are dealing with */'-. Observe the following words: MC Ijangjaja, landzsha, ME landscha, MU Ij'ngdscha, Ij'ngdschand-, MK Ijangdscha, lljngdscha ~ ja, T jad,jar 'goose' and liril, ME lyril, MU lirr', MK lril, lirl- ~ iril, T l'iril 'stomach, belly'. As was mentioned in 3.2, there is no final in Kolyma Yukaghir. In particular, it exhibits j instead of the T in the 3rd person intransitive agreement marker of some verbs, normally those whose stems ends in : (T : ~ a:). Most Old Yukaghir idioms demonstrate (or n as its transcriptional variant) in the place o f K / , e.g. (19) ataqlo:-j ~ KL adaklon, MK andklo, MU ndaklon 'two' juko:-j ~ MK Ijuk, BO jxon 'small' omo:-j ~ KL omo-, MK tschom, MU tschomon 'big' ja:lo:-j ~ MU jlon, MC jalon 'three'

Introduction 3 71

B/ME shows j in some words, like the modern Kolyma Yukaghir, e.g. tchomoi 'big', and n (n) in other words, e.g. inglon, ME inglong 'thick' (K ilo:-j), antachlon, ME antaglon 'two', and *ya:lon, ME jalon 'three'. As the idiom of B/ME can be considered a more or less direct ancestor of modern Kolyma Yukaghir (2.1.5) the change *- > j is likely to be a recent Kolyma Yukaghir innovation. 4.2.5. Consonantal clusters Proto-Yukaghir exhibited word-internal consonantal clusters of the type "sonorant + voiceless obstruent", which have undergone various changes in the modern language. Potential clusters of this structure are shown in (20), although not necessarily all of them were present in practice. *mt *mp *mk/q *m *m' *nt *np *nk/q *n *n' *t *p *k/q * *' *t *P *k/q * * ' *lt *lp *lk/q *l *l' *l't *l'p *lVq *l' *l''

Such clusters are impossible in the modern languages inside a morpheme (see 3.2), however the clusters "sonorant + voiced obstruent" are fairly frequent. I take this to indicate that in such clusters the obstruent was voiced. This stage is attested in Old Yukaghir, as shown below. (21) a. PY *-m-> O Y - MC meme- ~ mem-, T mmd- 'to burn' b. PY *mt-> OY-mdB omda-, ME omtu- ~ omdu, T amdu- 'to hurry' c. PY *-np-> OY-nbB tonbo-, ME tonbe- ~ tnb- 'strong' d. PY *- '- > OY -d'B indshi ~ id'i: 'sinew' e. PY *-p- > OY -bB xnbo, MC qaba, BO qnbo ~ qab 'palm'

Introduction

f. PY *-lk- > OY -lgB oolgala ~ ulgul 'urine' g. PY *- -> OY- 3B landzsha, ME langdscha, MU Ijangdscha, MC Ijangjaja ~ ja, T j a d j a r 'goose' h. PY *-t- > OY -dMC landygik, longdok, ME longtok ~ lod- 'to dance' i. PY *-l- > OY *-1 pol'woroie 'green', *poldshitsha,podrie, poldshasha-, ME poltschitscha,podrie ~ pol i 'leaf Neither the Old-Yukaghir sources nor Jochelson systematically record the palatalization opposition for affricates. In other words, both *d' and what I reconstruct as * j (voiced non-palatal affricate) were often transcribed in the same way. Jochelson also used the same symbol for d' and what corresponds to , although older sources sometimes record d or t in the place of * j This shows that the phonetic difference between palatal and non-palatal affricates was minimal until recent times. Still, their reflexes are clearly opposed in modern languages: whereas the PY *' after a sonorant is represented as d\ the PY *c (> OY j ) has changed into and T r ~ d. The situation is more complicated in clusters that begin with r. In most words in the modern languages the following obstruent is voiceless. Moreover, some loanwords show devoicing after r, e.g. mo:rt 'fish trap' < Rus. dial. morda and T lerpu: 'shaggy dog' < TU *ler(be)- 'shaggy'. However, there are a number of words with a voiced obstruent after r. (22) jurgu: moryulTun nrgum T serbd-amun purg se:rdi:d-ile

slot minnow notch

shoulder bone knot reindeer rejected from slaughter

This shows that r has a dual status: sometimes it behaves like a sononant and sometimes like a voiceless stop. But since the clusters "r + voiceless obstruent" are more frequent, I reconstruct them for the Proto-Yukaghir stage, unless there is positive evidence against such a solution.

Introduction 3 7 3

In the examples in (21) the consonants do not have a homorganic articulation. When they do, further changes were observed in the clusters with nasals. The clusters changed into a single consonant: a nasal before a consonant or a pause, or a voiced obstruent in the prevocalic position. The resulting alternations are described above in 3.5.1. This diachronic process of the simplification of clusters took place in Old Yukaghir.1 It may have occurred at varying speeds in the different Old Yukaghir idioms, but in general was completed by the mid 19th century, i.e. at the end of the Old Yukaghir period. This is evident because all the later sources, beginning with Schiefner (1859), record single consonants in the place of the Old Yukaghir homorganic clusters. Examples of homorganic clusters with nasals follow. (23) a. PY *nt > OY nd > n (+C) ~ d (+V) ME tandi- ~ T tadi:- 'to give' MC lundylo, -lundal, ME -london, -lundol, MK lundl, -lundul ~ ludul 'iron', lun-bug, 'cauldron' (lit. 'iron box') b. PY *n'/*' > OY nd'/d' > (+C) ~ d' (+V) KL kinia, kinind'a, kininsha, ME kinindscha, MU kininsche, MK kindsche ~ T kind' 'month, moon' MC -konty, -kondzsha, ME -kontscha ~ T kd'e 'worm, larva' MU ndschit, MK ndschi, ME ndschi ~ T ed'i 'alive', e'alive, vivid' c. PY *n > OY > n (+C) ~ , T r (+V) MC andrele, andzhe, MU andschub ~ au: 'word, language' kundshu, ME kuntschu, MC kuntu-, kunup ~ kuu:, T kurul 'sky' onzshi, ME ondschy, MU onsche, MC inzha, MO onde ~ o:i: 'water' pandalitsh 'to scratch', ME pantalytsch 'to scratch' ~ paili:T parali:- 'to tickle' d. PY *k/*q > OY g/ > (+C) ~ g/ (+V) angitak, ME angietak ~ T ayit- 'to hide' iongul, ME jonkool, MU jongjnogha, BO jungol, MO niongol' ~ T joul 'nose' ongai, ME ongen, MK ngoi ~ o-, T ou- 'damp, wet', oyunb- 'to get wet'

Introduction

e. PY *mp > OY mb > m (+C) ~ b (+V) MC iumbo, MU jmboon ~ T jaba- 'to di e'j'amd'i- 'ill', jou < KJ jobo 'disease' MC jembend- ~ jobo > jou 'back' ME nunbur ~ nabur 'foam' Thus, there are two sources of voiced obstruents in modern languages: voiced fricatives and glides (4.2.3 and 4.2.4) and homorganic clusters. When the source of a voiced obstruent is unclear, I provide alternative reconstructions throughout the dictionary. A number of words demonstrate irregular clusters that violate the phonotactic constraints. This may indicate either that the word is a recent borrowing or that there used to be a morpheme boundary between the components of the cluster. This is observed, first, if a voiceless obstruent follows a sonorant, e.g. T samqj 'tea pot', T ilk 'cross-bar in a sledge', T monq 'hill', and qantu: 'crop'. Second, some words exhibit homorganic clusters with nasals which should have changed into a single consonant, e.g. T qandbd 'inside the lower part of for trousers', T timb- 'swollen from absorbed water', and T lig 'scum'. In clusters "sonorant + </" the affricate has two sources, *c' and */'. The latter is due to the assimilative process j > d' after a sonorant described in 3.5.4. I therefore provide alternative reconstructions for such stems, e.g. PY *sem'-/*semj- > T semd'i- 'to sneak up' and PY *ul'-/*ulj- > T uld'y- 'to twitter, to chirp'. If a modern Yukaghir language exhibits nd' I reconstruct *nj, e.g. PY *penjij: > T pend'ij 'stream'. Such clusters cannot go back to *n' because *n' has developed into n ~ d\ Other changes in clusters are the same as for single consonants, i.e. PY *w > b and PY (*s >) > T s, f .

4.3. The structure of the stems 4.3.1. Monosyllabic stems As mentioned in 3.4.1, in modern Yukaghir the words are minimally bimoraic and the word-final coda consonant does not project a mora. This was also typical of Proto-Yukaghir. It had two types of non-derived monosyllabic nominal stems both of which contained a long vowel: (C)V:C and (C)V:, while the structure *(C)V(C) was impossible. Examples are *:, *jo: and *qa:r. There are no restrictions on vowel length for monosyllabic nominal stems that were always accompanied by a derivational affix because the affix provided an

Introduction 3 75

additional mora. Such stems could contain a short vowel and have the structure (C)VC- or (C)VCC-, e.g. *nol- and *marq-. Similarly, monosyllabic verbs could have a short vowel because they do not normally occur in a bare form, e.g. *mon-, *le-, *soq-, *tont-.

4.3.2. Bisyllabic stems In both modern Yukaghir languages the native stems *(C)V:CV and *(C)VC are ruled out, but the types (C)V:C and (C)VCV are frequent. They exhibit different stress patterns: in the stems CVCV the final syllable is stressed, whereas the stems (C)V:C bear the stress on the first syllable, as follows from the usual rules of stress assignment. As was discussed in 3.4.1, the structure (C)V:C may alternate with CVCV if it is followed by stress-attracting syllables. This situation is synchronically analyzed as alternations in vowel length, depending on the position of the stress. From a historical viewpoint, two analyses of this situation are possible. Under the first, Proto-Yukaghir had two types of stems, which contained short vowels in the first syllable but differed in the original position of the stress: CVCV' and CVCV. At some stage the first stressed vowel in the latter type was lengthened and the second unstressed vowel was reduced. Reduction does not take place if the stress is located further in the word. Under this analysis the difference between the two types originates in the independent lexical specification of short vowels as either stressed or unstressed. Under the second analysis, the situation is basically the same as in modern Yukaghir. That is, the distinction in vowel length existed in Proto-Yukaghir and determined the position of stress. Although there is no etymological evidence that helps us to choose between the two analyses, I adopt here the second solution, for the following reason. The type (C)V:C patterns together with another bisyllabic type CVCC in two respects. In both cases the stress falls on the first syllable and both types have in the second syllable, while the full short vowel is impossible (i.e. *(C)VCCV). Examples of the CVCC type are *jaqt, *marq/*morq and *tnp-. As was argued in 4.2.5, some consonantal clusters have undergone simplification. In particular, this applied to the stems (C)VCC, which originally had a word-internal cluster. Such stems had the stress on the first syllable. If we assume that the position of stress determined the vowel length, we would expect the following development: (C)V'CC > (C)V'C (after the simplification of the cluster) > CV:'C (due to the lengthening of the stressed vowel). However, as was shown in 4.1.4, in most cases the resulting stems belong to the (C)VCV' type. This rather implies the following development:

Introduction

(C)V'CC > (C)V'C > CVCV'. In other words, the stress did not cause lengthening of the first vowel. Instead, after the simplification of the cluster it shifted to the last syllable following the regular rules of stress assignment, which caused a change of the final vowel. Thus, no lexically specified stress distinctions are assumed for Proto-Yukaghir. The two types of stems differed in the length of vowels, as, for example, is reflected in the following reconstructions: *o:j, *a:q and *o:r- vs. *jara-, *pue and *sl. As in modern Yukaghir, the position of the stress was fully determined by the vowel length. Other types of bisyllabic stems are usually formed by means of adding an extra consonant or consonantal cluster to the three basic bisyllabic types (C)VCV, (C)V:C and (C)VCC. In other words, they could have the structure (C)V:CC(C)-, (C)VCVC(C)- or (C)VCCC(C)-, e.g. *antq-/*wantq-, *il'imp- and *kimer. There are no non-derived bisyllabic stems *(C)V:C(C)V:, which would only contain high vowels, and no stems ending in a short high vowel. Long high vowels occur in the second syllable of bisyllabic stems in the structures (C)VC(C)V: and (C)V:C(C)V:, but are likely to be secondary. The long i: and u: in this position probably result from the contraction of a short vowel with the word-final glides *j and *w, respectively. For instance, o:i: 'water' may go back to a derivative of the verb 'to drink' *o:a-j(), and so on. Another very distinct, although infrequent, type of bisyllabic stems is CV:CV: with identical non-high long vowels in both syllables. Such stems could have originated through reduplication of a monosyllabic stem CV.\ The reduplication is limited to a few expressive words (ideophons and nursery or taboo words). It is apparent in pa.ba: 'elder sister', which is probably related to pa: 'woman' (with further voicing of the middle consonant), and qa.qa: 'bear, grandfather' (with contraction), cf. T qaje: id. Other words that belong to this group are cited below. (24) me:me: bear a:a: + elder brother, uncle tu:tu: trumpet made of birch bark T ma:ma:- to eat (of a child) pa:pa:- to urinate qa:qa: (child's) excrement

Note that non-derived stems with a long vowel in a closed syllable are infrequent. Normally they are either recent borrowings or are morphologically complex. For instance, the type (C)V:CC- may go back to a non-derived stem (C)V:C augmented by a derivational consonant-initial affix -C-, But the strings Vj and Vw can precede a consonant because they have the status of diphthongs (see 4.2.1).

Introduction 3 7 7

The reconstruction of stem-final short vowels in verbal stems is a complicated matter. As was shown in 3.6.3, the stem-final vowel may fall out before some suffixes and is replaced by an epenthetic vowel. In this dictionary the final vowel of the stem (a, o, e, or , subject to the usual distribution) is reconstructed if it is attested in at least one derivative of the relevant stem. For example, I reconstruct *aa because it is the source of the T aa 'mouth', among other words. On the other hand, if a stem-final vowel is not overtly present in any of the attested forms, the stem is reconstructed as consonant-final. This decision is based on mere convention, since even in the latter case there is a theoretical possibility that the stem could end in a vowel that was syncopated in all attested forms. I conventionally reconstruct a consonant-final stem if in all descendant forms it is followed by a vowel-initial affix that causes vowel deletion (see 3.4.2 for the list of such affixes). For instance, the source of the T eri:- 'to answer a call', where the final -/. - is probably a Transitive/Causative verbal affix, is reconstructed as *er-. However, in principle this stem could look like *ere-, the final vowel having been lost before the vocalic affix. The stem *a:l- is represented by the following reflexes: T a:li:l, TD alii, 'order', T a:le: 'person who gives orders', TK a.liee 'order', and T a:le:-, TK alie-, a.lie-, a:li- 'to make an order'. It is reconstructed as *a:l- but it could look like *a:l-, while the vowel may be lacking from attested forms because of the following vowel.

4.3.3. Trisyllabic stems Trisyllabic stems are usually formed by adding a syllable C, CV: or Ci/uC to bisyllabic stems, e.g. *uyrl*ukr, *qantl, and *solqrqa:. At least in some cases this third syllable may be an ancient suffix, but in other instances it could be part of the stem. In the (C)VCVC stems the vowel of the second syllable often falls out, e.g. muni:, T mundi: ~ moonndshi, KJ muned'idie, ME munentschy, MK munndschi 'lower jaw'. For this word I reconstruct *muneni: with the syncope of the vowel e in the second syllable. Such syncope is especially typical of Kolyma Yukaghir and is evident if we compare modern Kolyma Yukaghir with older materials. (25) kid' ~ kininsha, ME kinindscha 'moon; month' a(i)d' ~ alnindsha, ME alnintscha 'princeling, head, chieftain' irde: ~ KD iridie 'new-born reindeer calf qajn, qartin ~ KJ qanin 'when'

Introduction

kud'd- ~ KJ kuned'i- 'to become sticky' -dejll-deul ~ KJ -degele (POS-ACC) Some words show alternations in the modern language, e.g. erd'e:- ~ erid'e:'to wish', murud-u: ~ murd-u: 'fur stocking', and iqil'o: iql'o:'squint'. Observe also that the consonant preceding the syncopated vowel may change into a glide and further contract with the vowel of the first syllable, as in the following variants: majl ~ T manal 'hair', ta. il ~ ta:jl 'then, so', o.m ~ oum ~ orom 'man', and to.k ~ touk ( < tobob) 'dog'. The second frequent type of tri-syllabic stem has a high vowel in the second syllable, e.g. *amu-, *ur'il, and *juulw-l*jukulw-. The high vowel is likely to have an epenthetic origin and in some words may alternate with a non-high vowel (see 3.6.3).

Introduction 3 7 9

5. List of affixes This section contains a list of the most frequent Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir inflectional and derivational affixes in alphabetical order, together with their proposed Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions. The first column presents the affix, the second column gives the reconstruction, while the third column provides the meaning of the affix in an abbreviated form. I have tried to include as many affixes as possible, but obviously the list may have accidental gaps. Proclitics, such as the Affirmative m-, the Reciprical -, the Negative a/-, the Reflexive mat-, and the Irrealis t- are not cited, as they are treated in the dictionary part of the volume. The same concerns the affixes which obviously go back to independent words, e.g. the Kolyma Yukaghir nominal affixes -ban and -dr.. The reconstructions are based on the correspondence between various Yukaghir idioms. In the representation of attested forms the slash sign shows morphonological alternations, whereas in the second column it indicates alternative reconstructions. Different meanings of the affix are listed after a comma. The symbol W represents a contracting consonant, typically *j, * or *w (see 4.1.4). In contrast with the main dictionary, the velar and uvular stops *k and *q are both represented as *k. Obvious epenthetic vowels are excluded from the representation of the affixes. -a:/-e: -aj/-ej-/-jK T -a:q K-b K T -b/-bK-bo:-, T-bo:lT -buKT-K-K T -a:/-e: T -i:K-i:T -a:n T -K -d -d, T -d T -d -d, -r
-d -/-d-, --/--

*W *()j *a:k *w/*mp *mp *mpwl *mpu * * W *i: *i: *i: * */*nt *nt *nt * *

ADV.LAT PERF ADV.LOC INCH N QUAL DES CAUS, TR ITER N CAUS DEL DIM STAT INDEF ADV.DIR 3POS SS.ITER INTR, V

Introduction

T -daii -de: K-di: T -d' -d' -d' -d' -d'a:-/-d'e: -di:-, -ri: -daj-/-dej -dk/-rk/-d/-r K-dik -din -di-/-ri -(d)II -dejl -dejn -: -g-/- -g-, - -g/- -g, - -g/- KT-gi KT-gi: -gt, -t -gn, -n -gl/-jl - gn/-jn -n -gu(d)/-u(d) -gt/-t - n k KT-i:KT-i: T -i:KT-j KT-j -ja:-/-je:KT-j/-j KT-ji:-

*nt *nte: *i:/*nti: * * * * *W *i: *j/*ntj *k *ntik *ntin *i *(nt)Il *ntl *ntn e: *k/* *k/* *k/* *k9 *k/* *i *ki:/*i: *kt *kn *l *n *n *ku(nt)/*u(nt) *kt/*t *knk/*nk *i: *i: *i:

*jW

CAUS, TR, V DIM TR FREQ INTR TR N HAB TR CAUS.PERF, TR.PERF SS.IMPF PRON.PRED DAT.POS, SUP CAUS.MULT SS.PERF POS.ACC DS CAUS, TR ITER HORT ITRJ LOC, DS N, INTJ 3POS TR ABL PROL ACC LOC, DS LOC, DS, ACC ADV.DIR ADV IMP.FUT CAUS, TR N DIR TR.1PL INTR.3 INCH IMPF.PART ITER

Introduction394

K-ji> K-jo:T-ji:l T -jk -j , T -j K-(j)o:n-/-0)o:dKT-j( )l -j()mt, T -j()mut KT-k KT-k KT-k KT-1 KT-1 T-(l)a:/-(l)e: K-l T -l'K T -laIt T-l KT-l' T -l'K-Ie: K-l(u) K-lb T-l T -lk T -lk KT-l'lT -l' lk T -ld KT-m KT-m -mKT-mKT-m KT-m - -, T -m -me:T -mo:lT-mk T -mk, T -mk

*jw *ji:l *jk *j *)o:nt * jl'i *jmt/*jmut *k *k *k *1 *(l)W *l * *1 *l * *1' *le: *l(u) *lp *l *lk *lk *1 *1 *l/* lnt *m *m *m *m *m *m * *m *me: *mwl *mk *mk

DIR QUAL COLL INTR.2SG INTR.1SG SN INTR.1PL INTR.2PL PRED INTER.2SG IMP N, AN, OF.1PL, SF PRON.ACC INCH INSTR INTR PROH ACC POS N DIM 1/2 INCH PRED PRED, INSTR PROH EV PRON.NOM INSTR TR.3SG INTER. 1SG BP INCH PERF.PART N TEMP OF.1/2SG QUAL DEL TR.2PL TR.2SG

Introduction

-mat T -ml/-ml KT-n -n,T- -n,T- T -n/-d - KT- - T -na:K T-n( ) T -nK -, T - T --/-KT-nT -na:K-o: T -iK T -uK T -a: T -o:K -in, T -i -it, -ut -o:n K- o:t -id T- id T -il T -o:ri:-/-mo:ri:K T -nun(n)K T -o:K -o:l'T -o:lT -o:lK T -o:k T -pK T --/-K T -qa:-/-ke:K -q/-k
T --/-T --/--

*mt *ml/*ml *n * * *nt * * *na: *() *n * * *n *na: *w *i *u *am *w *i *it/*ut *wn *wt *i/*int *int il *wri: *nun(n) *w *: *wl *wl *o:k * *p *kW *k * *

TR.2PL OF.3SG HORT.3SG DAT ADV GEN, ATTR EMPH PRON.ATTR TR.1SG INCH ADV.LOC, ADV.LAT INTR COM PROPR IMPF INCH COM PL PL TR.3PL RES DAT SS.CONN TRANS TRANS COND.CONV ADV.LAT OF.3PL TR HAB RES, V DES RES TRANS INTER. 1 PL V PL INCH ADJ CAUS, TR, APPL NONIT

Introduction 3 83

T -ri: -raj-/-rej -rk-/-rq -rld -rlk - --/--, -s-/-s -i: -aj-/ ej -si: - ssi: -il'eKT-t -t, - -t, - -t-/-t T-t-/-tT-tt T-tn -taj-/-tejT-ti:l' -ttrj/-ttrj -tg-/-tk -tgi-/-tki KT-u: KT-u:T -w T -wr --/- uK- K -i:-

*ri: *rj *rk relt *rbk/*lk *s *s *si: *sj *si: *ssi: *sil' *t * * *t *t *tt *tn *tj *ti:l' *ttrj *t/*tk *ti/*tki *u: *u: *w *wr *n *n *ni:

APPL PERF N SS.PERF SS.PERF ORD CAUS, TR CAUS PERF CAUS CAUS CAUS ADV.ABL SS.IMPF N FUT CAUS, TR CAUS, TR ADV PERF CAUS INT.CAUS AUGM AUGM N INTR INTR N ITER TR CAUS, TR

Notes

Section 1
1. Deviations in transcription result either from subphonemic variations or from erroneous records, which is especially typical of Endo (1997,2001).

Section 2
1. Adelung compiled a few comparative tables containing Yukaghir materials. They can be found in OR GPB fund 7, 137, pp. 21-22 and fund 7, 142. The former includes the data from BO, MU (from Pallas's papers) and KL, while the latter has the data from BO, MU, and ME. On Pallas's work on comparative dictionaries see Fodor (1982) and references therein. On Lindenau's life and work see Titova (1978, 1983). His ethnographic works include the extensive paper Collectanea zur Historie von Yukagiren currently preserved in RGADA (fund 199, list 2, part 511-2, 4, pp. 1-2 rev.) and published in Russian in Lindenau (1983: 154-155). Other ethnographic materials of Mueller's expeditions are published in Helimski and Katz (2003). Here and hereafter in tribal names I separate the Russian endings with a hyphen. Pallas's lists also contain a few words whose source I failed to identify, e.g. 'dog'. They are unlikely to be Yukaghir. According to Veenker (1984: 573), Pallas used a different source from Schiefner, since he cited words that are absent from the latter. Yet, this is not necessarily so. Both Pallas and Schiefner may have selected words of their choice from a fuller list, such as the main copy or (i), both of which remained unknown to Veenker. Pages 13-16 and 17-20 contain an indication that Klitschka's letter was received on 20 November 1780, but this is clearly a mistake. The ethnonym uvan still exists. It refers to the settled uvan-cy who speak Russian and the reindeer breeding uvan-cy who mainly speak Koriak and Chukchi, see Gurvi (1982). In 1996 Prof. Michael Krauss sent me a copy of a handwritten list of words kept in the archive of the Alaska Native Language Center. It contains about 90 words from Billings' list, in a random order, transliterated into Cyrillic. The copy was made by Fedor Koravin in 1799 and also contains Chukchi, Koriak, Yakut, and Tungus words. Since this list is so incomplete I do not consider it here.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

Notes 9. 10.

85

This copy was published in Klaproth (1823) with some deviations, see Schiefner (1859: 243). Who actually conducted the interview remains unclear. Six people participated in the trip to the Yukaghirs: Billings himself, the doctor Karl Merk, Martin Sauer, the nurse Martin Rohbeck, the sketcher Luka Voronin, and a guide. Sauer states that the wordlists were recorded by him personally: Les Yukaghirs parlent trs bien le russe ce qui me facilita le moyen d'avoir un bon vocabulaire de leur langue (Sauer 1802: 110). Billings ascribes the translation to himself: I started writing a short dictionary of Yukaghir but... found that, except for two old men, all this tribe had forgotten or did not know at all the original Yukaghir customs and could hardly tell me a few words of their own language (Billings 1802: 25). According to Saryev, who joined the expedition later and was not present during the recording, the lists were compiled by Rohbeck (Saryev 1811: 93). He based this statement on a study of the expedition's diaries, in particular Dr Merk's diary which was sent to Pallas and later lost (Titova 1978: 8, 15). Adelung, contrary to Saryev, claims that the list was translated by Merk (Adelung 1915:208). There exists a rich literature about the Omoks, left by numerous travelers. The geography of these accounts spreads from the Indigirka to the right tributaries of the Kolyma, the Bol'oj and Malyj Anjuj. Practically all the authors cite the local legend which says that Omoks used to be a numerous and powerful people, one part of which died out while the other moved to the islands in the Northern Ocean. These Omoks were regarded either as ancestors of all the modern Yukaghirs (Kiber 1823; Gedentrom 1830; Argentov 1986, 1897; D'jakov 1893) or as a separate people (Wrangel 1841). On this fund see Gurvi (1963).

11.

12.

Section 3
1. 2. In the language of the youngest speakers the vowel seems to have been replaced by e, under the influence of Russian. The diphthong-like pronunciation of long mid vowels is characteristic of other languages in the area where Yukaghir is spoken, such as Even and Evenki, as well as the Russian dialect of Kolyma (Bogoraz 1901). In contrast, in Yakut long mid vowels and diphthongs are phonological ly opposed. In the pronunciation of some speakers the vowel : may be sometimes pronounced as front : in front stems. However, this is highly optional. However, some types of last syllables are extrametrical with respect to stress assignment. In Tundra Yukaghir this tendency also applies but does not seem to be as strong.

3. 4. 5.

86 6.

Notes Collinder (1940: 101) explained these alternations as consonant gradation of the Uralic type. However, unlike gradation which has to do with prosody, alternations of voiced obstruents in Yukaghir are assimilative by nature. In Kolyma Yukaghir the 1st person Plural intransitive agreement affix -ji:li is sometimes pronounced as -/. //, violating this constraint. Tundra Yukaghir allows word-final clusters in some contexts, e.g. T - 'say (IMP)' and meji:-mk 'took (TR.2SG)'.

7. 8.

Section 4
1. Collinder (1940: 85-102) was the first to notice that the Old Yukaghir clusters "nasal + obstruent" correspond to single consonants in modern Yukaghir, see also Nikolaeva (1987).

References

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Kurilov, Gavril 1987

Pravila jukagirskoj orfografii [Rules of Yukaghir orthography], Jakutsk: Ministerstvo Obrazovanija. 1990 Jukagirsko-russkij slovar' [Yukaghir-Russian dictionary]. Jakutsk: JaGU. 2001 Jukagirsko-russkij slovar' [Yukaghir-Russian dictionary]. Novosibirsk: Nauka Kurilov, Gavril (ed.) 2005 Fol'klor jukagirov [The folklore of the Yukaghirs]. Ser. Pamjatniki fol'klora narodov Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka. Moscow; Novosibirsk: Nauka. Lindenau, Jakob 1983 Opisanie narodov Sibiri (pervaja polovina XVIII vekaj. Istorikotnograeskie materialy narodax Sibiri i Severo-Bostoka. [A description of the peoples of Siberia (first half of the 18th century). Historico-ethnographic materials on the peoples of Siberia and North-East.] Magadan: Magadanskoe kninoe izdatel'stvo. McCarthy, John A. and Alan S. Prince 1995 Prosodic Morphology. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, John A. Goldsmith (ed.), Cambridge: Blackwell, 318-366. Maslova, Elena 2003 A grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir. Mouton Grammar Library 27. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Maslova, Elena (ed.) 2001 Yukaghir texts. Tunguso-Sibirica 7. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Maydell, Gerhard 1894-1896 Puteestvie po severo-vostonoj asti Jakutskoj oblasti v 18681870 godax barona Gergadta Majdelja [Baron Gerhard Maydell's trip to North-Eastern Yakutia in 1868- 1870]. Vols. 1-2. St Petersburg. 1925 Zapiska narodax, ivuix v severo-vostonoj asti Jakutskoj i Primorskoj oblastej [A report on the peoples of the North-Eastern parts of Yakutia and Primorskij district]. Sbornik Trudov Issledovatel'skogo Obshchestva "Saxa Keskile" 1: 20-35. Mudrak, Oleg 2000 Etimologieskij slovar' ukotsko-kamatskix /v [An etymological dictionary of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages], Moscow: Jazyki Russkoj Kul'tury. Nejman, K. 1872 [Neskol'ko slov torgovle i promylennosti severnyx okrugov Jakutskoj oblasti [A few words on the trade and industry in the Northern district of Yakutia]. Izvestija Rossijskogo Geografieskogo Obestva 3: 32-44.

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Nikolaeva, Irina 1987 rekonstrukcii prajukagirskogo jazykovogo sostojanija: inlautnyj konsonantizm [On the reconstruction of proto-Yukaghir (Inlaut consonantism)]. In Jazyk-mif-kul'tura narodov Sibiri. Jakutsk: JaGU. 43-48. 1988a Problema uralo-jukagirskix genetieskix svjazej [The problem of the Uralo-Yukaghir genetic relationship.]. PhD. Diss. Moscow, Institute of Linguistics. 1988b sootvestvijax ural'skix afrikat i sibiljantov v jukagirskom jazyke [On the correspondence of Uralic sibilants and affricates in Yukaghir], Sovetskoe Finnougrovedenie 2: 81-89. 1999 Optimal syllables are not always optimal: A prosodic structure of Yukaghir. Lingua 105: 201-229 2005 [review article of:] E. Maslova "A grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir". Linguistic Typology 9: 299-325. forthc.a Yukaghir. In: Abondolo, D. (ed.) Language islands: the isolates and microfamilies of Eurasia. London: Routledge/Curzon. forthc.b Chuvan and Omok languages? In: Lubotzky, A. (ed.) Festschrift for Frederik Kortlandt. Nikolaeva, Irina. (ed.) 1989 Fol'klor jukagirov verxnej Kolyma [Folklore of the upper Kolyma Yukaghirs], Vols. 1-2. Jakutsk: JaGU. 1997 Yukaghir texts. Specimina Sibirica 13. Szombathely: Savariae. Nikolaeva, Irina and Vasilij alugin 2003 Jukagirsko-russkij i russko-jukagirskij slovar' [A YukaghirRussian and Russian-Yukaghir dictionary]. St Petersburg: Drofa. Nyikolajeva, Irina 1986 A jukagir tktflesg morfonolgiai magyarazata [A morphonological explanation of two types of stems in Yukaghir]. Nyelvtudomnyi Kzlemnyek 85: 281-286. 2000 Chrestomathia Jukagirica. Budapest: ELTE. Ogorodnikov, V. 1922 Istorija pokorenija Sibiri [The history of the conquest of Siberia]. ita. Okladnikov, Aleksej (ed.) 1975 Jukagiry: istoriko-tnografieskij oerk [The Yukaghirs: A historical and enthnographic study.] Novosibirsk: Nauka. Pallas, Petr 1786-1789 Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa. Vols. 1-2. St. Petersburg: Schnoor. Pekarskij, Eduard K. 1917 Slovar' jakutskogo jazyka [A dictionary of Yakut]. Vol. 1. Trudy jakutskoj kspedicii, snarjaennoj na sredstva I. M. Sibirjakova (1894-1896 gg.). Petrograd: Imperatorskaja Akademija Nauk.

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References 1927 Slovar 'jakutskogo jazyka [A dictionary of Yakut], Vol. 2. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennaja Akedemieskaja Tipografija. Puteestvie kapitana Billingsa erez ukotskuju zemlju ot Beringova proliva do Nine-kolymskogo ostroga [The travel of Captain Billings through the Chukotkan land from the Bering strait to the fortress of Nizhnekolymsk], St Petersburg.

Saryev, Gavril 1811

Sauer. Martin 1802

Voyage fait par ordre de l 'impratrice de Russie, Catherine II dans le nord de la Russie asiatique, dans la mer Glacial, dans la mer d'Anadyr, et sur les ctes de l'Amrique, depuis 1785 jusqu'en 1794, par le commandore Billings. Vols. 1-2. Paris. Sauvegeot, Aurelien 1963 L'appartenance du Youkaguir. Ural-Altaische Jahrbiicher 35: 109-117. 1969 La position du Youkaguir. Ural-altaische Jahrbiicher 41: 3 4 4 359. Schiefner, A. 1859 ber die Sprache der Jukagire. Mlange Asiatiques 3, 5: 2 4 1 253. 1871a Beitrge zur Kenntnis der jukagirischen Sprache Bulletin de l'Acadmie Impriale des Sciences 3, 16: 373-399. 1871b ber Baron Gerhard von Maydell's jukagirische Sprachproben. Mlanges Asiatiques 6, 5: 600-626. Simenko, Jurij 1976 Kul 'tura oxotnikov na olenja severnoj Evrazii [The culture of reindeer hunters in Northern Eurasia], Moscow: Nauka. irina, Danara 1983 Letopis' kspedicij Akademii Nauk na severo-vostok Azii v dorevoljucionnyj period [A chronicle of the expeditions of the Academy of Sciences to North-East Asia before the revolution], Novosibirsk: Nauka. Slepcov, Petr (ed.) 1972 Jakutsko-russkij slovar' [Yakut-Russian dictionary.] Moskva: Sovetskaja Ekciklopedija. Spiridonov, Nikolaj 2003 Jukagirsko-russkij slovar' i vensko-russkij slovar' [JukaghirRussian dictionary and Even-Russian dictionary]. Jakutsk: JaGU. Spiridonov, Vasilij 1997 Russko-jukagirskij kol'nyj slovar' [A Russian-Yukaghir school dictionary], Jakutsk: Ministerstvo Obrazovanija. Starostin, Sergei, Anna Dybo and Oleg Mudrak 2003 Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (with [the] assistance of llya Gruntov and Vladimir Glumov). Vols. 1-3. Leiden: Brill.

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Stasrevskij, A. 1889 Provodnik i perevodik po otdalennym okrainam Rossii [A guide through the remote parts of Russia], St Petersburg. Steinitz, Wolfgang 19661993 Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wrterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache (unter Mitarbeit von Liselotte Bhnke Gert Sauer und Brigitte Schulze). Vols. 1-15. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Tailleur, Olivier 1959a Les uniques donnes sur l'omok, langue teinte de la famille youkaghire. Orbis 8: 78-108. 1959b Plaidoyer pour le youkaghir, branche orientale de la famille ouralienne. Lingua 6: 403-423. 1960 Remarques sur le terme soi-disant "omok". Orbis 9: 110-113. 1962 Le dialecte Tchouvane du Youkaghir. Ural-altaische Jahrbcher 34: 55-99. Titova, Z. 1978 Enografieskie materialy Severo-vostonoj geografieskoj kspedicii 1785-1795 gg. [Ethnographic materials of the Northwestern Geographic Expedition of 1785-1795]. Magadan: Magadanskoe kninoe izdatel'stvo. 1983 Preface. In Lindenau 1983, 546. Vdovin, Ivan 1954 Istorija izuenija paleoaziatskix jazykov [The history of the study of the Palaeosiberian languages.] Moscow; Leningrad: Akademija Nauk. Veenker Wolfgang 1984 Zum Wortschatz des Jukagirischen. In: Otto Gschwantler, Kroly Rdei, Hermann Reichert (eds.). Linguistica et philologica: Gedenkschrift fr Bjrn Collinder (1894-1983). Philologica Germanica6. Hamburg. 571-583. 1989 Tundrajukagirisches Wrterverzeichnis zusammengestellt von Wolfgang Veenker. Opuscula Sibirica, 1. Hamburg, Witsen, Nicolaas 1785 Noord en Oost Tartaryen: behelzende eene beschryving van verschiedene Tartersche en nabuurige gewesten. Vols. 1-2. Amsterdam: M. Schalekamp. Wladimiroff, Igor 1997 Andries Winius and Nicolaas Witsen, Tsar Peter's Dutch Connection, in: Carel Horstmeier et al. (eds.), Around Peter the Great. Three centuries of Russian-Dutch Relations. Groningen. 5 24.

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Wrangel, Ferdinand von 1841 Puteestvie po severnym beregatn Sibiri i po Ledovitomu morju, soverennoe v 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 i 1824 godax ekspediciju, sostojaveju pod naal'stvom flota lejtenanta Ferdinanda fon Vrangelja [The trip along the Northern part of Siberia and the Arctic Ocean made in 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 and 1824 by the expedition directed by lieutenant Ferdinand von Wrangel], Vols. 1-2. St Petersburg

Dictionary

1. *a:T aare- to stop (INTR); TK aare(j)-, TD areiT aadu- to stop (INTR); TK aaduT aatterej- to stop (TR); TK atrej-\ TD attarei-, atarei2. *a/*wa ad-n pr. (the river Rassoxa, a tributary of the Korkodon); KJ aon, aod-en; KD auod-en; SD acuon, ? aioden 3. *a:/*wa: a: domestic reindeer; KK a:t'e, at'e, a:c'a, a.c'e; KJ a:e; KD a:e; SD , ase-, -, ? etto-; SU -aa; RS -aa\ M a, apul, aae, aaa; amd'e [rect. ate]; aaitsha; ME ointscha; MK atsche, aatschenK a.n-legul lichen [lit. reindeer food] | ? ishakalloo young reindeer | ? ME tschakalloa young reindeer 4. *ai: T ai:d-ooj, aid-ooj man's bag for carrying small things 5. *a-/*ant-/*wa-/*wantK ade:- to stand and bark at a hunted animal (of a dog) ade: prey, catch 6. *ad'aK ad'ari:- to walk with difficulty; KJ ad'arai? T ad'e perineum TU *ad'a- 'to be exhausted walking, to be lazy' (TMS 1 16) 7. *aa KD adee marmot; adatshia 8. aroplan T jerepe airplane Rus. aroplan

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9. afanasij KK afanaijdie pr. (a man); T apanaai Rus. afanasij 10. *a-/*akT ayuod'e vertebrae near the neck 11. *aaPw/*aqPw T aal'we- to laugh; TK ayal'weT ayal'wiie mocker; ayal'weri- to mock (TR) | TK ayal'we laughing 12. *aa:/*aqa: T agaae pr. (a woman) The synharmonism is irregular. The word is likely to be a borrowing. 13. *aar/*aa KK eyare- to breathe; T ayare-, TK eyare, ayare', TD ehara T ayare breathing; air; TK -eyare-, TD ieharai-, iehareT ayaregi-uuii- to lose consciousness [lit. to move one's breathing]; ayaruod'il the breath which, according to tradition, people used to ask from wild geese when they fly away in autumn, in order to survive till the next spring; ayarijend'e exhalation when the air is freezing; ayare-uu- close to death [lit. to move breathing]; ayarend'e-rukun animal [lit. thing with breathing]; ayaregi-palaa- to get well [lit. his breathing goes up]; ayaregi-ayaa- to die [lit. his breathing crosses] Cf. PA *ag 'air; rain' > MG *agayar 'air, atmosphere' (EDAL 273-274) 14. *aat/*aqt/*waat/*waqt KD ahata Even 15. *a -? SD agzakelge pr. (a river) 16. *ail-/*aqil-/*wail-/*waqilK ayilda:- undressed ayilgun- undressed; ayilg- to undress (TR) The synharmonism is irregular. 17. *aj- 1 aju:(ji:)-, anu:ji:- to offend, to humiliate, to abuse; KK a/77-; KJ ajuji-, a:juju-\ KD ayuyi-, T a/77-; TK a/7-; TD ayiyi-\ SU ajuini to deceive

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ajlui:-, ajilyi:- to sin; KD ayiluhi- to doubt; to have a presentiment (TR); TD ayilui-, ayilug. i-, ailuri- to doubt aju:ja:- envious; jealous; aju.- to offend; to abuse | KD ay Hi- suspicious | T ajiluyal'e- to feel shy, embarrassed; ajd'aa INTJ (fear); ajd'ayii- frightened to say the name of smth; ajd'uu- blameworthy | TD ayiyo(l)- offended ? Yak. ajy: 'sin' (JRS 35) or TU *aja-qta 'evil, wicked' (TMS 1 20) The consonant n- in is of non-etymological origin. 18. *aj- 2 aji:- to shoot; KK aji-; KJ aji-; KD ayi-, a:yi-; SD aji-; T aji-; TK aj(i)-; TJ aji-, TD ayi-\ SU aik, ainutei; RS aik; M jinui, jinu, jinuma, agi, jirtual, jinud'al SD ajite-, ? alisa- to shoot; TK ajireK aj- to throw; ajnu- to shoot many times | KD aideyo:- to shoot well | TD aitagec- to beat; aiden- to shoot | TK aje arbalest ? Yak. aja 'arbalest; arrow' (TMS 1 20) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 19. *aj ? ajd-bude:n-pmer- to somersault; KD aide-bydien-uro20. *aja- 1 aja:- to rejoice, to become happy; KK aja--, KJ aja:- to laugh; KD aya-, iak, iai + glad; ME eijak, eijei + glad aja.r- to make happy (TR); KJ aja.re-; KD ayareT ajenaqte-, ajineqte- to do smth accurately, diligently or beautifully (TR); TK ajenaqteK aja. bo:- profligate (especially of a woman); KJ aja:bo-, KD aya.bo-, ayaboK ajay modal marker (optative); ajmi modal marker (it is nice that) | ? KJ ajya everything | KD ayel'ir wonderful | ? T ajilwej- to think out; to understand, to realize; to see; ajinaqteri- diligent in doing smth; ajine right, correct, comely TU *aja-, *aju- 'good; beautiful' (TMS 1 18-20) 21. *aja- 2 ajl- to wash (TR); KK a.jle-; KJ aje la--, KD ayile-, ayela-; SU alejek; RS alejek ajln-/ajld- to wash oneself (INTR); KK a.jlen-, ajled'-; KJ ajled'K aje:-, aj- to scrape; KK aje- to scratch oneself; KJ ajeK jajgt-, ajayt- to strip off, to take off (bark), to tear off; to skin (many times); KD ayahat-

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jajydaj- to strip off, to take off (bark), to tear off; to skin; KJ ajaadai-; KD ayahaday-; T ajayarej-; TK ajayarej-; TD ayaharai-, ayahoroiT ajitterej- to tear off; ajid'i- to go off, to open; ajie- half closed (of a door), unwrapped | TD ayahac- to skin | TK ajayej- to scatter (of clouds) The initial j- in jajydaj- seems to be of non-etymological origin (a result of the influence of the following consonant?). In some forms the vowel *-aof the second syllable has fallen out. 22. ajda:n ajda.n noise; disorder; KD aidan riot, rebellion Yak. or Ev. ajda.n 'noise' (TMS 121) 23. *ajin/*wajin ajan-todi:, ajin-todi: molar tooth; KD ayin-todi; iin-tody hind-tooth; ME ein-toti hind-tooth 24. *aji/*waji aji dried elk skin used for making boots; KD ayi, eyi elk skin aji-qoyi: trousers [lit. pecked from elk skin]; aji-mure boots made of elk skin 25. *ajl' KD ail'egg; T -aj, -ajl; KL ail, -aul; ME -ail, MK -il 26. *ajl-/*wajlK ajli:-, a:li:- to stop; to calm down, to quiet; to prevent smb from doing smth (TR); KJ ajli-, KD aile-, ailiK ajld- to stop smb (TR); KJ ajled-; KD ailed-; SD ajled-; RS ailetk 27. *ajun-/*wajunK ajun- to stumble on 28. *ajw-/*wajwK ajbi: shadow; soul; KK ajbi:, ajbi; KJ aibi; KD aibi; SD ajbi, ej'bi; ivi; ME a ivi ajbid'i: lower world, realm of shadows; KJ aibid'i; KD aibid'i(d-arime); SD ajbisi, asbizi swamp; kingdom ajb- to blink, to wink; KD aibec-, aibercK ajbi:- to close one's eyes | SD ajbode- to sleep | aivinda West | ME eivinta West

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29. aka: T akaa elder brother; TK akaa, aka; TJ aka + elder male cousin T akaadie the eldest (among brothers); pr. (a man) Ev. aka: 'elder brother' (TMS 1 23) // Krejnovi 1958: 248 The synharmonism is irregular. 30. aka:ry TD aka.ra-, akare- fool, stupid Yak. aka. ry or Ev. aka. ri 'fool, stupid' (TMS 1 25) The synharmonism is irregular. The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 31. aki KL any [rect. aky] like Rus. aki 32. a:l 1 TK a:I raft, float; TD a:l Yak. a: I (JRS 23-24) 33. *a:l 2 a:l, a:n, a:- below, under (PP); KK a-; KJ a:-, a:l-, al-; KD a:-, a:l-, al-, a:n; T al-; TK al; TJ a:l; TD a:l-, alK albo:- to lose (in a competition, a battle); KK albo-; KJ albo:-; KD a.lbo:-; SD albosaK alb foot of a mountain; KJ a.lbe; KD a.lbe; SD alba-; T albe; TJ a.lbe-; TD -albe, -alba bottom; -alba alu- below, down; SD aljude [rect. algude], alukon, aluke; T alyu-; TK alyuK alyudo:- lowest; youngest; KD alhaduoT aalwej pr. (a mountain); TJ alwai mountain; hill albo.i:- to win; KK alboe-; KJ albod'i-; KD a.lbod'i-; T albed'iite-; TK albed'i- to lose (in a competition); TD albedi-, albiK alb- steep | KD alhede lower eyelid | T alun-gurii- to go down; to get shorter; alunban- low; albewre-momdije lace closing the lower part of fur trousers; alude-gurii- to turn upside down (TR); aluuii- to go down, to abate; alun-wej- to win; alud'aa a little lower | TD albalel, albalen lower world; ? aluan then, later, after | TK alban lower; looser | aldzshitsh victory I ? ME al-dang-muntschuen back of the head; altschidsch victory U *ala 'place beneath' (UEW 6) // FUV 3; Bouda 1940: 72; UJN 113-114; HUV 157; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 6; Nikolaeva 1988: 214; Rdei 1999: 34; LR 152

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The stem *a:l has been reanalyzed as a:- + the suffix -/-, the latter being absent in some inflectional forms, cf. *ke:l. 34. *a:lT aaliil order; TD alii T aaliee person who gives orders; TK a. liee order T aalie- to make an order; TK alie-, a.lie-, a.li35. *al'K aa:- to thaw; KK ala-; KJ ala:-; KD al'a-; T al'aa-; TK al'a:-, al'a-; TD al'aK al'o:- melted; KK al'o-; KD alio:-; SD allio-; TK al'uoK al'a.- to melt (TR); KK al'a.-; TD aliacK al'o.j ice-hole; thawed patch; TK al'uoje; TD aluod'ile al'ununnu- to thaw; ? elo:d'il thawed patch | T al'uorii- to keep melted; al'il resin used for chewing | TK al'uolel-d'awur southern sea; al'asu- to melt (TR) FU *sula 'to melt' (UEW 450^151) // Bouda 1940: 88; HUV 161; UJN 124; Tailleur 1959a: 420; UEW 451; Nikolaeva 1988: 219-220; LR 157 36. *alaKJ alaji pr. (a Yukaghir clan); KD aloyi Tungus; T alajii, alad'ii, alaad'ii; TK alaji; TJ alaji KJ alaji-an-nume pr. (a settlement on the river Alazeja) [lit. Alaji: wooden house] I T alajiip-laipe northern lights [lit. Alaji: lights]; alajiip-muoqatka pr. (a lake) [lit. Alaji: broad whitefish]; alajiip-nunkian pr. (a lake) [lit. Alaji: cormorant]; ? alasej pr. (a river); ? aldajke pr. (the river Allaixa); ? aldajkepul pr. (a tribe that lived on the Allaikha) The element -ji: can be a non-productive Plural marker. 37. *al'a:j T al'aaje liver; TK aVaje; TD al'aiye T al'aajed-mge diaphragm [lit. flesh side of the liver]; al'aajed-orii copper disk on the upper forward part of a woman's breast cloth; al'aajend-uorpe human beings [lit. children with a liver (as distinct from devils who are believed to have no liver)] 38. *alaj ? TD alayo mother

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39. *alajiT alaje- to make the ground free from plants 40. *alal- ? MO -alelbu stupid 41. *alaqjw ? alachaivo weasel ? TU *ala- 'to caress' (EDAL 292-293), cf. Rus. laska 'weasel' lit. 'caress' 42. *aln/*waln KJ alen pr. (the river Balygyan); SD alcen The cluster *-l'- is atypical morpheme-internally. 43. *a:l a:l curved side of a larch tree that faces the sun, used for making pipes, bows and sledge runners; KD a:le; T aale ? TK alur kind of young tree 44. aleksandr TK aleksandra Rus. aleksandr 45. alas KK alas by accident Yak. alyas 'mistake' (TMS 1 30) 46. ali M ali or Rus. ali 47. *aPl'K alls- disappointed al'l'- to disappoint 48. *al'qT al'yure- to cackle (of birds) 49. *alqT alan modal marker (let it be so, OK); TK alyan T alyad'aa too, too much; very; alyad'a because

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50. *aluj TD alui spoon 51. *al4v-/*wal4v-/*al'p-/*wal'pK - to be spilled, to run out, to flow out; KK al'be-; KJ albe-; KD albeK ab- to pour out, to spill; KK al'be-; KJ albe(r)- to throw away; KD albe(r)c-\ SD alba-; ME alvark al'bo:- to flutter 52. *alyk alik strap of a harness; KJ alik\ M lik KJ alikte- to harness Rus. alyk 53. *amK amun bone; KK amun, amu-; KJ amun, emun; KD amun; SD amun- + claws; T amun; TK amuir, TD amun, amunnul; SU amn, amungala, -amun; RS amn; MC amun, -amuk; MO -mi, -omi; BO mun; KL amungi; amn, -ami; ME amun, -ame amund'a: Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii); KD amund'a; SD aminza amundl-ik tall (of a person) [lit. long in one's bones] | T amuna: skeleton of a fish; amungi-el-moruu to feel unwell [lit. his bones are not felt] 54. *am-/*wamKK amdet- to lay down; SU amdetum amd- to die; KK amde-; KJ amde-, omde-, emde-; KD amde-; SD amda-, amca-; SU amdei, amda; RS amdai, amdaja; M mdai, mdai; KL amda mortal; amda death; ME amda amdij bedding; KD -amded'e muzzle; SD -amdyja smth put on amdi:- to spread under, to lay under; to prepare (TR); KJ amdi-; SD amdeK ami:- to die (of many people) | KJ amdile- languish, pine 55. *amaT amalii- to surprise, to amaze ? KD ama-du really, indeed (in questions) | T amakaa INTJ (surprise) 56. ama: T amaa father; TK ama, amaa; TJ ama:, ama; TD ama:, ama; MU -ama T amaa-amaa great-grandfather [lit. father's father] Ev. ama: 'father' (TMS 1 34) // Krejnovi 1958: 248

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57. amarka:n T amarkanel five-year old male reindeer; TK amarkeel Ev. amarka.n 'four- or five-year old male reindeer' (TMS 1 36) // Krejnovi 1958: 248 The element -l is a Yukaghir derivational suffix. 58. ambar TD ambar barn; M ambr Rus. ambar 59. amerikanec T amarikaan American Rus. amerikanec 60. ami TK amin Amen Rus. ami 61. *amip-/*wamip- ? SD amipe- to shout 62. *aml-/*amlK amli:- to swallow; KK amli-, KD amli:-; SD amle- to cut down amldaj-, emldej- to swallow; to embrace; KK amladaj-; KJ amladaj-, amledej-; KD emledei-; SD amlajse- to disappear; T emlerej-; TK emlerej-; TD emlerei-, ? amdeleuK amlaj- to sink; KK amle-, amluj- to dive; KJ amle-, amlaj-; KD amlai-; SD amla-; TD amle-, emleK amlujb sunset | KD amlibe digestive tract This stem is attested in two harmonic variants, the back variant amis- and the front variant eml-, 63. *amun-/*wamun- ? SD amunde here; soon after 64.*an- 1 a- to speak; KK ae-, ane-; KJ ae-; KD anne-; SD -anju-, appa[rect. anna-]; T ananu-, ana. na-; TK ane-; TJ ae-; TD aie-, aene-, ane-, ae-\ SU anneeily, annei; RS annek; M anneija, annejili; KL anely; aniak, ME anniak au. b conversation; KJ ed'u. bo; KD -ad'ube; MU andschb

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ant- to respond, to answer a call; KK ante-, KD ante-, anta-', SD anta-, T antej-, TK antej-; RS antatu, -antaimik to read; to say ari:- to talk into smth (TR); T aneri- to blame; TK anerK au: word; language; speech; KK ad'u\ KJ ad'ur, KD ad'ur, SD eu; T aruu\ TK aru:; TJ aru:; TD aru; SU au; RS au-; MC ande tongue; BO andrle MU ngdsche to cry; MK ndschintjak T aruun-mrije interpreter [lit. hearer of the language]; TK aru.n-morije; TD arun-moreye-, arun-muriye KJ ad'u.d-eurete match-maker [lit. word carrier]; T aruud-ewrese; TK aru.n-ewrest'e; TJ arud-eurae; TD arud-eurecte antd'a:- to conjure, to practice magic; T antad'i-, antid'aa-; TK antad'a-; TD antaja-, antad'aK au:-mott3a:l saying, proverb | KJ ad'u.-nidul song [lit. saying words] | KD anted'abo-, anted'abo:- bleeding smb (i.e. a shaman); antad'aye shaman of evil spirits I SD ancu rumour, scandal | T antid'aaje wizard; aruun-molyal syllable [lit. joint of a word]; aruun-toyuod'e exaggeration in speech [lit. word's denseness]; antesl'e- to ask God; antetl'e- to bless | TD antad'ayeoje-kode wizard U *ne 'voice, sound' (UEW 25) //Nikolaeva 1988: 215; LR 144, 152 The correspondence - ~ T r- reflects the PY *-n-, where -c- is probably a derivational affix. 65. *an- 2 a-da: there; KJ a-da, a-da:; SD a-da; T a-da:; TK a-da KJ a-da:t, a-ta:t from there; TK a-da:t a-d:n that; KK a-duwen; SD a-dybyn a-di, a-du that; KK a-di, a-diide; KD a-da; T a-du, a-duunyat, a-da:te KJ a:n here it is; SD an when; T an; TK an that an-di: there U *u ~ *o 'that' (UEW 332) // Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 218219 Forms beginning with ad- go back to *an + /-initial demonstratives. The element -n- is probably a pronominal suffix, cf. *en-. 66. *an- 3 T anil present, gift; TK anil, TD ani-, anniT an- to give a present Ev. ani- 'to give as a present' (TMS 1 43)

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67. *a- 1 ad'a:- to tease; KD anid'a:-; T and'aa- to scold; anoik ad'a.a: teaser; KJ anid'a.a, anid'ea; SD angzaja aid'- to use foul language; ad'a.r- to tease | KJ anid'a sin | T anuore- to censure, to blame; ail evil ? TU *(x)an(d)u- 'to accuse, to tease' (EDAL 181) 68. *a- 2 aibn-mi.d'i: sledge for cargo; T aibe covered sledge for transporting valuable or frail things; TK anibe, aibe sledge with a back or a handle T aibekaaej-lalime sledge with a small yurt on the back part; aibed-ugil' antler put in front of a children's sledge having a protective and ritual function I ? TK aanbe end of a belt tied to a sledge 69. *an-/*wanK anil fish; KK ail, anil, -ai, -ani; KJ anil\ KD anil, SD ani-, anjil, anyl-; SU -any, anyl, RS -anyl, M anil, nil, nl; MC anyla; BO anl'gat; KL anylga; annil, ME annyll; MK nyl an-u: boiled fish [lit. fish meat]; KK an-t'u anil-pali:, anin-pali: big flat spade-shaped spoon with a hole in the middle used for taking fish out of a pot [lit. fish taker]; KD anil-polui; SD ary-paluci [rect. any-paluci] kind of fishing bird an-iril fish intestines [lit. fish stomach] | KK anid-orpol' poles for drying fish [lit. fish hanger] | KD anin-kinid'e September [lit. fish month]; anin-canhar scale [lit. fish bark]; anin-tenmul gills [lit. fish throat] 70. *ana T ana-moli, ana-mod'e suddenly 71. *anaK ana-buska:, ana-muska: small boat hollowed out of a poplar trunk; KK ana-buska-; KJ ana-buka:, anu-buka:; KD ana-buka; SD ana-burka [rect. anabuska] ? S *ntj 'boat' (SW 15-16) The atypical -s- in the second component suggests borrowing, cf. busks. 72. *ana: 1 T anaa mountain; TK ana, anaa, ona; TJ ana:; TD ana-, ana:, ona:; MK annTJ aad-a:lbe foot of a mountain; TD ona:d-albe T anaan-salil Siberian marmot (Marmota siberica) [lit. mountain mouse];

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TD anan-calil T anakie pr. (a man); anaand'uoje foot of a mountain; anaad-ile kabarga (Moschus moschiferus) [lit. mountain reindeer] | TJ anan-marqil stone girl | TD anod-oie top of the hill 73. *ana:2 KD ana: disease leading to apathy 74. *aa aa mouth; KK aa\ KJ aa, a-, KD aa; T aa; TK aa; TJ aa; TD aa-, SU ga; RS ang; MC aigga [rect. angga], anga + lips; MO aigg [rect. angg], angynd--, BO anga; KL angaga\ ang; ME anga, MU angg\ MK nga ail' opening; rivermouth; KK ail\ KJ ail, KD ail', -anil', -angil'; SD angyl, ? angldu-; TK ail'; TD ain\ SU -anil\ RS -agil, MC -agim [rect. -agil\ door; -ngel, -angie [rect. iongund-angil]; ME -angel, -angyl aan-pugelbe: beard, moustache [lit. mouth fur]; KJ aade-pugelbie, aa-pugolbie; KD aa(n)-pugelbie, aan-pudelie\ T aa-bugue\ TK aan-bugut'e; TD aan-bugoe, aan-pugoe\ anghen-buglbv, ME angen-bugulbie aan-qa:r palate [lit. mouth skin] | KD ail-ca, ail'-ain-ca hoop for a basket made of birch bark; aalgepul mouth; ? aaye arrow with an iron point I T aa-umusej- to murder [lit. to close the mouth]; aa-el' voice [lit. passage of the mouth]; aa-wie- to eat [lit. to do smth with the mouth]; alail eloquent, having a sharp tongue; aal-d'oyoje scissors [lit. knife with a mouth]; aun-daal cross pole in the front part of a sledge | TD anan-puroihe upper lip; aa-wutni- to yawn [lit. to open the mouth] U *ae 'opening, mouth', *aa- 'to open' (UEW 11-12) // Bouda 1940: 72; FUV 69; UJN 125; JU 84; HUV 157; Angere 1956: 129; Krejnovi 1958: 235 ( ~ Selk.); Nikolaeva 1988: 215; Rdei 1999: 34; LR 144, 152 75. *anadr/*anantr/*wanadr/*wanantr KJ anader pr. (the river Anadyr') This river name may be related to the root ana: 'mountain'. 76. *ana:n ana. n on purpose Yak. ana:- 'to determine' (JRS 41)

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77. *a:n-/*wa:nK a.ul traditional cupboard with three shelves; lower world, which was traditionally thought to have three layers; KD ad'ul\ SD amul [rect. au] 78. *an' T anejl fuss, bustle, turmoil; alarm T anejne fussily The atypical cluster -n- indicates that the consonants initially belonged to different morphemes, i.e. -c - was part of a suffix. 79. *a 'il /*wa 'il ad'il falcon, hawk; KJ ad'ile; KD ad'ile; SD angzile\ ? SU aila goldfinch (Charduelis charduelis) 80. *an-dajdu KD an-daidu-iite pr. (a goddess) The word is probably Yak. 81. *aT ade-, are- to betray, to give away The alternation -r d- points to the original *--, 82. andy and-bua: white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala); KD andu-muie; SD anda-maca, andy-buca ? and, and-unu river bed Yak. andy, anny 'white-winged scoter (Menanitta fusca)' (TMS 1 43) The word looks like a compound ande + bua:, but the second component is otherwise unknown. 83. *ail T ail even more, all the more, so much the more 84. *anj ? KD anja omul (Coregonus omul) 85. *anjKD and'ad'al-l'odol competitive archery game 86. anjuj KJ aui pr. (the river Anjuj)

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KJ -aui pr. (the river Anjuj) Rus. anjuj 87. *anlK a(i)d' princeling, head, chieftain; KK anid'e', KJ alid'e, anid'e', KD anid'e, al'id'e + king (in cards); SD anildse, anidse; SU -anled'e; RS anled'a, anld'a; MC aleda; alnindsha\ ME alnintscha', W -al lenpoh, -allanpoh kingdom ? KJ anle- to separate The cluster *-nl- has developed into -n- or -/-, depending on dialect. 88. *al'-/*waql'KK al'et gradually; KD al'el'et ali. in full up to the brim; KJ aliin; KD al'iin, al'icin 89. *alu:/*walu: KJ alu Russian [lit. angry]; KD alw, SD anglu, angli KD alu(d)-od'i vodka 90. *anm T anme for no reason; just; suddenly; TK an me, anma\ TJ anme T anmi still, nevertheless; TK anmi T - idle, passive; anmoryi modal marker (uncertainty, doubts, fear); anmoli not at all; anmel'ere without cause | TD anmeleye leisure 91. *amT amil draught-reindeer; TK amil; TD omil T ame- to straddle, to sit astride; TK ama-, ame-; TD amaT ames- to cause to straddle; TD ames-, amasT amere- to harness (a reindeer); to ride in a sledge with a reindeer (TR); TK amereT amirijaa skilled reindeer driver | TD anmerad'ed-ile sledge reindeer This stem may be related to *a-. 92. anna KD ane pr. (a woman) Rus. anna 93. *arqa: T aarqaa pr. (a mythical river flowing very far away)

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94. *anij T anije wave; TK anije; TD aieTK anijere- to be rough; to rise in waves (of the sea) 95. *a num /*wa num anum at the beginning, at first; KK annume, anume; KJ anume\ KD anume first; RS annuma, annma; BO ajmo; angnuma before; ME angnuma before anuml' first; KK annumel'e; KL amnugonle 96. *aqK ayul person from whom a shaman takes strength without him being aware; KJ igel shaman's assistant ayidu:- to hide (INTR); KJ ayidu:-; KD ahiduK ayi: secretly, by stealth, on the sly; KK ayi; KJ ayi; KD ahi; SD agi; T ayi; TK ayi ayit- to hide, to conceal (TR); KJ aite-; KD ahite-, ahita-, ahidi-; SD agile-', T ayite-; TK ayite-; TD ahite--, angtak; ME angietak ayim friend; one of a pair; paired worker; adopted brother; KJ ayime-, KD ahime; SD agima-; RS agima; MC agamo; ? MO aqwitu [rect. aqwimu]; aghma; ME agyma ayid'i:- to steal up to, to sneak up to, to hide oneself; to whisper (TR); KD ahid'i-; T ayund'i-, oyind'i-, ayand'i-, oyund'i- to whisper; to gossip; to complain; TK ayari-; RS agidyk, agiduik ayibunnu- to hide oneself; aido:tl'- to hide (INTR); ayimu- to befriend I KD ahid-uol illegitimate child [lit. secret child]; ahinbon- secret; ahikonuto walk surreptitiously | ? T oyud-, ayud- to quiet down; to kill; ayine quietly and secretly; ayud'eri- to complain about (TR); aya-ude, ayin-ude secret thought; ayaneri- to report; ayuoler- to guard | TD aharei- to hide; aharol- to hide oneself; ? arad'ira-ae- to whisper 97. *anqK anyi:- to comb; to scratch, to scrape; KK ai-; KJ anyi-; KD anhi-; T anyi-; TK anyi-; TD anri-; SU aek anyid'- to comb oneself; KK aie-; TD anrid'eK anydj snow-storm; KD anhaye anyij comb; KJ -anyije, -onaje; SU aija anyi: small scraper used for cleaning dry skin; KD angad'i; SD angai-, T anyarii KD anhajen- stormy

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98. *aqurp/*waqurp ayurp suffering, torment, torture; KD agurpe, SD agurpeK aurp- to suffer; KK agurpe-; KJ agurpe-, ogurpe-; KD agurpe-; SU agurpei; ankorjy\ ME angkorbei ayurp- to torture; KK ayurpe-, ourpeK ayurplg INTJ (suffering) | KK aurpeli- suffering 99. *antK adil youth; fellow; boyfriend; KK ad-\ KJ adil, a.dil; KD adil; SD adil, adyl, T adil, TK adil, TJ adil, TD adil, adil'; SU adylloi; RS ady; MC apdyla [rect. andyla]; andel-; ME antilK ad-: son [lit. youth child]; KK ad-uo; KJ ad-uo; KD ad-uo, ad-u; SD adi-orpa-, ad-io-; T ad-uo; TK ad-uo; TJ ad-uo; RS ad-o; M d-o; KL and-ogi; ant-o; ME anth-u; MK nd-uo adimue:- to grow younger | T adin-lugumuol bachelor, lonely man [lit. young old one]; adipen-muoqa pr. (a lake) [lit. boys' broad whitefish] TU *anda 'friend; boyfriend' (EDAL213)//Nikolaeva 1988: 178 100. *atK adil waist, stature; KD adil'; T adedil'il; TD adedilel adil-amdi: belt [lit. waist bedding] 101. *atTK atel wasting disease 102. *antT antes- to kill; to touch; TK anteste? TD andahai- to fight The cluster -nt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 103. *at-/*wat- ? SD angdamule to become glued together 104. *antq-/*wantqK ataq- two; KK ataq-; KJ ataq-; KD atax-, SD ataq-\ SU adakun; RS adakn; M adakn, adakun-; KL adakun; MU andaki, adakun; MK andakn ataqlo:- two; KK ataql-, KJ ataql-, KD ataxl-, SD ataqbio- [rect. ataqlio-], ataqla-; SU adaxlov, RS adaklov, M adakloj-, KL adaklon, andaklon, adela-, antachlon, attachon-, ME antaglon; MU ndaklon, andaklon, andaklo', MK andklon

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ataqlid' twice; SD ataqliza In -t- is irregular instead of the expected -d-. 105. *ati:T adie- to inform 106. *anulT T anull'e racer who has never lost in a contest 107. *anur-/*wanurK anur- to love, to like; KJ anure-; KD anure-; SU anure, anuremik; RS anure k; KL anuram; anoorak, anoorok; ME angurak 108. *apaj-/*wapaj- ? SD apaj- to float 109. *apanla: T apanalaa old woman, wife; TK apanalaa; TJ apanala:; TD apanala: T apanalaa-jalyil pr. (a lake) [lit. old woman's lake] 110. *apj-/*wapj- ? SD apjonmoq five SD apjambozi-kunel fifty 111. *aptT apte- to collect, to gather; TK apteT aptiie gatherer 112. *aq T aqun even, still; TK aqun, ayan subjunctive marker T aqte, atte only; TK aqte; TJ aqte; BO aqtm-, aqtem'KK aq only; T aq always; too, too much, too many; TK aq + because aq-murel'j-qa:qa:, aq-murel'j-pulut bear [lit. barefooted grandfather]; KK aq-murel'e-; KJ aq-mureleie-qaqa; KD ax-murel'e-; RS ak-murali T aq-ayuo- barefooted [lit. only footed]; TD ax-ahoK aq-mure barefooted [lit. only boots]; aqa suddenly | KJ aqa really | T aq-juol bareheaded [lit. only head]; aq-ald'uol without gloves [lit. only hands]; aq-umud'ijuo- to have filed antlers except for the excrescences on the muzzle (of a reindeer) [lit. only cut with an axe]; aq-lawje-, aq-lawjuoweak (of tea) [lit. only water]; aq-ralduo- with bare hands, without gloves

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[lit. only hands]; aq-l'el INTJ (used when finding smth unusual); really? | TJ aq-ta:t only 114. *arK arim sole; KD arime; ? SD -arbuna\ T arime + paw; foot; TK arime-, TD arime ariml bottom; KK arimel, KJ arimel, KD arimel, SD arymal- + sole arul bottom | SD aronmaljuget from the bottom, along the bottom ? S *erm~ 'North' (SW 22), cf. also Ev. dial, arima 'skin under reindeer's hooves' (TMS 1 : 50) // Tailleur 1959a: 417; Nikolaeva 1988: 215 The Ev. word is likely to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 115.*ara ara()- light; easy, handy; frisky, dashing, adroit; KK arane-; KD arae-\ T arine-; TK arane-; TD erene- flexible; RS arannei; *arrnnei\ ME ararje ara adroitness; arajro:- energetic, laborious | KK aranemu- to become adroit I KD arad'e(i)- to try hard (TR) 116. arai TK arej suddenly; TJ arai Ev. arai 'suddenly; apparently' (TMS 1 48) 117. *aras/*aas TD (koded-)araac ancient hanging coffin 118. *arar/*aad/*ara/*aar TJ arara- pr. (a man) 119. *a:r a:r square or triangular nappy made of leather from a reindeer or hare that is sewed to a child's trousers together with dried moss or fur; KD a:re, are fur flap; T aare Cf. Yak. dial. a:ra, Ev. dial. a:ra (DSJJ 38) The direction of borrowing is unclear. 120. *a:ri:/*a:i: T aarii gun, rifle; TK aarii, ari- + bow; TJ ari- bow; TD ari; RS -arie T aariin-joyul muzzle [lit. gun's nose]; aariin-keldee, aariin-keldese trigger of a gun [lit. gun's puller]; aariin-id'id'ii foresight; aariid'aa people

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with fire-arms; aariin-keldej- to unload a gun; aarii-band'e-ude good honest character [lit. mind like a gun] 121. arina T rine pr. (a woman) Rus. arina 122. *arinwuja:/*warinwuja: arnu.ja: wolverine (Gulo gulo); KK arnuja-, arnumuja; KJ arnuboja, arnabuja; KD arnumoya; SD arnabaja; SU arynuaja; RS arinooja; M arinwja, arinowpul', MK armnewja 123. *arke:in/*arke:kin T arkyagin pr. (a dog) The synharmonism is irregular. The name is likely to be a borrowing. 124. *arq-/*a:rqK a:rqa: near, at, beside (PP); KJ arqa:\ KD arxa; BO -rq a. rqin to, towards; until (PP); KJ arqin\ KD arxin T arqul', arqul foothold, background; arqule-, arqul'te- to have a support; arqaan-lalime, arqaan-aibe covered sledge immediately following the leader's [lit. close sledge]; arqaan-gode man sitting in the sledge immediately following the leader's [lit. close man]; arqaa-ile reindeer harnessed in a child's sledge [lit. close reindeer]; arqaa-aibe covered sledge which immediately follows the leader's [lit. close sledge] | ? MC are hole An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable in K. 125. *asaplli: aaplli:(a:n) butterfly 126. *asl T asle half-sibling born immediately after the speaker T asl'ii- to have smb as the closest born sibling (TR) 127. *ass-/*wassK a- to prick 128. *at-/*watK atil(') end of smth long

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KD atilne- to finish, to be over (INTR) atil'qa.n pr. (a man); KJ atilaqa, SD atylsagon, atylyq-apa 129. ataqi: ataqi: spider; KD ataxi: Ev. ataqi (TMS 1 57) 130. *atil T atile rust; mould T atiled'ii- to make rust (TR) 131. *atml'a:q T atmild'aak, atmild'aaq hardly, scarcely; TK atmeld'aq 132. *att-/*wattK att- to get stuck 133. atyrla:K atuludaj-, atildaj- to sell; SD atmeadaj- [rect. atleadaj-] Yak. aty:la:- (JRS 52) 134. *aw- 1 T awre- to gather (of rain water on a skin) (INTR) 135. *aw- 2 abut nest, hole, den, lair; case, container; KK abut, KJ abut; KD abut + sheath; SD abun-, -abyd, -abyl; T awur; TK awur; TJ awur; TD aur, awur, SU -awut; RS -aud; MO abor brain; KL awundaga; awoot; ME auut; MK -awut abut- to fill with a liquid or dry substance; KJ abute-; KD abuteK abuda:- to lie down; KJ abuda:-; KD abuda:K abu- to put inside; abudu- to pull | KD abuda.cut, abuda.cut horizontally; abuda.- to keep | T awun-saal cradle without leather covering [lit. cradle wood]; awurrejd-uo baby [lit. child with a cradle] 136. *aw- 3 T awuol- fresh; TK -awo-\ TD awuoT awuod'e freshness 137. aw- 4 T awe- to make noise (of reindeer calf)

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Cf. Ev. a:w-a:w (TMS 1 8)

'INTJ (imitation of the noise made by a reindeer calf)'

138. *aw-/*amp-/*waw-/*wampK abud-, abud- to pull, to pull out; to tighten (a belt); KD abud-\ SD abudaj- to stretch abud'a fringe, tassel; confusion, mishmash, mess; KJ abud'e; KD abud'e 139. *awa abo:- elder; KJ abuo-; KD abuo- elder sister; SD abuK abu.j elder; KJ abuj elder sister or elder female cousin; KD abui MC aua sister; BO wo sister; MK aw elder sister abua: address to a grandmother; KK abud'a; KJ abua: + shaman's female spirit; KD abuie, abud'a + girl; SD abuce- female spirit; T abuie grandmother; mother-in-law; TK abuie grandmother, mother-in-law; TJ abuie grandmother; grandfather's or grandmother's sister, father's elder sister or elder cousin; TD -abuie; MU awutscha sister KJ abud'a elder sister, elder female cousin U/FU *apV 'elder female relative' (UEW 15) 140. *a:wj T aawe- to sleep; TK aawe-, aawa-; TJ aw a:- to fall asleep; TD awa-, awe-, a:wa-, owaT aawe dream; TK aawe; TJ awaT aawii blanket; TK aawii; TD awiT awjaa yesterday; TK aweja, awuja; TJ awija; TD awiya TJ awijaande in the evening; TD awuahandeT awjaaare evening; TK awejayar, TD awiya. hare T aawan-mayil holiday coat made of reindeer skin [lit. dream coat]; aawan-qodire cover for a blanket [lit. dream cover]; aawan-toyuod'e dream seen during deep sleep [lit. dream denseness]; aawebuge(-joo) INTJ (sleepiness); aawaal, aawuol bed; ? aawand'e-mayil, aawend'e-mayil dark brown skin of a reindeer killed in August used for making clothes | TD awiyahorele, awiyagherele of the evening | TK awejane, aawejane, awejaane, aawejaane in the evening TU *a:m- 'to sleep' (EDAL 298) //Nikolaeva 1988: 180 141. *awj T nond-awje, naand-awje bow; TK nond-awje; TJ nod-o:je arrow T erimed-awje shovel for snow ? NT *i:b- 'handle, shaft' (TMS 1 295)

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142. *a:w/*amp a:b disk or hook on a ski stick made of birch bark tightened with a piece of leather; KD abe, a:be; TD aibe 143. *awrs-/*aw- ? KK awra part of a reindeer hide that remains after the skin of the leg is removed; ? MO awrap hair 144. badara:n KD badara.n swamp; TD badaran Yak. or Ev. badara.n 'swamp' (TMS 1 63) 145. ba:d'yT badiwaa- to make noise disturbing others' conversation Yak. baad'y- 'to disturb smb with silly things' (TMS 1 64) 146. baar baar perhaps, maybe Yak. or Ev. bayar 'maybe' (TMS 1 62) 147. *bajyrqan TK bajyaraqan pr. (a man) This name is likely to be borrowed from Ev. as it contains the Ev. suffix -qan and the initial b-. 148. baratta: baratta: peled (Coregonus peled) Yak. baraa.tta (ESRD 119) 149. *basmak basmak quite, entirely basmak-kebej- to leave; to get out of hand The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 150. batta:TK batta- to oppress Yak. batta:- 'to press' (JRS 67) // Krejnovi 1958: 250 151. *beeT beeee- ill with rheumatism; lame; peeee lame

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T beeee leg disease; ? beekee- to swell; peeej pr. (a man); peie pr. (a man) Ev. beee 'old (of animals)' (TMS 1 127) T beekee- may result from the reanalysis of the morphological structure. 152. beda KD beda, bedo, bede trouble, misfortune Rus. beda 153. *bejke: T bejkee pr. (a man); TK beke This name is likely to be borrowed from Ev. 154. bel bel' even; KD bel Yak. bel (JRS 98) 155. belie TD belil sign, mark Yak. belie (JRS 98) 156. bereznjak beresnik juniper Rus. bereznjak 157. bermjatin berbekin pr. (a man in folklore) Rus. bermjatin 158. betkov betkov pr. (a man in folklore) Rus. betkov 159. bieter be:tar or Yak. bieter (Pekarskij 1917: 458) 160. bile:n bilen wrist; April (in counting months in the traditional way) Ev. bile.n 'wrist; April' (TMS 1 83)

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Dictionary

161. biser SD bicer glass beads KJ bierne- made of glass beads Rus. biser 162. bi KJ bi emphatic marker Rus. bi 163. blagoslovenie KJ playolobea blessing; T luoslewiene T lawisiine day of blessing Rus. blagoslovenie 164. blagoslovljat' lostubi:- to bless; TK lostubi:T luoslewie(l'e)- to bless Rus. blagoslovljat' 165. bljudo KD bulude, belut'e, belot'e plate, saucer Rus. bljudo 166. *bobaT bibaya- to flutter, to palpitate T bibaii- to catch smth flying ? Ev. bobaldat- 'to flutter' (TMS 1 86) 167. bobinT mobile-, bobil'e- to cockle, to shrink (of burnt skin) T mobiles- to sew carelessly Ev. bobin- (TMS 1 86) 168. bobr KD buobre beaver Rus. bobr 169. boka KK buot'ka, buot'ke barrel Rus. boka

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170. bogatyr' bayatyr champion, hero Rus. bogatyr' 171. bogdyxan TK poktiqan pr. (a man) Rus. bogdyxan 172. bog-s-toboj T buostewej God bless you; TK postowej Rus. bog s toboj 173. bojkij KD boikoo- sharp; pert, smart Rus. bojkij 174. *bojl' bojl' cauldron The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 175. *bo!lqn bollqn completely The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 176. brodit' KD brod'i- to disturb very much Rus. brodit' 111. bua KD bue swamp Rus. bua 178. budto T butte as if Rus. budto 179. bukatyn bukatyn, bugutyn completely Yak. bukatyn (JRS 80-81)

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180. bumaga KD gumaga paper; TK bumaga Rus. bumaga 181. burui TD burui punishment TD burune- guilty Yak. burui 'fault, guilt' (TMS 1114) 182. *busk busk thick (of a tree) The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 183. butul T putuul(-ugure) fur stockings worn over boots Rus. dial, butul (ESRD 148) 184. biitiin bn all, every Yak. btn (JRS 89-90) 185. butylka T bytiilke bottle Rus. butylka 186. carstvo KJ arbe kingdom, realm Rus. carstvo 187. celqovyj KD elkobei rouble; T solkuobaj Rus. celkovyj 188. *a:K a:- few in number; KJ a:-, a-\ KD a-; SU ai\ M jo ajdo:- to be not enough, to lack; KJ aiduo- needy; KD aido:-, aideomiserable a. mu- to decrease in number, to diminish; KJ ta. muK a:- to diminish (TR); aje:- to harm, to prevent smb from having much of smth (TR) I KK t'ajdon less, fewer; t'aluo little, few | KD aidod'ed-uo prematurely born child [lit. child that didn't have enough]

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189. *a:(a:) a.a: elder brother; uncle; KK t'a.t'a, t'a.t'a:, t'aa:, t'at'a:, t'at'a; KJ aa, ae; KD aa, tyeya + elder male cousin; SD caca; RS aa\ M aa\ KL aa\ tshtsha; ME tschatscha; MU tschtscha The word a.a: may go back to the reduplicated stem *a:, cf. pa:ba: and qa:qa:. 190. *a:a: T aaaa pr. (a reindeer-breeding Chukchi tribe) Cf. Chuk. sawsi 'reindeer breeder' (ESRD 672) 191. *a:-/*antK adil path; KJ adile; TD a.dile adil'- to make a trail; a:dl trodden 192. *aa:/*aqa: T aaa pr. (a dog) 193. *aal'-/*aql'KD el'-d'ahal'ne- negligent, untidy (of a housewife); TD el-d'ehalne194. *a:rK a:yr- to flirt yrri:- capricious, whimsical Cf. Ev. a:qru- 'to be envious, to be capricious' (TMS 2 379) The direction of borrowing is unclear. 195. *caj KK t'aj tea; T aaj\ TK t'ajT aaj-bard'e tea-pot [lit. tea cooking]; TK t'aj-bard'e T aaj-lawe snack for tea [lit. tea food]; aaj-parul tea leaves [lit. tea cooking]; aajik-sebul wooden stand for a kettle [lit. kettle tray] Rus. aj 196.*ajnik KK t'ajnik, t'ajik tea-kettle; KD ainik, SD capik [rect. cajnik]; T aajik; TK t'ajnik Rus. ajnik 197. *ajTK t'aji heritage

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198. ajka SD cejka gull Rus. ajka 199. *ajl T ajle day; light; TK t'ajle; TJ aile; TD aile\ MK tschila, tschilT ajler- to break (of the day, dawn); TD ailer-, ailereT ajlerej- to break (of the day); to become cheerful, to become sober; TK t'ajlerejT ajleme in the day time; MK tschelomo today T ajleruu pr. (a man); ajlen-iirkea during the day; ajles- to lighten; ajlerul-sukun dawn; ajlende lightly, merrily; ajlen-begiee North Star [lit. stealing the day]; ajlenii- to shine at (TR); ajled-uul passage of the day; ajle-d'ud'e calendar [lit. day counting]; ajleduol dawn; ajledaa when it is still light; ajlen-iiegejnube-kind'e February [lit. month when the day gets longer]; ajlen-pulgejlek every day | TJ ailijite- to nod | TD ailed-ord'e the South; midday; ailen- transparent; early | TK t'ajlese- to shine; t'ajlite- to make signs with one's hands; t'ajlen-, t'ajle- light | MK tschee light 200. *ajli: T ajlii gesture T ajliie- to rub antlers on a willow to remove the summer skin (of a reindeer); ajliite- to make signs; ajliitejuol tree on which a reindeer rubs its antlers 201. *ajsil a. il, ajil bullfinch; KJ aiile; KD aicile 202. *a:l'T aal'uo- dark brown (of a reindeer); TK t'al'oT aal'uaa pr. (a reindeer); aal'umu- to become dark brown 203. *caleT tude-alete- to hang oneself This stem is an exception to vowel harmony. 204. *am' T ame mist; fog; TK t'amt'e; TD eme The cluster -m- is atypical morpheme-internally.

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205. *am' /*amj amd' oar; KK t'amd'e; KD amd'e\ SD camsa; TK t'amd'e; RS om'a amd'b-a:-, amd'h u:- to row [lit. to move the oar] 206. *ampu: T abuu tin (box) T abuute- to decorate the hilt of a knife with tin 208. *aK anu- to sneeze; KJ enu-; TD eunu-, SU egnur, RS tsangnui; BO gny; KL egnuj; tshcmgni; ME tschangnui The alternation a- ~ e- is typical in K. 209.*a -? MU tschangd-scham wolverine (Gulo gulo) 210. *aa-/*ooK a- to protect, to defend; KJ a-, KD a-\ T o-\ TD oT oole- to feel pity for (TR); TK t'oole-, t'ooloKJ ebe, agbo help; TK t'ambi-, t'ambe, -d'amba au- to protect, to defend; ab- to help | KJ aie defender, protector I T oorii- to feel pity (TR); ooledi- to grieve over (TR); ooled'ii- to feel sorry for (TR); onu- to feel sorry for (TR); anuore- to protect, to care for (TR) This stem is an example of the rare correspondence -a- ~ T -o-. 211. *an'K ad'il echo; KD -a:d'il\ TD ajil T ad'uu sound; TK t'ad'ir, TD ad'iu, -ad'u: T ad'itej- to push under; ad'ii-, id'ii- to disappear, to vanish 212. *anm 1 anma eldest; KK t'anme elder brother; KD ama; T anme elder brother; TJ anmed'e-; MC sonmo brother; BO mo brother; MK tschnma brother anmo:-, onmo:- eldest; big; KJ anmuol-; TD anmoT anmud'e eldest brother; anmend'aa pr. (a man) 213. *anm 2 Kanma. q on one's back; KK t'anmaq\ KJ anmaq, enmeq\ T anmaaq\

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TD anmaxKJ anme on one's back 214. *anmij T anmije shed for keeping food; TK t'anmie 215.*a qK aiti:(-anm) alder-tree; KJ ait, SD cagati-nenme; T aatii; TK t'aati ledum; SU agaty-anma ayitaj- to touch; KK t'aitaj-; KD aritei-, agitei-; SD -cagiteK ayit- to rub; to grease, to smear; KJ aite-; KD arite-, agite-; T ayite- to rub oneself; TK t'ayatite-; TD sarite-, arite- to soil; to dirty; RS agitak T ayad'e- to move, to stir; to work, to fulfil (TR); TK t'ayad'e- to move, to work; TD ahad'e(i)-, arad'e-, axad'eK adaj-, ad- to rub oneself against smth; to come to see, to visit, to drop in; KD adaiK aid'- to roll on the ground; KD anid'e- [rect. cahid'e-]-, TD ahad'eK aaydaj- to brush against, to knock against; aadaj- to moor on to (TR) I KD anid'e- to rub | T ande- to meet; oyurqe reddish; pr. (a lake); oyurqe-anme red willow; ayad'aanube place of work; ayad'iie worker; ayatiite- to paint with the broth of alder bark; ayatiid-anaa pr. (the mountain Malyj Anjuj) [lit. willow mountain] | TD ahaderei-, ahaders- to move; ahadi- to recoil (of a gun) 216. *aq-/*oqK ayil thigh, haunch; KK t'ayil-; KJ ayil\ SD cosil [rect. cogil]', T oyul spinal cord; marrow; ayil' protruded bone on the rear legs of an animal; TK t'oyul + leg; TJ oyul leg; foot; TD orul ayitagi heel; KJ ayitigil\ SD casitigil [rect. cagitigil]; T ayatayi; TK t'aataqil; TD ahidaxil-, ahitahil-, aradaxal- ankle; ME tschangindikil T oyud-amun thigh bone [lit. marrow bone]; TK t'oyud-amun chin T oyun-bara shin, shin-bone [lit. thigh basis]; oun-pekid-uo leg muscles [lit. thigh muscles]; oyun-saskarii reindeer skin from a foreleg; oyunaaii-umd-amun middle vertebrae; ayataqil'ya-pomoge- to turn on her heel (of a perky young woman); oyud-id'ii tendon, sinew; ayin-aawije white spot on the inner thigh of a reindeer's rear leg [lit. rear leg bone's whiteness]; ayin-aawijaa pr. (a reindeer) In T there are alternations -a o-.

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217. *antK and up the river; KK t'ande\ KJ ande\ KD ande, a:nde\ T ande()\ TK t'ande + uphill; TJ ande, ende\ TD ande\ RS onda andl'-, andl'o:- dashing, daring, bold, dextrous; KK t'andalt'e; KJ andel-, andal-; KD andel'-; SU andali T antaj- to despair; TK t'antej- to fail (INTR) TK t'antejre- to fail in doing smth (TR); TJ anteireK adiladt down the river | T ani- to crave marrying smb (of a woman); to be unwilling to let smb go (TR); andalqa- to become unbearable; anduolu- to poke one's nose in, to pry; andaluu- to be unable to do smth, to feel uneasy doing smth; andaline with difficulty; ande- to go to meet smb (TR); andii- to poke into smth narrow (TR); ani- to do smth with difficulty (TR) I TJ endei- to rush up | TD ande-yahare-, ande-yaharaito breathe | TK t'anterej- unable to (TR); ? t'anduo- to abuse 218. *aut T aut badly, poorly, improperly 219. *ape:n T apien pr. (a man) 220.*aqanTD axanire-xudolk INTJ (damn!) ? TD axanil-wodul real Tungus 221.*a:q T aaqarej- to suffer from cold; TK t'a:qarej-\ TD axareiKK t'a.qi:- to eat frozen fish by shaving off thin slices (TR); T aaqii-; TK t'a.qi-, t'a.qi:T aaqar- to get frozen; TD axare-, axor-, oxoriT aaqaii- to freeze, to keep frozen (TR); TD axaniT aaqas- to freeze (TR), to cause to freeze; TK t'a. qasK a.q frozen fish which is cut thin when eaten; KK t'a:qa\ SD coga, caqa\ T aaqa, aaqe; TK t'a.qa, t'a.qe; tshakaK a:qd-en pr. (the river Jasanaja); KJ aqad-en; SD cagad-an, cagak-an [rect. cagad-an] KD axa-kinid'e November [lit. autumn month] | T aaqijii frozen part of smth; aaqije period of the year in spring when the snow-crust freezes in the night; late frosts | TD axe- to freeze (INTR); axaye-, ohoye- snow-crust; axomd'e- frozen ? FU *c'aka 'thin ice' (UEW 29)

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222. *a:q/*a:qnt a:qd inside out; back to front 223. aqti eko:- skilful; KD eko-, T aka-\ TK t'akt'a-; TD ekieK ekil' skilled worker; KD ekil; TD ekel T t'ekt'ijie master; TK t'ekt'ije T akand'e craftsman; TK t'akt'ad'e ekil'-epe: ladybird [lit. crafty grandmother] | T akajne adroitly | TK t'akt'al, t'ekt'el craft; t'ekt'emu- to become crafty; t'akt'er- to make skilfully Ev. aqti 'energetic, adroit, quick' (TMS 2 379) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 In -a- > -e- under the influence of the preceding palatal consonant, cf. ame ~ eme. 224. *ara-/*aaT araluu- to choke ? T aludu- to choke 225. *arari:l/*aai:l/*aari:l/*arai:l T ama-arariil regards 226. *arqa:n arqa.n pr. (a man in folklore); KK t'a:rt'eqan\ TK t'a:rt'eqan The name may be related to the stem *arq-, 227.*arq T arqal'uu smth curved, bent; TK t'arqal'u: curve (of a road or a river) TK t'arqaaj- to stumble; TD erxahaiT arqaarej- to twist (a joint) | TK t'arqalo- having a zigzag 228.aa KK t'aa, t'ae- mug; SD caska; T aase bowl; cup; TK Vase Rus. aa 229. aka T suske, -ruske cup, bowl; TK suske-, RS uka T suska-raal hook for hanging a kettle over the fire [lit. cup stick]; TK suska-ra:l, suska-ral\ TD suska-ra.i T susked-aibe covered sledge for transporting kitchen utensils [lit. cup sledge]; susked-enu pr. (a river); susked-albe saucer [lit. cup bottom] | TD susked-albe saucer [lit. cup bottom] | TK suske-burube glass [lit. cup top];

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suske-pilije dish-cloth [lit. cup-wiper] Rus. aka The vowel -u- in the first syllable is unclear. 230. *a:tika: T aatikaa joint disease of old age; formation of liquid on a reindeer's joints T aatikaa- to catch a leg disease The synharmonism is irregular. 231. *aw-1 T awire-, awure- to pretend to be poorer than one is 232. *aw- 2 T awur arrow; TK t'awur, TD our T awud-awur quiver [lit. arrow container]; TK t'awund-awur; ound-aur, ound-awur 233. *aw- 3 T awuserej- to frighten very much 234. *aw- 4 abo:- loud; low, deep (of voice) abaj- to become quiet | T abayas- to champ loudly, to spank loudly but not strongly; abaya- to gurgle, to squelch, to hiss (of an ermine) TU *ab- 'noise; noisy' (EDAL 407) 235. *awa/*owo u snow on trees, hoar-frost; KK ew snow-drift; KJ teu\ T awa snow-drift; TK t'awe, t'awa ud'e:- to get covered by snow-frost | ? SD ong-ille- late spring | T awan-quduod'e snow-drift [lit. lying of snow-drifts] u < *aw < *awa or *w < *ow < owo. The correspondence - ~ T -a- is irregular. 236.*e T e-e INTJ (a command to dogs) T euk INTJ (peremtory shout at dogs) 237.*e: TD ie sinew

TD

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238.*eeK eemu- to flash, to gleam 239. *een/*ekn egen kite and other kinds of predatory birds 240. *einm eginmo:- deep; KJ eginmo-; KD eginmo-; RS eginmov, ? MO ikel'gas low; tshginmow, ME tschagiinmon eginm depth; KJ eginmo\ KD eginme 241. *eje e: eagle; KJ ie; SD sejien\ MC einga 242. *ejlK ejlu:- far; KK t'ejli-\ KJ eilu-; KD eil/-; SD cejli, ? cajlime-; T ejluu-, TK t'ejlu-, TD eili-; ejluke:- to get older; TK t'ejlukie- to move away KJ eiluge far | ? SU eiguga [rect. eiluga] close ejluke.j long ago This stem may be related to *:. In this case *j should be reconstructed for both stems. 243. *ejn'e: ejd'e: on purpose; KK ejd'ie; KJ eid'e, eid'ije\ KD ceid'iye 244. *ejntT ejdili- to trill (of a bird or a man) 245. *elK el- cold; KK t'iej-; KJ iej-; SU e; MC -aly'- -zshetsh; ME -dshetsck, MK tschetsch e.d' winter, cold; KD ied'e, ied'el'e\ SD cieze\ SU t'ede; RS ed'a-\ M d'e, t'de\ MC endamu\ tshiendzsha, tsheyendzsha + frost; ME dschentscha, tschentscha elulb- to cool; KK t'elulbe-; KD elulbe-; SD celulbe-; MO tilipei, -alilbis eluldu:- to cool down (INTR); KK t'eluled- to get cold elgu- to cool (TR); KJ elkieK elke:- to get cold; ed''d'i: cold, chill | tshondscheni frozen e. d' < *eld' < *el-j.

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246. *eFK el'uu- to sob 247. *elT elwuo- to suffer ? T eliji- to force; elwej- to gain bitter experience; elwijuore- to avoid 248. *emeK emej- to come to the end; KK t'emej-; KJ emei-, eei-; KD emeiK emerej- to end, to terminate (TR); KK t'emerej-; KJ emerei-; KD emereiKJ amee- ready 249. *e:m T ieme blood; soup of boiled reindeer blood; TK t'ieme; TD ieme, iema\ MC ema\ BO emojleTK t'ieme-jawul vein [lit. blood road]; TD ieme-yaul', ieme-yabul', eme-yebul' artery T iemed-uusii pr. (a man) [lit. moving blood] 250. *empr T ieber pr. (a man) 251. *enT enguru- to fly, to flit; TK t'enguru-; TJ enguruK en- to rush after, to run fast; KJ a.ndei-, endei-, endrei-, ande(i)-, enre-, KD endei-; T ende- to fly away; TK t'enrej-, TD end'eiT engusej- to frighten away; to away quickly | TK t'endej- to come flying 252. *en'K ed'itt- to pull in; KJ ed'ite-; TJ ed'itei- to push in 253.*eeK eu:- interesting, merry, funny; KK t'ei-, T euu-, TK t'eu-; SU eniwoi; RS eni e gaiety; joke, amusement; KJ ene; KD ene\ T ene KD enilbeyec- to dress nicely (TR); T enilbejetK ei:- to scoff at, to mock (TR); KJ engi-, eni- + cheerful; KD eni-\ SD cepi- [rect. ceni-]; T ei- + to be interested in, to sympathise (TR); TJ

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enie-; TD eniK eendej- to have a rest; eilb- dressed nicely | KD enilbeye fine dress 254. *e:ne:KK t'ienie- to ask 255. *etK edo:- tender, kind, beautiful edu:- quiet; beautiful; calm 256. ermuxa erem bird-cherry tree; KD eremycr, SD ceremki Rus. ermuxa 257.erez KJ ere across; SD ceres KD ere-ilu unmercifully Rus. erez 258. *e:ri:/*e:i: T ierii pr. (a man) 259. erken SD carkan trap for ermine Ev. erken (TMS 2 385) 260. *erpj-/*erwjKJ erbeigo pr. (a man) 261. *eskKJ ekene pr. (a woman); TJ eshkene pr. (a man) 262. est' T ies honour Rus. est' 263. etvert' T etwier quarter Rus. etvert'

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264. *ew-/*empK ebil' valley; tundra; KJ ebil265. *ewes-/*empsK ebestej- to finish

266. *i: 1 T iid-ooj pocket; TK t'it'ed-ooj, t'id-ooj\ TJ ied-ooi id'ed-ooi 267. *i: 2 -d'i: people; SD -si; T ii; TK t'i:, -d'i:\ TJ c/V; TD ipe T iin-solqo crowd [lit. gathering of people]; iie crowded place 268. *ieri ieri: eel; SD cicei kind of fish 269. i:daa itata: ground squirrel; KK t'itata-; SD sitata Ev. i. daa (TMS 2 390)

bag; TD

270. *iir-/*ikirT igiri- to limp; TD igiriT igirie- to fall ill with a hoof disease (of a reindeer) | TK t'igirt'ij-gde limping man 271. *ikam- ? MO ikam- sorrow 272. *il'KD il'iode- to make oneself at home 273. *ilk ilg bough; KK t'ilge\ KJ ilge; KD ilga, ilgo', T ilge + willow branches used as bedding; TK t'iige; TD ilge, -d'ilga; BO ilgl; KL ilgapak, tshilga; ME tschilga T ilge-raal dried branch used as fuel [lit. branch stick] | TD ilgen-moxlo pine-cone [lit. small piece of the branch]; ilgen-punke needles of a conifer 274. *i:ll'il'e: T iiU'il'ie-monqe-d'umur pr. (a place)

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275. *ime: MU tschime, schime, tschyme lip; chin; cheek 276. *i:m i:m horsehair; KD -sime\ SD sime, siwe hair 277. *impT iir-ibed-nie pr. (a river) 278. in KD inne- to have a rank (of a person) Rus. in 279. *iKJ iend'ie pr. (a mountain); KD id'iand'e pr. (a tale) 280. *in' 1 in leg muscles; ME tshintscha inde: back part of boots; calf of the leg; KD inedie; SD cinced-o The cluster -n- is irregular in the morpheme-internal position and might suggest that -c- belongs to an old suffix. 281. *in' 2 KJ id'e, iid'e piece; T id'e, iid'e bottom part of a woman's coat trimmed with dog fur and tassels 282. *indi indi: lark; T indilikeen snipe; pr. (a man); TK t'ind'el'ekaan T indluu pr. (a man); indii, end'ii pr. (a woman) Ev. indimike 'little bird' (TMS 2 396) 283. *ineK ine- to cut, to chop wood; KK t'ine-; KJ ine-; KD ie-; SU tinetei; RS ineik ind'i:- to cut into pieces; KJ ind'i-, ind'i-, ined'ileK in- to cut, to chop wood; KK t'ined'e-; KJ ined'eK ini:- to put down, to incline (TR); KJ ineK ine-ra: inclined pole in a yurt; snag [lit. inclined stick]; inbya:l cross beam in a boat; inm-a:l inclined tree | KJ inne- inclined | ? SD cingeuse pr. (a mountain)

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284. *iiT iiel, iie darkness; night; TK t'iit'ei, TJ tiiel-; TD tiiilT iier- to be late; TK t'iit'er(ej)- to become dark T iiiie- to start getting darker after the season of white nights | TJ tiierle- to become dark | TK t'iit'esej- to make darker FU *iV/*V'fog, mist' (UEW 59) //Nikolaeva 1988: 216 285. *inipnd ? MO inipandaleg mouse 286. *irK irgej- to jump; KJ irege-; BO tteng irgdej- triggered (of a trap or gun); KJ iregedei-; TD iregerei- to shoot irgud'e cock of a gun; SD circugusuje arbalest irnd'i:ulben flea; KD irend'inulbo irg spray I SD circes- to shoot 287. *ireK irej- to sink, to drown (INTR); KK t'irie-\ KJ irei-, iriej-, KD irei-, T irej-; TK t'irej-; TD ireiK ire.- to sink, to drown (TR); KK t'irie-; KJ ireje-\ T ires-; TK t'irese-, t'irise-; TD iruse-; M irsam T irebe plummet; TK t'irbeK iro:- to lie low in the water (of a boat); ? ird'i:- to slide | ? KD igid'i drill I SD cormu- to extinguish (INTR) | T irebe-qajl' stone tied to a willow circle as a plummet [ilt. plummet stone]; irumu- to die; ireluu- to be painful, distressing | TD irui- to drown oneself | ? TK t'irej- to take ? TU *diri- (EDAL 1371) The comparison with Tungus may be valid if the initial consonant has undergone affricativization and devoicing. 288. *irem-/*iemT iremedie little bird; pr. (a man); TK t'iremedie\ TD iremedie T iremed-uo bird egg [lit. bird child] 289. isto ist, irt, ir-umu(t), ir-umu(t) all, entirely; KJ ito ii:- to clean; to root out; ? istj- to finish (TR) | KD -itoo- clean Rus. isto

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290. *iteK itn- long; KK t'itne-; KJ itne-; KD itne-\ T itne-; TK t'itne--, TD itne-; BO title [rect. titne]\ KL itnaj\ tshitnav, ME tschitne ikin along (PP); KD ikin\ T iirki\ TK t'it'irki, t'it'irkin\ TD ierki ik, itk long, tall; KK t'it'ke, t'itke\ KD ike file; SD citke-, T itke, -d'itke duration; TD -d'itke-; SU ika sea-horse; RS -titka iil- to stretch (INTR); KK t'it'el'eK iil- to stretch (TR); KK t'it'el'eK iegt- to lengthen many times (TR); KD iegetK iegdej- to lengthen (TR); KK t'it'egedej-, TK t'it'egedej-, t'it'egerejK ieg- to lengthen (INTR); KK t'it'egej-\ KD iegei--, TK t'it'egejK iel'o:- lengthened; KK t'it'el'boK itni:- to make long (TR); T itniiKJ ike-puilo pr. (a lake, a man) [lit. long channel]; SD ciska-pujle iend'i:- to stretch (INTR); KD iend'iK itndin-juko:- short [lit. small to long]; ikde: round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum); ikdin-ajdme:-, ikdin-itn- narrow | KK t'it'i- to straighten | KD itnedin along | SD sitkel-cugi penis [lit. long meat] | T itnel-aawaal bed situated opposite the entrance to the yurt [lit. long bed]; itnege INTJ (how long!); itnuorii- to catch reindeer by separating them from the herd and keeping them on stretched lassos (TR); itniire long, for a long time; itnej-god'e snake; worm [lit. long worm]; itnuoriie method of catching reindeer (a group of reindeer is separated from the herd and kept on stretched lassos) | TK t'itner- to lengthen; t'itgerej-, t'it'eges- to stretch The word-internal -c- may have developed in some forms as a result of assimilation to the initial c-. 291. *ciw iu crust on snow or ice; KJ iu ? TU *iaga 'frozen snow' (EDAL 436) 292. i i:l hazel-hen; KK t'id'ile, t'i.ale; T iid'ele Rus. i 293. *o INTJ (calling a reindeer) 294. *o: 1 o: little pit

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o:-ra:n-a:l one of three or four support poles in a yurt with holes for other poles 295. *o: 2 T uo iron, metal; TK t'uo\ TJ o\ TD o:, o-\ MO te\ ? KL on-\ MK tschnTK t'uod-a:ri: gun [lit. iron gun]; TD uod-ari, o:d-ari + pulse; RS od-arie T uo-raske boiler [lit. iron bowl]; TK t'uo-raske\ TD o-ruska, o:x-suske, o-ruske T uon-mooje vice, pincers [lit. iron holder]; uon-mail chain-mail [lit. iron coat]; uo-raske-lolyije spray from a boiler [lit. boiling from an iron bowl]; uon-dawa frying-pan [lit. iron bowl] | TD uod-arid-ai muzzle of a gun | ? MK tscht-padnget lock 296.*o:3 T uouo INTJ (approving a child's good behaviour); pr. (a man) T uouoyaa- to express approval by saying chuo-chuo (INTR) 297. *: : already; KJ uo . l'- old, ancient (of things); KK t'uoled-\ KJ uole; KD uol'e\ T uol'e; TK t'uol'e; TD uole\ M lewon . t always; KJ u. ote, uote; KD uoe u. l'd'i: tale; KK t'uld'i\ KJ uoled, TJ uolid'i ancient people; TD uolid'i in olden times; SU oled'i\ RS olei; M oled'i u:d'i:-pulut ogre [lit. tale old man]; SD cul'si-pulut, KJ uoled'i-pulut ? KJ en long, for a long time | ? TD auen far; KD uoled-omni-cille-kinid'e April [lit. the ancient men spring month] | T uol'wuol-, uolwuol- decrepit; uoekie- to fall into decay; uol'wej- to grow decrepit; ? uol'iji- to be greedy | TD uolid'i-parel' great-grandfather; uolid'iha in olden days; uoleo long ago u. l'd'i: < . l'd'i: < *:l'd'i:. 298. *o:j-/*oqjT uoyaj(m)e spring; TJ oyoie-; TD oreyemaT uoyajl'e spring | TD oreyen-aile spring day 299. *o-/*oqK oyut- to infect; KD odu. te-

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The recording of this word is uncertain; in particular, the second syllable consonant is unclear. 300.*o oK oy-, om-, o-, ou-, oq- to cut; KK t'o-, t'o-, t'om-, t'ou-, t'ow-, t'oq-; KJ coy-; KD oh-, o-, ? SD jolal-\ T aw-, ay- + to break one's word; TK t'oy-, t'aw-\ TJ ou-, on-, oy-\ TD on-, oh-, ou-\ RS ogum\ tshok; ME tschok oyoj knife; KK t'oojo-, t'ooje\ KJ oje, oja; KD ogoye, ohoye\ SD coguja\ T ooje; TK t'oyoje, t'oyaje, -d'oyoje\ TJ oyoie; TD ohoye, ohoya, oroye\ RS -oja, ojod-; MC okso; tshagoia; ME tschaugoja\ MK tschogje oyojd-abut sheath; SD cogujad-abeK aya:- to cross a river; KK t'oa-; KJ aya:-, oyo-; T ayaa- + to separate; to go away (of a dream, breath, strength) (INTR); TK t'aa-, t'oya-; TJ aya:-\ SU agal\ M ayiji, oyo aa. - to carry across a river; T aaas-; TD arac-; SU agakik oo precipice, steep riverbank; KJ ooyoal, ooe, too + wall; KD ohore, ogore; SU okoal\ MK togtscha oyo-pungi: white waterside owl; duck hawk (Falco peregrinus); ooa. l river bank; oyod'd-o: fur underwear [lit. cut trousers]; ? aqdajto cut I ? KD ohon-u jerked meat [lit. cut meat] | T awtej- to divide; awte- to cross a river; oyojed-egil butt of a knife [lit. back of a knife]; ayaalbu- ill; oyie- to set nets across a river; awjii- to carry across a river; ? ennu- to cross a river in a raft; ? oorii mincing cooked reindeer bones to obtain fat; ? oyoriid-albe stone on which cooked bones are minced | TD euse- to cause to cut; ohoye-niee blade of a knife [lit. knife's face] ? TU *ika:- 'to cut, to chop off (EDAL 427) 301. *oo-/*oqT ood'uori-, ood'uore- to care only about oneself T oojne on one's own 302. *our/*oqur T oyure last year's strands of fur appearing among newly grown ones on the skin of a reindeer 303. *ouri:/*oquri:/*oui:/*oqui: T ourii-albe large round stone on which a bone to be boiled is crushed

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304. *out-/*oqutT outne neatly T outne-nigerej- to separate from the whole, to sever; outne-kurij- to become tied; outne-nogerej- to separate from the whole 305. *o:j T uoje hill; TK t'uoje top of the hill T uojedek obliquely 306. k e oqa: black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) Ev. or Yak. ke ~ k (TMS 2 412) Note the back synharmonism in Yukaghir. In most other Tungus languages the corresponding stem is back, and so the Yukaghir word may go back to TU rather than Ev. or Yak. 307. *ko:ju T okuoju absolutely 308. "krn KJ okoron pr. (a woman) KJ okoron-eie pr. (a man) 309. *oloK olo- to add, to join together; KK t'olo-; KJ olo- to direct, to put; KD olo-, T ala-, TK t'ala-; TD elaT ala- added; TK t'ala-, TD elaiK old'i:- to join (TR); T ald'i- to add many times; TK t'and'iK (jow-)olor waist; ? olno:- to cut off | KK t'olaj- to add | ? KJ oldoi-el-numde not whole | TD elai- to add a little | TK t'ald'ire- to add ? FU *c'olme(-) 'knot; to tie together' (UEW 38-39) // Bouda 1940: 85; Nikolaeva 1988: 216; LR 146 310. *olo:lk olo. lk accidentally, without reason 311. *olq ol spike for breaking ice; KK t'olo; KJ ulo\ SD culga oly- to move; to stir, to hollow out; KK t'ulo-, t'olo-, tolyo-, KJ ulo-, KD ulho-, uldo-, ? SD culsio-, TK t'ulya-, SU algor, M lget olaj-, ulgej- to push; KJ ulrei-; TK t'ulyaj-

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KJ uluolbon ice-hole | TK t'ulyadi: spike for breaking ice ? FU *alkV/*'ctlkV 'staff, pole' (UEW 460-461) // HUV 158; UJN 123; KESK 89; UEW 461; Nikolaeva 1988: 216-217; Rdei 1999: 48-49 Some forms demonstrate the back -u. 312. *olqr olr hare; pr. (the Yukaghir Ukan clan); KK t'olyoro, t'olgoro-; KJ olgoro; KD olgoro; SD colgora, colgro-; tsholgara; ME tscholgora olrn-lebeidi: redcurrants [lit. hare berry]; SD colgora-lebejdi\ tsholgoro-loviendi olr-mejnuge: hawk [lit. taking hares] | SD colgoro-paca [rect. colgoro-naca] pr. (a mountain) [lit. hare face] 313. *omoK omo:- big, large; KK t'omo-, -t'ume\ KJ omo-\ KD omo-\ SD -; T amuo-, TK t'amo-; TJ omuo-, omo-\ TD omo-\ RS omo; M -oma-, omo-; temoul', emo-, temo-, imo- + high, tall; KL omo\ tshomoi, tshomond-, tyemo-, tshemond-; ME tschemont-, MU -tschom, -chom', MK tschom ommu- to become bigger; KK t'om(u)mu-\ KD omomu-; TK t'amamu-; TD omomu-; KL omomuj ommo.i:- to make bigger; KK t'omod'eT amarii- to respect; TK t'amare-, t'amari:-, t'amuori.-; TD omorei-, omari- + to feed omo.n very; KK t'omon\ TK t'amane; TD omone\ M omn, emoir, MO imon-; ME tschoman; MU tschomn omo. lben, omo-u:l elk; KJ omon-ul\ KD omohirr, SD omol-cul\ RS omogna om-parna: raven [lit. big crow]; KK t'om-parne\ KD om-parana, omodi', SD com-parana am-ani: sheefsh (Stenodus leucichthys) [lit. big fish]; KK t'em-ai, t'em-anr, KJ om-a:ni\ KD am-a:ni, cam-a:ni, omod-anil; SD cam-anr, SU om-ani\ RS omod-anil T amuodii spoon; TK t'amuodir, TD omadiK omo-ooj sword, sabre; KD omo-ogooye large hunting knife; SD como-cogoje-; TK t'ama-d'oyoje T amad-ald'e tsar [lit. big chief); TK t'amad-ald'e\ TD omod-ald'e KJ om-oie father's elder brother or elder male cousin [lit. big father]; T um-uie(kie); TK t'um-uot'ie, t'um-ut'iep + elder brother of the husband; TJ om-o:ie\ RS em-ue uncle omo. l will; KJ omol', KD omole, omo. le; TD omole-; W t'sjemolal

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e-mej mother's elder sister; KJ em-mei + mother's elder female cousin; T amijaa; TK t'amija\ TJ emmija omo. t very, strongly; KK t'omohoto firmly; SD comogote omo:d'-jurgud'e:j North Star [lit. big star]; ommu teenager; omunnu-, ommuno.r- to give oneself airs; to humiliate (TR); omo:l-pe:di thumb [lit. big finger] | KJ omod'el princeling; omol-epie great-grandmother [lit. big grandmother]; omod'e-joube, omod'e-jou, omol-epie smallpox [lit. big illness or big grandmother] | ? KD omo:rod'eto beat unmercifully; omol-colbul water-rat [lit. big mouse]; tomod'e-yomil swan [lit. big neck]; omol-mold'e cloudberry [lit. big berry] | SD comosel princeling I T amad-od'e meat from a sinew of the spine; ama-maalek INTJ (look!); amuolel-uod'ijetke pr. (a lake) [lit. big fringe]; umd-amun-noyii large aorta [lit. thimble of a large bone]; amuoqa pr. (a man); ? amuoleri- to possess | TD -omod-ald'e-emul' Russia [lit. island of the big chief]; omolho, -d'emolho for; omo-kode honourable ? FU *ama 'straight, upright; intensifying word that expresses remoteness' (UEW 52) The kinship term emmej probably goes back to om- + emej 'mother', however the T amijaa seems to be an affixal derivation from amuo-, 314. *m-/*smK -mr top; T umur, -rumur, -d'umur back; hill; TK t'umur, TJ umurforest; TD umur, -zshamor, ME -tschamor T umd-amun vertebrae; umun-molil pit on a hill; um-nono range of hills; umurie hilly country; umun-laqil gentle slope; umun-jengur fringe in the middle of the back of a man's coat; umun-oyul sheer side of a hill; um-saa grove on a hillside; um-saal leg of side tripod of the yurt; umun-sawqa hollow; umun-d'uoje slope of a hill [lit. top of a hill] | TD umun-molil vertebra The word shows the irregular correspondence - ~ T -. 315. *omp T ompoeii- to have a short cover (of a yurt) T ompoeii- to cover a yurt so the cover does not touch the ground The word shows the irregular cluster -mp-. 316. *mu umu everything, all; KK t'umu\ KJ umu\ KD umu\ TD umul\ SU umu\ M um\ BO om-, KL emu KJ umutayi everybody; KD umutohi umut every; KK t'umuf, KJ umuf, KD umut\ M umf, BO omt

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T umutej- to destroy; umuuji- to pretend to have nothing; umduu- to die out TU *unu, cf. MG *m (EDAL 451) // Krejnovi 1958: 244 ( ~ Mong.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181 The labial -- is reconstructed on the basis of the OY data. 317. *oK o fat, lard; KJ oo; KD oe upper level of fat under the skin; T od'\ TK t'od'e; TD od'e; RS onoon ou:- tasty, sweet; KK t'ou-; KJ ou-\ KD toi-; RS ond'eni\ tshangitsh', ME tschangitsch oub- to get full of tasty food | KJ oi taste | KD oo- tasty 319. *o'ija:/*ojija: T od'ijaa pr. (a lake) T odjaa-nie pr. (a river) 320. *:nK .n- to spend spring (somewhere); KJ uoneieK o. np the place where people spend spring 321. *kK und-, ugen- narrow, thin; KK t'une-, t'ue-; T oyune- thin; TK t'oyune-, t'ugune- + sharp; TD u.gune-, orune-; RS ugnoi ugo:- to move fast; KK t'ugo-; KJ ugo-\ KD ugeo-; SD cugio-, ? -engio- [rect. -cugio-]; TK t'uguo-; TD cuguyenK ugunm corner; T ugunme; TK t'ugunme; TD ugunme; ? RS eiega ugo. n quickly; KJ ugo; TK t'uguo; TD ugo\ ? RS eron KK t'ugod'a, t'ugod'it quicker; t'oole-, t'oolo- to narrow down (INTR); t'ugod'e- to sharpen; to run faster | KD ugonne- to menstruate | T ugurkumu- to become thin, to diminish; ugurke miser; smth narrow or pressed closely; onii-, anii- to cause to produce a high sound; oure- to jingle; oyore- to chirp, to twitter, to speak in a high-pitched voice; oyoyoto jingle; ugid'ibe path made by an animal; ugugej- to shrivel; ugunesituated too closely to each other (of reindeer's antlers), crooked; uguraa reindeer with closely situated or straight antlers; ugid'i-, ugud'i- to flatten oneself against the earth; to become narrow; ugunejl'e smb who has smth located closely; uguend'e-rukun stingy; ugui- to have the habit of pressing one's elbows to one's sides | TD ugol-, sugo- to be in a hurry, to run I TK t'oyuer- to become thin; t'uguore- to sharpen; to speed up reindeer The medial cluster is reconstructed because of the alternation - g-.

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322. *ool- 1 KJ oolo- to sob; TJ oole-; TD oolo- to repent 323. *ogol - 2 KJ oolot again 324.*:nt :n/:d without; KK t'uon\ KJ uon; SD -cion, ? -sugan\ TK suon; TD -uon T uode(de), suode except for; TK suodeden, suodede 325. opka T uopke very deep place Rus. dial, opka or Yak. pk (ESRD 667) 326. *o:qi T uoqind'aa black beetle; pr. (a man) T uoqi pr. (a dog) 327. *coqoK oqol' birchbark vessel for gathering berries with the arch made of a willow root; KD ogol\ SD cosol [rect. coqoI]\ ? MO tgegal cauldron 328. *or- 1 KJ orue- to return (TR) 329. *or- 2 orq glade, clearing; tundra; KJ orqo; KD orxo\ SD corgo; SU orxa\ RS orka\ -dshrkonv, ME -schorkonv, MK tschrka orq- firm, hard; KD orxo- loud; T uorquo- steeled; strong (of tobacco); sharp (of wind); fatty (of food); high and loud (of voice) orq-d'i: pr. ( a tribe that lived to the North of the Kolyma Yukaghir, probably the Even or Chukchi) [lit. tundra people] | T uorqumu- to harden | ? TK t'uorej- to glow I TD orxod'ed- firm, hard | ? tshorkel knee | ? ME tschorkil knee U/FP *'arV 'firm, hard, strong' (UEW 30) The comparison with Uralic may be valid if -q- is a derivational suffix. This is confirmed by the fact that T cuorquo- contains a long vowel in a closed syllable. This is normally impossible morpheme-internally.

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330. * conIC ro:- quiet; slow; KD ero-; RS erul rumu- to calm down (of the wind); KD erumu- to twinkle urun quietly; slowly; KK t'irun; KJ erun; KD eru; KL arun uru.d' quietly; slowly; KK t'irud'a urud'a: very slowly Cf. Evk. eru. me 'quiet, calm' (TMS 2 422) 331. *o:r/*o: T uor whirlwind; pr. (a man); TD uor 332. *o:rq T uorqa bean goose (Anser fabalis); TD orxoT uorqijaa pr. (a lake) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 333. *orow/*oromp KJ orobo plate, dish 334. *otii KD otii pr. (a man) 335. *owK obul sea, ocean; KK t'obul] KJ obul, KD obul\ SD cobul\ T awul\ TK t'awul, t'aw-; TJ owu-; TD owul\ MC uwalo\ tshobul; ME tschobul\ MK tschwul SD obud-andybyca sea scoter 336. *owin obin spear; KK t'obine-; KJ obine\ SD cobine; SU owina; MC sawincr, ? MO ewogo arrow; tshovincr, ME tschovinna 337. *owl- ? MC owlenim to catch 338. *owrK ouro:- tight, narrow; firm; slow; KK t'owro-\ KJ ouro-; T awruo-; TK t'awro-\ TD auro-, ouro-; MC auroiend- [rect. auronend-]; BO rqon ourd- to tighten (TR); KK t'owrod'e-, t'owrenK ourumu- to get narrower; T awrumu- to get tight; TK t'awromuT awrer- to narrow (TR); TK t'awrer-

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T awruu pr. (a man); awrala INTJ (fear); awuriii- to be frightened, to worry very much; to become very narrow; awrerd'ii- to narrow 339. *:tT uotej- to light up tobacco, to light a fire 340. *w/*mp (mo.rtn-)obo circle around the entrance to a fish trap ? bestej- caught (of fish) 341.*u: u:l, -/ meat; KK t'ul, -t'u\ KJ /; KD /, -; SD /; T /; TK t'u.i; TJ -/-; TD /, -did- + body; SU /; RS /; MC /; tshul, ME tschul, -schul; MU tschul, MK tschul KK t'ud-it'e relations, relatives [lit. meat end]; T uud-ewe, uud-eje\ TK t'ud-ewt'e KJ ud-u:a:nube piece of reindeer skin on which meat and bones are cut; pr. (a woman in folklore) | T uue meaty part of reindeer flesh; uureed-ile fatted herd [lit. reindeer that got meat] 342. *u:T uuuu pr. (a woman) T uuieen pr. (a man); uuikaa pr. (a man) 343.uun uun scraper on a long shaft used to brake a wet skin after removing the flesh; KD ; SD cucun Ev. uun or Yak. n 'round scraper' (TMS 2 418) 344. udit' u. dis ghost u:dijo:n ghost; u:d'i:(jo:)- queer Rus. udit' 'queer' or Yak. dial, u.us 'evil spirit' (DSJJ 303-304) The Yukaghir u.dis is a Yak. borrowing but was probably contaminated with the Rus. udit' and related words. 345. *u-/*ukT ug- to hiss at a child to make it urinate (TR) 346. *uir-/*ukir-/*ui-/*ukiTK t'ugiresie- to beat

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347.*u ug track, path, way, road; KK t'uge, t'ugo; KJ ugo, uge\ KD uge, ugo; SD cudio- [rect. wg/o-]; SU uga\ RS uga\ M ga\ ME -tschuda [rect. -tschuga]-, MK tschnga ugd- to walk; KD ugodeK uge: on the way, on the road | ? KD ugonukei- to jump out | T ugedeyan near (on the way) TU *d'uku- 'road; corner' (EDAL 1542) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.) The OY data provide contradictory evidence on word-internal consonantism, but *-y- is reconstructed based on comparison with TM. 348. *uurK ugurube: chipmunk; KD ugurubie; yegororitshe [rect. egororitshe] 349. *u:jT uuj- to save; to take care of, to protect 350. uk uk Chukchi; KJ uke\ TK t'ukt'e-; TJ uke-\ TD ukye Rus. uka 351. *ulaT ulal ermine; TK t'ulal + weasel; TD ullol TU *oli 'pole-cat' (TMS 2 405) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 The stem has the back --. 352. *ul'-/*uljT uld'aya- to twitter, to chirp TU *o:li:- 'to gossip, to babble' (EDAL 438) The stem has the back --. 353. *uleT ule- to leap on one foot TU *le- 'with one foot; to jump on one foot' (TMS 2 413) 354. um T uum big sack Rus. dial, um (ESRD 673)

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355. *umo:ji: T umuoji maid 356. *umu umui:- to fish with a hook; KJ umuiK umud fishing-rod, fish-hook; KJ umu, KD umue\ T umue; TK t'umut'e\ RS omua umuo:r- to fish with a hook | T umue-uuse- to angle (fish) [lit. to move a fishing-rod] ? NT *ie- 'to fish with a rod' (TMS 2 397) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 357. *uin T udid'e runner of a sledge; TK t'urid'eT udid'en-qajruu curve of a runner; udid'e-qajsii wooden pattern from which the larch curve of a runner is made 358. *ueK u(e)- to count; to read; KK t'u-\ KJ tue-\ T u-\ TK t'u-\ TD u-\ SU unega\ RS unk\ tshungum; ME tschungun [rect. tschungum] u thought; KK t'ure; KJ ue\ KD ude, -ture; SD cungse\ T ude\ TK t'ure, t'ude\ TJ ud'e-; TD ure-, ude-, ud'e-; SU -uma; tshundsha, -shundshi- + memory; ME -tschntscha, -schangtscheiK u- to think; KK t'ure-; KJ ude-; T ude-; TK t'ure-\ TJ ud'u-; TD ude-\ SU umaje', RS uek KD uden- numerous; TD t'uren- clever; intelligent u-ejr- to think [lit. to carry the thought]; TD ud'en-eureT uded-amud'e kind [lit. goodness of the mind]; udijie wise man; ude-kerie- to come into a bad mood [lit. mind falls]; ude-gudiel dream [lit. becoming a thought]; ude-quduol opinion [lit. lying of the mind]; udeqorii- to keep in mind; T udijie-qol- to pretend to be wise | TD ud'ede-pugoed'e-paipe dissolute woman [lit. woman with hot thoughts]; udec- to cause to read; ud'en-woi- to advise [lit. to open the mind] | TK t'ure-gudit'i- to think 359. *ukK u- to whistle; KJ ure-; T ugire- + to ring in one's ears; to blow through; tshundzshcr, ME tschuntschu eri:- to whistle at (TR) | T ugiresnube whistle; ugirerej- to snore with a whistle; ugires- to strike smth producing a whistle 360. *unT unel'e- to fall down a little (of trousers)

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361. *untKJ unde- to send The morpheme-internal -nd- is atypical, so -d- < *-/- may belong to a suffix. 362. *upoT uporte- sharp; TK t'upone- + narrow T upoaj- to sharpen; TK t'upoyajT upol'es- to sharpen; upurqa point; lonely tree on the edge of a forest FU *'uppa 'narrow, thin', *'uppV 'point' (UEW 44) // Nikolaeva 1988: 217 The stem has the back --. 363. *u:rkT uurkuo- to go to a neighbouring house An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 364.*urq T urya two-year old female reindeer; TK t'urya T uryan-purewre three-year old female reindeer [lit. above two-year old female reindeer]; TK t'urya-purewre ? TU *ur-/*ir- 'three year old wild deer' (TMS 2 399) The stem has the back --. The element -q may be a derivational suffix. 365. *usTD sogiye-usai- to spit The stem has the back -u-. 366. *uwaT ubayaj- to dive T ubad'i- to dive many times TU *up-/*op- 'to dive; deep place' (EDAL 444) The stem has the back -u-. *-p- has an irregular reflex -b- instead of the expected -w-. 367. uwal iba. l', iba. l traditional cone-shaped stove with a flue on the top; KK t'ibal'; KJ iba.j; KD ibal; MO ciwii', -ciwel'house Rus. dial, uval (ESRD 668-669) 368. *ympT ibaya- to peep (of a mouse)

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369. *yq iqaaj-, iay- to squeak; KK t'iqaya-; T iqaa- to squeak under the feet (of snow); TD ixaha-, ixaraK ai-, ia- to squeak | T iiqarkaa merry-go-round; iiqarkaa- to revolve on a merry-go-round; iiq INTJ (imitation of squeaking); aqaasto squeak; irqaa- to squeak (of an old sledge) TU *iKi 'pivot' (EDAL 428) Free variation of medial -q- and -y- is typical of onomatopoetic words. medial -c- must have appeared as a result of assimilation to the initial -. 370.*yrk K irqi: little knife; KJ irqai; KD irxai', SD cirgaci ? Ev. hirkan 'knife', irkaat- 'to use a knife' (TMS 2 327) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 371. *ysT isaa- to drip with splashes and noise ? KJ iuoji- to sink; to drown (INTR) | T isegej- to flee, to slip away; isaas- to spray Some forms have front harmony. 372. *ywo-/*ymp- ? SD cibol purse 373. daany tayan, tain, dayam, dayany nevertheless, yet, still; KJ taane; KD tahane; T taayane, taayanek taya but, however Yak. dayany (JRS 109) 374. daj-bog T dajbuok thank God Rus. daj bog 375. *dajinT daajinnene, dajnene modal marker (it is interesting) 376. davaj dawaj let us Rus. davaj

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Dictionary

377. d'e d' INTJ (well, so) Ev. d'e (TMS 1 279) 378. *debegaj debegej, tebegej, tabegej pr. (a man in folklore); KK debegej; KJ debegei; TK debegej? Yak. debde 'boaster' (JRS 121) 379. delbi del'b, del'bi strongly, very much Yak. or Ev. delbi 'very, more' (TMS 1 231-232) 380. *d'eld'i T d'eld'iee pr. (a man) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 381. *de:rpTD diarba- row 382. dieK de:t however Yak. die- 'to say, to speak' (JRS 114) 383. *d'i T d'i-d'i-d'i, d'i-d'il' INTJ (imitating a snipe's singing) 384. dine:q dinnq indeed, all the same Yak. d'ine.q 'real, authentic' (JRS 129) 385. divo T d'iiwe miracle, wonder; TK d'ibe d'i. bdej- surprised; TD diwon- odd KD dibe-tite extraordinary [lit. like a miracle]; dibo- wonderful Rus. divo 386. dmitrievi KJ mitriebi pr. (a man) Rus. dmitrievi

387. dnie SD ngie bottom of a boat Rus. dnie 388. dobrovol'no douruboil'i in vain Rus. dobrovol'no 389. do:qal lo.uma:, do.ul butterfly Ev. do.qal 'butterfly' (TMS 1 212) 390. *d'oroq T d'oroqo pr. (a lake) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 391. doska KD toka board; SD doska Rus. doska 392. dosug KD doug, doug-o- leisure KD dougo- leisurely Rus. dosug 393. do-togo KJ totobo so much Rus. do togo 394. *dowura dour, dowur pr. (a man in folklore) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 395. draznit' KD drazni-, dad'ni- to tease Rus. draznit' 396. drob' KD drob (small) shot Rus. drob'

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397. du: du: if, whether; KK du:, tu\ KJ du\ KD -du Yak. du: (JRS 119) 398. *dubegles dubegl pr. (a man in folklore) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 399. duga KD duga arch Rus. duga 400. durak KD durax fool Rus. durak 401. *e KK ejo, ejo: INTJ (oh!); KJ ei; KD e; T eu yes; TK ew; TD e: ek INTJ (eh!); ek INTJ (surprise) 402. *e:-/*we:K je.u-, je.- to swim, to float, to drift; to melt; KK jed'u- to swing; KJ jed'u-, jed'o-, KD (y)ed'uK je:rej- to melt fat; to float down (TR); KJ jeerej-, KD yecerei-', M erim je:r- to flow, to float; KJ jere-, ere-, jed'o-, jero-\ KD ere-, yere- + to drop; SD ere, jiere-\ SU erek; RS jord'ik; KL erej je.r- to float down; to have intercourse with (TR); KD erec- to spawn; SU erek', M erek erej- to start floating | KK jed'ube swing In the stressed position the initial e:- > ie:- > je:-. 403.*ee: ee: father; KK et'ie, eie; KJ eie, aie\ KD eie\ SD eco; RS ee, e\ M ete\ MC jete\ MO jezertr, etear, ME aittsche; MK otsch\ W otj TK oqt'idie father's younger brother; TJ oidie + father's younger male cousin U *' 'father' (UEW 22) // UJN 113; Angere 1956: 127; UEW 22; Nikolaeva 1988: 217-218; Rdei 1999: 34; LR 146 It is unclear why some forms demonstrate the initial o-.

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404. *ek-/*wekK ekri:- to attack 405. *eT erime snow; TK erime; TD erime; MC itamo; MK odmeni, ? endynT erimed-awje wooden spade used for snow; TK erimed-awje T erine- warm; melted (of snow); erime-kiie white mosquito [lit. snow mosquito]; erime-lawje pool on the top of a hill in spring, water from melting snow [lit. snow water]; erildigil'ie during a thaw; erimen-iremedie bullfinch [lit. snow bird]; erimen-buren-anel- to tell lies [lit. to speak on the snow]; erime-gewrii instrument made of antlers used for shaking off the snow [lit. snow taker]; eril melting of snow | TD erimen-morxile snow-drift The consonant - *S- is reconstructed on the basis of the correspondence -r- ~ -d-/-t. 406. *e-/*ent-/*we-/*wentK ede:-, ede.- to call; KJ edie-; KD ediec-; RS edek ede.j- to answer a call; edunu- to call (for a long time) 407. *e:-/*e:nt-/*je:-/*je:nt-/*we:-/*we:ntK je.du:- to run into smth sharp 408. *eK ejr- to walk, to go; KK ewre-, eyre-, KJ eure-, aure-; KD eure-; SD agre-; T ewre-', TK ewre-; TJ eure-; TD eure-, euru-; SU agreje, agrejek, agreeili; M agyragnei; BO eg; KL ejra ege. r- to tread on, to step on (TR); KJ egur-; KD egur- , egiare-; SD agur-; T eguore-; TJ egurieK eguub path; KJ egud'ubo; T egunbe trampled place, yard; rag eguu- to walk, to go; KK eguu-; KJ egud'u-, egede-; KD egud'u-; ? SD eku; M egd'unoi ejr- to lead, to carry; SD aurele-; T ewres- to help to walk, to accompany; to help to live; TK ewres-; TD eurec-, eurac-; SU agrena egujb rising, mooring; KK egujbe; T eguojibe stirrup T ewrej-rukun wolf [lit. walking thing]; TD eureye-rukun KK ewreri- to walk around | T egurie- to start walking; ? ewresnu- to beat one person (of several people) The root-final *-y- changes into -j- or -w- before a consonant-initial suffix. 409. *e-/*ekT egur withers

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410. *e:-/*e:k-/*je:-/*je:kT iegej- to recover 411. *ee:-/*wee:- ? egne.pun oblong iron pendant on the front of a woman's breast cloth; KD egniapun, egniepun The cluster -gn- is irregular. 412.egor KJ jogora pr. (a man); T jeguor, TK jegor Rus. egor 413. *euj-/*ekujK eguj- to lean on 414. *eum-/*ekum-/*weum-/*wekumK ejmum- to get tired; KJ eumuemu415. *ej- 1 ej-ti this; KK ej-ti; KJ ei T -ejk and, also; at least; really; intensifying marker; TK ejk really, at all; perhaps; MO -oik ejme: on the other side from, opposite to; across (PP); KJ eime, ejme-; KD eime-; T ime; TK ieme-; TJ jemel-, ime-; TD ymme ejmi:- to say yes or no to smb (TR); KJ emej-, ejme-, ejmi- to object; KD eimiK ejk self; intensifying pronominal marker; KD eil'e, eil'a; T ejlek ejmu-, ejm- on the other side from, opposite to; KK ejmu-, ejmi-, KJ eimu-; KD eimu-; SD ej'migu-; T iemu()-, ieu(m)-; SU eimugut ejmund half; KK ejmunde; KJ eimunde; KD eimunde ? ejge: not far from; ej(mi)-ta: there | KK ej-tuwen this; ej-tiide here | T ejk-l'ie really; ejk-ugune(-l'ie) by the way; ejk-engenege INTJ (fear); ejk-ewri if; ejk-ejk both ... and, neither ... nor, either ... or; iimerej-, iimii- to reply aloud "yes" or "no"; -ejlede contrastive marker | TD immeyil opposite In T ej- > e:- or /. -. Some forms have the suffix -m ~ -m. 417. *ej- 2 je.j- to get somewhere, to fall; to attack (INTR); KK jej-; KJ ej-; KD eyu-; TK ejuK ejt- to take away, to take off (TR); KJ ejite- to drive in; T ejite- to catch with a net; TK ejite-; TJ ejite- to shoot, to bore through

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eju:- to get (into a trap or a net); to fall (of snow); KK eju-; T ejuu- + attack; TK eju-, ejuu- + to feel, to smell; TD eyu- to dash; to throw oneself T ejikie- to start falling; TK ejkie- to start raining; TD -eikieTK eji- to rain The initial j- in je:j- is secondary. 418. *j j-l' there is/are no; KK oj-l'e; KJ oj-l'e; KD oi-le-; SD -uj-le; T ew-fe; TK ew-l'e; TJ oi-le; TD oi-le; SU o-l; RS oi-ll\ M i-li, oi-le; KL oi-l'a; oi-ley; ME oi-lle T ewl'ikie-, wl'ikie- to end; to die; to disappear; TK ewl'ikieT ewl'erii- to make absent; ewd'i.re- to guess that someone will not live long I TD oild'ei7 there is nothing; elewiel'u, eleuiel'u mortal, deadly; oilekeye-gode, oilikeye-kode grave; dead body 419. *ej-/*wejKD ei- to snort (of a reindeer) 420. *ejc/*ejs ej INTJ (annoyance); T ejs 421. *eje eje wooden part of a bow; KK eje; KJ eje; KD eye; SD ej'e; SU eije; RS eije, -eje; M eja, eijagat, eijapla; MC ejija; MO ogo [rect. ojo] bow; MK je -maraj, je-maraj string of a bow; KD eye-maray; SD ejce-marej In -maraj the first component of the compound was contaminated with the reciprocal -. 422. *e:j/*je:j/*we:j KJ jeje elk; KD ie.ye bear; SD jiejie evil spirit in the form of a bear 423. *ejn/*ej kn/*wejn/*wej kn ejgn, egen INTJ (wait!); KJ eigen 424. *ejkirT ejkiri- to wade; to pass, to cross (TR) 425. *ejl'T el'uguon-l'ie INTJ (threatening); TD eilegoneili KD eilere- to be afraid of (TR); eil'ere(bo)- timid, shy | T el'uguon(-el'i) INTJ (wait!)

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426. *ejm ejm price, payment; KJ eime; KD eime; SU eimatut, eimegen, eimege; RS eimatk, eimege; M eima ot for that KK ejme- to pay; TK ejmesh427. *ejm-/*wejmK ejm- to stare (INTR); KK ejmeK ejmri:- to stare at (TR); KK ejmeri429. *ejn'i:/*wejn'i: KJ eid'i good spirit; KD eid'i shaman's spirit-protector; SD ejsi, ajzi430. *ejn-/*jejn- ? MO (j)einim brother ? S *in 'elder brother' (SW 27) //Tailleur 1959b: 106 If the comparison with S is correct, the Yukaghir word was unlikely to have the initial j-. 431. *ek-/*wekK ekil boat made of three boards cut from a larch-tree; KK eksil', eksil, ekt'il; KJ ekil; KD ekil'; SD ek'cill; aktshel; ME aktscha KJ ekin-qondo pr. (a man) 432. eken T ekya elder sister; TK ekya; TJ akye, ekye + elder female cousin TJ ekeo- to be smb's elder sister Ev. eken 'elder sister' (TMS 2 443) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 As it is a recent Ev. borrowing, the word is phonologically exceptional in Yukaghir: the long -e: is not realized as the diphthong -ie, therefore it is transcribed as -ye, -ya by some authors. 433. *el-1 T eld'e INTJ (good!); TK eld'e + address to a wife; TJ el'd'e elu: traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KJ elluo darling (of a woman) T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration); eld'e(n)-eikaa INTJ (admiration) 434. *el- 2 T eluojerke barren female reindeer; TD eloyerke-, al'noyarke? T eluojerke-olal temporary deceptive improvement of the weather in the evening; elmelije barren ground on a hill; barren place without hollows or trees; elmelie- smooth, even

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435. *T el'il passage in the mountains Cf. Ev. len (TMS 2 30) 436. *l l-, l- negative marker; KK el, al; KJ el, ele; KD el, el; SD el, al-, ele-; T el-, el'i- + emphatic marker; TK el, ol, el'; TJ el; TD el'; RS ei-, ol-; M el; MC ol; MO alia; BO ele, jule, eli, illi; KL ale, el, ele; el; ME el; MU oil; MK ol, oil, oli; W ol, olo l-l'e: no; KK el-l'e; KD e-le, el-le; SD el-le; MC illi T ele no; TK el'en, el'e.n; TJ el'en; MC ilen al-qamun some, several [lit. no how many]; KJ al-yobun; T al-qamla- not numerous; TK al'-qamlal, el'-qabun T el-moojojd'aa pr. (a Chukchi tribe) [lit. no peak on the hat]; TK el-moojojd'a KD ol-ud'ubo- deaf [lit. without words]; T el-aruud'a: dumb [lit. without words]; TK al'-aruud'a dumb; RS ei-aukei dumb, mute T el-e-mon- quiet, silent; deaf [lit. no saying]; TK el'-mond'ej deaf; TD el-monnei, ? el-melei + calm weather l-m-qodo-, l-odo- empty [lit. not lying]; KD ol-hodone-, el'-xodone-, nion-xodeme (j)-jedulbn evil spirit, devil [lit. not appearing]; KJ e-jedul; KD yedulben, e-yedulben, e-yedulbon, e-yel'ulen, el'-yedulbon; SD elledulban T el-gderi, el-gdekid'ie hardly; TK el-goderi cheerfully l-qa:r naked, bare; without clouds [lit. no skin]; KK a-raw, al-har; KJ al-yar; KD al-har; SD al-jar [rect. al-gar]; T a-raw a-ro:- bald, plain, bare; naked [lit. no skin]; KJ a-raune-; KD a-raule-, a-raine-; T a-rawe- to have no plants (of tundra); TD a-raule-, a-raune- + cold al-u:l-pe:di middle finger [lit. finger without a name]; KD el-ninel-pedie ring finger; TD el-kiriyeel-ald'e middle finger l-l'aqa lack, shortage [lit. not reaching]; KD el'-l'aqa j-ju:k close, near [lit. not far]; SD u-juka; T e-juoke; TK e-juoke l-id'eme:- pale; gentle; KK il-id'emie-; KD el'-id'eme-, el'-id'e-, ar-id'emeKD yedulben-kodod-aibi pipistrelle (small bat) [lit. where the soul of the devil lies]; el'e-xi:nmuy- brave [lit. not evading]; el'e-arpalulu safe l-a:- blunt; TD al-niaeK a-ro:j lenok (Salmo lenok) [lit. no skin]; KK a-rauje, a-rawje + glade; clearing, bald spot; KD a-rauye; SD a-rauja; T a-raawje bare place; SU arawje; RS arauija j-j:d(j) very much [lit. not seen]; a-ra:n-paj mushroom (growing on

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Dictionary

earth) [lit. naked woman]; l-1'oqot- to miss the target (TR) [lit. not to reach]; l-pu without breathing | KK e-jukomie- close | KJ a-rauneje-mured-uo leather stockings [lit. bare stockings] | KD a-rau:-kudeto undress (INTR); el'e-yo:linu- healthy [lit. without illness]; el'-lukoo forbidden; el-qinmoyebo- witty [lit. not evading] | T a-rawe- cloudless; naked [lit. no skin]; a-rawre- to become clear (of sky); to become bald [lit. no skin]; e-juoken not long ago; el-ajuorii- not to be delayed; el-amuopregnant [lit. not good]; el-duu empty [lit. no content]; el-duunigirej- unload [lit. not loaded]; ol-laude in the wrong direction [lit. without direction]; a-rawjaa bald person [lit. no skin]; el-du:ej-ayuad'e bones beneath the shoulder-blades; el-anajne calmly [lit. no teasing]; el-moo-jojd'aape Chukchi [lit. without a peak on the hat]; el-m-gurii- to lose one's wits, to become senseless [lit. to become without oneself]; a-raw-guiise- to undress (TR); el-yajuori- not to cause to stay for a long time; el-met-band'e-rukun person having had an infection | TJ el-iije a little; el-godidie a little bit | TD el-kurilioye-rukun, el-kuril'od'e-rukun devil [lit. unseen thing]; ew-meriyen unknown; el-ute-yenu- boring; el-niae-kurice- to make dull; el-u:yi-looje gode useless man; el-u:telne- hero [ lit. the one who doesn't get tired] | TK el'-nemeej-gde poor person; el'-nimije orphan; el'-kirid'ie fourth finger | MO alla-tjuncazen not true U *e ~ * ~ *a 'negative particle' (UEW 68-70) // JU 60-6; UJN 114; HUV 163^4; FUV 10; Tailleur 1959a: 416; Angere 1956: 102; Harms 1977: 311; UEW 68; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rdei 1999: 35; LR 144, 152 The initial vowel - may be assimilated to the vowel -o- or -a- of the next syllable. In forms such as a-ro:j, a-raw etc. the consonant -/- has fallen out: *l-sawa(-) > al-sawa(-) > al-rawa(-) > araw, aro:-. 438. *eleK eled'o:- to disappear; KK eled'uo- to end, to finish (INTR); KJ eled'uo-; KD eled'uo--, RS ely'oi to lose; BO elnd'ul; MU -elendscht T elerej- to swallow; TK el'erej-, elerej-; TD elerei-, ellereiT elej- to disappear, to go down (of the sun) 439. *ele/*wele el'e, ell indeed KJ elien how 440. *el'emtTJ el'emde- to try hard ? TU *ele- 'enough' (EDAL 500), cf. Evk. eli. w- 'to try hard'

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441. *elerT elerd'i- to misfire (of a gun) KD elerne- not careful 442. *el'i T el'i first; while; TK el'i; TJ el'i T el'ine first; TK el'ine, el'in; TJ el'in; TD elilnon TK el'id-ou first born child; TD elid-uo T el'ilie first I TK elill'egi for the first time FU *eSe 'front' (UEW 71-72) // Tailleur 1959a: 417; Nikolaeva 1988: 218 443. *elins/*welins ? SD elinse pr. (a mountain) 444. *elkT eluole- to feel healthy; MO algib- healthy ? T elyuolem modal marker (isn't it so?) In T -k- > -q-, apparently under the harmonizing influence of the vowel -o:. 445. *el KJ ela pr. (a man); T ele pr. (a place); TJ ela 446. *elt-/*ilt-/*jelt- ? MO (j)el'dil', ildil-, -ildel', -(j)eldel' man, person 447. *eltl-/*weltlK eldlke:- to become tiring or boring; KK eldelkieK eldlgjo: INTJ (tiredness); KK eldelgejo punishment eldlu:- tiring, boring 448. *elucTK elut'ora- to pass by 449. *emK emu:- dark; KK emuu-; KJ emu-, MC emenij West; KL emi'; emmitsh; ME emmitsch; MU emimet-; MK mitsch emb- black; KK embe-; KJ emibe-; KD ebibe-, emibe-; SD ebbi-, emibe-, ebibe-; SU amybai; RS emiwal, embei; M emiiwei; MC emobis; MO emobo-; KL aminpeja; aimivi; ME aimive; MU emibet; MK emiwei, -emiwi emid'd blackness; birth-mark; KJ emid'e; SD emice clouds

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Dictionary

emidej- to grow dark; KK emide-; SD emide-; BO emde', emdyn, emden am-mal- to spend a night; KJ am-mal-, a:m-mal-; KD am-mal-, emil-mal-; SD a-mal-, am-malasa-, am-mal--, M -maltaja emil night; KK emit, KJ emit, KD emil\ SD emill; MC emilo, -emirr, BO emin-; KL emilma; emmel; ME emmil; MU emirtef, MK mil, emnK embtkilbn black woodgrouse; SD eletkil-pongiba emul island; grove; KK emul, umul; KD emul'; T emul; TK emul; TD omul, emul'; M ml; MC -inmut; ommul; ME aimul emike:- to darken | KK emii- to darken; embel'bo- black; emid'e- black | KD emin-pu:gu moon [lit. night sun]; emini- to stand in the light of smth (TR) I T em-saal piece of forest where willows grow between larches [lit. dark wood]; emurej- to surround; emund'ie pr. (a lake) ? FP *simVrust' (UEW 758-759) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; Nikolaeva 1988: 220 The initial a- in am-mal- is the result of assimilation to the following vowel. 450. *em'3/*emj emd' younger sibling; KK emd'e; KJ emd'e + younger cousin; KD emd'e; SD em'se; T emd'e; TK emd'e; TJ emd'e- + younger cousin; MK emdsche , -msche KJ emd'uodie father's younger sister or younger female cousin; TK emd'ed'e emd'o:- younger; KD emd'eo- to be smb's younger sibling; SD amso-; TJ emd'uolSD amzioj younger sister | TJ emd'egitigije younger sister Cf. Ev. dial, emd'e 'younger (sibling)' // TMS 2 450 The stem may be related to *eme-. 451. *emeK emej mother; KK emej; KJ emei; KD emei; SD emej; RS emei, -ma; KL amej; MK omi emme: mummy; address used by a young husband to his older wife; KK emme; KJ eme; KD eme; T emmuo affectionate address to a girl or young woman; MC eme; emom; amea; ME a/me; MU om emej-mou: step-mother [lit. destined as mother]; KD emei-mod'u emej-jo: traditional refrain in lyrical songs U *em 'mother, woman' (UEW 74) // JU 76; UJN 115-116; FUV 10; HUV 164; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 74; Nikolaeva 1988: 217; Rdei 1999: 35; LR 146, 152 As the second component of the compounds, the stem eme- has undergone assimilation to - or -ume.

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452. emiske emek(l) suddenly, unexpectedly emekit suddenly Yak. emiske(i) (JRS 540) 453. *emlkTD emleke- to impregnate 454. *emp /*wemp MC embend-amun shoulders 455. *empke: T ebekie dampness 456. *emtT sal'ari:-emt-ekuu gap-toothed 457. emte:K emtdej- to cure, to treat Yak. emte:- (JRS 540) // Krejnovi 1958: 250 458. *en- 1 e-di this; KK e-di U *e 'this' (UEW 67-68) // Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 219; LR 146 edi < *en- + ti. The element -n is probably a pronominal suffix, cf. *an-. 459. *en-2 T eid'i- to ask, to beg; TK eid'ie-, enid'ie- to make a match, to propose (a marriage) eni- to ask for, to persuade, to talk into; KJ enii-; KD enii-; T eii-; TD eniiT eid'uore- to ask for help (TR) | ? KL ennylyi to want 460. *en-3 T enuspan- to anguish T enuskuruluu- causing alarm or anguish; enuskurulge, enuspand'aa INTJ (anguish) I ? TD enunceme- to take care of 461. *eK eul abdomen of a fish; KD eul\ SD engil

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KD eurde-oil'eye-ibal fireplace in the yurt [lit. stove without cartilage] eur hard cartilage in the nostril, palate; KK eur palate; KJ eur, KD eur; T eur; angar; ME angyr TU *(x)ege 'beak' (EDAL 510), cf. *e: 'chin, jaw' 462. *e:n-/*je:nT ien-bara, jien-bara stump; log; TJ jen-bara pole 463. *enc'K e-/ed'- to live; KK e-, ed'--, KJ en-, ed'-, n-; KD ed'-fen-\ T ed'-/e-\ TK end'--, TD end'e; ? RS endik, endibai careful, economical; MU ndschit, endschdscheK ed'i alive; KK ed'i; TK ed'i; TD ed'- + useful; safe; MK ndschi; ME ndschi ed'un-lepun-ug artery [lit. life blood road]; KJ ed'un-lepun-ugo ed'()- to feed, to bring up; KK enre()-; KJ end'e-, ende-; KD enmu-, emu-; TD end'i-, endi-, edic- + to resurrect, to rise from the dead; RS enek ed'il life; SU ed'ul - alive, vivid; TK end'e ed'd-abut inner fat; KD end'ed-abut ed'it- to animate, to rescue; to feed; T ed'ite- to rescue; to do smb a favour (TR); TK ed'ite--, TJ ed'ite--, TD ed'iteK end'o.n animal, living creature; elk | KK enred'e ward | T ed'ilgi INTJ (irony) I TD ed'i- to use; ? aia life; ed'ienu- full; satisfied | TK ed'ie- to eat one's fill 464. *en' T ed'ee-geeQ), eeeke-ej INTJ (admiration for smth beautiful or well made) T ed'ege-d'e-ek INTJ (tenderness to a baby); ed'ed'e-aaj, eee-aaj INTJ (admiration for smb strong) 465. *en'/*jen' je:d' excrement; KJ jed'e, ed'e; KD (y)ed'e; T iend'e; TJ j end'e je:d'- to defecate; KD ed'edK je:d'- to punish | T iend'enuoe toilet cleaner | TD yed'er- to defecate The consonant -n- in T is irregular. 466. *en'o:K ed'o. F- to fear, to be afraid; KJ ed'uole-, ed'uoli-; KD ed'uol'-, T ed'uol--, TK ed'uo(l)--, TJ ed'uol'-, ed'uol--, TD ed'uol--, RS ed'oli T ed'uolde with fear | TD od'uode- to frighten

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467. *ee ee: tender address to a baby or a woman; KK eie mother; KD ea:; T eie mother; TK eie; TJ eie, ee; TD enie-\ ? RS ene butterfly ea: pr. (a woman) | T eej address to a woman or girl from an elderly man; eikaa address to a young woman; eiekaar mum, mummy; eekej pr. (a woman) FP *en 'mother' (UEW 624-625) or TU *ei- (TMS 2 456) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 (~Ev.); LR 152 468. e:ni T eenil one-year old female reindeer T ienid-uo reindeer calf born as big as a one-year old female reindeer Ev. e:ni 'one-year old female reindeer with a calf (TMS 2 457) The element -/ in Yukaghir is a derivational suffix. 469. *enile: T enile: INTJ (well done!) 470. *ekT egiil, egil back of the head; TK eg/77; TD egied-amun T egiin-bugue mane [lit. fur from the back of the head]; TK egiin-bugut'e feathers on the back of the head T egiin-dukun fur collar which may be taken off [lit. thing for the back of the head]; TD egin-d'ukun T egiid-egil hole at the back of an animal's head; egii space on the East side of a river behind some hills; East; backwards U *sekV/*skV 'upper arm; forearm' (UEW 439) The reconstruction of the cluster -*- rather than *-y- is based on the U correspondence. 471. *enkT engene very; too; TK engene, engene; TJ engenege T engenege INTJ (doubt) 472. *enm-/*wenm- 1 KJ enmu- to happen 473. *enm-/*wenm- 2 KD enmocel'it attentive

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474. *e:np-/*je:npT ienbeluu- boring T ienbelge INTJ (boredom) The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a closed syllable. 475. *ensi-/*wensiK enid-a:j- to decorate with long reindeer hair 476. *entT edu-, edie- to burn, to flare up; TK edu-, edie-; TD edieT ende- to make fire; TK ende-; TJ ende- burnt; TD endeT end'e-rawa skin wet through [lit. burnt skin] | TD endi- to set on fire 477. *e:nte:/*i:nte: je.de: elder brother's or elder male cousin's wife; KJ iedie, edie, jedie; KD edie; SD jodie; T iidie + wife of the father's younger brother; TK iidie; TJ idie The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence e: T /. -. je:- < ie:- < e:-. 478. *ent T ede-satanaa INTJ (Satan!) 479. *entu-/*entukT eduguduk INTJ (an affectionate address to a child) 480. *e:um-/*je:umTK ieumde opposite side of the river 481. *enunij T enunije part of a skin which is too thin to use for making clothes T enune- thin 482. *epe: : grandmother, father's elder sister; KK epie; KJ epie + grandfather's or grandmother's sister; father's elder sister or elder female cousin; KD epie; SD epo; T epie; TK epie epe. n-eki ladybird [lit. grandmother's master] | KJ epe:-moje-kurekie pr. ( a woman) | KD epie-mei great-grandmother | TK epiep husband's elder sister

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483. *epe:/*wepe: MU epie clothing 484. *epel'-/*wepel'K epel'- to soil, to dirty oneself, to stain oneself; KD epel'e-, epel'ecKD epere- stained 485. *er- 1 eru:- bad; KK eru-, uru-; KJ eru-; KD eri-; SD er-, eri-; SU ary, ere, arte--, RS erit', ere, ered-; M erit', eri; MC eri', ere-, ryind- [rect. erind-]; erritsh, artshe-, irrit-; ME erritsch, artsche-, eridt-; MU erteK ere:- to hate, to disdain; KK erie-; KJ erie-; KD erie-; SD -; T erie- to disdain; TD erei-, erieK erulb- to get worse; KK erulbe-; TK erulwej-; TD arulwer-, erulwe-, erulbe-; M erlwei, xrulwalnei [rect. erulwanei] + to lose weight ere. h- to dislike; KJ eriele- to stop liking KJ ere-jou syphilis [lit. bad illness]; SD erce-jon ernj pr. (a river); KJ erenei pr. (a man) erult- to worsen (TR); KK eruled-; RS erilloel erulbo:- untidy; humiliated, humble; ergi:- to feel disgust for (TR); er-me.ba- suspicious [lit. with bad character] | ? KD aredajele in an unfriendly way | T erge-d'ed'ed'e INTJ (admiration when smb is running unexpectedly fast); eruu(j), erej, ere-ere, ereu INTJ (pain); ergepelie condescension to a child; ? arajre- to give no chance to, to dislike (TR); erge INTJ (disdain, disgust, disappointment, discomfort) | TJ erei-, ereici- to dislike I TD eredil damnation; erul mud; soil | TK eren INTJ (misfortune, trouble) TU *er(e)- (EDAL 520) // Krejnovi 19958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 178 486. *er- 2 T erii- to answer a call NT *e:ri- 'to call, to invite' (TMS 2 464) In Yukaghir -/:- is a transitive suffix. 487. *e:r-/*je:rT ieruue hunter, fur trader; TK ierut'e; TJ jerue-; TD yerue-, yeirueT ieruu- to hunt; TK ieru-, ieruu-; TD yeiru? T iere- to put out to graze; to guard; ieruun-ude hunting secrets [lit. hunting thoughts]; ieruunube hunting place; ieriie stockman

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488. erbe:K erbddej- to saw; KK erbedejK erbi: saw Yak. erbe:- (JRS 543) 489. e:rbe:t KJ erbetken pr. (a Yukaghir clan); TJ erbet goose ? KJ erbend'eiko pr. (a female spirit) Ev. e.rbe.t 'goose' (TMS 2 462) 490.*er T erda key 491. *ere je:r furcation, fork (in tree); SD jier-; T i:r, i:re; TK ir, ? MC -are je.r- forked; KK ere-; KD yerneK ereg- to spread wide (INTR); KD eregeK erel'- to spread like a fork, to spread legs (INTR); KK erele-; KD erel'eK je:ritb broad whitefish (Coregonus Nasus); KD erulbe, yerilbe; SD ierilbe jer-ra: fork; KD (y)ereira jerba: grebe (Podiceps); SD jierciba erel' wooden frame used for drying skins; KD erel'ie erg- to prick (of a splinter); jer, iri: wild onion; erel'e- to put a skin on a wooden frame for drying; ergdej- to spread; erelu: large step | T iirej-awur arrow with a forked head [lit. forked arrow]; iirie furcated willow branch used for hanging things on The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence e : T /. -. in the initial stressed e:- changes into ie- and further je:-. In monosyllabic forms and forms derived from them the vowel e:- is long for prosodic reasons, so the length is secondary. 492. *ere/*were ere only; as soon as; indefinite pronominal marker 493.erenK erendej- to hope Yak. eren- (JRS 547) 494. * e rij /*we riy KD eriye crooked knife for carving wood

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495. *erin'-/*werin'K erd'e:- to wish; KK erid'i-; KJ erid'ie-; KD erid'i-, arad'e- + to try; SD erisi-; RS ereei erd'o:r- to wish that smb does smth (TR); KK erid'uore-; KD erid'uore496. *e:rkr/*je:rkr T jierkere invisible side of smth T ierker-ugure fur boots [lit. boots with an invisible side]; ierkere-ugured-uul fur socks [lit. socks with an invisible side]; ierkere-mail fur coat for severe frosts [lit. coat with an invisible side] The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a closed syllable. 497. *erkull'u:/*werkull'u: ergull'u: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 498. *erpj erpj Even; KK erpeje; KJ erpeje; KD erpeye; SD erpeje; T erpeje; TK erpeje; TD erpeye-; M erpeija; MC erpeija 499. *erpl7*jerpP ? MO (j)erpol' four 500. *erpl/*jerpl ? MC (j)erpla to throw 501. *esm-/*jesm- ? MC -(j)esmeni(j)ej thunder The word is likely to be a borrowing. 502. *esnj esnaj modal marker (uncertainty) The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 503. *at t- modal marker (irrealis); KD ot; T at-; TK at-; TJ at; M -ot; W -ot TK am-omori- [rect. at-omori-] possible 504. *ete ? TD etegi:-kunel-kiyi-buri twelfth (of a day)

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505. *etem TK etem-gde winner of a sporting competition 506.etergen etergn ant; KD etergen Ev. etergen 'ant' (TMS 2 471) 507. *etto:/*ettu: T ettuo, ettuow, etteu INTJ (surprise) T etue, etuu INTJ (pity) 508. evdokija T jeudikieje pr. (a woman) Rus. evdokija 509. *ewK ebut virgin snow; KJ ebut; KD ebut ? PE *ap- 'to become covered with snow' (CED 37) // LR 145 *-w (rather than *-mp-) is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with PE. 510. *ewee: T ewee: pr. (a man); TK eweee, eweee 511. *ewn'o: T ewd'uo aunt; father's cousin or half-sister; TK ewd'uo, ewd'uop father's younger sister; TJ eid'uo father's younger sister or younger female cousin 512. *ewntT ewdi. re- to blow the snow away (of a snowstorm) T ewdije snowstorm 513. *ewri T ewri if, or; TK ewri; TJ euri 514. *ewrinT ewrid'i- to have a presentiment that a young sibling will be born and that the mother will become more distant T ewrind'e first child

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515. fedora KK fedoradie pr. (a woman) Rus .fedora 516. feodosij T piduosin-ajle day of St. Feodosij Rus. feodosij 517. filatixa KJ pila.tiq pr. (the river Filatixa) Rus. filatixa 518. forma TK porme, puorme form Rus .forma 519. *galijn ? SD galyjan pr. (a woman) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 520. gatka T kaatka hatchet Rus. dial, gatka (ESRD 164) 521. gavrila T gaurile pr. (a man) Rus. gavrila 522. gavsik T kawsik, kausik, gawsik collar muffler, scarf made of the fur of a young reindeer or of a reindeer killed in early autumn; TK kawcik Rus. dial, gavsik 523. *gerke KK gerkei pr. (a man) This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 524. *girna: girna: edge ? Ev. giren 'cutting, cutting out' (TMS 1 153)

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Dictionary

525. glina gli.n clay; KD gline\ glina Rus. glina 526.*o KK yo, ho INTJ (astonishment); KJ yoj-jo:; TK hujie KK he-he-he INTJ 527. god g:d/g:n year; KJ god] SD -god; M god, -gdga-, MC -god Rus. god 528. godnyj KD et-godnoo- unsuitable, useless; TD el-odnoo- [rect. el-yodnoo-] Rus. godnyj 529. golicy kli, kle, gli wooden ski; KK kolise-; KD kol'ie; SD kolise kligi-l-pmdu to have a bad voice [lit. his skis are not sliding] Rus. golicy 530. gorbun KK gurbune- hump-backed; KD gorbueKK gurbunt'i- to bend | KD gorbunde- to stoop, to become bent Rus. gorbun 531. gornostaj gornta: ermine; KJ goronote, gornota, gornata; KD gornata:; kornuta Rus. gornostaj 532. gorod go:r3t town; KJ go:ret\ KD go:red\ T guorat, TK gorot; TJ goret Rus. gorod 533. gostit' KK kosi-, kossi-, kot't'i-, kosti-, kost'i- to visit; KD goiRus. gostit' 534. gotovit' KD gotobi- to prepare (TR)

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KD gotoboo- to prepare (INTR) Rus. gotovit' 535. grivna KJ gribne grivna (old Russian term for ten kopecks); KD gribe Rus. grivna 536. gubernator KD gubernater governor Rus. gubernator 537. guljat' KD gul'ai- to go for a walk, to stroll Rus. guljat' 538. hirbeKK hirbudaj- to squeeze out Ev. hirbe- 'to squeeze out' (TMS 2 93) 539. *i i: INTJ (approval); KJ /; KD /; T ii INTJ (it is nice!); TK i: 540. i W je and Rus. i 541. *iiirok/*iikirok iigiro. k snow-bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) ? Rus. snegirk 542. *iir TD iir-igeye belt on trousers 543. *iew-/*intwK idejnud, idejn sometimes; KJ ideunede\ KD ideunede 544. iekeen/ieketen jekea. n, jedea. n saucepan, pot; SD iaketin pole in a yurt on which the kettles and cauldrons are hung Ev. iekeen, ieketen (TMS 1 301)

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545. *iK i:d- to sew; KK iide-, ide-\ KJ igde-; KD igde-; SU igda, igdam, igdomikr, RS igda, igdek; M gda, igdamabija, igddja iki:- to sew (frequently); M ki, ikimawon, ikil, kik, ikiik i:do:- sewn; KK idoKJ igdil seamstress | TD ires- to cause to sew *i- > i:- before a voiced consonant, *iy- > ik- before a voiceless consonant. -d- ~ T -- is a derivational suffix. 546. *ieK ige:- caught; KK ige-; KJ ige-; KD ige-; TJ ire- to tie down igo:- caught; KD igo- to depend on igej rope, belt; KK igeje; KJ igeje; KD igeye, -igaye; SD igeje; T igiije; TK igije; TJ igeje; TD igeye--, RS ygeja; *-igia; ME -ikeie; MK -ige igide. n belt worn under the clothes; KJ igediene; SD igedione i:d- to catch; KK ide-; KJ igde-, ide- + to stop (TR); KD igde-; TK ire- to tie together; TJ i:re-, ire--, TD ireK iki:- to catch (frequently); T iki- to tie; TK ikiK igu- caught I T igijen-noyii loop made of reindeer skin [lit. rope bundle]; igijed-ewe knot in a rope [lit. rope end]; igie- to keep tied up In some forms *ie- > iy- and then iy- > i:- before a voiced consonant, but iy> ik- before a voiceless consonant. 547. *iir-/*ikirT igiremul fur boots turned inside out during the spring thaws T igir-igije fur lace on a woman's trousers 548. *iit-/*ikitK igittej- to cool (with snow or water); to open the door slightly (TR) 549. *in- ? TD arugi-mer-ignu- stammer 550. *ije- ? MC juitangy to stand up; ME ijak to stand ? TD iyediegi for example | MC jatantaga morning 551. *ijer/*ujer i:re aspen tree; KD iyere, uyere; SD ujere i:r < *ijr/*ujr < *ijer/*ujer. The original PY root is most likely to

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begin with u-, while /-initial variants may have developed as a result of assimilation to the following -j-. 552. *ikin T i-ikin equally from both sides Cf. Yak. ikki 'two' or TU *ikire 'twins' < MG (TMS 1 300) 553. *ikiwT ikiwuol'thickened blood dot on an animal's body 554. *ikiwT ikiwii- to frighten; TK ikiwi--, TJ ikiwi--, TD ikiwi-, ikiwiyiT ikiwej- frightened; TK ikiwejT ikiweluu- awful; ikiwije- fright; ikiwelge INTJ (fear) | TD ikowal ghost | TK ikiwije ghost 555. *ikl'K ikl'o:- strong, firm; KK ikl'o-; KJ ikleo-, iqleo-; KD ixl'eo-; TK ikl'a-, TD ikle-\ RS ikloi; MC juklel\ iklon; ME iklon ikl'imu- to harden (INTR); KK ikl'emu-; TK ikl'amuKK ikl'ol'bo- firm; KJ ikilbeKK ikl'ed'e- to strengthen | KJ ilimunu- [rect. iklimunu-] to harden | TK iklu:, iklu hardness; ikl'er- to strengthen 556. *ilK ilt- to spill, to scatter, to powder; to shake (TR); KK ilite-, KD ilite- to shake oneself up; RS lilitek KK ilide- to sprinkle; KD Hide- to become small ilb- to flow (of a talk, a song, a laugh); KD ilbK ilbunu- to flow; ilbut- to pour out; ilbd- to shake (INTR) 557. *ile T ile domestic reindeer; TK il'e, ile; TJ ile-\ TD ile-, il:e-; MO -ilelem T ile-raal forked piece of wood put on a reindeer's neck to prevent it from escaping [lit. reindeer stick]; ilen-nunii fluffy insect considered to be the spirit of the reindeer [lit. reindeer reincarnation] | TD ileliie reindeer male; ilen-nourie herdsman [lit. reindeer pasturer]; iled-iibe milk; ilen-warpurie herdsman [lit. watching the reindeer] | TK iled'e having reindeer; ilen-lebul Cf. PA *lV(-kV) 'deer' (EDAL 501)

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558. *ileK il'it- to rest against, to take support, to lean against (TR); KD ilate-, ylateK ilitej- to rest against, to lean against (INTR); T iletej- to push; TK iletej-, il'etej-, TD ileteiK il'do:- stuck, supported | T ilirii- to push 559. ile ie when one is awake Yak. ile 'when one is awake' (JRS 148) 560. *il'eK iit- to scold, to abuse; KK il'ete-; KJ ilete-; KD il'l'ete-; T il'ite-\ TK il'ete-, TD ilite-; ? MO -al'tipzen il'ids- to have an argument; KK il'ede-, ilede-; KD il'l'ede-; SD ilejed-; T Hire- to growl; TK ilere-, TD lero-, SU iledei, iledeje, iledeili. ; RS iledai; illedangi; ME iledangi KJ ilede- to scold ? FU *alV- 'to say invocations, to practice magic' (UEW 7) // Rdei 1999: 44 The palatalization of -/'- is uncertain. 561. *il'ej il'ej wind; KK ilije-, KJ ileje; KD ileye, il'eye; SD ileje\ T ilije + air; TK ilije smell; TD -ileye; SU ilege\ RS ylyja\ M ileja, ilja\ -ilaia, -elaia\ ME -ileia, -eleja\ MU ile; MK ile ilej- windy; *illeynnee; ME illejenni; MK ileni il'ejdej- to start being windy; T ilejerej-, TK ilejerejT ilije-al-ar lee side [lit. bare of wind] 562. *iliK Hie- to hiccup; T ilii-, TD ilei-, ileii563. *il'impT il'ibuo- to smile 564. *il'kT il'gude- greedy, avid 565. *ilk KK ilga- wedge-shaped piece of leather sewn into the back of a woman's dress; T ilke transverse cross-bar (or several rows of straps) in the front part

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of a sledge The T word has the cluster -Ik-, which is atypical morpheme-internally. 566. *ilw KD ilbe domestic reindeer; RS ilwcr, MC ilwyla, ilwylo; MU ilbe\ MK ilwe T ilwiie pastor; TK ilwit'e T ilwii- to graze (TR); TK ilwiiKD ilbied'i Yakut Cf. Chuk. bvlu, hve- '(wild) reindeer' (Mudrak 2000: 32) 567. *i:lwT iilwej- to howl, to wail, to moan An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable. 568. *im- 1 T im-dald'a- five; TK im-dal'd'a-, im-dad'i-, im-dade-\ TD imdald'e569. *im- 2 TK imu- to clutch at, to cling to 570. *i:mT iimid'i-, iimid'ie- to dance; TK imid'ie-, iimid'e-; TD imid'ie-, imid'ieeTK imid'iet'e dance 571. *immo: T immuo-oj INTJ (who knows?); TJ imoi\ TD imui 572. *i:mulT iimuluu- boring, tiring T iimulge INTJ (discomfort); iimulgii- to find smth boring or tiring (TR) 573. *in T in only; when; TK in 574. *iT iir source; brook T iir-ibedenie pr. (a river) TU *ui/*i (EDAL 620) In this stem *i- developed from *u-/*ii- because of the assimilative influence of the palatal consonant and/or the second vowel -/'-.

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575. *iK ii:- afraid; KJ ii-, inne-; KD inni-; T iie-; TK iie-; TD inie-, iniye-, ed'noeK ili:- to frighten; KJ ili-, ile-; KD ile-, ili-; RS ynlik iliri:- to frighten; KJ iliere-; KD iliereK ilu:- terrible, fearful; KJ ile-, KD ilu-; inglitsh; ME ingtlisch ilibn bear; KD iliebon, il'iebon; RS ynlyaon; M il't'won, ilit'wonpa ilug INTJ (fear); KJ iluge; KD iluge; SU inlugwon; RS ynlygaon ilimu- to become scary | T ilud'ie- aggressive (of a reindeer) 576. *in'- 1 T id'i- to kiss; TK id'i-; TJ id'i-, id'ijo-; TD id'i577. *inc'- 2 id'e: straight, directly in; in front of (PP); KK i.d'ie; KJ id'ie-; KD id'ie-; T -id'ie; TK -id'iejanK id'ejl measure; KD id'eye, id'ed'e; TD id'eil id'ej- to measure; KD id'ei-; T id'ej- to try; TK id'ej-; TJ id'ei-; TD id'eiK id'ejb measuring rod | T id'id'ii foresight 578. *in'- 3 id'i: here; now; KK id'i-, KJ id'i; KD id'i- T id'ie (ne); TK id'ie-, SU id'e- M ide; MC ine, idet today; MO endego today; indzhi; ME intschi T id'ire(ne) now; TK id'iere today; TD id'ire; MU indschida today KD id'il'e, id'iti present day; id'ilgene up to now | T id'irete from now on; id'ieie modern | TK id'iene now 579. *in'e: id'e: alone, on one's own; KK id'ie; KJ id'ie-, KD id'ie-, TK id'ie; TJ -ed'ie; TD -id'ie 580. *i'K id'i: sinew, thread; KK id'ii; KJ ind'i; KD ind'i; SD ingzi, ingsi; T id'ii; TK id'ii; TD ind'i; SU indi, indinit; RS ind'ri id'irgi: woman's bag for sewing appliances made of animal or fish skin; SD indirki, indirgiK id'i:- to sew; KD ind'-; T id'e-, id'i-; TK id'e-; TD ind'e? SD ingicesu motley | T id'ii-ramur thread in a seam [lit. thread back]; id'ienube-uurd-ooj small bag for keeping sewing instruments [lit.

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sewing side bag] Cf. PA *shjri 'sinew' (EDAL 1254) 581. *in' id'e sap; KK id'e-, KJ id'e id'e- raw, undercooked; KD iyene582. *in'i-/*in'ikT id'igojgi- morning; TK id'igojge, id'igojege-, id'igjgir ? MO endte yesterday, iendti tomorrow 583. *in'ilwj KJ id'ilbei pr. (a man); T id'ilwej, ed'ilwej-, TK id'ilwej-, TJ id'ilwei T id'ilwej-jalil pr. (a lake); id'ilwej-monye pr. (a hill); ? idilwe custom, habit 584.ine (e) T iniie sledge for transporting lumber and the poles of a yurt Kor. ine(e) // LR 165 585. *ier ier apart, separately; KK ier; KJ ier, nier; KD nier-kude- split in two; T ier-banie- to keep separately; TK ier, ingher-, ME ingerK ieri:- to keep separately; T ierii- to ignore iern apart, separately; KK ierurr, KJ ierun in another way; KD ierinK ierinme:- another; not resembling, different; KK ierinmie--, KD ierrime-, ierinme-, ieridmeKD ierod'ebon in another place; iera- to take off, to separate; iero:strange, foreign | T ier-kurii- to separate itself 586. *inir/*inikr TD inigera there 587. *ilT ilugid'ie ancient Yukaghir fur coat T ilud-igije, ilid-igije lace of a fur coat; TD inlud-igiye, ilegud-igiye 589. *inl' il'l'o:- new; KJ ille-, inle--, KD il'l'e, inl'e-, idle-, ill'o-, il'loK il'l' new; KK ilTe; KJ ille, ile, inle, ide- KD ile, ille i:l other, another; KJ ille, ile, inle-, KD ile, ille-, M ila, ilapul\ MO illjugK i:lt-l'll a little later; i:hmd sometimes; ilT- to renew | KD il'l'en-,

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inen-, id'ilen- to renew Jochelson's material suggests the internal cluster -nl'- which may have undergone assimilation to -/'/'-. i:ls shows secondary lengthening after the change of the geminate into a single consonant: i:l < *il' < *il'l'. 590. *il'K ifo:- thick; fat; KK il'o-, KJ ilio-, iliole-; KD il'io:-; RS inloi; KL inleent, inglorr, ME inglong il'imu- to grow fat; KK il'omu591. *inm T inme wolverine (Gulo gulo); TK inme; TD inme 592. *inni- ? MO innypcy badly MO -innipc wicked, evil 593. *innin TD magil-innin sleeves 594. *io:ri T iuori so that, even 595. *inte: ide: father's younger brother; KK idietek; KJ idietek + father's younger male cousin; KD idietek Cf. Ev. ed'e 'father's brother elder than the speaker' (TMS 1 455) // LR 165 The reconstruction of the word-internal *-nt- is justified by the Ev. word, which seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 596. *intK ide(i)k INTJ (it is impossible; don't); T idie-, ide- to forbid, to prohibit; to teach smth good T idegelkie- to become dangerous; idegeline terribly; idegelge INTJ (how terrible!); idegeluu- awful, terrible; idee- to possess high qualities (of a person) 597. *int- ? KK indea earthworm The cluster -nd- is irregular morpheme-internally.

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598. *intl T indele, indule floor; TK indule covering of branches on the floor of a yurt T indeled-uol two or three logs covered by branches on the floor of the yurt [lit. floor frame]; TK indeled-uol fencing T indele-nuoe besom [lit. floor scraper] The morpheme-internal cluster -nd- is atypical. 599. "intn' MK indndsche fox 600. *intl- ? M indlewon fresh 601. *i:re: T iirie rock T iirie-anaa pr. (a mountain) [lit. rock mountain] 602.irgat je:rgt gadfly Ev. irgat 'gadfly' (TMS 1 325) Vowel length in Yukaghir may reflect the Ev. stress. The initial j- is secondary (. - > je:-). 603. *irie:/*irinte: irde: new-born reindeer calf; KD iridie 604. *irkK irk- one; KK irk-; KJ irk-; KD irki-; SD irki-; SU irgin; M irke; MO urki; KL irke, irki, ireke, -irken; irken; ME irgoen; MU ir'kon, irki, -yrki-; MK rko, rkn, irkn, -irknlja irkid' once; KK irkid'e irke:- one; KK irkie-; KJ irkie-; SD irkie-; SU irkei; RS irkei; M irkei irkinme:- same, similar; irkilT(o:n) together; ire.Fll together; irkl'l'ni usually; often 605. *irke:n'a KD irkied'e arrow-head 606. *irrenti ? irrendi-gar coat

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607. *ise T ise modal marker (it is possible, maybe); TK ise 608. *iskl' T iskel'uu deep place; TK iskel'u:, iskel'u T iskeluo- deep; TK iskel'o-, iskel'o:-; TD ikel'oT iskel'e either; iskel'e-jawul death road [lit. the other road]; iskel'e-ajle the other world [lit. the other light] 609. *iskom ikom, ikom all the time; KK iskom; KJ ikom gradually The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 610. ispravnik KJ iprabnik, ipra.bnik district police officer Rus. ispravnik 611. *i:tK i: late; long; KJ i; KD i; RS i; KL it' T iitne for a long time; TK itne, iitne; TJ itne; TD itken, ikken i:-l'll sometimes [lit. being late] | KD iohod'e-cal hundred-year old tree [lit. late tree] | T iitne-iitne very long [lit. long long]; iitie rather long i: < i:t- < *i:t-j. 612. i:te:nken KD itenken three-year old wild bull reindeer; T iiteenkeen; TK itenken; TD itke T iiteenel, itenel three-year old male reindeer | TK itenel three-year old male reindeer Ev. i. te.nken 'three-year old wild bull reindeer' (TMS 1 301) // Krejnovic 1958: 248 613. ivan KK ivandie pr. (a man); TK iwan Rus. ivan 614. *iw- 1 ib- to suck; KJ ib-; T iwiT iiwaa mother; TD iwa ibii: woman's breast; nipple; milk; KK ibiii; KJ ibii, ibie; KD ibii, iii; SD ibii; KL iwiandaga, iwii; ivitshi, iwitshi + milk; ME ivitschu,

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ividschi- + milk; MU ibitschi\ MK iwitschin-, iwitschi T iisii milk; woman's breast; TK i.t'i:; TD ii, ice, ici T iise- suck; TK i:se-, TD ici-, iceKJ ibie- to breast-feed; KD ibiecK ibi- to nurse, to breast-feed; KK ibie- to suck a breast; KJ ibis--, KD ibie-, ibice--, T iwise--, TD ibice--, KL iwitel'la T iwej- to suck; TD iwei- to smell ibii.-legul dairy products | SD iliin-paca [rect. ibiin-naca] nipple [lit. breast's face] | T iisiin-pue broth for increasing the milk of a woman recently confined [lit. milk broth]; iisiin-puraya skin of milk [lit. milk top]; iisiin-toyuruol cream [lit. milk denseness] | TD niare-yce, niare-ii: nipple U *ime- 'to suck' (UEW 82-83) // Bouda 1940: 73; JU 77; UJN 116; FUV 15-6; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 82-3; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rdei 1999: 35; LR 144, 153 T iise- < *iw-s-, however the vowel length in T iiwaa is unclear. 615. *iw- 2 T iwil' long poles in a yurt; TK iwil'e T iwin-tudiee reindeer used for transporting the sledge bearing yurt poles [lit. long poles carrier] 616. *i:wT ijuu-, iiwu- to moan The assimilation -w- > -i- is likely after /. -. 617. *iweK ibil'- to cry, to weep; KJ ibele-; KD ibel'e-; SD ibile-; SU iwelei\ RS iwellei; KL iwelej; ivllek; ME jvaleck; MK iwlije ibil'ige: kind of eagle-owl with ears; KD ibil'iie-, SD ibiligie ibid'i: beggar; KK ibid'i\ KD ibend'il KK ibid'ebo- beggar 618. *iwe:r ibe.r sticks surrounding a fireplace; sticks used to support a bed; KK ibier; KJ ibier; KD ibier; SD ibier, ibur, SU -iwer, evir, ME ivir SD ibodul sticks surrounding a fireplace 619. *jaK ja:- three; KK ja-\ KJ ja-\ KD ya-\ SD ja-\ T jaa-; TD ya-\ SU jan--, M jn-, jan; KL j-\ MU jan--, MK janK jalo:- three; KK jalo-, jal-; KD yalo-, SD jalo-, T jaluo-; TK jal-, jalo-,

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jalo:-; TJ ja-; SU jaloi', RS jaloi', M jaloi; MC jalon', MO jalom; BO jlgon, jglon, -jalgan; KL jalon, jlon, -jalo-, *ya:lon\ ME jalon\ MU jlon', MK jalon, jlo jalmid' three times; TJ jalmid'e-, TD yalmid'eK jalmt(gi) third; KK jalmeki; SD jalmata', TK j almost'e(gi)\ TJ jalmershe, jalmeshtegv, M jlmaa, jlmaada, jlmaagv, KL jarmarki', MK jlmaschKK jalmaton the third time | KJ ja:d-i:eej triangle [lit. with three ends] 620. *ja: T jaa birch-tree; TK ja:-,ja-\ MU jaijl T jaattie light Chukchi sledge made of birch boards; jaa-lalime light sledge for men made of birch [lit. birch sledg e];jaa-rawa birch bark [lit. birch skin] ? U *juwe 'tree, pine-tree' // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 223 621. *jao: KJ iaduo, jeduo, edu husband; master; KD yaduo; M jda\ MC jatagv, KL eda\ ya:doo\ ME jadir, MU jad\ MK jed 622. *ja-/*jaqK jayiraj- to lean against (INTR); KK jayiraj-, jayire- to linger; T jayureK jayid' crook, staff; KJ jaid'e, jeyid'e, jarid'e\ KD yeridd'e; SD jagiza 623. *jaa/*jaq SD jaglagol body, torso TD yahabon-molil lumbar vertebrae 624. *jaj- ? MC jajre son; MO jazir-om, -izerel\ BO jaind-o, jajnd-o MO jazirowol' young 625. jajco jaj egg; KD yaie Rus .jajco 626. jjcol MC jajdel' fox C\mk. jjcol, jtjol (Mudrak 2000: 23)//Tailleur 1962: 85; LR 165

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627. jakutsk TK jakutskej Rus. jakutsk 628. *jalqK jalyil lake; shaman's tambourine; KK jalyil, KJ jalyil, KD yalhi-; SD jalgi-, jalgyl, T jalyil; TK jalyil, TD yalhea: ; SU jalgyl, RS jalgyl, ? MC angleI; ? MO old'al\ Byalgul; ME yalgyl; MU jalgil; MK jlgal jalyid- to ring; KK jalyide-, jalyile-; KJ jalyide-; KD yal'hide-, yal'ride-; MC jalgyndej, ? -jagal'nej noise jalyid-anil crucian carp (Carassius carassius) [lit. lake fish]; KD yalhid-anil jalyin-pajduj shaman's drumstick; KD yalhin-paidui jalyinya: bag with a weight put into water to determine the direction of the current; large beetle; jalyi- to shamanize | KJ jalyid-nme pr. (a lake) [lit. lake mind] | SD jolgid-onme pr. (a lake) | T jalyil-d'oyurqa narrow land between two lakes [lit. lake redness] 629. *jaltT jalduo- languid, inert, listless T jalduod'eya INTJ (how narrow!) 630. jam T d'aam post station Yak. d'a.m < Rus .jam II Krejnovi 1958: 250 631. *jamK jamul, amul upper reaches, source (of a river); KJ jomul; KD yamul'; M jaml 632. *janT janil arbalest; TK janil 633. *jaT jail path 634. *janaK janabdaj- to teach a lesson to, to punish (TR); TD yonaharaiK janabaj- to be taught a lesson

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635. *jaa ? MC janga axe 636. *janaspT janaspejre-, aracperej- to forget; TK janaspejre637. *jan-/*jonK a:i:-, a:i:-, ja:i:- to scratch, to comb; to wet, to sharpen; KK ja-, jaraj-, jai-; T juoru-, juore-; TK juoru-; RS jaik a.i: whetstone; SD ngazi-paja ad'a.j whetstone In - < *j~. The correspondence -a- ~ T -o- is irregular. 638. *jan ? BO jeje smoke ? SD jana wood 639. *jalin' jal'id' (fish-)soup; KJ jalid'e 640. *janmaK jenmgej- to push to the bank (of a boat), to run into; to stop talking when the voice fails; KJ jenmegei- to linger janmaj- to twitch, to jerk (being tied or caught in a trap); TK janmeyajK jenmgdej- to stick into (TR); KK janmeya-; KJ janmegedei- to miss (the target) KK janmed'i- to run into The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 641. *janpK anb- to eat one's fill; T ienbej- pall T ienbeluu- pall The initial - in has developed from j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 642. *ja:nqT jaanyad'il'e place walked over by people The word has a long vowel in a closed syllable.

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643. *jantK jad-/jan- to send, to let go; KK jan-,jad-\ KJ jan-, jad-\ M jdum jadul, jadur present sent by smb; KD yadur T jaduorii- to keep a dog untied; jadaa- to get untied; jadie- to keep a dog untied 644. *ja:nte: T jaadie mother's younger sister; TK jadie\ TJ jadie + mother's younger female cousin An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 645. *jantT jadarqa beads; TK jadarqe-, jadarqaT jo-jadir yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) [lit. white nose] 646. *jant- ? TD yadoa-, d'odoa- afraid 647. *jantuqn T jaduqan how much, how many 648. *jau:T jauud'uu- offensive T jauud'eya INTJ (offense) 649. *jaqa/*joqo jaqal Yakut; KJ jaqal, jeqal-\ SD jaqa, jaqal, T joqol, TK joqol, TJ joqo-, SU jaxad-; RS jagad-; MC jaqala, saqala; ME jakel jaqad-a: horse [lit. Yakut reindeer]; KK jaqada:c'a\ KJ jaqad-a:e\ KD yaxad-a:e; SD jaqad-aca; T joqod-i'le\ TK joqod-ile\ *yakand-aitsha; ME jakend-atsche; MU jochnd-lbe jaqad-a.n-pii: white wagtail [lit. Yakut reindeer bird]; T joqod-ile-iremedie T joqod-iled'aa people with horses or on horses; TK joqod-iled'aa jaqad-a:d-uleg straw [lit. horse grass] | T joqonmuol pr. (a lake); joqon-aaj willow-herb; joqon-wel'ibe pr. (a hill) [lit. Yakut saddle]; joqon-miral measure of length (about 10 kilometres) [lit. Yakut march]; joqon-nime wooden house | TK joqon Yakutsk Ev. ~ joqo ~ oqa (TMS 1 339) This stems shows the unusual correspondence -a- ~ T -o-.

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650. *jaqlK jaqlq further, farther; T jaqlaaq\ TK jaqlaq jekle: behind (PP); KK jekl'ie', KJ jeklie, jeqlie, jeqlu-; KD yexl'iet, -yekl'iye; T jeklie farther, further; TK jekl'ie; TD -yeklie jeklg, jekldg(n) through; KJ jeqledege; T jekledaya jaqlud, jeklu(gu)d further, farther; jekl-qon- abate (of a river) [lit. to go through]; jekla: further | KJ jeqlu-, jeqle- on the other side | TD -yeklin-, -yexlin- through The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 651. *jaqta jaqt song; KJ jaqte; T jaqte; TK jaqta jaqt- to sing (INTR); KK jaqte-, KJ jaqte-', T jaqte-', TK jaqta-, jaqte-, TJ -qaqta- [rect. -jaqta-]', SU jaktak; RS jakta, jaktan; MC jaktingy; ? MO junndak [rect. jukdak]; BO jqtaj; KL jaktaj; yagtak, ME jaktak T jaqtiijaa singer; TK jaqtije jaqtri:- to sing about (TR); KJ jaqteri-; KD iaxteri? TU *ike:- (EDAL 580) 652. *jarT jaruyaj- to crack (INTR) 653. *jara-1 jar a- to swim; T jara- to wade; TK jara-; yarrai; ME jareij jarqu-, jarqu-, jerqu- to swing, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'e-, jarqud'e-; KD yerxud'e-, yarxud'e- to writhe, to cower; T jarqureK jarqu- to stir, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'e-, jarqud'e-, ja. rqud'e- + to pull smb's hair jard'i- to swim; KK jard'i- to bathe; KJ jard'i-; KDyard'iK jarqy- to move (INTR); jarql'- to root out; jarqldaj- to stub | KJ jarira- to push; jertei- to stream, to flow; ja. re- to strike against; jerqud'erajto shake | T jaruya- to swing, to shiver; jaran-gulube boots for wearing in humid weather Some forms show the variation ja- ~ je-. 654. *jara-2 T jarine- white, gray; TK jarineT jaraqa smth white; TK jaraqa T jarayaj- to become white; jarie- white; jaraqad'aa light grey reindeer with white spots on its flanks; jaraqi pr. (a man); jaraqad'aa light-grey

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reindeer with white tips to the hair on its flanks; pr. (a reindeer); jarite- to make an ornament on smth (TR); ? jaraya twisted thread made of a sinew 655. jarmarka KJ jarman, jalman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk); M jrmaga Rus. jarmarka 656. *jaro:n'T jaruod'ayii- satisfied with (TR) T jaruod'aya INTJ (satisfaction) 657.*jarq jarq ice; KK jerqa; KJ jerqa, jerqe\ KD yerxa\ SD jarqa-, T jarqa:, TK jarqa-, jarqe-; TJ jerqa; RS jarka; *ya:rka, yarand-; ME jerka, jarkaanK jarq- to freeze (INTR); KK jarqa-, jerqa--, KJ jerqa--, SD irpa- [rect. irqa-]; SU jarkoje\ RS jarkai jarqur- to freeze (TR); KJ jerqure-; KD yerxure--, SD jarqajiere--, TJ jarqurereiK jarqd'e: broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); SD jarqadie jarqn-tibo, jarq-tibo hail; SD jarqan-tibo jarqd- frozen; RS jarkady jarqada.n pr. (a woman); jarqd-ad' blue eyes [lit. ice eye]; jarqajbn frozen; worthless | KJ jerqareo- icy | T jarqad-eiil window [lit. ice passage]; jarqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer [lit. white calf] | TK jarqat'a icy place; jarqat'e hard snow 658.jaik KK jaik case, box; KJ jaik, KDyacik, T jaasik, TK jact'ik, TD jacik, yacik Rus. jaik 659. *jataT jataq straight; TK jataq KD yatahay-, yetahai- to straighten (INTR); T jatayaj-; TK jatayajTK jatne- straight; good; TD yatneK jatayt- to straighten (TR); KK jatayat-; KD yatahatK jataydaj-, itaydaj- to straighten (TR); KK jatayadaj-; KD yataxadai-, yetaxadai-; T jatayarej-; TK jataqarejK jotni:-, otni:- to drive (a sledge, a reindeer); to steer (a boat) (TR); KJ jotni-, T jatniiT jatarqaa straight part of smth; jatarqaledek frankly, honestly | TK jataqade straight; jatayas- to straighten (TR) | ? SU jotnyje mountain ridge

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? S *jet- 'against, for' (SW 44) // Tailleur 1959a: 417 ( ~ Ngan.); Nikolaeva 1988: 223-224; LR 146 The vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 660. *jatn ? yatne November 661. *jaw- 1 T jaw- left; TK jaw- left SD jabi-lani South | TK jawlaar left 662. *jaw- 2 T jawul road; TK jawul; TJ jowul-, jewol-, TD yeweul, -youl, -yowul, -yabul', -yebul', -yaul; MU jabl T jawun-saaara southern side of a road [lit. left side of a road]; jawdilil path, trail; jawun-camur path in the snow [lit. top of a road]; jawun-cicayarej- to make a path [lit. to lengthen the road]; jawul-panul direction of a road [lit. putting of a road]; jawul-panduu fork in a road [lit. putting of a road]; jawun-uure side of a road Cf. MG *jabu- 'to walk' (EDAL 1157) 663. *jaw- 3 T jawner everything; TK jawner, TJ jawner, ? TD -yaraleT jawnuo everything; TJ jawnu, jawno, jawnuo, jaunuo T jawnej all, every; TK jawnej T jawnettegiir, jawnetteguo, jawnetiir, jawnetuo all completely; ? jawrejto tidy up 664. *jawa: ? yavoa menstruation 665. *jawrT jawrej- to escape; TD yawrei666. *jawuil/*jampuil jabuil pole for pushing off a boat 667. *jawunT jawud'i-, jaud'i- to get irritated, nervous; to be angry T jawud'i- < jawun-i-.

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668. *je-/*jekK joo:-, jego:- blind in one eye, squint-eyed ? T iie-jeguu: cough; tuberculosis [lit. soul's crookedness]; ? iie-jeguu-wie- to cough [lit. to do coughing] The back variant joyo:- is likely to have developed under the influence of the back vowel -o:- in the second syllable. 669. *jelK jeld- to pull out, to pluck; KJ jeldeK jelbude: tree stripped of bark 670. *jel'K jel'e:- to get worn through | 671. *je:l'K je.l'- to boil up (INTR), to get cooked, to get dry from overcooking (of meat); to ripen; KK jel'e--, KJ jele-; KD yel'e-; SD jielo-; T iel'eK je. - to boil (TR); KK jel'e-; KDyelecK jel'o:d' sun; KJ je:lod'e, jelod'e\ SD jeloze\ MO junaldi, junondi-, yelnsha, *yelondzshend-\ ME jelondscha, jelontschintK jel'o:d'd-amlujb sunset; West [lit. place where the sun sinks]; KD ye.l'od'e-amluibe jel'o.d'd-ukib sunrise; East [lit. place where the sun goes out]; *yelongd-ukshimba\ ME jelontsched-ukschimpa SD jelosen-numeol mirage [lit. sun's house] | T jiel'uorii- to overcook (usually of meat) ? U *jel 'light; Sun; day' (UEW 96-97) // UJN 117; Tailleur 1959a: 418, FUV 17; UEW 97; Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rdei 1999: 36; LR 144, 153 The connection of 'sun' with this stem is possible if it originated as an active participle of an unattested passive verb *jel'o:- and literally means something like 'being boiled'. 672. *jelekK ilek- four; KK ilek-, ileq-; KJ jeleq-, jelok-, jeloq-; SD elek-; T jeluk-, jelek-, TK jeluk-, jelek-, jalak-; SU jelakun; M jelokn, jelakn\ KL jilakin, jilakurr, MK jelokn ileklo:- four; KK ileqlo-\ SD eleklo-; T jalakla-; TK jalakla-\ SU jelakloi; M jelokla, jeleklov, KL jeloklon, jelaklon, jeleklotr, *ye:laklon\ ME jelaglon; MU jelaklrr, MK jolklo, -jloklortdschaK ileklt fourth; KK ileqlekv, KJ jeleqlete, jeloqleki; SD elekmata; KL jelarlarki

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? FU *elj/*nelj 'four' (UEW 315-316) In je- > i-. T -a- is irregular, as the stem is harmonically front. The comparison with Uralic may be valid if the Yukaghir word had an initial *which later developed into j-. 673. *je:lkT jielge-, jielga- far, the furthest; TK jelge-; TJ jelge- opposite side TK jielgidaya after; TD -yelgidaha ago T jielgalel further; jielgi-waawee non-local Russian [lit. Russian from far away]; jielgi-rukun year before last [lit. further thing]; jielgi-d'ajle day after tomorrow [lit. further day] | TK jelger(e) further An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 674. *je-/*jenkK jei- multi-coloured; KJ jeie-; T jengur, TK jengur T jengurie mottled reindeer; TK jengurieK jei- to paint in different colours The correspondence -- ~ T -ng- is irregular. 675. *je MC jende Yukaghir from the river Omolon; BO ne husband The initial - < j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 676. *jenc'i ? TD yed'i- stone 677. *jee KJ jee pr. (an ancient tribe); spirits; KD yea KJ jeeuope ghosts 678. *jekil KJ jegile, jeyile fire; KDyegile; ? MO jagapg\ MU jngilo; MK jengila MO data indicate that the word contained a single consonant in the middle, however other OY data rather point towards consonantal cluster -k-, 679. *jentK jed-/jen- to appear, to show up, to emerge; to be seen, to be visible; KK jeduj-, KJ jed-/jen-; KD yed-/yen-; T jedej-; TK jedej K jedul thunder; SD jiedul, -judul; M jdulnei; iendu; ME yentu; MK jndyl jedun-loil lightning; KD yedul-loil

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jede: mark (on the snow, on the bend of a river); sign; KJ jedie, iyi [rect. id'i]\ KD yedie jed'e.- to make a mark on the snow; jedul-tibo thunderstorm [lit. thunder rain] I ? KJ jodu- to reach 680. *jentT jedel'e- to walk as if dragging smth long behind (of a tall man) ? KD yengedey- to throw away | T jedegerej- to make longer; jedegerie long part of a hook; jenne- long 681. *jerK jero:- shallow; thin (of fur); KJ jeruo--, KD yero:-, yeruo-; T jeruo- thin (of a cloth); short-furred; SU jeroje-, RS jeroi KJ jeroje reindeer calf less than one-year old; SD jarioje jero:d' shoal, ford; T jeruoje place where the snow is blown by the wind; place on a skin where the fur is thin jero.mu- to become shallow | T jereguutege-nie pr. (a river); jereguu plain; substance being mixed; jereguuce- to mix; jereguutege pr. (a place) 682. *jerem jerem log, chock; T jereme\ TJ jereme; ME jeremma jerem- to cut in chunks 683. *jeremku: jeremku: load onto a sledge 684. *jeriF KJ jeril by, next to 685. *jerpj T jerpeje sun; TK jerpeje\ TD yerpeye T jerpejeaa sunny day; jerpejei light; jerpejend'e-ruske crystal glass [lit. sunny bowl]; jerpejed-uul movement of the sun; jerpejed'uo-ekuol time when the sun appears (beginning of January) [lit. sun's hole]; jerpejen-d'uo disk of the sun 686. *jewT jewgej- to bump against; TK jewgejT jewd'i- to bump (several times); TK jewd'iT jewe tripod; TK jewt'e pole

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T jewed-uo horizontal pole of a tripod [lit. child of a tripod] | TK jewlegi- to kill 687. *jewnte: T jeudee pr. (a woman) 688. *jewul/*jempul KD yebulefl) reindeer or elk mane 689. *jo: jo: head; KK jo:; KJ jo:; KD yo, yor, SD jo; T juo; TK juo; TJ jo:-; SU jo, jon- ; RS jo; MC julo hair; KL iga; iok; ME jo; MK jo jo:-noot pillow [lit. head pillow]; KK jo:-noyot-, jo-noyot-; KJ jo:-noyot, j-noyot; KD yo-nohot, yo-norot; SD jo-nogoj, -jo-nogot jo:n-kiil forehead [lit. head end]; KJ jo:n-kiil; KD yon-kiil; *in-guitshel; ME joan-kittschil KJ jon-kitil'-numet peak (of a cap, protecting from sun or snow) [lit. shadow of the forehead]; KD yon-kiil'-numet jo:n-omor top of the head; January; KJ io:n-omor, ion-omor; T juon-rumur + ceiling; TK juo-rumur forehead; ynd-zshamor + forty; ME jont-tschamor + forty jo:d-ejm- to sigh [lit. to pay one's head] jo:n-qodo brain [lit. head lying]; KJ jo:n-qode; KD yo:n-xode; ME jont-chonda; MK joon-knda jo:d-amun skull [lit. head bone]; KJ jo:d-amun T juod-oje, juo-ewe, juod-ewe, juond-ewe spear; top of the head; TK jold-oje-, juold-ewt'e; TJ juold-oie, jo:ld-oie jo:de-i:ulbn master of the lower world [lit. the one with the sharp head]; jo:-bude:n-pmere- to somersault | KD yo-norote- to use as a pillow | T juo-buren-poesej- to spoil (a child); to pet [lit. to throw over the head]; juon-tuduruul brain [lit. inside of the head]; juon-kiwijii top of the head; juon-aawije beetle with white head [lit. whiteness of the head]; juond-ojeil-sal'il shrew-mouse (Sorex araneus) [lit. mouse with a pointed juo-loyore- to hesitate in what to say [lit. to wash one's head ];juoyato make smb tipsy (of a drink) | TK jo:n-mojt'e chief, master, superior 691. *j: j: belt; KK ju-; KJ juo; *Dyuo:; SD jio; SU jo; RS jo; ME jo U *jje 'belt' (UEW 90) // Bouda 1940: 75; UJN 117; UEW 90; HUV 163; Nikolaeva 1988: 224-225; Rdei 1999: 36; LR 146 The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *jje > jj > j:.

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692. *jo:T jaan-d'ad'uu, juon-d'ad'uu echo; TD yan-ad'u 693. *j:- 1 T jure- to hit with an axe | TK juodu- to cut 694. *j:- 2 j:- to see; KK juo-, jo:-, KJ juo-\ KD you-, T juo-, jj-, TK juo-\ TJ juoi-, TD yuo-, SU jo, jotei, jdyn, jmik, joeik, joa; RS joeik, BO jjejle, -jne\ KL j'ojaj, jeju, jujua, joa; umat; ME jumat, juk, MU jong, jondschcr, MK jndaje j:j devil, evil spirit; KJ jouje\ SD jouja-, T juoje spirit-assistant of a shaman; TD yuoyeT jou-lawje tear [lit. eye water]; TK juodin-lawje KJ juodi eye; T juodii + pr. (a man); TK juodii, juodi\ TJ joudi\ TD -yuodine; SU judy\ RS judy; KL jundy, MK jundy T juodiin-pugue eyelashes; eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; TK juodin-bugut'e eyebrows; SU judyn-puida-pugelwe T juodiid-awii spectacles [lit. eye's blanket]; TK juod'ed-aawii T jje- to check up; TK jewt'eK j.d- to see, to watch (INTR); KK juode-, KJ juode-\ TK juodej-\ TD -judeiK je three-year old reindeer male (that walks around the group of older reindeer); j.nu- to introduce to smb | KK jound'i- to look a little | T juodiire- to start seeing (of a puppy); to be born; juud'e shadow; likeness; ghost, vision; juod'uol object kept in remembrance; juodiin-purewre eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; juodii-waqelek from under the eyebrows [lit. with the edge of the eyes]; juodiin-kuduojil winking [lit. laying of the eye]; juodind'e picture, vision; juodaa maybe, it seems; juodiid-ayal eyelid [lit. edge of the eye]; juodiin-aal'aruul bridge of the nose [lit. between the eyes]; juond'e mirage, haze; juooilkien pr. (a man); junijie prophet; junid'ie- to be a prophet | TD yodi-tiwohac- to blink | TK juodin-aaweje white of the eye; juodin-toroje pupil of the eye [lit. blackness of the eye]; juose- to show 695. *jo: jo. small round piece of smth jo:d-amun ass [lit. round bone]; T juoed-amun; thigh-bone

TK juot'ed-amun

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696. *jo:T joaj- to finish, to stop (INTR); TK juoyajT juoyarej- to finish, to stop; to kill (TR); TK juoyarej697. *jooK jodo- to tie, to bind; KK jodo-; KJ jodo-, jodej-, jodaj-; KD yodo-, yode-, yodai-, yode-, iodieK jodul, jodu:, jodi: winding; KD yodur, RS jododei; jadondayend-; ME jedondointK jodod'ub squirrel; KK jodod'ube; KJ jodod'ube; SD jadociba; T joribe; TK jaribe, faribe; TD leribe, lerie; SU jodod'iwo; RS jodo'iwa; MK jodndschimba jodutd- to wind, to twist; KD yoduteK jodoj-ilej whirlwind [lit. turning wind]; KD yododoyed-iteye, yododeyed-eI'eye; ? RS edaja favourable wind jottaj-, joddaj- to bond, to wrap, to tie up; KK jodutaj- to turn; KJ jodutaj-; KD yodutaiK jodol bundle, package | KD yodumoi- to turn (INTR) ? FU *jorkV- 'to turn, to wind', *jorV- 'to roll' (UEW 102) // Nikolaeva 1988: 225 jottaj- < jodtaj- < jodo-taj-, with the deletion of the short vowel in the second syllable. 698. *jooK joyort- to wound; KK joyoto-, joyote-; KJ joroto-, joote-, joyotoK joyor wound; KK jogor, joyor; KJ jogor, jouyo; MU jgr joyoti: arrow with a head; KK joyotii, joyoti; KJ joyoti, joroti; SU joxoty, RS jogoti\ MC sogote; MU jehoti\ MK jogtty joyti.d-abut quiver [lit. arrow container]; KJ joyotid-abut; KD yohoti:d-abut joyot- to hit with an arrow 699. *jour'/*joqur' joyur flock 700. *jojT jojl steep riverbank; front part of a fur cap; TJ joil; MK jil mountain T jojn-bayadie steep low bank of a lake; jojle- to have a peak (of a fur hat); jojn-waya precipice of a small mountain usually located in the valley [lit. riverbank face]

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701. *joj- ? SU joi wild; RS joi\ iai alien joja wonderful 702. *jkkj jkkjti INTJ (threatening) jkkj-mt INTJ (just wait!) 703. *joll joll dust of rotten wood; KK jollo; KD yollo rotten tree; T jolle moss; TK jolle moss; TD yollo joll-ra: old woman, old hag [lit. rotten tree]; KK jollora TD yollogode-, uollongode- idol 704. *joloK jola: behind; after (PP); KK jola; KJ jola:\ TJ jola, loja [rect.Jola]; SU joln jolo:- last; KJ jo:lo-\ KD yoluo-, yoloK jolou- behind, on the back; KK jolou-, jelou-, jela-; KJ jolou-; KD yolohu-, TK jolou-; SU jologuda\ RS jologuda jolomu- to remain; KJ jolomu-; M jlomui joloq last; KD yoloxu jolonl'ri:- to stay at the back of (TR); KJ jolonleriKK -l'oloe- to leave; KJ jolod'eK joloq-pe.di, joloqu-pe.di little finger [lit. last finger]; KJ joloqu, joloqo-pediie; KD yolol-pedie jolob remainder | KK jelobadaj- to pass | TD youluolga instead ? FU *jlke 'trace, spot' (UEW 91) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988: 224 The alternation jo- ~ je- is typical. 705. *jm' jmi. - oblong 706. *jmkK jmg- to spin, to turn round; KK jomge-; KJ jomgo-; KD yomgo-; SU jomgak, RS jomek around (o:i:-)jmgij whirlpool; KK jomgije; KD yomgiye, yomoye; T jmgije chamois fringe on the hem of a woman's clothes jmgt- to surround; KD yomgot- to turn (TR) jmgdej- to surround; KJ jomgodej-, jomgodaj-, jomgede-

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jmgid-i: small intestines [lit. turning end]; KJ jomgid-ie; KD yomgied-ie jmgri:- to turn round (TR); jmg- to turn round (TR) | T jmgijes- to sew a fringe on a coat 707. *jomp jou disease; KJ jobo, joube, jo, jou; KD you; SD -jon; TJ jobe; SU joiw; RS joju KJ jojbe disease; KD yoibe evil spirit that causes infectious diseases jo:l' illness; T juol'e; TK juol'e, jol'e + wound; TD l'o:le(delil) jo: l- ill; KJ jo.le-; KD yol'a-, yo.l'e-; RS jollai; BO jl joj- to ache; KK jojqa-, jeju-; KJ joj-, jou-; KD yoi-; SD -ja-; T jaw-, juoj-, jooj-; TK jo-, joj-, jaw-, jam-; TD yoi- ; SU joju, jo; RS -ijoi; KL jejulen; yoatsh; ME joatsch T jaba- to die; TK jaba-, jabe-; TJ joba-, jobo-, io. be-, ja. be-; TD yobai-; MC jeboj death; BO jumboty; MU jmbn; MK jmboi jo.d' open wound; T joud'e pain; illness; TK juod'e pain jo:d'd-ume abscess [lit. mother of illness]; KD yo:d'ed-omo, yo. d'ed-emei; TD yoe-rukun joui:- to feel bad; KD -yoihiye-, -yoihiye? jo: poor thing (traditional refrain in lyrical songs expressing an affectionate attitude towards smb) | KD yod'eni scabs | T juoqaa- to get ill; juol'e sore; wound; scab; juol'ii slightly wounded; jaban-tolii special staff put in the coffin [lit. death staff]; jaban-sukun burial dress [lit. death thing]; jamd'i- 'to be ill' | TD I'oler- to wound oneself; l'o:ledelie wound j TK juol'iseriously ill person; jamd'i- ill ? *U jama 'to be ill; to die' (UEW 89) // JU 77-78; UJN 117; HUV 157; FUV 17; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 89; Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rdei 1999: 36; LR 146 *jomp > jomp > jow > jou > jo:. The initial /- in some forms may be due to the assimilative influence of the consonant in the second syllable. The comparison with U is valid if -p is a derivational suffix. 708. *jomtiI jomdil notch on a tree; KD yomdile jomdil- to notch, to notice; KD yomdiec-, youl'iec709. *joK jou:-, uu:- to go to sleep, to get asleep; KK jenru:-, jenru-; KJ jendu-, jondu-, jendru-, jendu:-; KD yend'u-; ? SD inoku-; T janduu-, janruu-; TK janru-, jandu-, jaandu-; TD yendru-; RS jnd'ungi, jonduririma;

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iu:nzshul\ ME iunzshuk joo:-, uo:- to sleep (INTR); to forget (TR); KK jenruo-, jenro-, jonra-, jonra:-, KJ jondo-, jendo-; KD yondo-; SD jono-; T jandoo-; TK janro-, TD yend'o-, yed'o-; SU jonutei, jonutai, jonoludei, enelek, joni, lenek, el-lenelek, RS jonuk, M jondlukcf, KL junon\ iondzsha, yandsha + dream; ME jontschuk, jontschol + dream; MK jondschotaje, jondschndscha joo.- to put to sleep; KK jonroK joo:d'i:- to dream about (TR); KJ jondole-, jondod'e-, jendod'i--, KD yonro.d'ikeK joo:d' blanket; KK jonrod'o, jonrod'e\ KJ jondod'e, jend'od'e\ SD jonose, jonoze; RS jon'ode; M jond'ode KD yonud'ubo- forgetful | yondonerdsha dream | ME jondonertscha dream 710. *joIT joluu- worthy; TK joluT jolid'e worthiness 711. *jnT jne- energetic; strong 712. *joo joo evil, anger; KK joo; KD yoo\ T joo, oo\ TK jooKJ jooe- angry; evil; TK joee-, SU jogonei devil; RS joanei joyonri:- to get angry with (TR); KK jooeri-; KD yooeri-, TK jonoeriK joomu- to get angry; KK joomu-; KJ joomu-, joumu-, juumu-; KD yohumu-, yogumu-; TJ joumu-, juumuK jukund'ug INTJ (what a nuisance!); KJ joyoyond'u joyomu- to make angry | T joii- to become angry; oore- to become angry; joonduul malicious creature The word exhibits the irregular alternation - -- in the intervocalic position. The front variant jukund'ug is also irregular. The initial - is from j-713. *jonoK jonod'- to tidy up; T janud'i- to collect one's belongings for a journey (INTR) T januyarej- to collect; to pack; TK januyarej-; TD yonaharai- to tidy up jono- to tidy (a house) | T janue- to keep together, to be put together; januii- to keep together; januiiiir accurately; januyaa- to start putting

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things together in preparation for a journey | TK januyajsujanuniil together (of objects); januyaj- to prepare for the road

to collect;

714. *joqqK joyul nose; cape, promontory; KK jogul, joyul-\ KJ joyul, jorul, jeyu-; KD yogul, yohul, yorul; SD jogujl, jofud- [rect .jogud-]; T joyul; TJ joyul-, SU jogul, RS jogu\ ? MC (j)ewo; MO niongol\ BO jngol, KL iogul, jojunkul; iongul; ME jinkol; MU jong, jongla, jongd-; MK jnckchol jo-a: beak, spout; KD yo-da:, yon-d'a; SD janga; T joyun-raal, joud-amun\ SU jo-ania-, RS jog-d'adeiK joyud-ail' nostril [lit. nose hole]; KD yohud-ail'; SD jogul-angyl; T joyud-ekuu; TK joyud-eku; SU jogd-anil; RS jogud-alr, iongund-angil, ME jonkungd-angyl-, ? MC (j)end-are joyuh-qoq- to snore [lit. to strangle with a nose] | KJ jonol-nodo fox [lit. animal with a nose] | SD jangzangalban kettle | T joyun-pod'arqa reindeer with a motley nose; joyun-pod'arqaa pr. (a man); joyun-ul'uod'e-rukun deceiver [lit. with torn nostrils] The initial - in some forms is likely to have developed out of j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 715. *jonr- ? *yonrul to mow 716. *jonur- ? MK jonrjqu hat 717. *jtT jtege pr. (a place); TK jotege- ravine The cluster -t- is unusual morpheme-internally. 718. *jo:r jo:r big fish-hook; KK jor, jo:r\ KD yor; T juor, TK jor 719. *jo:ri: T jorii, juorii glue; TK jort'i T joriid-awur small vessel for boiling glue [lit. glue container] 720. *joroqn' joryo:d', joryod'd female reindeer, mare; KK iroyod'e\ KJ iroyod'e, juruyode\ KD irohod'e, yuruhod'e\ SD jurugioza, juruqioze-, irongonzshi; ME irongkontsche

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KD irohod'e-mold-igeye button hole, button loop [lit. chest belt of a mare] joro.d < joryd' < jorod' < *joroq'. 721.*joronta: T (juku-)jorondaa, (juku-)jorandaa ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) The cluster -nd- is unusual morpheme-internally. 722. *jo:s T josso frozen ground; TK josseT jossuu- to freeze; TK jossu:T juor-pure, juorqa tundra; TK juor-pure T jossome autumn; juos North; tundra; jossomel'e-kind'e September [lit. month of freezing]; jossor- to have smth frost-bitten; josle-ejkiri- to pass the forest tundra and reach the tundra The word demonstrates the alternation -s r-. 723. *jo:taT juota- to let a rope go through the upper holes of the net 724. *jo:wi:/*jo:mpi: jo.bi: taiga, forest; KK jobi; KJ jobi + hill; place around the fire; KD jxobinbon- [rect .jobinbon-] jo:bi:-ejr- to go to the toilet [lit. to go to the forest] 725. *jwj juj fishing net; KK jowje, jouje, jo.uje; KJ jouje; SD joguja, jojhuja-, -jiouje; TD -youye-; SU -jwja, -jowjenit, -jowje; RS -jowja, -jowje KK jowjed-orpol' poles on which fishing nets are hung to dry [lit. net hanger]; KD youyed-orpol, youyed-orpol' 726. *jowl joul evening; KJ juole; KD yuol'e, youl'e; SU jola; RS jola; ? MO tallo [rect. jullo]; KL juloma joub-, jowlaj- to fall (of night); KJ juolej-; KD yuolei-; MO julei night; -yuletsh; ME -juletsch jouldaj- to fall (of night); MK jlady 111. *jowlK joulo:- prominent, conspicuous; known; KD youloK joulu-, loullu- to ask (TR); KK jowl'e-, jowlo-, jowle-; KJ joulo-, joules-; KD youloc-; SD jouloz'; SU lwleum; RS joudeka

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joulud'ul question; KK jowled'al\ KD youlod'al jould'a:- to ask | KK jelo- to ask for | KJ lolo- to pray, to beseech In some forms j- > I- by assimilation. 728. *jwlK i:lu:- beautiful, good, dear; KK //'/-; KJ iled'u:-, ilelu:-; KD //'/-, io.uli-; T jewluu-, iiluuT jew lid'e reindeer calf; TK jewlid'e jul'atl'- to love, to have pity for (TR); KJ jouletle-, joulele-; KD youletl'e-; SU joglatle; M jglatlnr, MC jugpynenija; yoglierim i. lugl'- to miss smb; KJ ilulgele-, ilugele--, KD ilugele--, T iilugul'e-; TD yliguleK i:lugl' dear, darling; KJ ilugele; T iilugul'e; TK ilugul'e, ilugule; TJ ilegule greetings jouli:-, louli:- to feel sorry for, to treat smb well, to feel affection for (TR); TK jewlegi-, jewligi-, jewlegie-; TJ jeulegiK i.lugi:- to miss smb; KD ilugi-; T jewligi- + to love; to caress; TJ ilugi-; TD yeulegiK julug INTJ (poor thing! it's a pity!); julug(-jo:), j:lug(-ta:n), i:lug(-jo:) INTJ (pity, sorrow); traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KD yougluga-yo:; T iiluge INTJ (sorrow); TK jewluge KJ joulere-, jouleure- to beg pardon; KD youl'eireK i.limt INTJ (live well! said when departing); (l)i:lu-(l)i:lu traditional refrain in lyrical songs | T iiiid'e sorrow; juolwej- to feel sorry (TR); jewli INTJ (pity); juolweluu- to arouse pity; juolwiijuore- to feel sorry for (TR); juolwej- to feel sorry | TK jewlul love The root is represented by the front and back stems. The initial /:- has developed because of the contraction of jw- before a consonant after the vowel -- in the second syllable was deleted. 729. *jwlue:l/*jwluke:l juluge. l shoulder; KJ joulegiel, joulegiel, SU juglugel 730. *jowo jou back; KK iboyo, joboo; KJ joboo; KD yebogo, yeboro; SD jabaga-, jabogo; SU jowoga; M jowogcr, yewgh; ME jevoha; MK jogbba [rect. jobgga] joud-a: cartridge pouch [lit. back gun]; KJ joyot-ar jou-olol waist [lit. joint of the back]

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731. *juK jugi:- to kiss; KJ jogi-; RS jogiek; BO jugijugim; KL jeginum to love juguu- to kiss each other; jugud'e-, ugud'e- to kiss (usually); jugu- to kiss (INTR) TU *uka:n- 'to kiss' (TMS 1 644-645) The following change is assumed: *- > j-, cf. umd' ~ jumd'. 732. *juin- ? jqnaj to cry 733. *juul-/*jukulT jugul-laaya- right side; TK jugul-layar 734. *juulw-/*jukulwT jugulweluu- excruciating, poignant; TJ iugulwel'iT jugulwes- to torture; TJ jugulwoshTK jugulwe torture 735. *ju:k ju:k far; KK juke, joke, -juoke\ KJ juke, juko-\ KD yu.ko; T jke, juuke\ TK joke, juoke, -jokon; TJ joko-\ TD -yoka, -yoke-, RS jukcr, M ijkcr, MC jukan T jkuu-, jekuu- to move off 736. jukola jukul smoked dried fish; KK jukule; SD jukala Rus. jukola or E\.ju:kele (TMS 1 350) 737. *ju:lT juulid'e cunning; TK julid'e-, I'uulid'eT juula- offended by the small size of smth given The word seems to belong to harmonically back stems. The initial - is due to assimilation to the second consonant. 738. *ju:nT juunade-, juunada- to escape (of a reindeer) 739. *jukK jugul tall tree; KJ jugul\ yungul-, ME jungkul

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740. *ju:nta:q T juundaaq(-nerile) pr. (a place) The word has an atypical phonological structure. 741. * juteIt juteg- to prick out, to pierce; KK jutegedejKK juted'-, jutege- to burst (INTR) 742. *juw- ? ME jubion strong 743.juxala iyalk dried fish cut in two together with its head (normally used for feeding dogs); KJ iyal, iyalke-; T ayile, eyale dried finely cut meat usually eaten with fat; TD ahileRus. dial . juxala, juxalka (ESRD 716-717) See also jukola. 744. kabarga KJ qaburga kabarga (Moschus moschiferus); KD xaburga Rus. kabarga 745. kabe:w T qabiew pr. (a man); MO kabeo willow ptarmigan T qabienu- to utter a cry (of a willow ptarmigan); qabeu-qabeu (imitation of the cry of a willow ptarmigan) Ev. kabe. w 'willow ptarmigan' (TMS 1 357) // Sauvageot 1963: 115 746. kaby M kab if Rus. kaby 747. kabys' qajbi thank God; KK qajbut'\ KD xabu intensifying marker Rus. dial, kaby 748. kada:r qadar rock; KK qadar Ev. kada.r 'rock' (TMS 1 360)

INTJ

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749. *kaij/*kakij T kagija obsolete kinship term The synharmonism is irregular. 750. *kakaw T kaakku, kakau pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 751. kalibr kafp iron pincers for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets Rus. kalibr 752. kapkan T kapkaan trap; TK kapkan Rus. kapkan 753. *ka:ra: T kaaraa nomad yurt The synharmonism is irregular. 754. karanda TK karandas pencil Rus. karanda 755. karas' KK karas crucian carp (Carassius carassius); KD kara; SD karadie Rus. karas 756. karaulka KJ karaulka guard-house Rus. karaulka 757. karbas qa.rbs Russian boat made of poplar boards; KK qarbas, qa.rabas; KJ karba; KD xarbe Rus. karbas 758. karman qarman, karman pocket; KJ karman; KD karman Rus. karman qa.rbas,

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759. karta T kaarte playing cards; TK karte Rus. karta 760. kaa KK qae porridge; KJ qae thick soup made of cooked blood; KD xace, -xaca Rus. kasa 761. *kau TK kau-kau INTJ (imitating the sound made by a polar fox) 762. kazak KJ kad'ak Cossack Rus. kazak 763. kazancev T kaasanseu pr. (a man) Rus. kazancev 764. kadyj KJ kanei each Rus. kadyj 765. k-ertu T uortu INTJ (to hell with it!) Rus. rtu 766. *ke T ke INTJ (approval of smb's misfortune); TJ ke 767. *ke: ke: friend (address to a man); KK k\e\ KJ kie\ KD kie\ SD kie\ TK kie\ RS ke TU *gia 'friend; other' (EDAL 223) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 768. *ke:- 1 ke.dgn through (a slot); KJ kedegen\ BO kednde between; across; in the middle ke:l slot ? FU *kolV ls\ot, space in between' (UEW 174)

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If the comparison with U is valid, the stem *ke:l has been reanalyzed as ke:+ the suffix -/, but the latter is absent in some inflectional forms, cf. *a:l. 769. *ke:- 2 ke. t- to mix; KJ kieteK ke:- mixed; ? ke.e:- to straighten, to unbend (TR) 770.*keeK kde. l wolf; KJ kodiel-, KD kodiel; SD kodiel; T kriel; TK kriel pack of wolves; TD koriel, korel; SU kodl, koelk devil; RS kodil, koel devil; MC kondegi, kondel' + Russian; ? MO -kolge; kodel, ME kodel; MU kodl, MK kodel T krel devil; TK krel + ogre kde.l-lebejdi: crowberry [lit. wolfs berry]; kde.n-anm white-willow [lit. w o l f s willow] I T krelii wood goblin; kried-awur pr. (a place) [lit. wolf nest] On *ke- > k- see *kene. 111. *kee-/*kekT keged'iej, kegetegegiej INTJ (expresses various emotions from feeling neglect to feeling affectionate, depending on the intonation) 772. *kejK kej- to give; KK kej-, KJ -; KD kai-, kei-\ T kii-; TK ki:-\ TJ ki:-\ TD ki-\ M keit, keitamik, MO kita\ keick\ ME keik\ W keyck kei:- to bring; KK ket'i-\ KJ kei-; KD kei-\ T kei-; TK kei-, TJ kei-; TD kei:-, RS keim, kem TD keice-, keicti- to bring news; ? kei- to taste The long -/. - in T is the result of contraction. T kei:- < *kej-ji:-. 113. *ke:j ke.je: before, earlier; in front of (PP); KK kiejie, kiejije\ KJ kiejie, kiejije-; T keje\ TK kej-, keje-, kie-, kiejie-, TJ keje-, TD keye, kieyiye ke.js before (PP); KK kej--, KJ kieje-, ke:je-\ KD ke:ye-\ RS keije keji:- to outstrip; T kiejii-; TK kiejiK ke.jgud forwards; MK kigunda ke.-jo:- first; KD keiyo-; T kijaa-, kija-; TK keaja-, kiaja-, TD keial-, kijal-; kayel-, ME koielK ke:ja- to overtake, to pass; T kiejes--, SU keiguta in future ke.jl front; kejdej- to defeat | SD kyjalsyljuk foresight | T kijaalel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. first broad whitefish]; kiejaalel-semnel pr.

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(a place) [lit. first place where many people died]; kiejed'iie leader; leading reindeer or dog in a harness; kejgu- in front; kejewre front part of smth; kejell'e front; kejete beforehand, in advance; kejebe front part of smth; kiajaalel-aibe covered sledge for transporting a woman's belongings which follows the sledge on which she is travelling [lit. first sledge]; kiajaalel-tuuje covered sledge for transporting valuable things; kiejed'ii- to do smth trying to overtake smb; kejen-daunat more than before | TD kialel-ald'e- index finger; kie one by one | TK kejgur, keigude in the front kejdej- < kejedej-. 774. *kejlK ke.lo:- dry; KJ kejlo-\ KD kel'o:-, kel'e-, keile-; SD kejleK kejl- red; KK kejlen-\ KD keil'en-; RS kylyna; M keilaw, keilei; MC kyjlapyj [rect. kyjlanyj]-, BO klene, kejleneje- + green; KL kejlanii\ kelenni, kai-elle-, kailei-, kaielle-; ME kelenni; MK keleni, klani + yellow ke:l- to dry, to redden; KK kiel'e-; KJ kejle-, kiele-, kejele-; SU kelena; RS kelek kej-lebejdi: cowberry [lit. red berry]; KD keile-lebeidi red bilberry; SD kej-lebejdi; RS kylyna-pue cranberry; kailei-leviendaK kejldej- to become red; KK kejledej-; KD keiledeiK kejhn-anil red fish; kejloi:- to redden | ? KJ kien-da dry wood; tree; kejelete person drying smth | KD keiledec- to make red-hot | SD kejle-mejnubil pr. (a mountain) | ? T kejle- numb from a tight bandage; ? kejlerej- to swell In some forms -ej- has contracted to -e:-. 775. *kejwK kejb- thin, high (of voice); KK kejbe-; KJ kejbe-; KL kejwej; keivey, ME keivei kejb-iril small intestine [lit. thin stomach] | KK kejben-, kejbed'e- to make thin 776. *ke:ka: T kiekaa pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 111. *kekent T kekentej, kekentejourtej darling The morpheme-internal cluster -nt- is irregular.

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778. *kel- 1 kel- to come; KK kel-, qel-; KJ kel-; SD kal-; T kel-; TK kel-, kol-, kl-; TJ kol'u-, kel'u-, :l'u-; TD -, kul'uinu-, kol-; SU kelkin, keltejek, kelteje, keltei, keek; RS kelk; M kelk, kt'a, kt'; W kaltei ? KJ kelkuo- ancestor; SD kelkiong ? KJ kiedei- to come | T kiee wind blowing smoke back into a yurt; kieen-kuderii piece of chamois covering the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. coming cover] FU *kl- 'to wade' (UEW 133-134) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 78; UJN 117; FUV 20; HUV 162; UEW 134; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; Rdei 1999: 46 This stem shows the following irregular sound change: T kiee [rect. ke. ] < kel-j, cf. ke: < kel-j (the 3rd person Singular form of the verb kel- in and T). 779. *kel- 2 T kelderej- to shoot; TK kelderej-; TD keldereiT kel'gudes- to tug, to jerk; to pull (TR); TK kelgudesT kel'gud'ii- to tug (a reindeer by a rope); keldej- to burst; to explode | TK kelgutterej- to tug, to jerk; to pull 780. *kelT kel'il brother-in-law U *klV 'sister-in-law' (UEW 135-136) // JU 78-79; HUV 162; FUV 23; UJN 118-9; Angere 1956: 127; UEW 136; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rdei 1999: 37; Dolgopolskij 1998: 86; LR 146 781. *kelin' kelid' worm; KJ kelid'e; KD kal'id'e, kel'id'e; kalnindsha; ME kelnyntscha U *kVlV 'worm' (UEW 227) // HUV 161; Tailleur 1959a: 419; UJN 119; UEW 227; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rdei 1999: 39; LR 146 782. *kellK kellu:- boring; KJ kellu:K kellugi:- bored; lazy; KJ kelugi783. *kemuo:r/*kemuko:r T kemuguor whim (of a reindeer); pr. (a reindeer) 784. *kene knm friend, companion; KK kenme, kene-; KJ kenme; KD kenme; SD

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/', T knme; TK ; TJ , ; TD -; knma\ kanmaly kenmi:- to have as a friend (TR); T -gnmii-, -knmii to keep smb company (TR); TD -gomiK kne, kene friend, companion; T kone-; TK kone; TJ kene; TD keno-, konaKJ kenmegi-tolou bear [lit. another wild reindeer]; KD kenmegi-tolou kenmgi the other; KJ kenmegi; KD kenmegi; T knmegi; TK knmegi-, konmegi-, knmele; M kenmgi; KL kenmegi kinmigidej- to turn inside out (TR); KD kenmigidai-, kedmigidaiK kin(m)igid to the other side | T knii- to be a companion (TR) | TD kenmedahena sometimes This stem demonstrates the labialization of -e- after k- in some forms. 785. *keniw kenb fence; KD kenbe; RS koba; choinba; ME koniba TU *kende- 'threshold; to hinder, to obstruct' (EDAL 663-664) The OY data indicate that the root might have been tri-syllabic. -w is likely to be a nominal derivational suffix. 786. *kenk kenk-ra: amber The cluster -nk- is atypical and indicates that the word may be a recent borrowing. 787. *kenpK kenbun- broad, wide; KK kenbune-; KJ kenbune-; SD kenbune-; MC kambonyj; kanbnnai, kanbonnoi; ME kanbunnei, kanbu. nne kenbgdej-, kenmgdej- to straighten (TR); KK kenbegedejKK kenbel'e- to spread (TR); KJ kenbeleK kenbl- to broaden, to widen (INTR); KK kenbel'eK kenbui:- to broaden (TR) | KK kenbege- to unroll | KD kenbuko-a:l, kenbuko-ca:l flat piece of wood, board ? TU *xeme (EDAL 775) 788. *kentT kedie- obstinate (of a tied up reindeer that does not want to follow a sledge) 789. *ketK ked- to feel sorry for (TR); KD kade-

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790. *kentj T kedeje greater part of smth 791. *kentu:T keduud'e mistress 792. *kerT kereuu families left by reindeer breeders to live constantly in one place; ? TK kerge- family T kerel'uo- to spend summer 793. *ker-/*kirTK keries- to drop; to take off; TJ keriesh-, keriete- to throw down; TD kericT kerie- to fall down; TK kerie--, TJ korije- to throw off; TD kiriyeT kerienube slope; keriee- to go to have a photograph taken; keruod'e-jade moulting goose [lit. fallen goose] | TJ keriete- to throw oneself; kereite- to rush I TD - to moult FU *kirke- 'to fall' (UEW 160) //Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rdei 1999: 46 The vowel *-/'- could have changed into -e- before -e\- of the second syllable. 794. *ker'-/*kerjT kerd'i- to boast (INTR); to behave proudly; TK kerd'i--, TD kerd'iT kerd'is- to praise, to commend; kerd'iije boaster 795. ker'i:K kerik stick; piece (for example, of fish) Yak. keri:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 454) 796. * ker' il'/* kerj il' T kerd'ile things brought beforehand to a new settlement when roaming in two stages; TK kerd'ile797. kerde kerde, kerde: large iron scraper for skins, round in shape with two handles; KK kerde, kerdie\ KJ kerdie; KD kerde-, SD kerde-, T kerde; TK karde KD kerdete- to dress a skin | ? T kerde fish resembling the broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) Ev. kerde 'skin scraper' (TMS 1 443)

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798. *kerilK keril- to bite; to chew; KK kerile- to dress (a skin); KJ kerile- to brake leather; KD kerilec-, keriec-, T keriles- to make crumbs of; to break into pieces; TK keriles- to take off, to break (TR) keril flour made of fish bones cooked with fish fat; KD korle\ T kerile general name for all small things and animals; TK kerile chip T kerile- crushed; TK kerile- to break (INTR) keril'o:- soft, tender | ? TD keule- to crumble up; to break into pieces ? TU *kire- 'to mince, to gnaw' (EDAL 679) The element - h may be a derivational suffix. 800. *ke:rkT kierki far off T kierke(re)an rather far off An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 801. *kerpK kerp- to wave, to flap, to swing, to sweep; to remove snow; KJ kerpeK kerp- to dangle; SD kerpeiK (numn-)kerpij, (numn)-kerpi: broom 802. *keteT ketegej- to swell; TK ketagejT ketel'e- to swell; ketel'uu tumour | TD keted'ul-yod'en dropsy 803. ketem T ketemel barren reindeer heifer Ev. ketem 'barren (of a female reindeer)' (TMS 2 456) 804. *ketni: T ketnii-lalime sledge for transporting home utensils T ketnii-mayil coat for home; ketniid-ugure shoes for home 805. *kewK kud- to miss the target; to beat; to stir; KK kowde-, koude--, KJ koude--, KD koude-\ RS koodak, kogdak, ME kogtak kpi:- to beat; to miss (TR); KK kepiK kej- to miss the target (TR) In some forms *ke- > k-, cf. *kene.

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806. *keweK kebej- to go away, to leave; KK kewej-; KJ kebei-, kobei-\ KD kebei-, SD kebe-; T kewej-, TK kewej-, TJ kobe-, kowei-, kewei-, kebe-; TD kewei-, kebei-, kobai-, kowei-, kobei-; SU kaweik, kawitin, kawiteili, kawi; RS kawingi, kawei; M kwea, kew, kewei, kewetajak, keweitajak kud- to carry away, to take away; KJ kaude-, koude-, kodu:-; ? TK kewre- to clean; TD kaure-, kauri-, keure-, kewre- to bring off, to let go, to go; to joggle, to shake up, to shake off KK kwdej- to carry away, to take away; KD kaudei-; T kewrej-; TK kew(e)rej-; TJ kaurei-, keure(i)-; ? kebe- to jump, to run (of an animal); to walk; keberi:- to leave (TR) | KK keweji- to go away FV *kawe- 'to go' (UEW 654-655) // Nikolaeva 1988: 226-227; LR 146 The vowel -- in the first syllable may have developed as a result of rounding due to the assimilative influence of the following -w-. T kwd-/kwr- < kew- < *kewe--, where *-- is a transitivizing suffix. 807. kewe: kebe: lower jaw, lower part of the face Ev. kewe: (TMS 1 442-443) 808. *kewn'iko: T kewd'ikuo coat made of thick fur for wearing on a road in winter; pr. (a man) 809. *kiT ki- two; TK ki-, ki:-; TJ ki-, ki:-; TD ki-\ MO tkit [rect. kit], kitT kij- two; TK kij-; TJ kij-; TD kiy-; MC kujen; BO kujn, kijun, kujn T kijuod'e twins; TD ki. od'en-, kiyeod'enT kiile together; TK ki.le-; TD ki. len-, kile T kiiuo two; together | TD kid'e twice; kiyodi-kortek two (in cards) | TK kin-uoru woven threads The consonant -j- in kij- is likely to have an epenthetic origin. 810. kibas ki. bs round plummet made of larch; KK ki. bes, ki. be; KD kibe\ SD kibaz Rus. dial, kibas (ESRGS 286) 811. *kiK ki- to teach, to talk into (TR); KJ ki-\ T ki- to forbid to do smth (TR);

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TD kit-, ki-; RS ki kit- to talk into (TR); KD kiite-; T kiiteK kie:- to study, to learn (INTR); KD kiie-; TD kiiye-, kiie812. *kie:/ *kue: kue: mosquito; KK kit'ie-, KJ kuie; KD kuie; T kiie; TK kit'ie, kit'ile; TD kiien-, SU kue; RS kue; kutye-, -gutshiKD kuien-kinid'e June [lit. mosquito month] | T kiie-mail coat for the mosquito season [lit. mosquito coat]; kiie-wolme winged insect [lit. mosquito shaman]; kiien-kurelejnube beginning of the mosquito season (beginning of July) [lit. mosquito becoming] 813. *kie-/*kikK kigi:-, kige:-, kii:- to gore, to prick, to stick; to stab; KK kigi-, kige-, kigie-, kigijfe)-; KJ kige-, kigi-] KD kigi-, kige-, kii-; T kige-, TK kige--, TJ kige--, TD kige-, SU kigak; RS kigak, M kgam, kigadeili 814. *kijin kijin, kijen in no way 815. kikserK kikt- to talk into (TR) Yak. kikser- (JRS 164) In Yukaghir -t- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 816. *kil- 1 T kil'il(-laame) old hound 817. *kil'- 2 T kil'uo- calm (of the eyes) 818. *kile- 1 T kilej- to fly or to leap up high 819. *kile- 2 kild'i. bo:- vagrant; KD kild'iyo--, RS kild'ik to wade kile-, kil- to wade U *kulke- 'to move, to wade' (UEW 198) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227; LR 153 820. *killK (a:d-)killb- to fall down and roll; to skim on the water (of a stone)

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821. *kilp/*kilw kilb moss 822. *kim'-/*kimjK kimd'i:- to fight; KJ kimd'i-; KD kimd'i-; M kimdii; MC kuminygin war; imdzshingi; ME kimtschingi kimd'- to tighten (TR); KK kimd'e- to stand firm; KJ kimd'e-; KD kimd'ecK kimd' please | KD kimd'ipe troops 823. *kimer kimer film of a sinew; inner side of a hide; KK kimer; KD kimer ? U *kama 'shell (UEW 121-122) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227-228 824. *ki(m)n-/*ku(m)nK kunil ten; KK kennel, KJ kunel; KD ; SD kunel, -kynel; T kunil\ TK kunil'; TD kunel; SU kunel, M kunalin, -kunnela; MO kimnel; KL kunol, kunel, kuil, kunoljun, kunal, -kunollie; kuniella, -kuniella; ME kunelon; MU kunl, kunel, kunil, MK knel, knl, -kunel kunil'o:- ten; KK kunil-, SD kunelo-; T kunil'a-; TK kunal'a-, kunil'i-; SU gunali; RS kungalloi; M kuneloi, kunaileoi, kunailei; KL kunolen, kunoleil, kunaleil, -kunoljaidaqy-; MK kunljok' kun-erkil'd'o:- nine; KJ kun-irkiled'uo-; KD kun-erkiled'uo-, SD kunelkilezo-; uni-irkeell-enzshien; ME kune-irkinel-endschi; MU irkin-kunl-elendsch 'nt TK kun-gunil' twenty | MK knel-knelndscha-kunljok hundred ? FV *kme(-ne) 'ten' (UEW 679) // Angere 1956: 73; Tailleur 1959b: 106; Nikolaeva 1988: 229 The reconstruction of the -i- is based on the MO data. 825. *kimta:K kimda. - to deceive, to tell a lie (INTR); KK kimdae-, KJ kimdee-, ; KD kimdane-; W kimda annelan kimda. ri:- to deceive (TR); KK kimdaeri-, KJ kimdeege-, kimdeegi-, KD kimdaeri-, SU kinduannerim-, RS kimdannerim 826. *kin kin who; KK kin, KJ kin\ KD kin\ T kin; TK kin; TJ kin-; TD kin-, ki-; SU kinak; M kin, -kin; KL kinlele; inet-ta; ME kinet-ta kil'l' whose | T kinid'e to nobody | TD kinolelk nobody; somebody U *ke/*ki 'who' (UEW 140-141) // JU 72; FUV 24, Angere 1956: 68; HUV

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164, Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 140; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; LR 140, 143, 154 827. *kinK kio:- light (of weight); KK kiuo-; KD kid'u-, kid'o-, kid'ue-, kid'uo-; ? RS kenoi fine; MC kindoj KD kid'ued'it, kid'uon easily; kid'uol ease 828. *kin' T kiid'e demon, evil spirit; soul; TK kid'e; TD kid'e 829. *kin'ilK kid'ilbo:- languid, sleepy 830. *kinin' kind's month; moon; KJ kinid'e; KD kinid'e; SD kinise, kize; T kind'e; TK kind'e-; TJ kind'e; TD kind'e-; SU kened'e; RS kyne'a, kynd'a; M kind'a; KL kinia, kinind'a; kininsha, -ginendsha; ME kinindscha; MU kinnsche; MK kindsche TD kind'en-poterxo- full moon The medial vowel was syncopated. 831. *kinle RS kinli'a fox; MO kille In MO the consonant -n- is assimilated to the following -/-. 832. kina MO kingi ski Ev. kina 'wooden ski' (TMS 1 396) // Tailleur 1959: 93 833. *kinr T kinero, kinoro, kinera, kinora pr. (a place, a mountain) 834. *kino T kiine cinema; TK kino Rus. kino 835. *kit-/*ketT kidigii- to feel disgust for (TR); TK kidigi-, kirigiT kiduu- full of disgust; TK kidu:? ked- to grudge | T kidid'e smth disgusting; drawback in smb's

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character; kidije dump If the word belongs here, the root shows the irregular correspondence
-- ~ T -/-.

836. *kire ? MO kir'e knife ? U *kurV 'knife' (UEW 218-219) or Ev. gir- 'to cut' (TMS 1 153) // FUV 29; UJN 120; HUV 149; UEW 218-219; Tailleur 1959a: 106; Angere 1956: 49; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; Rdei 1999: 39; LR 146 837. *kirij T kirije name; TK kirije-, TJ kirije-; TD kiriye-, kiriyanT kirijes- to name; TK kirijes-; TD kiriyecT kirijen-gnme namesake [lit. name man] 838. *kise-/*kieK ki-, kie- to show; KK kie-, KJ kie-, kiee-; T kise-; TK kiise-, kise--, TD kice? KK kigie-, kigiet'- to show | ? T kiki- to show and then hide (TR) | TK ki.st'i- to show many times Some forms demonstrate the following phonetic changes: *kies- > kis- > kis- > kie-/kise-. 839. *kit-/*kiK kiil end; beginning; KK kit'il; KJ kiil, KD kiil; SD kicil, -kizil-; T kiil + prohibition; TK kit'il, TD kiil, gayl, -guitshel + tail; ME -kittschil kiit- to finish (TR); TK kit'iteT kitnii- to follow a track; TK kitni- to check the way kit- to reach, to finish somewhere (INTR); KJ kite-, kitne- to jut out, to stick up; ? SD -kete-, T kitnuT kituo, kinek, gituo, giter, TK kito, kiter, TD -kityo, -giter kitt-jl'j endlessly [lit. without end] | KD kitin up to the end, till, up to | T kittiuu- to finish, to lose strength; kitlek up to, till; kiuo- to be at the end of smth; kii- to forbid ? FU *kaa 'end, point' (FU 110) // JU 78; HUV 162; UJN 118; Angere 1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; FUV 86; UEW 110; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; Rdei 1999: 45-46; LR 146 The variation -t - is irregular. 840. *kitca: kita: two-year old reindeer female

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841. *kitT kite- to choke; to suffocate 842. *kittK kittd'e:- jealous (INTR); KJ kitedie-, T kittid'ie-; TD kited'ieK kitt- jealous (TR) 843. * kiweT kiwere-, kiwure- to plane; TK kiwureT kiwered'uol shavings; TK kiwured'ol TU *kuwa- 'to plane' (TMS 1 421) In Yukaghir -r- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 844. *ki:wT kiiwe- to move (of a fontanel) T kiiwej-rukun smth frail and thin [lit. thin thing]; kiwijii top of the head; kiiwije thin, frail part of smth; fontanel 845. klei KJ kilei pincers; KD kili.i; SD kilei Rus. klei 846. kljapcy KJ klepa:, klapa: trap for fur animals Rus. kljapcy 847. klju KD klu lock Rus. klju 848. kniga kinigi: part of the stomach of ruminants where the cud is digested; KD kinige; TK kiige book Yak. kniga < Rus. kniga 849. knjaz' KJ kie prince Rus. knjaz' 850. *ke-/*keeT kege- to leap, to jump, to gallop; TK kt'igej-, kot'egej-; TD kucahai-,

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koegei-, kucuhaiT kid'ie- to rush about; TK kt'id'i-; TD kucady-, koiyiT kegerej-, kegoore- to attack (TR); kid'ie pr. (a woman); ? kid'ibe meeting place | TD koid'ibo- fidgety | TK kt'egerej- to drive; to chase; kt'egeste gallop The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 851. *kejk/*keejk TK kot'ejk modal marker (may, let) The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 852. *kK kd- to gather, to tighten (a rope) (TR); KK kod-, kd-, kot- to pull out; to tighten The consonant *-- is reconstructed based on the alternations in K, cf. kt (IMP). 853. *kel-/*kkl-/*keelKJ kogelgie, kogelgi pr. (a man) 854. *kim/*kkim KJ koyime pr. (a Yukaghir clan from Upper Kolyma); T kuojme', TK kojme-, kuojme- Kolyma Yukaghir; TD kohime ? KJ kogiina pr. (a river); kogiine-d'i, kogiini-d'i pr. (a Yukaghir clan that lived on the river Kogiina) T kuojme [rect. ko.jm] < kojim < koyim. The reconstruction *kkim is based on the old hydronyms konghini (Sauer 1802) and kogiina. 855. *kj kj fellow, boy; young man; KK koj; KJ koj; KD koi; SD kioj; T kj; TD kod'ed-uo-; RS koi, koid-; -goin; ME -gon; MU keteg boy; son kjp, kwp young man; KJ kojpe; SD -kiojpe-; T kjpe, kejpe; TK kojp-, kojpe, kejp-; TJ koipe-; TD keipe; SU keipa kjbunnu- to brag (of a man); KK kojbunubo-, kojbunnu-; TD koimunubo-, RS koimonnui kjd'de: teenage boy; KJ kojd'adie; KL kojenende\ koindzshenda unmarried kjd'ed-: boy [lit. man child]; T kuod'i:d-uo, kod'ed-uo; TK kuod'ed-u, ko:d'ed-uo\ TJ kod'ed-uo', TD kod'ed-uo T kj-olol drake, male of a bird [lit. male duck]; TD koi-nolol T kjdie elder brother; TJ koidie + elder male cousin; TD koidie elder

216 8 Dictionary

T kuod'e-ile herd of male reindeer [lit. male reindeer]; kjii drake U *koje 'man' (UEW 167-168) // FUV 13; UJN 116; Bouda 1940: 76; Angere 1956: 127; JU 80-1; HUV 158-9; Krejnovi 1958: 236; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; Rdei 1999: 38; LR 146, 154 856. *kjkK kjkil' stump; KJ kojkil; *koikil; ME koikil 857. *kjki T kjgi great part of smth The word is phonologically unusual and may have a complex morphological structure. 858. *kjl T kjle- to split; to become broken, to break into crumbs, to break into pieces; TK kjle-; TJ kojle-\ TD keule-, koile kjl rubbish; rags; T kjle piece; TK kjle kjh- to break; T kjles- to break (TR), to tear; TK kjles-; TJ kojlesh-; TD keule-, keulec- + to embroil T kjluu hole; TK kjlu:, kjluK kjl'e:nu- torn | TD keulunebo- brittle, fragile | TK kjlute- to make a hole 859. *kjrin' T kjride smoke; TK kjride; TD keurid'eTK kjrid'ite- to make smoke; TD keured'iteT krie- polluted | TD keurid'ito- fire for making smoke to protect oneself from mosquitoes | ? MK knt-dandsche candle 860. *k:k k. k head (of a fish, of an animal); KK koke; KJ koke; KD koka k.k-l'oke: young of an arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) [lit. big headed] | KJ koked-amun skull [lit. bone of the head] FU *kokka 'sharp protruded part, hook' (UEW 171-172); cf. Yak. dial. ko.ko 'fish head' (DSJJ 115) // Bouda 1940: 76; UEW 172; Nikolaeva 1988: 228-229; Dolgopolskij 1998: 72; LR 146 The Yak. word is likely to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 861. *kkK kknk, kkn hook used to hang the kettle on a tripod over the fire; SD gogono wooden hook for hanging clothes to dry

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kk-ra: hook TU *goko, Yak. kx 'hook' (TMS 1 158) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 862. kokora kko.rj curved down; tree stump submerged in the water Rus. dial, kokora (ESRZ 277-278) 863. koi KD koi pole Rus. koi 864. *klT klmuo- lean; TK klmo-, klmuoT kld'e lean; klmu- to become lean 865. *kl'T kl'il snipe T klil-juod-amun knot on a diy willow root [lit. snipe skull] 866. kol'co KD kol'eke, kol'uo, kol'ue ring Rus. kol'co 867. k:lke: SD kiolaka navel, umbilicus; T kuolekee Ev. k. leke, k. len (TMS 1 420), cf. Chuk. kil" (Mudrak 2000: 75) The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 868. *klkK klge.l hill covered with forest; KJ kolgerteje + pr. (a man in folklore); KD kolgel ? SD kogalga pr. (a mountain); KD kogolgiye 869. koloda KK kolode door post; KD kolode Rus. koloda 870. kolot' kli:- to prick klej- to prick Rus. kolot'

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871. kolotit' KD koloi- to nail Rus. kolotit' 872. *k:lpKJ kuolbienu- to jump An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 873. kolton kltn tubular fallen birch bark of which vessels for berries are made Rus. dial, koltun, kolton '(snuff-) box made of birch bark' (ESRD 241) 874. kolyma T kulumaa pr. (a river) T kulumskaj pr. (a village) Rus. kolyma 875. *k:ma T kuomun-aa brushwood made of willow; BO -qomo; KL -kumana; MK -kutand-scha [rect. -kumand-scha] ash T kuomuk dry willow; kuomu- to get dry 876. *kT kuo- skillful; TK koo877. *kK ke:- to chop; KK kie-, koie-; KJ koie-; KD koie-; T kie- to undo, to unrip; to cut; TK kie-; TJ kaie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish ku: split; crack; KK kuu: + scratch; KD kou: kuji:- to chop; KK kuuji-, kouje-; ? SD goneko- broken kd'i: anvil; KD kod'in-yabod kd'- to forge; KJ kodie-; KD kod'e-; RS kodel KJ koda- to take off | SD qongolbon- vulva [lit. smth split] | TK kiere- to cut 878. *kn' kd'e worm, caterpillar, larva (on a reindeer); KD kod'e; T kd'e; TK kd'e+ caterpillar; TD kod'e- + insect; MC -konty; -kondzsha; ME -kontscha FU *kuc'V 'worm (in animals)' (UEW 205) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 160; UJN 120; HUV 160; Nikolaeva 1988: 229; LR 146

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879. *knK ke-, ke:- to scratch (of a bear), to scrape (chamois); to strike on the leg with hot ledum branches to cure rheumatism, to cure with hot water bottles; KJ kod'ej- to rub; KD kodei-\ T krieK ke pr. (evil spirit); SD kio-epie pr. (female evil spirit) ked-en pr. (the river Shamanixa, traditional territories of the alugin family); KJ kod'ed-an, kod'ed-en; SD kioad-an ke-lebe: uneven hilly place [lit. scratched land]; ke:- to become dismembered; ked-arim traditional triangle-shaped ski used on deep snow; ke-menmgo:-, qoo-menmego:- hilly [lit. where the man named ke jumped] | SD kioad-an-angil pr. (a mountain) | ? kondzsha hole | ? ME kontschu hole 880. *kn' T kuod'es- to tie up; TK kuod'esT kuod'e leather belt for tying things up 881. *k:n'ikil' T kuod'ikil' two small nails on the rear of the front legs of a reindeer An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 882. *k'il kd'il larva inside fish or meat; worm 883. konfeta KK konpieta candy; T qampiet Rus. konfeta 884. *ke:KJ koiege having stood still 885. kokovyj TK kokewej pr. (a river) Rus. kokovyj 886. kn knnrdej- to straighten (TR) Yak. kn 'straight' (JRS 178) 887. *kni ? konondshi stone used as black paint

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888. *knp knb halo; KD koben- haloed (of the sun or moon); RS kanblun ring 889. konstantin TK konstantin pr. (a man) Rus. konstantin 890. *kntK kdin enough; right; KK kodin; KD kodin, kodi kdinme:- sufficient, enough; correct, right; KK kodinmie-; KJ kodinme-; KD kodinme-, T kdiban-; SU kodynmei straight; RS kadynmei ? T -kdi- modal marker (affective) | TD kodinbener in time | ? RS kedylei boring 891. *knt T kde person, human being; TK kde; TJ kode, -gde; TD kode, gode; MC -konda; BO kodo, -kondo; MU konschi KJ kode me, with me; T kedel body; oneself; ash; TK kedel oneself T kden-mooje soul [lit. holder of the man]; TD koden-moiye host T kdenaa shadow; reflection; TK kodena:; TD kodana: T knpe people; TK knpe; TJ konpe-; TD konpeT kdee- married (of a woman); TK knne-; TD -goneT knde- to get married (of a woman); knekaan, kndie pr. (a man); kne relatives; kndea on the same place; kded-ono idol dressed in clothes sewn from pieces of the skin of reindeer legs [lit. man's idol]; kden-mutil feeble person; kden-toroje smth human [lit. man's blackness, i.e. shadow]; kngi husband; kniekaan throng of people; kedell'e own | TJ kodeolesh- to give birth I TD koded-amun grave; kode-punil-kode killer Cf. PA *gentVimale' (EDAL 541) 892. *kntK qodo:- to lie; KK qodo-; KJ qodo:-, qodo-; KD xodo-, xodo:-; TK kuduoquduo-; TD xudol-, xodo-, xodol-, xodei- + lazy; SU kodol, kodj; M kodoi, xgojo; ? MO kizeja; konda. k; ME kontok kude:- to put down; KK kudie-; KD kudie-; T kudie-, kudi-, kude- + to keep somewhere; TK kude-, kudieK qodot- to put into, to charge; KK qodoto-, qodote-; KD xodoto-; TK kudieK kudede :l- to have a miscarriage; KD kudedul'eK kuded'i: fighting man; KJ kudei, kuded'i; M kdad'i, kdad'ip kuded- to kill; KK kudede-; KJ kudede-; KD kudede-; SD kudede; T

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kudere-, kudere-, kudire-, qudere- to put (down); TK kudere-, kudire-, qudere- to lay down; TD kuderi-, kudere- to bury; to judge; SU kudededyn\ RS kudedek, -kudedei; M kdada, kdadam, kdadat, kdadak, kdadaik, kdadoi, kdadaa qodo handful; kudei.j murderer; kudde- to put under (TR); kuddu:- to have a miscarriage | KD kuded'e- to fight | T quduod'e-mail fur shroud [lit. lying coat]; kudie- to lay down | TD kudei- to put down many times | TK kuduoji- lying down; qodej- to bury; kodena: shadow S *konta 'to sleep' (SW 73) //Nikolaeva 1988: 229; Rdei 1999: 49; LR 146 The stem exists in the front and back forms. They seem to have emerged under the influence of the front or back vowel in the second syllable. 893. kopylo KD kopul' vertical pole joining the deck of a sledge to the runners Rus. kopylo 894. *krK kurul covered barn on four poles; KK kurul, KJ kurul, KD kurul, korul, krul; SD kurul kurut- to bury; KJ kuruteT krigej- to become covered with a thick layer of mud 895. koral' T karaal' enclosure for reindeer Rus. dial, koral' 896. *kri: T krii pr. (a man) 897. korjak kerek Koriak; KK kereke, KJ kereke KJ kereke-polut pr. (a man) [Koryak old man] Rus. korjak 898. *krkT krkige- to run in wave-like leaps (of a wolf); TK korkigienujo899. korma KD xarama- stern KD xarama-laxuci, xarama-laxui scull Rus. korma

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900. *krl TD korolan-pime flea 901. koroi'ki krl'ki: beads; KK :, korolki\ KJ korolki; KD koroi'ki Rus. dial, koroi'ki 902. korova qorob cow; KK qorobo; KJ korobo\ KD korobe; SD korobo-, gorobo\ T kerewe\ TK kerewe; TD koroua: qorobl-a- to milk [lit. to do the cow] Rus. korova 903. *korowo:l T karawaal tale, myth; TK karawal, korawal; TJ korowai, TD korowol The synharmonism is irregular. 904. *krpK kurpul lungs; KJ korpul; KD korpul, ME korpol 905. *krtFe: KD kortl'ie, kotle- burbot (Lota Iota); T ksl'e; TK ksl'e\ TD kot'le; SU kortle\ -gortley, -kotlendzsha; MU krtle T ksl'edie pr. (a lake); ksl'eki pr. (a lake); ksl'eaa lake rich in burbot | TD ko(r)tlen-titaband'e-oludula lizard [lit. frog looking like a burbot] The word-internal *-rt- has developed into -s-, cf. marqlo: > mal':. 906. koryto krit trough for feeding dogs hollowed out of a whole tree; hollow in a tree; KK korite pan, trough; KD koride; TD korite KD koriten- concave Rus. koryto 907. kostyl' KJ kotilne- on crutches; KD kotil'ne-; SD koktilneRus. kostyl' 908. *kt- 1 SU kotum, kotuk to dig; RS kotuk SU kotuw pit; mine; RS kotu; ? -kotunda

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? kutujo:d'a: pr. (a place in the upper basin of the Jasanaja) | ? KJ kutu pr. (a man) 909. *kt- 2 KK ktine- thick; T kotine-; TK ktine-; TD kotinei T ktigej- to become thick or fat; TK ktigej-, ketegej- + to swell; TD kotegei-, kotigei- to grow fat T ktirke smth thick or bulging; TK ktirkeT ktinege INTJ (how thick!) 910. *ktk- 1 T ktkej- to reach, to come (INTR); TK ktkej-; TJ kotkei-; TD kodkieeT ktkerej- to bring; TK ktkekej911. *ktk- 2 T ktkes- to encounter problems, to be at a loss (TR); TK ktkes- to try T ktkelge INTJ (how difficult!) 912. kov ku-ra: ladle, scoop; KK kowe; KJ koue-re, koue; KD kouce, kouce-ra\ SD kouka Rus. kov 913. krejnovi TK krejnowi pr. (a man) Rus. krejnovi 914. krepost' krepo pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk); KJ krepo; SD kiriepas Rus. krepost' 915. krest kries cross; KJ kre; KD kire; SD krus-; TK kiriesta; TD kirec KJ kreide- to cross oneself Rus. krest 916. krivorot KJ kriborot pr. (a man in folklore) Rus. krivorot

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917. kroit' KD kroci-, koroci- to crumble KD krocke crumb Rus. kroit' 918. krugom KJ kurgom all round; KD kurgom Rus. krugom 919. krupa T kurupaa hulled grain Rus. krupa 920. krutoj KD kurutoo- steep Rus. krutoj 921. *ku: ? MO ku snow U *kumV 'thin snow' (UEW 204) // HUV 160; UJN 116; UEW 204; Nikolaeva 1988: 247; Rdei 1999: 39 The phonetic development may be as follows: *kumV> > kuw > ku:. 922. kubulunTD kobulni-, kobulnu- to pretend Yak. kubulun- 'to be capricious' (JRS 185) 923. kua KD kue pile Rus. kua 924. *kue- 1 kudelar- to gather; to be going to do smth (INTR); kudalaraga beginning; ME kudelerka beginning kude-, gude-, kudu-, gudu- to become, to begin; to turn into; KK kude-, KJ kude-; KD kude-; T kure- to do, to act; TJ kudie-, kurie-; -ghodak, -kudi; ME -kutak; W koendejanck T kuri-, -guri- to become, to happen; TK kuri-, -guri-; TD kuri-, kurii-, -guriT kurije-qajie ancestor [lit. clan grandfather]; TD kuriye-xaiie great-grandfather

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KD kodei- to gather (TR); TK kudej- to get up kudej family, clan, ancestors; origin; KJ kudeje, SD kudeje, T kurije-, TK kurije-, TD kureye, kuriye kudel'o:- neat; smart; kudel'- to be going to do smth, to prepare to do smth I KJ kudei- to become | KD kudeii- to become | T kurije-saal worshipped tree [lit. clan tree] | TJ kodeola- to change, to alternate 925. *kuel-/*kuntelKK kudeleje- to chatter 926. *kuen ' kuded' liver; KJ kuded'e, kuted'e; SD kudaze\ kudentsched- + intestines 927. *kue SD kiokanga penis; T kuge; TD kugen; MU gug, kak T kugu-ruske testicle [lit. penis bowl]; TD kugu-ruske 928. *kuin- ? MO kugindiq to scream, to shout 929. *kukK kukul devil; KK kukul, KJ kukui, KD kukul; SD kukul, T kukul; TK kukul ghost; TD kukul; RS kukulgin, kukul, kukud-; M kkul, kukud-; MU kukl\ MK kukl, kukndaiT kukupe devils; TD kukupeK kukud-eje gun [lit. devil bow]; KJ kukud-eje; SD kukud-aja kukuljrd'i:, kukujd'i: pr. (a tribe of reindeer herders who live in the Tundra, probably Chukchi or Even); kukun-nodo cuckoo [lit. devil's bird]; kukun-lebejdi: sort of berries [lit. devil's berries] | T kukurej- to become evil like a devil; to become rabid; kukuege INTJ (the devil!) 930. kukatan T kokotaa closed end of a sleeve in a child's overall Ev. kukatan 'gloves' (TMS 1 405) The word may have been borrowed from the Ev. dialects that use -o- in place of -u-. 931. ku:keki kukki: Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) Ev. ku. keki, kuke.ki 'jay, Siberian jay' (TMS 1 427)

ME

kudentscha,

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932. kuku.T : I' sleeping-bag; kukuul' Yak. dial, kuku. l (ESRD 314) 933. kukuka KD kukucka cuckoo [lit. devil's bird] kukuka-pujl measure of length (the distance between the thumb and the middle finger) [lit. one blowing of a cuckoo] Rus. kukuka 934. kul' T kuul' bag, sack Rus. kul' 935. *ku:I'a T kuul'e entrance hall in a Russian house TU *kuli, *kul-ti 'threshold; to fence' (EDAL 736) 936. *ku:I'a:rm T kuul'aarma pr. (a lake) 937. kulebjaka kul'ba.q dish made of boiled fish with berries; KD kulubaxa Rus. kulebjaka 938. *kulemp T kulube chamois boots for summer; TK kulebe Cf. Yak. kulluka, kullua 'fur stockings', Evk. kulpe, kulpeki:, kulimej 'fur boots' (TMS 1 428) 939. *kuiempj T kulebej, kulubej black polar fox (Felis arcticus); TK kulebej 940. *kul'ika: T kul'ikaa-amun spherical ends of the shin-bone 941. *kultrki: kuldrki: common woodcock (Scolopax rusticola)

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942. kul'tura TK kultura- culture Rus. kul'tura 943. *kumun T awjaat-kumun since yesterday T tadaat-kumun since that time 944. *kunu: kuu: sky; KK kuu, kuu:; KJ kudu:; KD kudu, kud'ur, SD kuu; T quruul; TD kurul, kuru, xorul', xorul; SU kuuw; MC kuntugi, kundugi + day; BO kup sun; kundshw, ME kuntschu; W koendsjoenga, koedzjuga kuu:d-oil Universe [lit. split of the sky]; kuu.d-oora:, kuu.n-ril' rainbow [lit. tongue of the sky]; kuzu.n-ped'ih northern lights [lit. sparks of the sky]; kuu:-tite-d'el'ono:- blue [lit. green like the sky] | T quruud-iiwaa sky mother [lit. sky milk]; quruul-juod-ewe zenith [lit. sky's top of the head]; quruul-unmed'uo rainbow; quruun-qajie sky grandfather | TD kurul-loilil lightning [lit. sky's fire] In T q- is irregular. 945. *kuneK kud' glue; KJ kund'edK ktmd'd- to become sticky; KJ kuned'iK kud'rej pr. (a man); KD kud'ero:-, kund'ebo- gluttony kud'- to stick (TR); KK kudie-, KJ kudieK kud'- sticky | ? SD kunzad-abut pr. (a mountain); container made of birch-tree bark used for keeping tea leaves and boiling water OU *ko:n- /*kana:- (Honti 1984: 151) // Bouda 1940: 76; Nikolaeva 1988: 229; Rdei 1999: 46 The middle vowel -e- is syncopated in most forms. 946. *kunilil TD nie-gunilil friend 947. *kunkT kungere- to tear; TK kungerie- + to pluck; TD kungare-, kungere- + to shave; to tousle the feathers T kungekuu bare patch on fur; kungekuu- to lose fur (of skin); kungej- to grow bare (of fur)

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948. *kukun'e: kukud'e: gadfly 949. *kuntK ku- dirty; KK kune-', RS kunnei kunt- to make dirty (TR); KK kunte-; KD kunteK kudul mud; dirt; KK kudul, KD kudul, kundun\ ME kundun\ MK kndschut kund'a: dirty person 950. ku:ntuk kuntuk sparse wood; pr. (a settlement) Ev. ku. ntuk 'clearing, tundra' (TMS 1 434) 951. kuotTK kuote- to win a competition Yak. kuot- 'to run away, to overtake' (JRS 190) // Krejnovi 1958: 250 952. kupec KD kupe merchant Rus. kupec 953. *kurKJ kur- to clutch U *kure- 'to tie together, to fasten together' (UEW 215-216) // Nikolaeva 1988: 230; LR 142, 154 954. *kura:tli: T kuraatlii hat worn by smb being buried Cf. Ev. dial, kurtli 'cap' (TMS 1 435) The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 955. *kur'K kur Siberian white crane (Grus leucogeranus); KK kuren, kure; KJ kure, kurekie', KD kure kurka: short coat with fur inside or made of chamois which in winter is worn under an overcoat; kur-lebejdi: cranberry [lit. crane's berry]; ? kureqti: Siberian white crane | KD kurced-abud'a snipe [lit. crane grandmother] ? U *karke 'crane' (UEW 128) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 230

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956. kur'z kure.s- to amuse oneself Rus. kurjz 957. kure: kure: fence T kuried-awur three main poles of a yurt [lit. fence container] Ev. kure: 'fence' (TMS 1 436) 958. *kurelT kurelej- zealous T kurelejke- to choose as an object of derision 959. *kuril' T kuril' ornament made of coloured pieces of w o l f s or dog's skin, sewn up at the back of the coat and given to the shaman as a fee; TK kuril payment to a shaman for curing smb T kurilii- to recognize, to remember; to know; TK kurili-, kuruli-, kurili-, gureli-, giriili- + to see; TJ kurili:--, TD kurili- + to feel T kurii- to ask; TK kuriti-, kuriit'i-, TD kurilitT kurul'uo- to be seen; TK kureuo-, kurul'uo- + to appear; TJ kurel'ioT kuril'te- to make a notch (TR) | TD kurilid'iel question | TK kurilow pr. (a man) 960. kuru:k kurulubuj, kirilbuj, kuru. k always, all the time, gradually kuruk always, all the time Yak. or Ev. kuru. k 'always' (TMS 1 438) 961. *kuseTJ kusheei- to overtake The word probably contains the back --. 962. kustuk kustuj axe made of ore SD kustuk arrow ? Yak. kustuk 'arrow with a head made of metal or bone' (Pekarskij 1927:
1260)

963. *kute: kute: summer yurt cover made of smoked skin or chamois; KJ kutie

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964. *kuto:j T kutuoj miscarriage (of a female reindeer); TD -kutoi + (of a woman) 965. *kuweBO kuwmoj to grow BO -kwoj big 966. *kuwe/*kump kube, kuba rust; KK kube KD kubene- rusty 967. kuxljanka KJ kuqlanke fur coat with fur inside; SD kuqlengka; T kukl'aanke short fur coat of the Chukchi type, with the fur on the outside; TK kukl'ankaRus. dial, kuxljanka (ESRD 314) 968. kuznec KD kud'ne blacksmith Rus. kuznec 969. kymy: kimni: whip Yak. kymy: (JRS 207) 970. *kyntna: T kidanaa pr. (a place) 971. *kyqmrK kiqmr- to cure 972. *kyra:n kyra:n pr. (a man in folklore) 973. ladan KJ ladan incense Rus. ladan 974. ladit' la. d'i:- to repair, to mend, to adjust; KD ladiRus. ladit'

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975. lado KJ lado palm Rus. lado 976. *l'a-/*I'aqT l'ayurqa upper body 977. *laajk/*laqjk KJ laajek, layajeq pr. (a man in folklore) 978. *laal'-/*laqal'T layal'es- to skin; TK layal'e-, TJ layal'esh-; TD I'ahalecT layal'end'e skinning of a reindeer 979. *laal-/*laql'T layalayaluu- tedious; tiring, fatiguing T layalaya INTJ (how boring!) 980. *l'aaw/*I'aqw l'arau, l'aau lowland; KK I'ayaw canyon, ravine; KD I'arau, I'ahan [rect. l'ahau\, TK I'ayaw 981. *lajaT lajaa behind; after; TK laja, laj-; TJ -loja\ TD -loya T lajuo- last; TK laj-, lajouT lajawre back part of smth; TK lajewre T lajite- late; TK lajiteT lajude backwards; earlier; BO lojgodo\ KL laginda\ MK lojgunda T lajebe offspring, descendant; the last one; TK lajebe, lajebo remainder, rest T lajen, lajane later, lately; TK lajene, lajen T lajare- to leave; TK lajere-; TD layireT lajuolel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. last white broad-fish]; lajieya penultimate nomadic camp; lajamu- to stay, to remain; lajaa-risqa small finger [lit. last finger]; lajaad-od'e muscles of the buttock [lit. back drop]; lajares- to leave; lajd-uo, lajbed-uo youngest child in a family; laja thigh, haunch, hind legs (of an animal); rear of smth; lajad-ugure hind legs [lit. back legs]; lajuolel-semnel pr. (a lake) [lit. last place where many people died]; lajmukuol-nime small yurt where a dead body is kept before burial; lajayare rear; lajyar behind; lajyaren-daal butt-stock [lit. back tree] | TD

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loje-ald'a little finger [lit. last hand]; layen- to leave | TK lajude backwards; lajewre- to leave | BO lojlagat left 982. lajat' T lajse- to bark; TK lajse-, TD I'aiceT lajse bark, barking | TD laicari- to bark at (TR) Rus. lajat' 983. *l'a:j ja:j, Ta:j, a.j spleen; T l'uk-aaje\ ME laie ? U *''w 'spleen' (Lapp) // Nikolaeva 1988: 223 984. *lajnT lajnu- to fight; TK lajnu-; TD lainulaineT lajniie war; TK lajnit'e\ TD lainid'eT lajniieii soldiers 985. *l'al'u: T I'aTuu pr. (a woman) 986. *lalwT lalwii- to press; TK lalwiT lalwije extra blanket; food reserve left in the tundra for the future; TK lalwije, lalwie; TD lalwiye TK lalwerej- to cover; to press; TD lalburei- lalborei- to pinch; to roll over; to throw down T lalwes- to cover; lalwii-raal platform on four poles used for storage [lit. pressing tree] | TD lalwiral wooden barn | TK lalwej-, lalwuo- covered with snow 987. *la:m T laame dog; TK laame, laama\ TJ la:ma, la:me\ TD lamo, lame, lami 988. *lampME lambul spear 989. lampa TK lampe lamp Rus. lampa

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990. *lamp l- ? MC lambol'aq after 991. *lampunm T labunme willow-ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus); TK labunme; TD labunme T labunmeaa place abounding in willow-ptarmigan; labunme-sugud'ecoward [lit. with the willow-ptarmigan heart]; labunmed-enu pr. (a river) [lit. willow-ptarmigan river] 992. *lamtMC laudap low; MU namdtschit U *lamte- 'low; deep' (UEW 235-236) // Tailleur 1959a: 417, 1962: 97; Nikolaeva 1988: 230-231; LR 146 The alternation of the initial /- ~ n- also occurs in leme ~ neme, lalim ~ nolim. 993. lamut la:md'i: pr. (a tribe that used to live in the upper basin of the river Korkodon in the mountains of Argaatas, probably the Even); T laametkaan pr. (a Tungus tribe) T laamed'aa man riding a dog team; laame-riska dog's claws [lit. dog's finger]; laamen-jalil pr. (a lake) [lit. dog's lake]; laamen-burie red bilberry [lit. dog's berry] | TD laimadie puppy Rus. lamut or Ev. la.mutkan (ESRD 350-351) 994. *la:nT laane- to run at a trot 995. "lan'K lad'i:- to smoke (TR); KK lad'i-; SD lasiKK lande- to become smoked; KD landeK lad'il smoke used for drying smth; KD lad'il lad'it- to smoke (TR); KK lad'ite-; KD l'ad'ite-, lad'iteK la- smoke-dried | SD lasil-emelie smoked cover of a yurt 996. *l'a ja goose; KJ jae\ KD yae\ SD jangza; T jade, jare; TK jare, jara, jade\ TD yad'ert-, yud'e-, -yad'e\ SU jaa\ RS jan'e\ M jage', MC ljangjaja\ landzsha-, ME landscha\ MU Ij'rtgdscha, Ij'rtgdschand-; MK Ijangdscha, lljngdscha T jared-ayare sunny warm autumn days after which it becomes colder [lit.

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goose breath]; jaren-kiie big mosquitoes [lit. goose mosquito]; jare-d'ii pr. (people of the Yukaghir Goose clan) [lit. goose people] 997. *lan'inT lad'id'aa slowly; TK lad'id'acr, ? anindzsha [rect. lantindzsha] gentle; ? ME anindscha [rect. lantindscha] gentle T lad'inban- slow, calm; ladn-gurii- to become calm; lad'ine calmly; slowly FU Vfflc'V*weak, slack' (UEW 240-241)// Nikolaeva 1988: 233 998. *laqK lai towards, to (PP); KJ lai\ SD -langi; TK laK lad(t) on the side of (PP); KK lade-, KJ lade-; KD laide, l'aide; SD -lengdet, -lengdat, TK laude, luude la.yt from the side of (PP); SD -lagan-, T laayar side; TK layar, laykT layayas- to disperse, to separate, to diverge; to lie about; TK layayasT layane- rare, scattered; spread; TK layaneT lale, laul side; half; layae- disarranged (of hair); laal'es- to ruffle; layaa pr. (a woman); layaatege pr. (a dog); layae- scattered, spread; layayaj- to disperse, to diverge, to separate; laud'aa, laude like smth, about smth | TK layad- to disperse; layayarej- to separate; to spread ? TU *la-kV, *la- 'near' (EDAL 859) The comparison with Tungus may be valid if -()q- in Yukaghir is an old suffix. 999. *IantT ladil wrist; TK ladil forearm; TD ladil T ladin-uo bracelet protecting the hand from the bow-string [lit. wrist iron]; TD ladin-d'o: 1000. *Iantqun T ladaqun how much; as far as, so far as 1001. laptaa lapta: northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) Yak. dial, laptaa (DSJJ 149) 1002. *laq- 1 laqil tail; bottom (of the body); KJ laqil, leil-- KD l'axil'; SD laqil; T laqil-, TK laqil, TD laxil, RS likil tail; BO leql, KL lyqil, layl; MU Ijchl; MK lkhal

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laq-ui: stern steer of a boat; KD -lax-uci, -lax-ui: laqid-i: buttokc es; fish tail [lit. end of the bottom]; laqin-ike: dragon-fly [lit. long tailed] | T laqin-uod'ijaa Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) [lit. tail fringe]; laqid-eku: anus [lit. bottom hole]; laqind'uoje soft part of the buttock 1003. *laq- 2 T laqul' lungs; TK laqul T laqund-uo small lung [lit. lungs' child] 1004. *l'aqa-1 jaqa- to reach, to come, to arrive (INTR); KK jaqa-; KJ jaqa-, jea-, laqa-, lea-, leqa-, je-\ KD axa-\ RS lxai, lxaini\ MC jaqangi; MO Ijaren [rect. Ijaqen] to walk jaquji:- to get somewhere; KK jaquji-; KD I'equyiK jaq hortative marker (come on, let us); KK jaq\ KJ jeq, jak\ KD yax joqt- to bring; KK joqto-, KJ loqto-, loqte-, KD l'oxto-, yoxtoK jaquja:r- approaching; ? jaqaj also, too, as well ? FU *lkte- 'to leave, to go out' (UEW 239-240) The origin of the vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 1005. *l'aqa- 2 l'aqan slot in a beam used to split it while making a boat; KD I'axan ? T iban-laqal part of a slope opposite the rocky part [lit. rock slot] ? FV *lake- 'to hew, to break' (UEW 683) In the final -n may be a suffix. 1006. *l'araT jaraw-, I'araw- slow; fatiguing, lasting intolerably long T I'aralwuol- sickly, puny; l'araja, jakajya INTJ (tiredness, boredom); jarayii- to find smth very tiring; I'arajyii- to think that something is long; to feel impatient (TR); l'arajiire impatiently; larune- elastic, springy; I'aruyato tremble (of bones when smb is lifting smth heavy); to be elastic; to be noisy; Taruyas- to bend elastically 1007. *larqK larqul root; KK larqul, KJ larqul, SD -lanqul [rect. -larqul]; TD larxul tribe, clan; larkul, ME larkul\ MK -tarchl [rect. -larchl] ? FU *srV 'root; vein' (UEW 437) // Bouda 1940: 87-88; UEW 437; Nikolaeva 1988: 220; Rdei 1999: 47

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1008. *la:runtTD la.rude-nienu- to ask 1009. *lasT lasuya- to rush about, to do smth in a hurry (INTR) 1010. *lasaT lasawe-, lasune- thick (of fur); TK lasaweT lasue- to bulge; to heap up; lasune- thick (of fur); hairy; lasurqa bush; lasuu pr. (a man) | BO lawo, lawa hair 1011. laska KD lakooo- good-natured Rus. laska 1012. *la:tnj la:tnj pr. (a mountain; a woman in folklore) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1013. *latur T latur white-winged scoter (Menalitta fusca); TK latur 1014. *law- 1 T law- to drink; to smoke; TK law--, TJ lau(e)-, laule-; TD lau-, laul-, louT lawje water; TK lawje; TD lauye T lawjeme late autumn; TK lawjeme\ TD lauye, lauyema T lawnijaa alcoholic; lawjeaa place abounding in water; lawjemdie, lawjemkie, lawjumdie small lake; lawjebuge INTJ (thirst); lawje-rukun drunkard [lit. water thing]; lawjed-ekuu ice-hole [lit. water hole]; lawjen-ruske scoop [lit. water bowl]; lawjen-uoraske bucket [lit. water caldron]; lawjen-meni(i)e water carrier; lawjeduube, lawjedube hill on the plain where polar foxes cub | TD lauite-, lawute- to give to drink; lukun-louye source; me-laudieen- to have lunch | TK lawjus- to pour water (TR) 1015. *law- 2 labut floating log or snag; KD labuf, T lawur, TK lawur heaps of tree trunks on the bank of the river labun-a:, lamun-a: floating log; KJ labun-ar, KD labun-da; RS laun-a root labun-a:d-: bastard [lit. floating log child]; KD labun-dad-uo

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T lawurnaaiil pr. (a river) ? FU *lVppV'floating log' (UEW 257) //Nikolaeva 1988: 230 1016. *leK lellu- downstream; KJ lelu-, lelle-, SU lellyke\ RS lyledK lede down the river; in the North; KK lede\ KJ ledude\ KD lede ledd downstream; to the North; KD ledule; ledinda North; ME letynda North ledenme:- low; KK ledemie-; KD ledeme-\ RS ledemer, *ledemnee:\ ME ledemmi; MK ledmei lell-d'i: people who live downstream [lit. downstream people]; leddd northern; ledeme:d' low place; lellug- North | KD lellugut from beneath FU */F'under' (UEW 258) //JU 106; UJN 120; FUV 31; HUV 164; Angere 1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; UEW 258; Nikolaeva 1988:231 1017. *l'eemil/*l'entmil KJ ledemeil pr. (a man) 1018. *l'K l'- to be, to exist; KK le-- KJ le--, KD le-\ SD /-; T l'e-; TK le--, TJ le--, TD le-, la-, SU lei, ljek, lei, lny, lekin\ RS lngi, lei] M lei, leje-, lei, leli, lededagana + to approach; MC -let, la--, BO lej, letemo-, KL leni, Ijanunj, leda, ley, lay, liak, -lae + life; ME lei, -lai, te:k [rect. le:k], -lae + life; W le, leti, legatei, led 14:- to have; KK lienu-\ KJ //. -; KD /'/-; T /'//-; TK -; TD li:TK line- independent, self-contained, well off; TD line-, li. neT lebul place where smth or smb is; TK I'ebul l'g(k), l'- parenthetic word; T lege, le-, l'e\ TK lege, leK l'k INTJ (let us, come on); KK %'; KJ le, lei + what l'd without, independently of (PP) | T I'uolya, luoluolya instead of; I'eril place where smth or smb is; lie indeed U He- 'to be, to live' (UEW 243-244) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 81, HUV 164; Angere 127, 162, FUV 32, UEW 243; Nikolaeva 1988: 232; Rdei 1999: 47; LR 142, 154 1019. *leK leg- to eat; KK lek-, leg-, lew-, ley--, KJ leg--, KD leg--, SD leg--, T lew--, TK leg-, lew-, log--, TJ leu-/leg-\ TD leg-/leu-\ M laktmla, lagl, lagul; ME lagk, lagul, MK li led- to eat (INTR); KK lede-\ KJ lede-\ KD lede-\ SD lengde-, lengdio--, TK lewde-; TJ leude-; TD lende-, leude-, SU landewudje', RS

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landak, ? loidek, landinubaken- + to bite; MC landyk, KL lagdaj; langdal; ME langdak, -langdega; MU lngdetsche, lngebndsche; MK IjandbaK ledij big old-style wooden spoon; KD ledi, lediye; T lewdii fork; TK lewdi: legul food; SD legul; TK legul food; TJ legul, RS -lagu, lagul; MC -lyq\ MK -jgul; W -liagel legit- to feed; KK legite--, KJ legite--, KD legite-; T lgite-; TK lgite-; TJ legite-, logite-, TD legite-; RS lagitek, M lagiita\ lagetak; ME lagitak ledjo:j glutton (a person); legej- to eat up; ? leub European wigeon (Anas penelope) | KJ legud-u:a:nube piece of reindeer skin on which meat and bones are cut [lit. place where food is moved]; pr. (a man in folklore) | T lewdienube eating place; restaurant; legud-amud'e tasty food [lit. food goodness]; legul-mend'e hook for taking meat out of a pan [lit. food taker]; lgikid'ieje poison; lgiesineu March FU *sewe-/*see- 'to eat' (UEW 440) // Bouda 1940: 88; UEW 440; Nikolaeva 1988: 220; LR 157 1020. *le:-/*lekT lieya- to rush The vowel harmony and synharmonism are irregular. 1021. *leur-/*lekurT liien-legurel sound made by male reindeer 1022. *IejK lejdi:- to know; KJ lejdi-\ KD l'eidi-, T lejrii--, TK lewdii-, lejri- + to remember; SU leidy, RS leidy; M leiduxi lejtej- to recall, to learn; KK lejte-, l'ejte-\ KJ lejde-, lejte-, KD leitei-, leitei--, T lejtej-, TK lejtej--, TD leitei--, SU laitamik lejt- to remember, to recall; KK lejtet'-, lejte-, T lejtejseK lejtk INTJ (it serves you right!); lejtd'- to remember, to recall; lejtd'e. l riddle I ? T lejkiuu- to take a nap | TD leiterei- to remind of; to make understand ? U Hew- 'to find' (UEW 247) // Paasonen 1907: 21; JU 105; Nikolaeva 1988: 231 1023. lejka lejk, ejk lamp which uses fat; candle; T l'ejke\ TK lejkeT l'ejke-saanebul candlestick [lit. place where a candle sits] Rus. lejka

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1024. lekarstvo KD lekare medicine, remedy Rus. lekarstvo 1025. *l'ePT l'e luge- to dangle, to hang loosely 1026. *lelK lel- to growl (of a bear) 1027. *l'elpK l'elp- to send The cluster -Ip- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. 1028. *leme leme, neme what; KK leme, neme-, lemdik; KJ leme, lemlik, lemdik, KD lemedie, lemdedik, T leme, neme; TK nime, ime, neme\ TJ neme\ TD lemen, neme, name, nemeolel', SU lomogol, lemen', RS lomogl, lomdk; M lmdak, ? MC lompyj- [rect. lomyj-] work; lm'lo', KL lomdak, limlentak, lemle-', ME lomlendak, -laemle KK nomoqo why; KJ nomool, nomoqo, lomoqo + something; KD nomoqo numun/numud with what, how; KK numun\ KD numun/numud, lumun; ME lumun, numun T lemkumun why so ... ?; nemedi INTJ (uncertainty about the possibility of doing smth); nemie till what time; nemen what kind of; lem but why; modal marker (possibility) Some forms show back synharmonism. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is probably the result of assimilation to the second syllable --. For the alternation /- ~ n- cf. *lamt-, 1029. *leml' T lemle owner, master, host; boss; TK I'eml'e, lemle', TD lemle, leme T leml'e- to be suitable, decent; to feel well; to be brave | TK leml'emu- to recover after a disease 1030. *lempice: T lebiie INTJ (how fast!) 1031. *lemtT lemtee- to have one's front tooth fall out (INTR)

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1032. *lene- ? BO lenej to jump 1033. leningrad TK leningrat, leingrat Rus. leningrad 1034. *lenmK lenmun(n)- shaggy; KK lanmune-, KD lanmune-; T lenmune-, lanmuneto droop, to snow in flakes (of the snow); to be dangling lenmuge:, lemuge: pr. ( the mountain Argaa-Taas) | T lenmurke rags; lenmuge-, lanmuya- to flutter in the wind; to walk waving one's arms about; lanmul'es- to hang smth so that it sags; le(l)bue- hairy, shaggy TU Hendu-, *landu- 'to swing; to be shaggy' (TMS 1 491, 517) 1035. lenta KK I'ente band; KD lete Rus. lenta 1036. *lent T lede INTJ (horror) 1037. *lepe- 1 lepni:- to smear with mud or clay lepn- smeared with mud or clay; lepegdej- to smear with mud or clay ? TU *lipa- 'to smear, to poach in mud' (EDAL 861) 1038. *lepe- 2 T lepegej- to break off, to chip off (INTR); TK lepegejT lepeguu smth chipped off; TK lepeguu T lepetterej- to tear off abruptly; lepeges- to chip off FU *rVppV-/*reppV- 'to burst, to split (INTR)' (UEW 427) // Nikolaeva 1898: 247; LR 146 There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 1039. lepka T lepieska flat cake Rus. lepka 1040. *lep(k)K lep(p)ul blood; KK lepul, leppul; KJ lepul; KD lepul; SD lokpul; TD

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lepul\ MO nepao [rect. lepao]; lio.pkul; ME lobkul, labkul lepud- to start bleeding; KK lepute-, lepude- to stain with blood lepud-abut part of an elk's stomach, used for making a bag to keep blood to be used as food [lit. blood container]; KJ lepud-abut ventricle lepun-ug vein, blood vessel [lit. blood road]; KK lepun-t'uge\ KJ lepun-ugo-, KD l'epu-ugo\ ME labgin-tschuda [rect. labgin-tschuga] KD lepkud-ie blood relative [lit. end of blood] ? FV *lepp 'alder' (UEW 689) // Nikolaeva 1988: 231 The semantic development can be reconstructed as follows: 'alder (red willow)' > 'red' > 'blood'. Some Yukaghir forms point towards the reconstruction *lepk-, where -k- could be an affix. 1041. *leptKD leptule-lodol' ball game 1042. *lerKJ lerul girl; TD lerul' 1043. *le:rT lieraj- to burn; to touch The word is an exception to vowel harmony, as it takes the suffix -ajinstead of the expected -ej-. 1044. *lerp-/*lerbKK I'erpele- to hang down (of the lower lip); KD lerpeleKK erpui- to lower one's lip | T lerpuu shaggy dog; pr. (a woman); lerputketke shaggy dog; lerpue- hairy; lerpukie hairy male dog; lerpunehairy TU *ler(be)- 'swinging; shaggy' (TMS 1 500, 518) 1045. *leseT leserke (torn) rags FU *lee-/*lie- 'to strip (of leaves), to bare' (UEW 246-247) 1046. letat' BO lyt' to fly Rus. letat' 1047. *lewe: lebe: land, earth; KK lebie; KJ labie; KD lebie, I'ebie; SD lebie-; SU -lywje, lewje; BO lewegat; KL lewega; levye, liebe + floor; ME leviya,

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lebi + floor; MK lew; W levianh lebe:d-u: fish-roe [lit. earth child]; KJ lebied-uo; KD l'ebied-u; MU lebnd-ul; MK lewnd-ul T lewejn-burebe nature; homeland [lit. cover of the earth]; TD lewein-burube universe lebe.n-pugi wood goblin, master of the earth; KD lebien-pogil; SD lebien-pogil lebe.d- to move encampment; KD lebiedeK lebejdi: berry; KJ labeidi; SD lebejdi; levindi, -loviendi, -levienda-; ME leveentie lebe:n-ke:ht wood lark [lit. drying the earth]; lebe.n-ril flower [lit. earth ornament] | KD lebiye-legul edible roots [lit. food of the earth] | T lewejn-burebe-eie mother nature; lewejn-duul, lewejn-tuul bowels of the earth TU *lebe:(n) 'swamp, marsh' (EDAL 872) 1048. *lewejT lewejl summer; TK lewej-; TJ leweile warm; hot; TD leweiT lewejl-molnube place where one spends summer ? FV *lmpV 'warm' (UEW 685-686) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988:232 1049. *lewke: T lain-parile-lewkie kind of owl T sal'il-lewkie hen-harrier 1050. li(bo) KJ ilibu, lubu or; T il'ibe or; SU li if Rus. li(bo) 1051. *liT liie six-year old reindeer bull; TK lit'ie, lit'ije domestic male reindeer; TD liie T liuorke reindeer female; TK lit'uorke; TD liorko, liorke T liien-sal'yarrejuol castrated male reindeer [lit. bull's breaking] 1052. *lie-/*lueK lige- old; KK ligel-; KJ lige-; KD lige-\ T luge-; TK luge-; TJ I'ugo-; TD luge-, lugu-; RS lyge; ligai age; ME ligai age ligumu-, ligemu- to grow old; T lugumu-; TK lugumu-; TD I'ugumuT lugul'uu aged; lugumun-poyod'e pension money [lit. oldness money]

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1053. *liw-/*IikiwT ligiwuo- full (of food) 1054. *liiw-/*HkiwT ligiwe- to tell one's fortune (usually with a breast bone of a willow-ptarmigan) (INTR) 1055. *limpT libene- tender, soft T liberke branching towards the end of the antlers of a reindeer; libegej-, libel'e- to become fluffy, downy (of fur); libee- fluffy, downy 1056. *limpilin'i: T Iibilid'i-nime furuncle 1057. *IikT ligee scum T ligeles- to cover with scum; ligerkee smth covered with mud or scum The cluster -g- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1058. *IintT liidej- to crumble, to fall to pieces; TK lidej- to go apart; TJ li.de? KJ lidiennui to get filled 1059. *li:p li:p spade made of poplar for shoveling up snow while putting up traps; KD lipe FV *lippV 'spade or board used as a spade' (UEW 690-691) // Nikolaeva 1988: 232 1060. *lirT lirue- to have long fur (INTR) T lirukie smth with long fur 1061. *l'ir- 1 iril stomach, belly; KK iril; KJ iril; KD iril; SD iril; T liril; SU liril; RS jiri; liril, ME lyril; MU lirr'; MK liril, lirilK iri- pregnant; KK irie-; T l'irie-; TK lirie-; TD Urine-; SU lirilnyn; RS jirinei, irin-; MC jurinyj, juriny fat; BO lernej; KL lirinej KD irid-igeye saddle-girth, belly-band; SD irid-igej; T lirid-igije T l'ir-kitiki back; buttock [lit. end of the stomach]; TK I'ir-kitikil'

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irign-ero:n glutton [lit. bad in his stomach]; irilgi-l-kiii glutton (of a person) [lit. his stomach has no end] 1062. *I'ir- 2 T I'irie- to rely on (TR) T Tird'e delegating one's responsibilities to smb 1063. *I'ir-/*l'erK irkd- to tremble, to shake; KK irkej--, KJ irke-, KD irke-, irko-; T l'irke-, TJ lirke- to practice shamanism; TD irke-, lirkeKJ irkeje shaman; T jerkeje, Ierkeje shaman's tambourine; TJ lirkeje shaman's tambourine; TD lirkeye, lirkeye- shaman's tambourine T jerkeje-pajdii, jerkeje-bajdii shaman's beetle [lit. tambourine's beater]; TD lirkeye-paiduK irkuej- to frighten; KJ irkuaj-\ KD irkuceiK irkud'- to shudder; KK irkuji-; KD irkud'e-; T l'irkejed'- to practise shamanism; TK lerkejed'i-\ TJ lirkejezi-; RS yrkiov, lirkndzsh, ME tirkuntschei [rect. lirkuntshei] irkej- to get frightened; irki- to frighten | KK irkijibo- nervous; irkujto startle I T l'erkejend'e shamanizing; l'erkeje- to shamanize; Teruge- to shake slightly (INTR); I'erud'i- to shake slightly many times | TJ lirkejesh- to practice shamanism | TK I irkej shivering, fever The word shows the unusual correspondence -/'- ~ T -e-. In the initial /'was lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. Given some T forms, -k could be a derivational affix. 1064. *l'ireT irere- to blow; TK 1'irekej-; TD lirereT I'irekije draught | TD lireres- to cause to blow 1065. linij KD licnoo- more, extra Rus. linij 1066. *l'iteK itegdej- to pierce; T liteges- to strike, to beat; to forge; TK liteges- + to shave; TD liteges-, litegasT liteged'ije forger; TK liteged'ie T I'itegend'ed-albe anvil; TD liteged'ed-alba T liteged'i- to forge; TK liteged'iT litene- strained, keen (of a look); l'itege- to forge; litegend'e hammer for

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forging; liteguo- beaten; (umun-)iterke, literke bare flat place on the top of a hill; litegej- to become strained, keen (of a look) | TK liteged'iekie hammer for forging In the initial /'- was lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. 1067. *li:tT liite- to divide, to separate; TK litrejT liitterej- to separate some reindeer from the herd 1068. *I'itekT litekne lightly, without causing any disturbance (of one's walking) T litekne- to move easily (of smb's legs while walking) 1069. *liweT liwuo- calm; TD liwuo- late T liwekeluu- tedious; liwekelge INTJ (boredom, sleepiness); liwumu- to get accustomed to (TR); liwuojne calmly; liwure- to comfort smb (TR); liwe- to entertain, to amuse; liwed'ii, liwid'ii amusement; liwire- to miss 1070. *loK loil fire; KK lot'il; KJ loil; KD lo, loia\ SD locil; T lail; TK lail; TJ lail, TD lail, loil; SU laid-, loil, loila; RS loil; M loil, KL lael\ lotshel, lotshen-, ME lottschell T laided-uol stove [lit. fire frame]; TK lat'ided-uol; TD laided-ol, loidod-ol' fireplace in the yurt T laid-end'ii splinter [lit. fire burner]; TD loid-enbe loid'i: steel for kindling fire; KK lotidi:; KJ loid, T laid'ir, TK laid'v, TD laidi', RS loiedy, lotshenda loid-u:ri:, loid-u:i:, loin-u:i: steel for kindling fire; double intestine of a bird [lit. moving firewood]; loil-u:ji:-, loil-a:- to cut wood [lit. to do firewood]; loidj- to flash; loin-qal'l'u: wooden chips [lit. fire driftwood] | KJ loil-pedije fire-place [lit. fire burner] | SD locil-ci lightning | T laid'ii-kudiii white down from a willow (used for starting a fire) [lit. laying of a steel]; laid'ii-qajl' flint [lit. steel's stone]; lain-januyase wooden poker [lit. firewood collector]; laid-endii splinter [lit. wire lighter]; laid-amun brushwood [lit. firewood bone]; laid-nid'e, laid-anid'e ash [lit. fire sand]; lain-parile-lewkie kind of owl; lain-meruu ritual name of fire; lain-bare fire-brand [lit. fire basis]; lainaa place with much wood; lain-memderie shavings, chips [lit. what makes fire flame]; lain-legul two logs used to keep the fire in the fireplace [lit. fire food]; lain-sisayase, lain-sisaasiie wood-cutter | TJ lain-sisaasnube place where one cuts

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wood I TD lain-ki.d'e fire spirit; loid-enbe fire-place | TK lat'in-legul log burning on a fire [lit. fire food] 1071. *l'o:K jo.d- to play; KK jo.do-, joda-; KJ lodo-, lodio-; KD lodo-, l'ado-, lodo-; SD lodo; T l'uora-, juora-; TK l'uore-, l'uora-, jora-, juore-; TJ lore-, joro-; TD loro-, lore-; SU lodaje; RS loodek, loodn; lioda; ME liota jo. dri:- to play with (TR); KD I'odori- to win in a game jo:dj toy; KD l'odiye; T juorii; TK I'uori, juorii T luoriie, juoriie competitions, games; TK I'uorit'e KD lodibe going out; I'odod'a- to have fun, to have a good time; lodod'al common games | T juorpej-, I'uorpej- to joke, to play a trick on (TR); ? jooii- to amuse; to entertain (a child); juora game | TD I'ore-gonme beloved; l'oirind'en marriage; wedding; ? l'oi- to carry | TK I'uorej person playing a game 1072. *l'oo l'oda.q face downwards; KK ludaq; KJ loda.q; KD loda.x, lodo.x; T liraaq KJ lode down T -/'- is unclear 1073. lodonyj KJ lotonoj pr. (a place on the Kolyma); SD lotocaj Rus. lodonyj 1074. *lMC logu, -logo reindeer; MK lgouf[rect. lgouk] elk T lgikind'e wedding; reindeer killed after the death of a man; TK logikind'e food T lgur call of reindeer male TU *lk- 'elk; deer' (TMS 1 509) 1075. *l'o-/*l'oqK I'oyi:- to castrate; KD lohi1076. *looMC sogond-onde salt; logdy-chonl TU *saKV(EDAL 1204)

logodu.shinu;

ME

logotunkeinu;

MK

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1077. *looT loore- to wash (TR); TK loyoke-; TD lohoreT loyod'e- to wash (INTR); TK lood'e; TD lohod'eT loyorii rags for washing up; blood of a reindeer used to wash hands after a funeral; loyod'aanube washstand OU *l- 'to wash' (Honti 1984: 159) < U *lukV-/*luyV- II Nikolaeva 1988: 232; Rdei 1999: 47 The PY *-- is reconstrcucted based on the Uralic correspondence. 1078. *Ioompo:r/*lokmpo:r T loyobuor roots of wind-fallen wood 1079. *I'ko:rT l'okuorej-awiklie black polar fox with high quality fur 1080. *IlT ll- to bring up, to give an upbringing, to educate; TK llT lld'-eie stepmother [lit. upbringing mother]; TD I'old'ed-enieT lld'e, lld'emaa stepfather; llde- to lull to sleep | TD lalmel-uo-, lalmen-kod'edouk adopted child, foster-child 1081. *lolim T lalime sledge; TK lalime; TD lalima, lalime] MU nalimme\ MK nalma T lalimed'aa people with sledges; lalimekaan little sledge; lalimen-juo front part of a sledge [lit. sledge's head]; lalimen-oyod-ayi skin of a one-year old reindeer calf used as a rug on the seat of a sledge [lit. sledge bed]; lalimen-tolii long stick made of dried willow between the front part and the legs of a sledge [lit. sledge stick]; lalimed-ugure legs of a sledge Cf. Ev. nolima 'sledge' (TMS 1 604) // Krejnovi 1958: 249; LR 165 The direction of borrowing is unclear, but in any case the Ev. data demonstrate that the Yukaghir word used to have -o- in the first syllable. For the alternation /- ~ n- in Yukaghir see leme ~ neme and *lamt~. 1082. *l'ol'oq SD lologodie pr. (a stream); T I'ol'oqodie pr. (a woman) 1083. *lolqK loly- to boil (INTR); KK lolyo-; KJ lolgo-; KD lolgo-, lolha-\ SD lolga-\ T lolya-\ TK lolya-' TD lolho-, lolheK loly- to boil (TR); KK lolyo-\ KJ lolgo-\ KD lolhoc-; SD lolga; T lolyas-; TK lolyas-; TD lolhec-

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KK lolyadaj- to boil (TR) | T lolyije spray from boiling water; person who speaks quickly; lolyasiie person who constantly boils smth 1084. *l'om'/*lomj omd' moisture, humidity; KK lomde\ KD I'omd'e l'omd'- to shed hair, feathers; KD I'omd'eK lomd'u:- humid, damp | KK lomd'ed-, lomd'e- to shed hair or feathers 1085. *lmp-/*lumpK lubul top of a boot; KK lubul' gusset in a boot; KD noil'-l'uhul\ ME lombul shin, shank ? U *lampa 'snow-shoe' (UEW 234) 1086. *l'- 1 l'- large, big; KD l'oneK k large fish; KK jonke large, big l'umu-, l'ke.mu- to grow larger 1087. *l'- 2 jo, lom, um bell; KK joe, jot'e-; KJ joe, loe; KD l'oe, yome; T joe, je\ TD -yoe-; RS jona KK joe- ringing; T jneT jerke smth ringing; joen-oyoyol tinkling of a handbell; jtege pr. (a place); jii- to make smth ring; jiie smth ringing Cf. Ost. (Obdorsk) loxali 'bell' (DEWOS 845-846) 1088. lonak KD loncak three-year old elk Rus. dial, lonak (ESRZ 342) 1089. *l'on'u:/*l'onu: KJ lod'u: youngest wife; KD I'od'u 1090. *Ionl ? SU lonla lungs 1091. To n K jono:- worn out; KJ lone- bored, perforated; TK jone-, joe1092. *l'oqqK jono:- open; KK jone-, T jone-; TJ loo-\ TD l'ono-; SU jogonei

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joni:- to keep open; KD -loni-; T joniiK joaj- to open (INTR); KK joyojT jootej- to open (TR); TK jootej-, TD l'ootaiK joodaj- to open (TR); KK joyodaj-, joyodej-\ KJ looodaj-, loyoodaj-, loyodaj--, KD I'ogodaiTD l'odei-, lodeinu- to open (TR) | MK -Ijongaljschnoje opener 1093. *loq ? MU longg bow 1094. *lontK lond- to separate, to let off, to take away (TR); KK londo-; KJ londo-, londe-, londa--, SU londana to skin loni:- to take down; loda:- to separate, to leave (INTR) The elements -da- and -i:- are suffixes: *lont-d- > lon-d-, *lont-ji- > lort-i:-. 1095. *lotK lod- to dance; SU londae, londanik, longdok, RS londak, MC landygik, MO lojundak, longdok, ME longtok 1096. *lop lop pr. (a man in folklore); KJ lonuo [rect. lopuo] 1097. *lo:q T luoqa hook made of bone; hooked instrument for digging out birch trees from the snow; poker T luoqaend'ekukun smth hooked; shaman's attribute; luoqaa man having a nose with a low bridge; pr. (a man) | TK luoqat'end'e hump-backed 1098. *lo:qT i-luoqas- to quarrel ? TK i-layarleri- to attack 1099. *IoqoT loqoyo- to walk in a light springy gait; to rise (of the sun); TK loqoyoj- to rise (of the sun); to get better (of smb's life) T loqnii, loqnije float; TK laqnije T loqnii- to burst out; to protrude from inside; loqne- protruded, violent; loquo- violent; harsh

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1100. *1K lorqa:j- unable to do smth (TR); KJ lorqai-\ SD lorqaj- to grow decrepit; T lorqo- to think smth too difficult ori:- to suffer 1101. *lrT lorine- beautiful (of fur) T lorie-, lukue- luxuriant (of willows); to have long fur (of a hat); lurukee smth with long fur; person wearing a hat with long fur 1102. *losij loij, loija: pr. (a man in folklore); KJ loija: 1103. loskut KD lokut rag Rus. loskut 1104. *ltT ltine- dirty T ltii pr. (a woman); ltil'uu dirty creature; ltil'es- to soil, to dirty; ltige- to become dirty 1105. lovit', lovuka RS lowitaik to try M lowka trap Rus. lovit' 'to catch', lovuka 'trap' 1106. lovkij lopkoo:- suitable Rus. lovkij 1107. *lwK ludu:- to fall down; KK lomdu-; KJ loudu-; KD loudi-, lomdi-, loudi-; RS logdui\ M lowdgi lud- to drop; to take off; KK lowde-, lowdij-; KD loude-; ? MO -loudok lmdij, jmdij precipice | KK lopi- to drop The alternation -w m- is irregular. 1108. *lowia-/*lompia-/*lowint-/*lompintKJ lobide- to look

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1109. *lowo-/*lompKD lobal seine(-net); SU lawol\ RS laol KD loba.i- to catch fish with a seine-net The vowel harmony is irregular. 1110. *l'wun'-/*l'pmun'K l'bud'-, jbud'- smoked 1111. loka lok-ra: spoon; KK loka, loke\ KD locke KD lod'kad-abut sack [lit. container for spoons] Rus. loka 1112. *l'u:K ju:l smoke; KK Jul, ju-\ KJ ju:l, lu:l\ KD M, yul; SD jul; RS jun-\ KL //; MU ljul, MK Ijl + sand KD yudei-, yu.dei- to smoke (TR) ju. i:- to smoke (TR); KK jui-, KD yu. ni-, yuniK ju:-legul, i.-legul flour [lit. smoke food]; RS jun-lagu; MC jel-lyq\ MK Ijnd-jgul bread; W ln-liagel ju: breath; KJ lu:e; KD l'ue, uen-; SU lua\ RS lua\ leutsnni, lewsha + stream; ME lutsche, lutscha + spirit; MU ltsche ju:dej- to sigh; KK judej-, KD l'uedeiK ju:-ra: fire for smoking out mosquitoes; KK jue-ra-; KD l'ue-ra ju:h-qond'i:-,jul-qond'i:to faint [lit. to drag one's breath] U *lewle 'breath; soul' (UEW 247-248) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 86; JU 81; HUV 164; UJN 121; Tailleur 1959a: 418; UEW 248; Rdei 1999: 47 The phonetic development is likely to be as follows: *lewle > lew- > lu:- > l'u:-. The first consonant was palatalized before a long vowel. 1113.lu:a: lu.i: Russian; KK lut'v, KJ lui\ KD l'uid-; SD eu'i [rect. lui], jici-\ SU lun, lupa, lui; RS lui\ M luin lu:i:d-o:i: vodka [lit. Russian water]; MK lotschnd-ondschi lu:i:n-borod'ina: blackcurrants [lit. Russian currants]; KD lui-morod'ina red currants lu:i:(n)-num pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) [lit. Russian house]; KJ lui-numo, lui-nume

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KJ luid-legul dried crust [lit. Russian food]; lui-jou syphilis [lit. Russian illness] Yak. or Ev. lua, lu. a (TMS 1513) 1115. *luina KD luine kindling; SD lucine Rus. luina 1116. *luur-/*lukurT lugurubul tray for meat made of the skin under a reindeer's hooves; TD lugumul 1117. *lukT lukul ground, earth; land; TK lukul; TD lukul TK lukud-od'e dew [lit. water of the earth]; TD lukud-od'e T lukul-burebe place; land [lit. top of the earth]; TJ luku(n)-burube-\ TD lukun-burube T lukun-sisiuu, lukun-sisayuu cleft, fissure [lit. earth split]; lukud-amud'e flat land [lit. goodness of the earth]; lukud-albe lower land [lit. bottom of the earth] I TD lukun-louye source [lit. earth water]; lukun-burube-ki.d'e goddess of the earth [lit. spirit of the surface of the earth] | TK lukuldol tomb 1118. *l'ukK juku- small, little; KK juku -; T juku-, juku, I'uku-; TK luku-, I'uku-, TJ juku-; TD luku-; SU juku, lyki-; RS juke-, lyki-; lukun, luki-, lukund-; ME lukull-, lukunt-, lukunt-\ MK IjukiK juko:- small, little; KK juko-; KJ jukuo-, lukuo-, juko-; KD l'ukuo-, yuko-; SD jukio-; T jukuo-; TK l'ukuo-, I'uko-; TJ lukuo--, TD l'uko-, luko-, lukuo-, SU jugn-, lykoi, lyko-; RS lukaondi, lukoi; M l'uk; MC jeke little; MO ceqej- [rect .jeqej-], tiqo- [rect. juqo-]; BO jqo, jqo, jqon; KL ljukon, ljukon; lukool-; ME luckon; MU lik, liktschit; MK Ijuk, ljukon, Ijuko, IjukndK jukumu- to grow small; KK jukumu-; TD l'ukumuK jukue.j, jukunume:, jukunme.j (small) mouse; KJ juguneje\ SD jukuoneje juku-parna: crow; KD yuku-parana juku-kue: midge [lit. small mosquito]; KK juku-kut'ie juku-noda: small bird; KK juku-noda\ KJ juku-nodar, KD I'uku-noda, yuku-nodar, SD jako-nata juku-ubed' pulse [lit. small heart]; KJ juku-ubod'e; T juku-rugud'e jukud-ad' pupil of the eye [lit. small eye]; KD lukod-ad'a:,

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yukod-ad'ar, TK jukud-ad'aa temple (part of the head); Iooka-angsha; ME lukant-angscha SU lyki-poe ermine [lit. small white one]; M lyki-pod'e; looki-pondsha juko.- to make smaller; TK Vukure-; TD Fukure-; MO jekoniK juku-joa: barnacle goose (Branta) [lit. with small nose]; juko:d'o:n(de:) a little bit; jukud-onora: rainbow [lit. small tongue]; juko.l-kukuka-pujl measure of length (the distance between the first and the second finger) [lit. small blowing of a cuckoo] | KD yuko.il-mald'e, yuku-mald'e Arctic bramble [lit. small cloudberry]; yuku-kuiye-kinid'e August [lit. small-mosquito month]; yuku-xartlid'e-kinid'e February [lit. little butterfly month] I SD jukjuol-oquja small louse | T I'uku-ond'a pr. (a man) [lit. small male]; juku-jalaa(die) small lake; jukul'e smaller one; l'uku-mo-ooj belly, stomach [lit. small stomach bag]; l'ukuoiil-sajre falcon [lit. small eagle]; jukud-ujeej-rukun small birds [lit. small thing with wings]; juku-juodii, I'uku-juodii red ball in the inner corner of the eye [lit. small eye]; jokondaa swamp snipe; l'uku-olol Baikal teal (Anas formosa) [lit. small duck]; juuk-amaa child traditionally considered to be the reincarnation of its father [lit. small father]; jukuolel-susked-enu pr. (a river) [lit. little bowl river]; jukuo pr. (a man) 1119. *luki lukil, lkil blunt arrow without a head used as a child's toy; KJ lokil, lokkil bow; SD loxkil, SU lokil Ev. luki 'toy arrow' (TMS 1 507) 1120. *lulK luli:- to howl; KJ lulu-] KD l'ul'-] lootshi] ME lultschu 1121. *lun'KJ lud'udie thin layer of ice 1122. *luntK ludul iron; KK ludul] KJ ludul] KD ludul] SD ludul] RS -/; MC lundylo] -lundal] ME -london, -lundol] MK lundl, -lundul lun-bug, nun-mug iron cauldron [lit. iron box]; KK lun-buge] KJ lun-buge, ludun-buge] KD ludun-buge, lun-buga] SD lunbuge] TK lun-buge-] SU ludun-piga ludun-qon piece of iron [lit. iron broken piece] 1123. *l'u:rK ju.ro:- wry, crooked, slanting; KK juro-, ju.ro-] KD yu(o)ro-, l'uoro-] T

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juuruo-; TK juro-, ju.ro- + limp; SU juror, RS juror, yonrul jurii- to bend (TR); KK ju. rit'i. -; TK juurit'ijK juru:- to bend (INTR), to become crooked; KK ju.rit'i-, ju.rit'i:-; KD yuri-, l'uri-, T juuriii-, TK ju.rit'iK ju:ri:- to bend, to make smth crooked | T (moon-)juuruupe pr. (a Chukchi tribe) [lit. hat crookedness]; juurud'uol swing; juudek askance; juuruorii- to keep askew | TK ju. ru: crookedness Vowel shortening in some forms is unclear. The initial /- is reconstructed on the basis of the KD data. 1124. *l'urkK jurgu: slot, hole; KK irgu, irugu\ KJ jurgu-, irugu-\ KD iruguc-\ SD -jurgu\ RS jirgu jurgud'e:jd, jurgud'e.jj star; awl; KK irugud'eje; KJ irgud'eje; KD irgud'eye\ SD jurgyzieje, jarquduje; SU lirogor, RS jirjugudeija; M jirumudr, MC jerpikineja; BO liringindeje; KL lirugudej-, lerungundshia; ME lerungutschar, MK lirngindschej jurgu- to bore, to drill; KK irgu-, jurugu-, KJ urugu-, KD ywrugu, SD jurugugu,juruguK jurgu:gi-jl' to be unable to understand a language [lit. he has no hole] | KK irgud-, jurugud- to become holed | ? RS jirumudi cracked The intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated as in jurgud'e.jj, cf. --1125. *luto:rT lutuore- to kill; to wound 1126. *l'uwK immu- to get drunk; KD imumu- to fool; T iimu-, iimu-; TK imu-; SU iwjema] eventsh stupid; ME jvuentsch stupid; MU imbujeir, MK iwmuje, Ijugweja + full (of food) immo:- drunk(en); T iimie-; TD ieK jubo:- to make a fool; wild, stupid; KK -I'ubuo-; KD yu:bo-\ SD jubaK ibolbani:-, ibolmui:-, ibolban- to make fun of, to laugh at, to fool (TR); KD ibolmuni:-, ibolbanT iimus- to fool; TD imus-, imiese- to make drunk jubug- to become full (with food), to stuff oneself; KK jubogo-, juboge-, lubugo-; KJ luboge-, luboo-; KD l'ubugo-, luboge-\ SD juboge-\ SU luwger, RS loogoi KD yubo.d'e- to spoil | T iimies- to make drunk; iimuluu- tiring, boring; iimulgii- to disapprove | TD i. mni mad; drunk | TK imuj-gde drunk person

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Cf. Evk. iwul 'wild; strange; fool' (TMS 1 295) The stem has undergone various phonological changes: */W- > jub-, *l'uw- > juw- > ji:- > i:- > i-, *l'uw- > jum- > i:m- > im- (before -m- of the following suffix). The Evk. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 1127. *luwe-/*lumpK lubed- to cough; KD i'ubode-; RS luoda 1128. *luwen' K lubed'- (light) blue; KD lubod'en-; SU luwod'eni\ RS lioani; lubandzshianni; ME lubantschianni 1129. *IympT libatterej- to grasp abruptly (TR); TK libatterejT libaa- to shake, to shiver; to tremble (INTR); libayii- to set; libarya smth shaking TU *lembe- 'to swing, to flutter' (TMS 1 516) or FU *rVmpV- 'to swing' (UEW 241) // Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 155 ( ~ FU) There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 1130. *Iymq T limqa peled (Salmo peled); TD leqma- [rect. lemqa-] T limqadie pr. (a woman) 1131. *Py:n/*Py:nq KJ li. noya jealous 1132. *lyk ? MC luiga [rect. lunga] rain; MO lango, -langeo, laigo- [rect. lango-] + water; BO lgej water MC -liguj to drink / MO langol'-langol'to drink water 1133. *lynT lina- smart, smartly dressed T linalya INTJ (how smart!); litaa pr. (a man); linyayaj- to become smart; liarkaa smth smart 1134. ma KK ma, ma?INTJ (here it is); TD ma Ev. ma (TMS 1 519)

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1135. *ma:T maamaa- to eat (usually of a child) The root ma.ma:- is likely to appear as a result of reduplication typical of nursery words. 1136. maexa KD maixe stepmother Rus. maexa 1137. *maK mail coat; KK mail, KJ mail; SD magil, T mayil, TK mayil-\ TJ mayil, TD mahil, mahin-\ SU magyl, RS magyl, KL mihin-; mangil, ME magil, MK mhil SD magil-nugan sleeve [lit. arm of a coat]; TD mahin-niin mayiri:- to hang on all around (of children); to cling to (TR) | T mayin-burebe upper coat with fur outside [lit. top of the coat]; main-iid'e bottom hem of a coat [lit. coat hem] ? TU *muKa 'fur clothes' (EDAL 920-921) mangil indicates that the word contained the medial consonantal cluster, however other OY data rather point towards a single consonant. 1138. *ma-/*maqT mayul dandruff 1139. magazin T magad'iin shop Rus. magazin 1140. majn KJ main pr. (a man) Rus. majn 1141. *mal'a/*malj mald' cloudberry; KD mal'd'e\ SD -malzo\ RS mal'e FU *molV/*mo'V 'berry' (UEW 279) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 233; Rdei 1999: 48 1142. *maI-/*molK maluji- to doze; KK maluj-\ KJ maluj-, KD maluyiK mal- to spend (a night, a day); KJ mal- to sleep; T mol-\ TK mol-\ TD ma/-, mal-, RS -malul, mallui

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malaj- to fall asleep; KK malaj-, KJ malaj--, KD malai-; SU malaik, malai molo:- to do smth quietly and evenly (of speaking, moving) (INTR); molil silence, calm; back water of a river where there is no current | TD malol camp I TK mold'i- to spend several nights This stem shows the irregular alternation -a o-. 1145. *ma:l T malaa(k) modal marker (here it is; let us; however); TK mala:k, ma:lek, mala, mela\ TJ ma.lek, malek, mola: T maalek modal marker (agreement) | TK ma.luu- close 1146. *ma:l- 1 T maaluu- amazing; TK ma.luuT maalijuori- to surprise; TK ma.lejlo.ri-; TD maleyoriT malii- to amaze; maalej- amazed; maaline strange, funny; maalaa INTJ (surprise); maalaa- to peer with curiosity 1147. *ma:l- 2 T maala- both sides; opposite; TK ma:l-\ TJ malau-, malouT maalajla- six; TK ma.leji-, ma. lajla-, ma:leje-\ TJ malajle-; TD malaileT maalajlakla- eight; TK ma.lalak.la-, ma.lajlakla; TJ malailek-; TD malailaxla-, malailekT maalayur both sides of smth | TK ma. laur on both sides ma. lul'lg around Cf. PE *malruy 'two' (CED 187) // LR 145 1148. *mamT mamad'ed-ooj bag for a sledge 1149. mamontova mamuta: pr. (the river Mamontova) Rus. mamontova 1150. *manK man-jbul rat; KD man-col'bul' 1151. *ma- ? TD mao-, mano- to freeze

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1152. *ma:nT maane- to protect jealously without letting smb go near smb else An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable suggests that -- is a derivational suffix. 1153. *manil/*monil majl hair; KJ manaile, monaile, moile; KD manal'ie, manail'e; SD majan, majylcr, T monil'e + brain; TK monil'e, TJ monile-, TD monile-; SU manle, manele\ KL manaapul, manal'a\ manalle\ ME monnole\ MU monli + head; MK manlya T monil'ed-anyii comb [lit. hair comb]; TD moniled-anhiT monil'e-d'uo hair jewelry [lit. hair metal]; monien-uoruu braid, tress [lit. woven hair] | TD monilenu.l hair majl < mal < mail < manil. The stem shows the unusual correspondence -a- ~ T -o-. 1154. *maqarun ? TK maqarun-l'ellek some time later 1155. *ma:r- 1 T maaruo- lucky; happy; TK ma:ro(:)-\ TD maro-, :-, ma.roT maarii- to wish well; to be fond of one's favourite work; maaruojne lucky I TD marol, marol' happiness; protecting spirit TU *muru(n) 'luck; mind' (TMS 1 558)//Nikolaeva 1988: 180 1156. *ma:r- 2 T maarii- to turn out (TR) 1157. *maraT maraya INTJ (used when smth desired is not available) T maranme idly, simply; maranme-l'ie very simply 1158. markov KJ markob pr. (a man) Rus. markov 1159. *marmjan TK marmjan pr. (a man) The three-consonantal cluster is irregular.

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1160. *marq- 1 marqil' girl; KK marqil', marqi-; KJ marqil; KD marxil; SD marqil; T marqil'; TK marqil; TJ marqil, marqel; TD marxol, marxel, marxe-; RS markil, markilge; KL marqildieh, marcel; ME markell KD marxidie little girl; TD marxeldie teenage girl marql'-:, mal'-: daughter [lit. girl child]; KJ marql-uo; T ma(r)ql-uo + niece; TK marql-uo; TD marxl-uo; KL martl'-ugi; *marl-o:o; ME markl-u; MK martlj- KD marxid-eime bride-price [lit. girl price] | T marqilcaakaan beautiful girl; marqi-lugumuluol old maid [lit. girl's oldness] | TD marchlibod'e-godek ladykiller [lit. womanizing man]; marxenile- dowry 1161. *marq- 2 TD marxi- to move 1162. *ma:rqT maarquo- one; TK mo:rqo(:)-, marka-, marqa-, ma. rqa-, ma:rq(u)o-; TJ marqo-; TD morxo-, morxe-, marxoTK ma.rqad'e once; TD marxad'e T maarqabur- only, sole, unique An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable may have emerged as the result of contraction, possibly from *m +*irk- 'one'. 1163. *marq/*morq marq thicket of small birch trees; KD marxa; T morqe; TD morxo-; SU mrxa T morqaaa flat place rich in birch trees Yak. ma:r, Evk. mar 'marshes grown with birch bushes' (TMS 1 531) In Yukaghir -q may be a derivational suffix. The stem shows the unusual correspondence -a- ~ T -o-. 1164. martyka mattuka, mottuka: Sabine's gull (Larus sabini); SD mattukai Rus. dial, martyka 1165. maruxa KJ maruqe pr. (a woman) Rus. maruxa

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1166. maina TK masina car Rus. maina 1167. *maskan- ? SD makangi grass or rags used to clean a gun 1168. maslo KK masla, masle butter; KD masl, mosl Rus. maslo 1169. *mat- ? matuo-andalley October 1170. matnja KD mata, bata beam in the ceiling Rus. matnja 1171. ma:wut ma. but lasso (traditionally made of four or five thin strips of leather); KK mawut\ T maae', TK ma. t'e-, TD maen T maaekaan pr. (a man) Ev. ma.wut 'lasso' (TMS 1 520) // Krejnovi 1958: 249; Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 T ma: is probably from *ma:w-j, although in this case -d'- would be expected instead of --. 1172. maxat' KD makai- to dip Rus. maxat' 1173. mazat' KD mazai- to smear Rus. mazat' 1174. *me:K me:- to wait (TR); KK mie-, KJ mie-\ KD mie-\ T maa-, ma-\ TK maa-\ TJ maK me. d- to wait (INTR); KK miada-\ KJ miede--, KD mieda-, miedeTD ma. nu- to wait The correspondence -e:- ~ T -a:- is irregular. However in the final -- in

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me.d- may lengthen into -a:- before some suffixes, as is typical of back stems, e.g. me:da:-nu- (Imperfective). This may indicate the original stem *mia-, but the diphthong -ia- is otherwise unknown in Yukaghir. 1175. *m m here it is, here you are; affirmative marker; SD mi-\ T me(r)- focus marker; TJ me(r)-, mo-; ME maK m-mt-kude- to get ready to do smth | T mer-id'ire recently, just; soon | TD mar-arure- to speak (of a child); me-niado more; mer-uo- careless | ? TK mer-anme, mar-anme similarly, alike Cf. TU *ma 'here it is' (TMS 1519) 1176. raed' me.j copper; KD mei Rus. med' 1177. *meK modi:-, medi:- to hear, to listen, to understand; KK medi-; KJ medi-, modi-, mdi-, KD medi-, modi-, SD mozi; T mri-; TK mori-, mri-; TJ mori-; TD mori-; MC mody; KL moria, mozyi; moedik, mo.e.dik; ME moktyk, moitik T mrej- to touch; to smell; TD moreiT mrd'e news, rumours; TK mrd'e; TD merd'e + hearing mdu:- heard; KK medu-; T mru-; TK mru:-, mru-; TJ :-, medu:-; TD -; -moditsh, -moodel; ME -modhytsch, mutulK mdej-, medej- to get heard; KJ modej-; TD moreiKJ morid'e- to listen; TD merid'e-, merd'ec-, morice- to inform mdinu- to smell; KJ modinu-, meduni- to feel; to touch; KD modinu-; RS modynuk mdej- to try (TR); to taste; KJ modejK mej-, meej- to wake up; KJ merid'eiK me:- heard | T mrd'iie news, advertisement; mriie smb who makes noises; mr- to learn; to feel; mrne- loud, resonant | TJ moreinu- to hear I TD mered'e-, mered'ec- to visit; meruo- careless | TK mrd'i- to inform TU *mede- 'to feel, to notice' (TMS 1 563-564) //Nikolaeva 1988: 178 In the second consonant of the root is assimilated to the first consonant of the derivational suffix. In most forms *me- > mo-. 1178. *me: ? MK md stone

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1179. *mei medin, mdin as soon as; KK medirr, KJ medirr, KD medirr, T miri\ TK miri', TD miri In T -e- > -i- by assimilation to the following -/'-. In some forms ~e- was rounded under the influence of m-. 1180. medlit' KD mel'id'i- to linger Rus. medlit' 1181. *mee/*mek T megee man good for nothing 1182. mej TK mej INTJ (greeting to a Chukchi) Chuk. mej INTJ 1183. *mejTJ mei- to take; SU meinygde, meinile, meinilek, meinugcr, MC mejnik, menitam, mejtemin, mejtemih, meyik mejnu- to take; KJ mejnu- + to ask in marriage mejnub handle | TK mejnujegel lasso 1184. *mejuw/*mejump/*mejntuw/*mejntump mejdub thorn, splinter mejdub- thorny, prickly; wavy 1185. *mejlK mejlugi:- not to hope; T mejlugii- to protect T mejluu- dangerous; TD meiliK mejlug INTJ (sorrow); KJ meiluge passion TD meilugule- dangerous | TK mejlugul'el care 1186. *mejl'inc'a mejl'id' one-year old reindeer or elk; KJ meilid'a, mailide ? Evk. melele, me:lan 'elk calf; small tundra reindeer' (TMS 1 534) 1187. *me:k me:k near; KK mieke\ KJ mete; SD m'eko\ SU meka far; MC meka, ? magan + soon me. kl'e: till, up to; nearer (PP); KK mekl'ie; KJ meklie, marklie\ T miklie\

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TK mikl'ie me.kme:- near; KD miekome-, miekonbo-; SU mekamei me.klo: near; me. knbn recent) KJ mekulbele recent This stem may be related to *m. 1188. *melK melut breast; KK melut-; KJ meluf, KD melut; SD mielut; SU melt; RS melt; MC malyt; MO melur; mlud; ME melluth; MK mlut melut-pod'erq round metal decoration women used to wear on the chest [lit. breast day]; SD mielan-pozorqo SD mielut-lomka breast bone FU *mlke/*mlye 'beast' (UEW 267) // Bouda 1940: 80; JU 82; UJN 121; HUV 162; UEW 267; Nikolaeva 1988: 234; Dolgopolskij 1998: 29; LR 142 1189. meleku T meldekuu person with holes in his teeth T meldee- with missing teeth Ev. meleku 'without teeth' (TMS 1 567) The origin of the consonant -d- in Yukaghir is unclear. 1190. *memK memj, mmj flame; T mmdije; TD memreye; BO mmeje; KL ipimzaj-lo [rect. mumajlo] mem- to flame, to blaze; KJ memde-, -; KD memd'e-; SD memze-, nenre-; T mmdeT mmderie shavings for kindling fire In *me- > m-, cf. *me-. 1191. *mem' KD mema- speckled, pitted The cluster -m'- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1192. *memT memde-, memre- to give; to prepare; to cook (TR) 1193. *me:(me:) me.me: bear; KK me:me:, , memer, KJ me:me:a:n bear; KJ memeen; KD memeen\ SD mimecen\ T meemeeen pr. (a woman) me:me:n-punbur kind of long silky grass [lit. bear's bed]

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Cf. Ev. dial, me.mee, me.meen (TMS 1 568), Yak. dial, mm (DSJJ 163) The word me: me: may be a result of the reduplication of the root *me:. The Ev. and Yak. words are Yukaghir borrowings. 1194. *mempK me.bi:-, mi.bi:-, bi.bi:- modal marker (obligation); T mebii- to stretch (TR) T mebej- to go somewhere | ? TJ mabuji- to get prepared | ? TK mebiej- to show smth for a moment In -e:- > -i:- under the influence of -/:- in the second syllable. 1195. *menK md', med' news; KD mend'e\ TK mende; SU mnd'e T mnd'e- to be awake; to hear (to not be deaf); TK mond'eQ)-; TJ mend'eshei-; TD mond'ei-, mend'eiT mneban-, meneban- to be endowed with the gift of foresight, to be a hypnotizer I TK mond'ie- to hear In some forms *me- > m-, cf. *me-. 1196. *men'TJ med'uo- to enter upon; TD med'oul? TD med'ulol parents 1197. *men'-/*min'K mid'-/mi- to take; KK min-/mid'-; KJ mi-/mid'-; KD min-; T me-/med'-; TK me-/med'-; TJ me-/med'-/men-; TD men-, me-; SU mik; RS mek, ? melk + to seize; M me, md'am, ma, mma; MC bingi; mendzshit; ME mingtschit T mennid'e- to propose to smb, to seek smb in marriage (TR); TK menid'ie-, mennid'ie-; TJ menid'ei-; TD meid'ieT mene- to fetch; TK ment'eK mid'ej- to grasp | T mennube handle; place from which smth is taken | TJ menershti- to cause to carry | ? TD med'uolejol-lukul homeland | TK meidannunu- to trade; ? med'uo- to be born This root shows the irregular correspondence -i- ~ T -e-. 1198. *menK me. - to sharpen; KD mere-; T miara-; TK mieraT miariiej- prickly; TD me.rinne-; RS meinei-

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me:i: sharpening file; SD miei\ T miarii; TK mieriK merd'- to sharpen | T miariie- to go to sharpen 1199. *me:n'i: mi.d'i: sledge; KK mid'i:, mi.di:, med'i, midi\ KJ med'i, mied'i; KD m'ed'i; SD mieci-, miezi; SU md'i; M me'in, med'in; MC menue [rect. mende]; mengi [rect. mendi] mi:d'i:-a: front strap of a sledge [lit. face of the sledge]; SD miezi-pacca [rect. miezi-nacca] mi:di:gi-l-pmdu- to have a bad singing voice [lit. his sledge is not sliding] In this word -e:- > -/. - before -i: of the following syllable. 1200. *meneme: T menemie till what time; TK meneme1201. *me:KD miehame- better KD mehad'a enough The synharmonism is irregular and so is the long vowel in a closed syllable. 1202. *mei:ke:n T meiikeen pr. (a man) 1203. menja MO menja I Rus. menja 1204. menjat' KD m'eai- to exchange Rus. menjat' 1205. *menj mend' measure of length (about two meters), fathom; KK mend'e\ KD mend'e\ TD mende1206. *mek T meke, meketel' growth, excrescence 1207. *menkunK mengu- rough

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1208. *menmK menmndi:- to jump; KK menmed'-; KJ menmend'K menmg- to jump; to stamp; KK menmege-; KJ menmege-; KD menmegei-; KL menmengaj; moe:nmoe:nga; ME menmaka menmgdej- to frighten away | KJ mond'i- to jump U *mene- 'to go' (UEW 272) // Bouda 1940: 81; UEW 272; Nikolaeva 1988: 234; Rdei 1999: 40 In some forms *me- > m-, cf. *me-. The element -m- may be a derivational suffix. 1209. *mereK mere- to fly; KK mere- to flit, to flutter; KJ mere-, KD mere-; RS morojei; M moram; MC more-; KL moroii KK meruj- to flit, to flutter It is unclear why the OY data consistently demonstrate -o- instead of the modern -e-. 1210. *me:rK me.ra- to drive off, to keep off; KD m'ere-, mere1211. *merelT mrelwuo- melted T mrulwej- to become warmer (of the weather); murelwe- to thaw (of frozen fish, meat) (INTR) In this stem me- > m- > mu-, cf. *me-. 1212. *meren'TD mered'e- to visit 1213. merka KD mierka, merke measure; cartridge; TD merke charge Rus. merka 1214. *merkumK mergum- rough, horny 1215. *meru: T (qajie-)lain-meruu ritualistic name for fire

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1216. meat' meaj- to disturb; KD m'ecaiRus. meat' 1217. mekat' KD m'eckai- to linger Rus. mekat' 1218. mesti mei:- to sweep; KD meiKD meiec- to smear the bride's joints with reindeer blood for ritualistic reasons (TR) Rus. mesti 1219. mesto me:st place; KK mieste\ KJ mete; KD m'st; SD meste Rus. mesto 1220. *metK meti:-, metti:- to inform; KK met-, KJ met--, KD me-, met--, T met--, TJ met--, TD met1221. *mt mt I; reflexive marker; KK met; KJ met, KD met-, SD met, met--, T met, TK met; TJ met, TD met, SU mot, motle, motyn, mtyl; RS mot, motle, motyn, motl, met--, M mot, mtlegat, motn, motka, mo-', MC mota\ BO mt-, mot, matak, ME mattak; MU mot, MK mot, mt, mut mt-kudel'- ready [lit. to collect oneself]; KD met-kudel'en- coquettish mt-l'orq- lean, skinny [lit. to be unable to do smth by oneself]; KK met-lorqaj--, KJ mot-lorqo-\ RS met-larkoi dry mt-mejnu- to repent, to confess [lit. to give oneself]; KJ met-mejnu- to choke; KD me-meinuKD met-moi- to linger [lit. to hold oneself]; metul-bun- to kill oneself | SD met-ta-, met-te- to go down (of the Moon) | T mt-el-mt-gurij- to get mad [lit. to become without oneself]; ? tet-lalwerej- [rect. met-lalwerej-] to cover oneself with (TR) U *mV 'I' (UEW 294) // JU 70; FUV 34-35; UEW 264; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 67; Krejnovi 1958: 236 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988:234-235

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1223. *mi:/*mint mi.d according to; on, along (PP) 1224. *mien' mided', midid' needle; KK mided'e; KD mided'e; SD midezi; T murid'e; TK murid'e\ TD murd'e-, murid'e-; RS mide'a; midinzsha; MK -midndscha TD mured'en-titelel-ord'el, mureye-titelel-ord'e thin white moss which reindeer like [lit. moss looking like a needle] ? TU *muida/*mida (TMS 1 543) In T *-/- is likely to have undergone rounding under the assimilative influence of the labial m-. 1225. *mie-/*meeK migi(d)- here; KK migi-; KJ migi; KD mii-; T migi-; TK migide; TD migi-; RS mygito; M megida KD -mehiye-, -megiye- a component of compound numerals; MC -megej; BO -megii T migide-kurii-, mige-gurii- to start recovering (from a disease) [lit. to become closer]; migeban- close (to people); naive; mige here | TD -nugi, -mugi near This root may be related to *m and *me:k. 1226. mikola T mikuol'in Saint Nicholas's day; TK nikolaj T mikuol'in-kind'e May [lit. Saint Nicholas's month] Rus. mikola 1227. *mi:I mila: right; KK mila-; KJ milaK mi:-la:yt right side; M mi-laidat; BO mi-langat; KL mi-laginle; miu-laanugan; ME mila mi:-lado:- right The forms that have mi:- before the postposition la:yt/la- have emerged as a result of the haplological deletion of the syllable -l. 1228. *mi:lkT miilgele- near, close; TJ milgale-, milgatel- front T milge-, miilgere this side; milgend'ie a little nearer; miilgeke this side; miilger without reaching smth The long vowel in the closed syllable is irregular.

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1229. milteKD melate hare; SU melta, -melte; MK melta Chuk. milte- (Mudrak 2000: 95) 1230. *mimK mimil, mumul immature antlers of a reindeer; T mumul\ TK It is possible that -i- > -u- because of the influence of the labial consonants. 1231. *min /*min' KJ mid'enit bloody; RS mio; BO -mne, -mie; KL mia 1232. *min' k T mid'ek modal marker (maybe, possibly); TK mid'ek T mid'itege you see, you know 1233. *min'rpT mid'erpe-, id'erpe- new; TK mid'erpe-, id'erpe- + fresh; TJ mid'erpei-; TD mid'irpe T id'erpejdenu pr. (a river); id'erpejne anew 1234. *mino mino raft, float; KK mino; KJ mino; SD mino 1235. *mire T mire modal marker (be careful) 1236. *mirij T mirije wife; TK mirije; TJ mirije, mirijol; TD miriyeTD miriyec-, miriyer- to let marry, to get married TU *mire(n)- 'to get married (of a woman)' (TMS 1 538-53) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 If KJ modije belongs here, the stem could have the internal *--, however, the comparison with TU rather points toward *-r-. 1237. mika KJ mika bear Rus. mika 1238. *mit mit we; KK mit; KJ mit; KD mit; T mit; TK mit; TJ mit; SU mitie, mitka; RS mitie; M mit; MO mir; BO mit, mitqa; KL mit, mot, mitga; mitek; ME

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miitat, MK mtak; W mitsj, miltj, mytlepoel, myt, mitin, mitin, mytel, mitel U *mV 'we' (UEW 294-295) // JU 70; Krejnovi 1959:236 (~ Nen.); FUV 34-35; UEW 294; Nikolaeva 1988: 235 1239. *miwe ? MU miwe knife TU *mi:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 535) 1240. *mi:w/*mimp/*me:w/*memp mi.b, me:b custom, basis; similarity; root; KJ mibe, mibie, miibe, miebe; KD mi. be, miebe, miaba + lower end 1241. *mo: T muo INTJ (used when hearing a suspicious noise) T muodii- to be surprised at (TR); muode INTJ (surprise); muomuo, muomuu pr. (a man); ? muotege pr. (a lake); ? muodie pr. (a lake) 1242. *moK moil bird stomach; T moil T moiikaa stomach; belly 1243. *mooqtK mooqtn pr. (a man's double) 1245. *mo-/*moq- 1 moe:- to keep in the mouth; KD mohie1246. *mo-/*moq- 2 T moyuT down; dandruff; TK moyu moyiln-, moyul'- hairy (of a dog); T moyulne- to have the remains of the earlier coat as well as the new autumn coat (of an animal) moyul'a:, moyia: hairy dog | T moyude- to get down or dandruff; 1247. *m:-/*mkT muoge- adult; old 1248. *moo moyo hat; KJ moyo; SD mogo; T moo, moe; TK moo; TJ moo-; TD moo-, mor'o-\ mogo; ME mochga; MU mong T moojd'ii married woman; TK moojd'i-, moojd'i:-

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T moo-jojl peak of a hat; front part of a hat framing the face; TK moo-joje KD mohodo- to marry (INTR); T moode-; TK moore-; TD moore-; RS mogndany KD mohoto- to marry (TR); T moote-; TK moote-; TD mooteT mood-ai trimming of a fur hat; face, image; willow shrubs on the river bank [lit. cap's opening]; moon-ilel earflaps of a fur hat [lit. cap's cheek] The MU form points toward the medial consonantal cluster, while other OY data rather suggest a single word-internal consonant. 1249. *moj- 1 moj- to keep, to hold; KJ moi--, KD moi-, mo:i-\ T mooj-\ TD moi- + to possess; SU moik\ RS mo it, M moima; mak; ME mak mojb handle, notch; narrow part of a stick where it can be held; KJ moibe; KD moibe, moie\ T mujbe nail; TK mujbe-, TD muiboKJ moje master, boss; T mooje\ TK mooje, moje-, TD moieKJ modie- to keep; KD modieTK mojnube handle; TD moinubo eye of a needle KJ moje(d'i) wife; KD modiye, moyed'v, RS moei; MU mojendschi mo:j-ajd-ra: cross beam in the front part of a boat [lit. holding cross stick] I KJ moi bitch | T mojie- to touch; to stroke; moojdije obstacle; moojend'ed-ile reindeer having a magic spirit [lit. reindeer with a master]; moojend'e-rukun creature having a magic spirit [lit. thing with a master] 1250. *moj- 2 mo(j)je:- to mix, to blend, to knead; KD moiye-, T mojie- + to wipe off, to wipe out; to grease, to smear; TK moje-, moj-, moji-, mojie-, TD moiye- to confuse, to muddle, to tangle TK mojse- to cause to hold moje. d'- to splash; to fuss; to be upset (of the stomach); KJ mojed'e? P *maj- 'to smear, to rub' (KESK 59) // Nikolaeva 1988: 245 1251. *mojaT mojine- soft, flabby; TK mojneT mojarqa softened (of fish); mojaya- to walk with an elastic gait moving the shoulders and body; to work without resting; mojayaj- to become soft, flabby I TK mojayakej- to soften (TR) The vowel harmony is irregular. 1252. *mojoTD moyoboi dead body of an animal

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1253. *mol- 1 molil body, trunk; KD moli?; T molil groin mold-igej lace on a dress [lit. body rope]; KD mold-igeye molil-mol in one's bosom [lit. in the middle of the body] FU *mVlV/*mVljV/*mVlkV1 breast' (UEW 289-290) //Nikolaeva 1988: 246 1254. *mol- 2 T molde- to rot; to be spoilt (INTR); TK molde-; TD moldo-, moldeT molyite- to let rot; to spoil (TR); TK molyite-; TD molhiteT molyul pus; moldend'e rotten skin from which a chamois ornament is made I TD moldoc- to let rot 1255. *mol- 3 moli modal marker (by no means); KK wo//; KJ moli\ T moli it seems that; for a short time; W moliak T molimek in vain; TK molimek modal marker (it is a pity) molin only, alone; KJ molin a little; M moln molind'a: a little, nearly, almost; T molid'aa; TK milid'a molds only; KK moldo molind'a: % molund'a. t, mond'a. t almost; KK molind'at KJ molime a little | T mol subjunctive marker; mol-l'ie INTJ (inducement); mol-mol INTJ (inducement); molijuo INTJ (j y); molikaa-jii INTJ (j y); molilede INTJ (joy); molitege INTJ (joy) ? TU *mul(-di)- 'to be unable' (EDAL 933) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181 1256. *mol'-/*moljK mold'-, mond'y- to mumble; to chat mold'y- to champ with (TR) 1257. *moll' 11' gadfly; KJ molle, mole small wild reindeer; KD molle-, T moll'e\ TK molle', TD molle 1258. *mollK moll- to moan 1259. *mol'Pa-/*mol'oK mol'l'-, mol'o- to row quickly 1260. *mollin'rT mollid'er- to choke; to suffocate

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1261. *molon' molod' gloves, mittens; KJ molod'e\ SD moloze\ SU malade 1262. molot KJ molot, molotok, KD molot Rus. molot 1263. *mo!q molil joint; KK melha-, malhi-, molhi-, mal-\ KJ molil; SD miel'gul\ T mol'al + knee; TK molyil, TD molril, BO -molgon-, KL -molgil, -molgi-, -malgi-; -molgul; ME -molgol, MK -mlgal, -malgoK malyi-ja.lo:- six [lit. joint three]; KK melha- melhal-, melhalo-; KJ malyi-jal-, SD malga-jalo-, malgaja-, M malgy-jaloi; KL milgi-jlon, malgi-'iloda-, malghi-alon\ ME malgy-jalon\ MU malg-jlon\ MK mlgo-jlo mal-ilek-, maly-alek- eight [lit. joint four]; KK moly-ileq-, maly-ileq-, maly-ilek-; KJ mali-jelo-; KD malhi-yelox-, malhi-yelax-, malhi-yelex-, malhi-laxlo:-\ SD malga-jeleklo-; M malgy-jelakloi\ KL malgii-jeleklon-, malghi-alalon; ME malge-alaglon\ MU malg-andaklon; MK mlgo-jloklo T molyad-amun knee [lit. joint bone]; TK mol'yid-amun\ TD molhad-amun + generation moly middle; in the middle (PP); KK molyo\ KJ molyo mol- to be in the middle; KD mol'go-, mol'ho-, molhoK molyn-nugei:- to trick; to rob [lit. to leave in the middle]; moln-l'on hollow [lit. openness of the middle]; mol-i:a joint [lit. end of the joint] | KD mol'hoyo entrails, interior | T mol'yurure fatty cords on reindeer joints; moyale-suose- to stop walking because of a disease [lit. to miss a joint] 1264. *momiIn KJ momilan pr. (a man) 1265. *mo:mina mo. mina: large intestine; KD mominar, T muominej T momne part of a reindeer intestine Ev. mo.mina 'reindeer intestine filled with lard' (TMS 1 544) The direction of borrowing is unclear. 1266. *momo ? MC momolo milk; BO momlo, momlgat

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BO momtal to suck at a breast Cf. Esk. mamaq 'baby; doll; breast, milk' (CED 188) 1267. *monK - to say; KK --, KJ -; KD -; T -; TK -, -; TJ -; TD mon-, mo-; SU , ; RS mnaik; M mni monoyod- interrogative verb; KK monoyod-; KJ monoyod-; T monayak interrogative marker; TK manayak-, menayak-; TJ menayar-; TD menaharK mond'onno:- to hope (INTR); moninbo.l legend, story, anecdote | T monulda-dite as if, speaking conventionally U *monV-/*mVnV- 'to say' (UEW 290-291) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 81; Angere 1956: 127; JU 82-3; HUV 159; UJN 121; FUV 33; Krejnovi 1958: 136 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 290; Nikolaeva 1988: 235-236; Rdei 1999: 40; LR 146 1268. *moKD moniol content of a reindeer stomach (undigested lichens); T moil(') stomach; TK moil; TJ monil; TD monil, monil; MC maalo T (l'uku-)mo-ooj stomach [lit. small stomach pocket]; TK moni-goj reindeer stomach T moie- pregnant; TK moie-; TD mnineK moid-abut bird stomach; T monid-awur [lit. stoma container] stomach; TK mon(')id-awur stomach; ? W monidetjeleh T moid-awur-jengile, moid-awur-nengile fringe around a fish's stomach [lit. stomach fringe]; moind-uu children of the same mother [lit. stomach child] NS *myn- 'stomach' // JU 83; UJN 126; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); Nikolaeva 1988: 236; Rdei 1999: 52 1269. *monK moi:- prospective marker; T moraw-; SU me mou: intended for; KK mod'u; KJ mod'u:; T maraw; TK -merew-, meraw; TD -morou, -morou; SU moe; RS moa 1270. *mon'inti: T mod'idii ski with elk fur; TK mod'idi:; TD mod'ediT mod'idii-saal white poplar [lit. ski tree]; TD mod'idiral 1271. *monmK mumul fist; kidney; KD momul; T mumul, momul + pr. (a place); TK

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momul; TD mumul; RS momud-; ME memmul In *-m- > mm > . 1272. *monmaT monne- short; TD monneT monmiyaj-, monmaaj- to grow short; TK monmiyajT monner- to shorten (INTR); TK monnerT monmirqa smth short; monnege INTJ (how short!) In some forms -nm- > -nn- by assimilation. 1273. *mo- ? RS mogaa wave; moinaiya; ME moingkoje 1274. *moo ? BO mogo stone 1275. *mono monoy moufflon (Ovis ammon); KK monoyo, monoho-; KJ monoyo, monoko; KD monoho; SD monogo; T monoyo; TK monoyo; TJ monoyo; TD monoho-; SU mongo; RS monga, mongox; monogh; ME monnocha; MU manga monoy-lebe: small black moss (used for caulking) [lit. moufflon earth]; SD monogo-lebie; T monoyo-lukul monoyd-ajbi: pr. (a star); wooden spectacles to protect the eyes from light reflecting on snow [lit. moufflon shadow]; KD monohod-aibi spider; SD monogol-ajbi pr. (the constellation of the Small Bear); mannagad-aibi spider; ME mannagat-eibi spider KD monoriyei- to hunt for moufflon | SD monogo-pie pr. (a mountain) 1276. *mono /*mono k modal marker (as if); BO mnagat 1277. *mooji: T moojii female of a bird 1278. *moor moor pool, whirlpool; KD monior, moor 1279. *mr T mer, -meer thunder; noise; TK mer; TD moner, moor; RS muer; mungzsha; ME mungtscha

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T mer-lail lightning; TD moor-lain mugerp- to buzz, to drone; KD mugerpe- to make a loud noise; TD moornie-, moore- to knock; RS mugurneiT men-tiwe thunderstorm [lit. thunder rain] | ? TD moonderei- to ring; moor-loin-yailei thunderstorm; moor-our thunder arrow | TK mreto thunder This root has irregular reflexes of the consonant *--, probably because of its onomatopoetic character. 1280. *monq monq hill; T monqa\ TK monqa T monqetke pr. (a man); TK mokatke large hill T monqe-d'umur hill that stands on its own; monqad-ewe peak or crest of a hill [lit. hill's end]; monqe little ball made of fur; monqo-moo spherical high hat; monqomood'aa one-year old reindeer with antlers The cluster -q- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1281. mo qo TK moqe sweep-net Yak. moqo 'seine net' (ESRD 454) // Krejnovi 1958: 250; LR 165 1282. *monteK modo- to sit; KK modo-; KJ modo--, KD modo-] SD modo-\ SU modoje, modak, modok, RS modai; MC l'udo(j)ejlo [rect. modo(j)ejlo\, BO monda; KL modoi, modoni modo- to sit; to live (somewhere); KK modo-; KJ modo-, KD modoKK mada.nube living place; KD moda. nube; SU modandibaK mada:- to sit down; KK mada--, KD mada- to defecate modoto- to seat; KD modotoK mode:- to keep seated (TR); KK modieK modib seat; living place; KK modibe-, KJ modibe-, KD modibe; MK mondba- sitting place mott- to seat; modit- to put down | KD modibec- to move into (TR) 1283. *mo:q T muoqa broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); TK muoqa, muoqe T muoqatke pr. (a place); muoqadie pr. (a place) TU *mo:k- 'kind of white fish' (EDAL 950)

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1284. *moqi: T moqii pr. (a dog) T moqiiaa pr. (a woman) 1285. *moql T moqle, moqlaa small piece, small portion (for example, of meat); TK moqle T moqlekej- to protrude; moqles- to make spherical 1286. morda mo.rt round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK morte; KJ morte, morto\ KD mo.rte, more\ SD morte Rus. dial, morda 1287. *morull'un morulTurt minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) 1288. *moroK - to put on, to pull on; KK --, KJ -, more--, KD --, RS morok; moream to carry; ME moril to carry morot- to wed; KJ moroto-, maraiteK mo- to thrust (behind the belt), to drive into a slot; KK moru-, KJ morueK :- to climb into; T maraa- to get dressed; TK --, TD maraT maraas- to dress (TR); TK mara(:)s-\ TD maracK morod- wedded; KJ morodo-, moyodeK mori:- to put on (many times); mara.j string of a bow; morota.j pr. (a lake) In mo- < mor- < moro-- and :- < mora:- by assimilation. 1289. *moro/*moront KJ morodo with what 1290. *moronK mor(u)-, mo- to travel in a boat upstream; KJ morod'o-, moro.de-, morod'e-; SD moroze ? SD morci- to climb up a tree 1291. *morqil T morqile undulating landscape with many hills and hollows; TD -morxile

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1292. moonka KJ moon tobacco-pouch, little bag; scrotum; KD moco:nke\ T mosenke\ TD moconka Rus. moonka 1293. *motK motil unbending joint T motil'esh- to cut a joint while processing meat 1294. *motiT motine already, as early as, as late as 1295. *motu:k T motuuke, motuukaa cunning person T motuu pr. (a woman) The synharmonism is irregular. 1297. *muin muin diverse, various; all; KJ mui, muin\ KD muin-; SU me; KL moit ? Yak. btn or Ev. butun 'whole' (TMS 1116) 1298. muit' KK mut'i- to suffer Rus. muit' 1299. *mue-/*muntK mudej- to pass by (INTR); KJ mudei-; KD mudei-\ M mudedeigana mudedej- to leave behind, to pass by, to go further (TR); KJ mudedei-; KD mudedei1300. *muun'-/*muntun'K mudud'ub portage; KJ mudud'ube SD mudusuba-piejli pr. (a mountain) 1301. mudryj mu:dr- wise Rus. mudryj 1302. *muT mugil row of long hills on the eastern side of the tundra which stretches

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from South to North; TK mugil'; MC maka stone T mugid-egiil eastern side of the hills [lit. back of the row of long hills] ? FU *mke 'mountain, hill' (UEW 266) // Tailleur 1962: 97 (~ Selk.); UEW 266; Nikolaeva 1988: 236; LR 142, 154 1303. *mue-/*mukK muge- to undress (INTR); T muge-; TD muge-, mugoT mugete- to undress (TR); TD mugateK muged'- to undress (INTR) ? Ost. mxt-, mxt- 'to unharness, to unfasten' (DEWOS 907-908) 1304. *mui/*muki T mugi yard 1305. *mu aan-mug lips; KJ ade-muge; KD aan-muge; anghn-mogcr, ME angin-muka; MK angn-mug jukun-mug small finger; SU jugun-muga finger nugen-mug thump; KJ nugon-mugo; KD nugun-muge; TK uun-gume [rect. -muge]; nungn-moog; ME nungyn-muga; MK tolondschn-mug arm 1306. *mujerTD muyere- to reproach 1307. *muji-/*mujikT mujiges- to bite off 1308. *mujlT mujler- to try to do smth (INTR); to have difficulties in doing smth 1309. mukti T muktije knife with the tip cut off T muktil'e- cut off Ev. mukti 'blunt, short' (TMS 1 553) 1310. *mull' ' saliva; ? SD myl'a resin; moilla mulT-aji:-, mul'l'-peji:- to spit [lit. to throw saliva]; mul'l-qaqtaj- to expectorate [lit. to choke on saliva]

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1311. *iiumK mum- to buzz, to hum, to drone; KJ -mumde-, KD mumde--, T mumde- + to mutter, to mumble; RS mumei mumil grey eagle-owl (Bubo bubo); SD munsile owl mumj propeller, weathercock In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. 1312. *mumpT mubuol reason; event, story; matter, way; TJ mobo.l; TD -mu.bol, mobo.l, mobo.l' manner; appearance; ? SU mudl [rect. mubl] belief 1313. *mumpaKK mumne- having a cut off end; short, incomplete; T mumne--, TK mumne-, monneT mumnii- to create smth with a sharp end (TR); muibe- [rect. mubie-] cut off; mubel'e-, mubege- to become shorter without a sharp end; mubegiito cut off the ends | TD mumneyed-ileyei reindeer with cut antlers ? TU *muu-, *mubu- 'blunt; rounded' (EDAL 944) 1314. *muKJ muo- soft, untempered (of iron); T muuo-; TK muo- weak; ? TD muo- clever 1315. *mun'K muide: young of a grayling (Thumallus); KJ muniidie The cluster -n- is irregular morpheme-internally. 1316. *mun'9T mud'ege- to stalk with a springy gait; to be unsteady (of a table) 1317. *mun' mud'e otter; KJ mud'a, mud'e; KD mud'e; SD myza; TD wid'e, SU mud'en; RS mud'e, mda; M mud', mud'pa 1318. munda munda: small lake minnow (Salmo perunurus) Rus. dial, munda (ESRD 394-395) 1319. *muneni: muni: lower jaw; KJ muned'idie + pr. ( a man); T mundii + inlay between the foot and the sole of a boot; moonndshi cheek; ME munentschy; MK

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munndschi muni:d-amun lower jaw; T mundiid-amun; TD mundid-amun T mundin-ayad'es- to eat; to cause to work [lit. to cause to move one's jaw] ) TD mundil-wie-, mundile-wie- to chew [lit. to do one's jaw] S *mun/*mon 'lip; voice' (SW 95) In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. The vowel of the second syllable is syncopated. 1320. *muntK mundej- to fetch, to pick up; KK mundej-; KJ mumdei-, mumdaiK mumd- < mund-. The cluster -nd- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. This suggests that -d- (< *t) belongs to a suffix. 1321. *munteK mudetdej- to drag further without stopping; KJ mudetedeiK muddjl last (of a period of time); muddjlbng last year | KJ mudetedeito carry; to drag away ? U *ment- 'to make a mistake, to miss' (UEW 272-273) // Nikolaeva 1988: 235; Rdei 1999: 48 1322. *murT muril' main pole of the central tripod of the yurt which stands on the right at the entrance ? T mur- to cut off; muregej- to burst, to split, to break; murigii- to cut off in one movement 1323. *mure mure shoes, boots; KK mure; KJ mure; SD mura, -mure; TK anure- [rect. mure-] to put on shoes; RS mura, mured-; murrah; ME murra, murrah; MU mur; MK mre mur(u)d-u: fur stocking; KK murud-u; KJ mured-uo; SD murad-io, mura-du muren-qond' rope made of willow or skin to pull a boat against the current [lit. shoes rope]; KJ muren-qond'e boots; KD muren-xond'e TU *muru(n) 'footware' (TMS 1 560) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 1324. *mureKJ muregie- to diverge

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1325. *mur murg thicket, taiga; KJ murge; KD -murge; T murge, TK murge; TD -murge; SU murga TU or NT *burga 'thicket' (TMS 1111) 1326. muren SD moron horse Ev. muren, muran, muron (TMS 1 558) 1327. *mutT mutil modal marker (neglect) T mutii- to make a realistic imitation of smth (TR); mutidaya pretending; hardly 1328. *mut ? MC mut tree; BO mdgat ? TU mo:, MG *mo-du (EDAL 956) // Sauvageot 1969: 356 1329. mutnyj KD mutnoo- turbid Rus. mutnyj 1330. mutovka motobi:- to shake up (butter); KD motobiKD motobka churn Rus. mutovka 1331. *mutti: T muttiid-ooj woman's bag carried by reindeer 1332. muzej TK musej- museum Rus. muzej 1333. *myoK mido- to roam, to nomadise, to wander; KK mido-', KJ mido-, nudo- [rect. mido-]; KD mido-, mida-; SD mido-, T mira-\ TK mira-, mira:-\ TJ mire-, TD mireK midol() ten kilometer march (a day's wandering); SD midol; T miral; TD mirol mido nomadic train, caravan; KJ midoo, midoe; SD midoce; T mirije;

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TK mirije--, TD miriye KK miduji- to roam; mida.nube place of roaming | T mirajaa good walker | TK mirate- to ride a reindeer slowly 1334. *mygam/*my q m ? SD migam part of a bow 1335. *mymK mima:- to start doing smth; to take; KK mi-; KJ mimai- to understand 1336. myelovka moulupka: kind of owl which hunts for mice Rus. myelovka 1337. *a:-/*ajK e:l daughter-in-law, sister-in-law (wife of a younger brother or son); KJ nial + wife of the younger sibling's son; SD mel [rect. net]; T aajl + son-in-law; TK ajpe- parents-in-law; TJ nial + one of the parents-in-law, daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother, wife of the younger sibling's son T aajn-gnme brother's wives in relation to each other [lit. daughter-in-law friend]; ? aal'uol- to become lovers FU *naje 'woman; to many' (UEW 297-298) // Nikolaeva 1988: 238 In -a:- > -e:- after a palatalized consonant. Palatalization of - is probably secondary. 1338. naboj KD niboi middle part of a boat Rus. naboj 1339. na-as KJ niaq for the time Rus. na as 1340. *a: a. face; KK ae, a. t'e + bow of a boat; KJ ae; KD a. e; SD ngaca, ngacca-, - [rect. -]; T aae; TK a.t'e; TD niae-; SU nateily, aua, alywil; RS aa; MC aa, aagi, aemd- + head; t'apo; KL njaaga; neatsha, -natsha; ME natsha, -niatscha; MU njtsche chin

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a.in against, opposite; KJ ain; KD a.in; T aatin, aai; TK a.t'i, a.t'in; TJ ai; TD niainK ub kerchief; linen; KJ a.d'ube; SU ad'ua; RS naiw a:t-lebe: willow ptarmigan [lit. face earth] (Lagopus lagopus); KK at-1'ebie; KJ at-lebie; SD net-Iebie\ SU at-liwie a-peluj towel [lit. face wiping]; T aae-pilieje a.bul veil put on the face of a dead person; KJ a:ebul\ SD ngaca-abul a.-polka:, a.-palk goby fish, burbot (Lota lota) [lit. bulged face]; SD nga-palka KK aspien-di: pr. (a Yukaghir clan that lived on the river Popovka); KJ atben-d'i a. - to return (TR); KK at'et'-, a.t'et'-; KD aecK a:l-ui:- to pray, to bow [lit. to move face]; KK a.t'a-; KD :-, ae-ud'i- + to complain; T aae-wie(rij-, aaid'e-uuse-\ TK a:t'e-wie-; TD aa-wiye-, aa-wie- + to bow; RS au-ujaik to greet [lit. to move one's face] KK ae-juonuje mirror; T aae-juonii; TK a. t'e-juoni:; TD niae-yuoni a:-pe:n pr. (the river Popovka; traditional territories of the Dolganov family); KJ at-ben\ SD nga-pien, nget-ben aadaj- to return (INTR); KK at'ed'ej-, a:t'ed'ej-, KJ aedei-; KD a. edai-; natshiK a:-jad'e:j tern (Sterna); a:d, a. id opposite | KJ neila- to part; ae- to come back; aen-abut mask [lit. face container] | KD niaadaye trick (in card play); ee-xaremidd'ie four-year old elk with a dark spot on its face I SD ngaingat-ingzi Russian thread | T aaed-a-rawje image, appearance [lit. bare place on the face]; aae-kige- to cross oneself [lit. to prick one's face]; aaedie pr. (a man); aaed-ono face, image [lit. face shadow]; aaen-lalwije scrap of chamois used in earlier times to cover the face of a dead man [lit. face blanket]; aae-sabarqaa man with a flat face [lit. face flatness]; aae-notijaa handsome man [lit. face's beauty] | TD niaegi-toroyen- pitted, pocked [lit. with darkness on the face]; niain-mon- to contradict [lit. to say against]; n.aede-nawaye-godek pale [lit. man with the white face]; ainyoro-, aine- to meet | RS aztunnoi steep; nyatshinma spectacles | ME natschi-rondolitsch wrinkles In some forms the vowel of the second syllable is deleted and the consonant has undergone assimilation to the following consonant of the derivational suffix. 1341. *a:K a. point, blade; KD ae; TD niae-; SU aek, eut; RS aek,

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MO nez'a dart, javelin a.- to whet; KK a. t'e-; TK a. t'es-; TD niaecK a.- sharp; stingy; KK a.t'e-; KJ aeuo-; TK a.t'en-, TD niaen-; SU aeni; RS aani\ natshennee; ME natschen; BO anej aadaj-, iayddaj- to thrust, to stick; KK it'aadaj-; KJ iaqadai-, KD niaxadai-, niahadai-; T itegerej-, iayarej-, TJ nitegerei-, TD niohareiK aayt- to thrust, to stick (many times); KK it'aatK aayaj-, iaaj-, iayaj- to pierce, to stick into (INTR); KJ iayai-\ KD niehai-; T iaaj-, iaejK iayd- to fall front first, to fall through | T iayuolube pr. (a lake) In some formes the unstressful *-a- > -i- under the influence of -, 1342. nainat' KD ainai- to begin Rus. nainat' 1343. *a:-/*a:ntK a. dud enough; that is all, nothing is left; KK adude; KJ adude\ M dada a. du- to be enough 1344. *a: a.d autumn; KJ ade; SD ngada\ M da, da; neada, nada, neada-; ME nada, dama 1345. nadejat'sja KD nad'eyere- to hope Rus. nadejat'sja 1346. nado nado is needed; KD nade, node', SD -nada-, T naade; TK na. de T nada-rawa tribute the Yukaghirs had to pay the Russians [lit. must skin]; TK nada-rawe; TD nada-rau nadoo:- must, ought to; to need; KK nadoo-, SD -nadangio-, TK na. duol-; TD nadoolT naadijaa- to need; naade-wie- to urinate [lit. to do the must] Rus. nado

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1347. nadobno KJ nadobne needed; KD adolne medicine, remedy Rus. dial, nadobno 1348. *aj-/*anK ajdo:- spare, lacking; KD aiduol- superfluous; T anduo- more, surplus; TK anduoK ajdiu:- to remain lacking; ? ajbu: resembling, like | KK ajdon superfluously I T andiii- left over; anduorii- to prefer; andii- to overpower | TK andojne unnecessary The correspondence -j n- is irregular. 1349. *ajm- ? MC aimagen elk 1350. *ajntK ajdl'u:- nice, comfortable, cosy; KJ aidel-; KD aidel-; naintallitsh agreeable; ME neintalitsch agreeable KD aido- best 1351. naha: naya: very, too Ev. naha: (TMS 1 587) 1352. *nakoval'nja KD nakuol'e, nakuolna anvil Rus. nakoval'nja 1353. *al'T al'uol- worn away (of fur) T al'aj- to rub away 1354. alaaj nalayj midge Yak. dial, alayaj, a. laaj (DSJJ 177) 1355. a:lgaa:n T al'aaan kind of goose; TK alyat'an ? MO naleda goose; duck Ev. a. lgaa.n 'barnacle goose (Branta)' (TMS 1 629)

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As the word does not seem to have any Tungus parallels, the direction of borrowing is unclear, however -a:n is a typical Ev. suffix. 1356. *nali' ? nalitsha stream; ME nallytscha 1357. *all' T all'e sin; TD ale1358. *nall ? MO nallom-alilbis autumn ? MO napgolm winter 1359. *amnT amne- widely placed (of reindeer antlers) 1360. *ampT abaaj- to swing open T abal'es- to open; abae- ajar; abarakie INTJ (how widely open!) 1361. *nampur nabur dirty water which remains after cleaning a fish; KJ nabur- foam; nunbur thaw; ME nunbur [rect. numbur] 1362. *amqK am- to champ; KK amya-; T amye1363. *amuT amue- red; TK amut'e-, amure-; TJ amoe-; TD niemoenTK amuer- to redden (INTR); TD niemocerei- red T amueil-poyode gold [lit. red money]; TD niemoenil-porodoT amuaa reindeer of reddish colour; amui- to blush from time to time; ammuend'e-burie red bilberries [lit. red berry] | TD niemoemu- to become red 1364. *na:n a:n upper part of the chest; T naan upper front part of a breast cloth; TK naan; TD nan-amun collar-bow; SU anic T naan-iid-ooj inner breast pocket [lit. breast cloth people pocket]; TK naan-iid-ooj T naan-dukun piece of skin which is worn on the breast for protection from cold [lit. breast cloth thing]; TK naan-dukun

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a:d-alb-jurgu:, a. n-jurgu: pit above the collar-bone [lit. hole in the upper part of the chest]; KD na-irgu, na-yirgu pit between the throat and the chest a.-peej- to have a rest [lit. to throw the upper part of the chest] | TD and-igeye strap made of walrus leather In the first consonant was palatalized before the long vowel. 1365. *an- 1 anb- to overeat, to fall unwell due to overeating; KJ abe-\ T abeTK abelit' taste; TD iabeli anblu:- fat (of food), luscious, sickly; KK abeli-; T anbeluuKD nanil fish oil; T air fat; TK air fat; TJ anir fat; TD nianir, anil seal oil T anbela INTJ (how tasty!); anbeline tasty In some forms the second syllable -n- assimilated to --, 1366. *an- 2 an, en big, great; KJ ane ano.ntg smth big | T anduod'e excess, surplus; anduojne more, better; aitej- to increase ? FU *Vc'V 'strong, hard' (UEW 310) // Bouda 1940: 82; UEW 310; Nikolaeva 1988: 238 1367. *aK au:- sinful; KK ait'; KD ani\ T auu-; TK ait'; TJ cmi; TD nani, SU anic au.lbn devil; sinner; ghost; SD ngangulban ad', a sin; KJ and'e; T and'e mistake; person with whom one is on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; TD niad'e-; RS an'e T and'i- to be on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; ai- to consider sinful (TR); ai INTJ (sinful!); aa-jii, aa-juo INTJ (sinful!) 1368. *aaji-/*eajntK eajdil- to put out of joint; KD eaidileThe vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: a- > e-. 1369. *an'T ad'il'es- to press strongly

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1370. *anm anm shrubbery, willow bushes (Salix caprea); KK anme, anma; KJ ame, ama; KD anma, enme willow; SD ngannama; T anme; TK ama, anme\ TD niema, ama, niama, nienma + twig, switch, rod; SU anma; M nma, nmalak\ neanmi T anme-jewje basket for catching fish [lit. willow net]; TD niame-yenye, nienma-youyeK anmn-jayilgn-peulbn hare [lit. running on the tops of shrubs]; KJ amad-iilgen-petulbon; KD amed-iilgen-petulbon anmn-touke: willow buds [lit. willow dog]; anm-legut-ejrjbn elk [lit. the one who walks eating willows] | SD ngengmen-jiouje ancient wicker fish net I T anmed-iir willow arch under which people in earlier times passed after funerals [lit. willow fork]; anmetke pr. (a place); anmen-iremedie yellow-breasted bunting (Emberiza aureola) [lit. willow bird]; anmen-sawed-ail headland covered in willow bushes [lit. willow rag of a skin]; anmen-oul middle of the willow shrubs [lit. willow marrow]; anme-rolyo- thickets of purple willow [lit. willow gathering] TU *ami-kta (EDAL 1004) In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. 1371. *nao- ? TK nao- to face one direction 1372. *anqmu T angumu, angemu on purpose; TD niagumun 1373. *antim- ? RS andimide black and grey fox ? RS naoen-etla kind of fox 1374. *na:r na:r always, all the time; apart, especially 1375. *a:r T niar bare patch on fur FU *arV 'skin without fur' (UEW 313) // Nikolaeva 1988: 239; LR 143, 156 1376. *naran' KJ narad'a pr. (a man)

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1377. na:rba na.rb hollow in the main pole of the yurt Yak. na.rba 'horizontal beam used for connecting boards' (TMS 1 595) The Yak. word is borrowed from the Rus. dial, narva and it is not impossible that Rus. was a direct source of the Yukaghir word as well. 1378. *a:r T aaruu- bad; TK a:ru-\ TD niaru-, ori-, niaren- + thin T aare-lawje vodka; wine [lit. bad water]; TK a.re-lawje; TD niare-loujeTK a.reqa- to deteriorate, to become worse; TD niarexaK erd-ail'buttocks [lit. bad hole]; KJ ered-ail vagina T ere nasty; TD niare SD ngarcyd-angy-pie pr. (a mountain) [lit. buttock rock] | T aarid'e sorrow; aaruu pr. (a man); aaritne badly; aaritne-kurie- to do smth bad I TD niarexace- to spoil; niare-pod'elne- stinking; shaggy, putrid [lit. with bad smell] An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. -- is secondary. 1379. na:ra: T naareol- half castrated Evk. na.ra:, nara 'castrated reindeer' (TMS 1 585) 1380.*arp K arpun- lifted up, jerked up; holding himself erect (of a man); KD arpue- turned-up (of a nose) arpyaj- to lean back; KJ erpeyej-, KD erpohai-, erpahai- + to lie on one's back; T arpuyaj- to lean over arp- to have a concave back | T arpue- sagging, sagged; arpurqa lowering; arpud'i- to hang down many times 1381. *arq T arqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer; TK arqa-jewlid'e foal T orqo-mayil coat made of the skin of a new born reindeer TU *ar-gu- 'new, fresh' (EDAL 1066) The element -q in Yukaghir may be a derivational suffix. 1382. narta T naarted'aa man with a sledge; TD nartaRus. narta

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1383. nasilu nai.l hardly; KK asile\ KJ naile; T nasiilej Rus. nasilu 1384. naskvoz' nakoro through; KD nokoro Rus. naskvoz' 1385. nastja T nastaa pr. (a woman) Rus. nastja 1386. *atK at-, ut- to stick out; to stick to; KK ute-; KJ ute-, ateK atu.ja: burbot (Lota lota); KJ anebuja:, atebuje; KD etumuya\ SD ngatnguja utnij, jtnij navel; KD yon-utneye\ SD jutmuja-, TK nutne; TD nutne-; SU jotnyj\ ME nudni\ MU jtni back KD yonutneye-ohulbon midwife [lit. cutting the navel]; yotneye ridge of a mountain; spinal column; yotneyed-atle-kniid'e December [lit. before the ridge month]; yotneye-kinid'e January [lit. ridge month] | ? TD atnuga hairy, shaggy face 1387. *na:wT naawuo- having weak character 1388. *a:wT aawe- white; TK a. we-; TJ awa-\ TD awo-, niawoiagen-, nawa- + beautiful T aawije whiteness; milt; TK a. wije T awikl'ie polar fox; TK awiklie-; TD aunikliye TK aur white clay; TD niayur T aawe(mu)s- to whiten (TR); aawijaa white reindeer; pr. ( a man); aawal, aawijikaan pr. (a man); aawaldae northern lights; awiklie-watil'ii measuring board for drying polar foxes' skins [lit. polar fox gore]; awikliee hunter for polar fox; awiklie-pajdii toothed stick used for cleaning the fur of the polar fox [lit. polar fox beater]; aawej-ireme bullfinch [lit. polar fox bird]; aawajnad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. white river] | TD nia. wamu- white | TK a. were- to whiten (TR) TU *o:ba-/*nu:ba- 'white' (TMS 1 642,644) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~

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Ev.); Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 The direction of borrowing is unclear. 1389. *awe:kj ? TD niauniekei low string The synharmonism is irregular. 1390. *nawyska T nawuske peak of a cap made from the skin of a new-born reindeer calf to protect the eyes from the sun T nawuske- partly pulled down (of bed curtains) Rus. dial, navyska (ESRZ 387) 1391. *e:- 1 e:l gland; KD nie; TK all'e; TD nialle Cf. PA 4VjVrV(EDAL 1023) 1392. *ne:- 2 e:- to call; KK ie-; KJ nie-, KD nie-, T ie-; TK nie-, ie-; TD nie-, niyeK e:nu- to beg, to ask for; KD enu-; TK ienu-; TD nienuK e.d'il, i.d'il story, legend; KK ied'uol e.d'i:- to tell (a story) (TR); KK m'ed'i-, KJ ed'i-; KD ied'i-; SD ngiezi-; T ied'i-; TK nied'i-, med'i--, TJ ed'i-; TD ed'i-; MC nen'agi; BO nndjle; MU nndschi; MK nndschitaj ide- to tell; T nide-, ide- + to call; TK nide-; TD nideK i.i:- to call; KJ nini:-, nii-, niniK enud'e:-, ind'e:- to beg; to ask; e:d'i:ri:- to tell about (TR); e:t-, e. d- to call, to give a name; idej- to say | T ied'iie person who goes to talk with smb; ied'uol agreement | TD ied'iri- to speak; nied'ic- to cause to speak 1393. *- 1 -, - reciprocal marker; KK -; KJ e\ KD e, nie, ni-, n-; T e-, i-, ii7-; TK '-; TJ -\ TD e-, nie-, nie-, nio--, SU an-; MC em-; MO ne-; BO imo-, imoK aya: together; KK aya; KJ aya; KD ahe; T aa; TK aa; TJ aa; TD niaha, niara-, niora, naha; M ga T i-dannu- to buy; TK ni-dannu-; TD ne-dannu-, e-dannuK -kiji:- to compete (in running); KJ nie-kieji-, i-gieji-; KD nie-kieyi-; T i-gieji-; TK i-giejet'i-; TD i-geyee-

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T i-d'anmiji1' brothers; TK i-d'anmijilpe -maroja: reeve (Philomachus pugnaq); TK e-maroja: -anbo:- five [lit. palm together]; KK in-abo-, i-ab-; KJ i-hanbo-; SU in-kanwun\ MC em-gangon; BO mo-qnbo-tudole six; KL an-kanbo, in-ganbun, -jen-kanbon-; en-ganlon; ME en-ganlon, em-ganbagu-; MK ni-chanboni, m-chanbndscheK -emd', -emd'e:, -amd' siblings; KJ -emd'ie, n-imdie + mother's younger sister; KD ni-emd'epki younger siblings -olol row; KD e-olo -ma: lfu)- both (sides); KK e-malugu-\ KJ e-maluKJ e-qomie(di)- to respect each other, to use polite forms when talking to each other; SD nge-gomieK s-omolb- reconciled with; TD nien-omol-wareT i-giejite competition (in running); running reindeer [lit. overtaking each other]; TK i-giejett'e KJ e-qiji- to be shy of one another, to be on non-speaking terms (for ritualistic reasons); KD e-qiyiK -molil year; KD nie-molhii, SD nga-molgil, -nge-molgil; KL nein-molgi\ neyun-molgul; ME nehin-molgol T i-ugiejil', i-ugeejil' cousins (children of brothers); TK i-ugejiil'K e-ke: in a jumble; e-moraj scarf, collar [lit. put together]; -j:l-laid goodbye I KJ -ed'i- to live [rect. to live together] | KD e-a:rime- to become friends [lit. to love each other]; i-ke line, row; e-ora- to make an appointment [lit. to show to each other]; ne-marai boa made of hare tails | SD nga-oile kind of wild duck (Anas glocitans) [lit. painted together] | T -juo- to meet; to compete [lit. to see each other]; -loloyo:- to do smth to each other; -laii- to live on the same side of the yurt as smb (TR); -laarl'eri- to attack together; i-kelijil men whose wives are sisters; i-buribii underwear and upperwear; i-qawd'idiejil' uncle and nephew with respect to each other; i-saabijil two husbands of one wife or two wives of one husband in respect to each other; i-anmilii- to be of the same age; i-asl'iijil' two brothers born one after the other with nobody born between them; i-asl'ijii- to be in the relationship of the closest born sibling; i-uud-ewi- to show one's feelings to relatives; i-uud-ewijil' relatives [lit. those with mutual end of flesh]; i-girije-tinasul competition [lit. mutual taking of names]; i-odiie- to put in each other; i-banqude to and fro; i-ajn-gnmijil' sisters-in-law (brother's wives); i-danniie customer; i-dannube-awur shopping bag; i-tigili- to leave behind in smth (TR); i-ojko, u-ojkuol' place where two rivers flow together; i-wal'iti:to exchange; i-oqoba- squint | TD e-loloru-yoonei-d'emand'eik bloody vengeance; nin-ilite- argument; nie-gurilil friend; nie-niaa-wieril

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lawsuit [lit. doing opposite to each other]; nie-raleru:daha: between; nie-omol-warec- to reconcile with (TR); niora-arad'ir- to whisper; nie-tite-wan-, nie-tite-ban- likewise | TK e together with; i-burubije double; ni-iiri- to be enemies with smb, to be angry with each other (TR); ni-ditel'e- identical | MC em-ganbagu-njagon nine S * 'companion, sibling' (SW 106) // JU 83-84; Nikolaeva 1988: 239 1394. *- 2 - negative pronominal marker; KJ e-; M nek -irkin/-irkid no one; KJ n-irkin, a-irkin, n-irkie, n-i:rki -ol-odome:- uneven, unequal [lit. not lying by each other]; KD rti-ob-xodeme- [rect. ni-ol-xodeme-] in-yodome:- strange, terrible; KK iie-odomie-; KD in-hodemeK e-qaide to nowhere; KK e-qaide, e-qanide -qon nowhere; KJ eqo, oqo -leme nothing; KK e-leme\ KD e-l'amegiKD nion-xodeme empty; nien-xondo- to stand up 1395.nebo MC neboRus. nebo 1396. *eon- ? BO ndonodej flame BO nde-qomo coal 1397. nedelja KD nie l'e, ed'el'e week Rus. nedelja 1398. *nejum/*nejkum nejgum twilight; T nejgume nejgum- to prodice a dim light (of a candle, the sun); KD neigumaut; T lejgume-, nejgume-; TD neigumann- darkish 1399. *nejin ni:n-qa:r dark cloud; KD en-xar; SU nein-xar, nin-xar; RS ninin-kar, M nejn-kar; ninin-kar The data demonstrate contraction into a long vowel.

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1400. *ekijo:q KD ekiyox wooden hammer 1401. *elK el'i:- to lick; KK nel'i-\ KD el'i-; pelik [rect. nelik] el'i - to lick oneself; to321)//Nikolaeva lick (once) U *ole-/*o:le'to lick' rtelej(UEW 1988: 239; LR 146 1402. *nelea T nelee present; TK ne/eee; TD nelee KJ eleeni:- to feed 1403. nelemnoe SD ngelimnoje (pr. a settlement) Rus. nelemnoe 1404. *nellij T nellije fringe or tassel made of leather straps; TD neleye-, nelleye TU *nelbi 'fringe' (EDAL 968) 1405. *elp elb breast cloth, apron NT *nel 'breast cloth' (TMS 1 619)//Nikolaeva 1988: 181 In Yukaghir *-p could be a derivational affix. 1406. *elpK elbdej-, elbt- to shave, to skin; KJ elbedei-; ? MO nedojgoq [rect. nel'bojgoq] work elbt- to shave, to skin; KJ elbetKJ elbu- to cut hair; KD elbuK elbo:- shaven | KK elb- to skin | KJ elbe skinning FU *ilke-/*lke- (UEW 319)//Nikolaeva 1988: 238-239 The comparison with FU may be valid if *-p- in Yukaghir is a derivational suffix. 1407. *nelps KJ nelbo pr. (a man)

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1408. *neluo: neluo: pr. (a tributary of the Jasanaja, upstream from Nelemnoe); SD nabucio [rect. nalucio], nolucio pr. (a mountain) 1409. *e:m ? hare U *oma(-lV) 'hare' (UEW 322) // HUV 159; UJN 122; Tailleur 1959b: 119; UEW 305; Rdei 1999: 40 Palatalization is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with U and/or the Cyrillic transcription of MO. The transcription of the final vowel in MO as -a may indicate that here we are dealing with the final - rather than the full vowel -e. 1410. *nemoj T imojke dumb Rus. nemoj 1411. *emuK emu- dusky, gloomy; purulent; KD niemoen1412. *ean'K ead'- to grow weak, exhausted; KJ ead'eThe vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: a- > e-, 1413. *nenK nei:- to gnaw; KJ ed'i-, ed'e-; KD ned'iT eri-; TD neri-, eri-, nereiT nerej- to bite | TK nerej- to bite 1414. *en'K ed'erk- plain (of fur) 1415. *eeTJ ed'ira.jo- to finish (INTR); to die KJ eerai- to diminish; to fall down 1416. *nekenK nigil- yesterday; ? KK eged'ie always; KJ egad'el-, eged'ije; KD ed'el'-, ngod'el'-, egad'ie; SU nagae; M nega; KL naganie; nengandsh; ME nengatsche; MK nengndschij-

neri-; TK neri-, nerie-; TJ

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1417. *nenkil T nengile part of the stomach of a fish T nengilei7 tassels made of multicolored fur circles on a shaman's breast cloth 1418. *enmK enmuo:- to flirt; KD ennuiIn KD -nm- > -nn-. 1419. *eo:/*eo:nt eo:ds as if 1420. *nenunV KD nenund'eyebo- amusing 1421. *neppK nepp- little; darling 1422. *nepremenno KD nepremiene surely, certainly Rus. neprmenno 1423. *nerT nerire- to ache (of bones); TK nerej- to separate from the skin (of fur); to bite 1424. *e:r e:r clothes; KK er, ier; KJ er; KD nier, nien-, SD nier, -mer, SU neira; neigir; ME negir e:n-aau: rags [lit. torn clothes]; e:rbn- to peel TU *(i)ara-, *iarma- 'skin (not smoked); cloth' (EDAL 1016) 1425. *ra'-q MC agon four; BO gane, qane Cf. Chuk. r-q (Mudrak 2000: 103) 1426. *nera: nera: dish made of boiled fish and fish oil baked and dried in a round shape

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1427. *er er tool for fishing in an ice-hole 1428. *nereT neregej- to grow thin; to faint; TK nergej-, TD neregeiT nereguo- lean; thin; TK nerguo-, nereguo-; TD neregoT nereges- to beat; TK neregesT neregii- to strike; nerid'i- exhausted, emaciated; nerej- to be worn bare (of fur); nereguukien pr. (a man) | TD nerege- lean | TK neregej- to faint | neretshngt war | ME neretschankati war TU *ner-/*nar- 'lean, thin; weak' (EDAL 972) 1429. *neril T nerile earthen hill with rocks; pr. (a man) T neriletke pr. (a place) 1430. *erkum ergum- dusky, gloomy KJ ergund'eike realm of shadows 1431. nerpa KD nierpa seal (Phocidae); T ierpe Rus. nerpa 1432. *erpKD erbend'eike lower world 1433. *etl'a KJ atle fox; wolverine (Gulo gulo); KD etle; T itle, etle\ TK etle; TJ etle; TD nietle TK etli- to hunt a fox 1434. neuto nu:t really (in questions) Rus. neuto 1435. *newrT newruu- to startle; TK newru:-, newru-, TD neuru-, nouru- + to be in hysterics; to horrify, to terrify T newre- to frighten, to scare; newruluu- frightening; newruge INTJ (surprise and fear) | TJ neurije- to terrify | TK newrubo- ill with nerves

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1436. ewta euta: spring (water) Ev. ewta, ewte 'spring water' (TMS 1 650) 1437. *e:wut/*e:mput e:but, me:mut antlers of a young reindeer 1438. *i-/*ik- 1 igi:- to warm (TR); T nig- to move part of one's body close to a fire (TR) igi-, ige- to warm oneself 1439. *i-/*ik- 2 nigibuj- to bend, to stoop (INTR); KJ nigibui- to walk igidd- to shake oneself; KJ nigidei-; KD nigide-; T igede- to shake off the snow (of a reindeer) ? TK nigerej- to let smb come close to oneself U *ikV- 'to bend (INTR)' (UEW 317-318) // Nikolaeva 1988: 236-237; LR 156 If the comparison with U is valid, the root contained the medial *--, otherwise the cluster *-k- can be reconstructed. 1440. *niej-/*nikjK nigejo:- heavy; KK nigejo-; KJ nigajo-, nigejo-; KD nigeyo-; SD nigeje-; RS nigaioi nigejimu- to get heavier j KJ nigelen- to make heavy 1441. *niiri:/*nikiri: T nigirii chamois curtain put in the upper part of the yurt; TK nigri 1442. *ilK nilgi nobody; KJ nilgi; KD nilgi ilin to nobody 1443. *il'-/*iljT ild'i- to seek, to aim; to tend; to take one's breath away (TR) 1444. *ileT ilel skin from the cheek of a reindeer

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1445. *iliwT il'iwuo- prone to smile T il'iwuod'ea INTJ (said about a smiling person) 1446. *nill nill larva; fly; T illa; TK nille maggot T illan-niime kind of fly which lays larvae on food [lit. fly's mother]; TD nille-niyimi nilled-ume fly; KJ nilled-omo; KD nilled-omo, nolled-emo; nilend-oma; ME nillent-oma T nillad-uo larva [lit. fly child]; illajd-uo many larvae [lit. fly's children] TU *nej(l)V- 'small louse, nit' (EDAL 966) 1447. *nillK nill- to moan; RS nileut to mourn, to deplore 1448. nimba ninba: board for cutting skins; KK ninba; KJ ninbe; KD ninbe; T ninbe; TK ninberCf. Ev. nimba (TMS 1 594) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 The final vowel has undergone secondary lengthening, -mb- > -nb- by dissimilation. 1449. *im' imd'- to patch up 1450. *nime house, yurt; KK nume, ; KJ nume, ; KD nume, ; SD nume, numau-, numu-; T nime; TK nime; TJ nima, nime; TD nime, nima-; SU , numak, numge, nmele; RS , numak, nmopa; M nma, nmapa, numnde, nmagat, nmala, nmaga, nmapala, nmapaga; MC naumagi, -jmajlo [rect. - nimajlo]; numgat; KL nma; , -noma; ME ; MU num'; MK nma numd- to get married, to get a house; to be surrounded by mist (of the moon); KD numode-; T nimere-; TK nimereT nimen-d'ii family [lit. house people]; TK nimen-d'i: owners of the house [lit. house people]; TD nimen-tul numo. l abandoned dwelling; KJ numeuol- site of fire; T umual, umuuol numd'- to settle, to live, to make a house; KJ numod'e-; T umud'e- to pitch a camp after wandering

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T umue- to live in a yurt; SU numinekin ? T uen-gnme smb living in the same yurt; TD nimen-kode- host num-jeke.-ejrs- to go hunting [lit. to go behind the house]; TD nima-yexlin-keweiSD numu-midel ceiling | T nimen-purewre ceiling [lit. house's cover]; nimen-pudiliel yard, place around the house [lit. house's place outside]; nimen-uure wall of a yurt [lit. house's side]; nimen-mriie the one who makes the house noisy (of a child); nimekaa small house; nimed-ayuoluol place where a yurt was standing; nimen-sukun, nimen-dukun covering of a yurt; nimen-lalime sledge for carrying the covering of a yurt; nimen-mood-ai upper part of the chamois cover of the smoke hole in a yurt; nimen-nellije fringe of the chamois cover of a yurt; nimen-saal poles of a yurt; umud'elme time before or during the erection of the yurt; umud'uol street; umuienube place where smb always lives in a yurt | TD nimen-paipe housewife, housekeeper; nimen-pureure roof [lit. house top] | TK nimedaje log on which the poles of the yurt frame are put; nimen-gde master of the house; nimed-emul family that lives in one house; nimete- to marry (TR) TU *nime 'neighbor; household' (TMS 1 595-596) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 In both vowels were labialized under the influence of the labial consonant -m-. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is also present in some T forms, while the initial consonant was palatalized: *nime > ume. 1451. *nimeTK nimen-rukun cloth made of smoked skin 1452. *ni:m T el-iimije orphan [lit. without mother]; TK el'-nimije KJ nimdietek mother's younger sister or younger female cousin | T imojieto mix blood through matrimony 1453. *ime:K ime:- to go out (of fire); KK imie-; KJ nimie-, nimei-; KD imie-; T imie-; TK imie-, nimie-; TD imie-, nimieK ime.- to put out (fire), to extinguish; KK imie-; KJ nime-; KD imec-; T imies-; TK imies-; TD i:m'ec-, nimiec1454. *nimel T nimele letter; pattern, ornament, design; TK nimele; TD nimele, nimali-, nimele-

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T nimeles- to write; TK nimeles-; TD nimelec-; RS nimilaol T nimele-wiee secretary, clerk [lit. writing maker]; TK nimelen-wiet'e; TD nimelen-wieeT nimelerul surname; nimelennube desk; nimeled-awur file [lit. brief container]; nimelesiie writer | TD nimali-wien-lauye ink [lit. water for making letters]; nimelecti- to cause to write 1455. *nimen'K umud'id' bile; KD nimed'id'e\ nimngshinzsh nimensintscha In the vowels were labialized, cf. *nime.

stomach; ME

1456. i:met numet fontanel; place in the shade, shadow Ev. i. met, iemet, e. met 'skin on young antlers' (TMS 1 596) In numet the vowel -u- was probably rounded because of the following -m-. 1457. *imo:j T umuoje, imuoje straits 1458. *nimpilin'i: T nibilid'ii, ni(i)meled'ii, nimilid'ii-niime furuncle 1459. *niK nie: soul; breast, heart; middle; KJ niie; KD niiede-molho entrails [lit. middle of the breast]; T iie + stomach, belly; TK niie-; TJ niie heart; TD nii\ ningela-; ME nyngellaK niie. l blank in between; KD niiiel\ SD ngiqiugiel; T aal'aruul; TK anal'erul nie.mun, nie. bun traditional breast cloth decorated with beads; apron; KJ nigeibun, nigejebun\ KD nigebun, nigeyebun\ SD ngigumun; ME ningemon nie:d-u:, iid-u: vomit; KD niid-u, niied-u\ T uud-uul fish-roe; caviar; TD und-ul nie. le-tnbi:- to worry [lit. to strengthen the soul]; T uie-werwiiT uu-rukun breast cloth; apron, pinafore [lit. breast thing]; TK uu-rukun; TD niu-rukunuo, niu-rukunio nie:l-mell- to moan; nie.l-peji:- to worry [lit. to throw the soul]; nie. n-gije piece of (hare) fur put on the chest under the breast cloth for warmth [lit. breast bedding]; nie.- kind, warm (of a person) | KD -inid'ie

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opposite I T uu-rukun-aawand'e four vertical stripes on a traditional breast cloth [lit. with breast thing dreams]; uu-jmgije tassel made of black and white pieces of dog's skin fixed on both sides of a breast cloth [lit. breast tassel]; uu-nimele decoration made of different coloured strips of leather and beads fixed in the centre of a woman's breast cloth [lit. breast ornament]; iijid-uo new-born child [lit. breast child]; iied-aruu deep-throated shout (of an ogre) [lit. breast words]; uurd-ooj-ind'ienube bag for sewing equipment [lit. chest bag for sewing] | TD niied-igeye belt; niied-igeyec- to gird 1460. *in'K id'i:- to stroke id'ilo:- smooth 1461. *nieTD niedet- to push 1462. *ninkK ning- much, many; KK ninge-, nia-, ninguo; KJ ninge-, nie-; KD nie-; SD ninge-, TJ nie-, TD nie-, SU niei, nef, RS nioi, niai', M nino, io, neei, igai, ieie\ nngej; KL ningaj; ningoin; ME ninkojon; ? MU njnga we ningmu-, ningumu- to increase in number (INTR); KD ningemu-; TD niomuK ning- to increase in number (TR) | KD nieye city | TD niongeye-tolou herd [lit. many wild reindeer] 1463. *ion' KK iod'e autumn 1464. *nintT nemen-nidelek what is this? 1465. *nir MU nirtscha human; man ? TU *n(i)ari (EDAL 1013) 1466. *niteK nitegrej- to stick; T nitegerej-

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1467. *niwTK niwie- different; TD niwol, niuol 1468. njaa KD niace swamp Rus. dial, njaa 1469. enuken T neenukee riddle; TK nenuke\ TD enuke T neenukee- to ask riddles; TD nenukoEv. enuken 'riddle' (TMS 1 622) The borrowing into Yukaghir is quite recent, shown by the fact that -k- is preserved. 1470. *no:- 1 MK nje to see 1471. *no:- 2 no:- to scrape, to scratch; KJ no:--, T nuo-\ TK no:- + to clean; TD no:T nuoj- to sweep off; nuol snuff for smoking in a pipe; nuod'e-rukun summer yurt [lit. scraped thing] 1472. *o:K no:- to weave, to braid; TK nu-\ MK njjondK ojlo:- woven; KD naul'oT - to weave; to twist; TK uorie? KD nolod'ed-eyi dress hide of the elk skin | T uoj-igije thin woven belt [lit. woven rope]; uoruu smth woven | TD nioru- to spin, to twist; oroded-igeye wattled rope; ixore- to weave | TK uoru: weaving 1473. *n:K n:- to laugh; KK no-, nuo-\ KJ nuo-; KD nuo-\ MC noja\ BO nj; KL nuaj; nook, ME noock n. t- to cause to laugh; nbo:mu-, nlbo:- to smile 1474. *-/*- ? SD nobokor dog sledge 1475. *nooKD nooi- to take the expense on oneself

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1476. *noqKJ noqate- to push 1477. eruk uruk tea-pot Ev. eruk (TMS 1 349) 1478. *o:-/*o:ntKJ uoduope descendants 1479. *ontaK odomme:- two-layer, two-fold; KD odome-; TK nidoo-; SU neomeje T idoo having passed over a place several times; iduun in a mixture In T *-o- > -/- under the influence of */?-. 1480. *noK noudi:-, nodi:-, nojdi:- to be in wait for, to be on guard, to watch over; to keep (TR); KK nowdi-, nauri-, nawri-; KJ noudi-; KD noudi-; T nawrii-; TK nawri-, nauri-; TD nauri-, nouri- + to graze, to pasture nojdid'aj guard; KJ nogdije, pogdid'aje [rect. nogdid'aje] + visitor; KD nogdiye shaman's assistant; SD ngagdije assistant of a shaman; SU nogdydajakot guest nojdi:j servant; nojla:- to start guarding | T nawriie observer ? U *oa-/*owa- 'to chase, to follow' (UEW 323-324) // HUV 159-60; Nikolaeva 1988: 236; Rdei 1999: 40 1481. *no-/*noqK no- to string; KK now-/nom-/noy-/noq-/noi/-; KD noh-/nou-/noqK noyi: thimble; KK noyi:; KJ noyi; KD nohi; SD nogi; T noyii; TK noyi: noyil bundle; KD nohil; TJ noyul, nogiel lasso T noyii-lalime sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) [lit. thimble sledge]; noyiin-lalimed'aa man with a sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) 1482. *noe:/*noqe: TD nogie kind of salmon found in a lake 1483. *o:/*oq o. yd-igej rope on the right of a reindeer team o:y-a:l pointed stick used for driving reindeer; o.yyut front right reindeer in a team

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1484. *nij/*nkijTJ nogije- belt made of reindeer skin 1485. *noo-/*noqK -noyot pillow; T noor; TK noor + wedge; TD noor T oyod-ayil bed; TK oyod-ail(') + rug ? T ooe curve of a runner of a sledge; noon-dukun pillowcase [lit. pillow thing] The palatalization of the initial consonant in some T forms is unclear. The alternation - - is irregular. 1486. *nojK nojl leg, foot; KK nojl; KJ noil', KD noil; SD nojl, noj; SU noil, noigi; RS noi; KL noik; noel; ME noil nojya: marrow; KD noil, ME noen-chonda nojd-i: tip of the foot; KD noid-ie-parul noj-qa:r skin from the leg of a reindeer [lit. leg skin]; KJ no-yar, non-yar, on-qar; KD noar; SD nan-gar nojd-igej rope of a reindeer harness [lit. leg rope] | KD noid-axe shin [lit. edge of the leg] | ? SD ngojn-atqil-qagiel yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) 1487. *ojT jajur, ojir(qa) dirty liquid, pulp; mash, mess T ojird'aa pr. (a reindeer) 1488. *o:j T uoje horse-tail T uojetke pr. (a lake) 1489. *ojo-/*ojokT ojoyo- to sag (of a sledge runner) 1490. *nolK nolut poplar, willow; KJ nolut; SD nolut, uolut [rect. nolut] young white poplar; TD nolur red poplar; SU nolut, RS nolud; M nold, noldak; nollod KJ nolut-iegen-mond'inulbon willow ptarmigan [lit. the one who jumps on the tops of willow trees] | TD nolur-cal red poplar ? U *ulkV 'poplar, willow' (UEW 327) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; UJN

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122; FUV 4142; Tailleur 1959a: 419; FUV 41; Nikolaeva 1988: 237; Rdei 1999: 41 1491. *oloT olol duck; TK olel; TD niolol 1492. *omK jomil neck; KK jomil; KJ jomii, KD yomil\ SD jomul, T amiil; TK amil, mie-; TD niamil; SU jmil; RS jmil; M jomil; *yomu:el; ME jomil jumu-um swan [lit. big neck]; KK jumu-t'ume + goose; KD yomi-eme; SD jema-cima; T amii-d'itke; TD niami-d'itke-; ? RS jol-titka jomi-mojb man, human (in folklore) [lit. neck holding]; SD jami-majba imi-jm northern pintail (Anas acuta) [lit. with the oblong neck]; SD jemi-jemcie T amii-rukun scarf [lit. neck thing]; TD amii-rukun T amiid-enmur notched antler fastened on the left part of the neck of the halter [lit. neck antler]; amii-mennaa- obstinate; stubborn [lit. to take one's neck]; amiin-awnii instrument for cutting the neck of an ogre [lit. neck cutter] I TD niamid-amun vertebrae In the initial *- > j-. 1493. *mK umuej- to press; KD nimuceiK um- to squeeze; KD numdecK momrij belt on trousers; KD on-momriye; TD on-momreje KK mumie-, mumuji- to pinch; KD mumuyi- to catch on; RS memujei mum- to get narrower; KD mume- + strong (of wind) mumij narrowed place; mumua: kind of small fish of the sturgeon family (Rus. dial, katalka) | KK momrit'i- to get covered with ice (of an ice-hole); momro- tightened | T momdil'e- to get frozen, to curl up from cold; momond'ed-ooj sack tightened with a rope FU *VmV- 'to press' (UEW 330) //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 143, 156 In Yukaghir the initial - developed into m- in some forms under the assimilative influence of the second consonant. 1494. *nomoK nomoq-jo: INTJ (too bad! used when smth is missing) 1495. *nomo-/*nomontK nomod- different, various; KJ omed'e, o:med'e

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1496. *omtK omt- to trot The cluster -mt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1497. *nonT nond-awje, naand-awje bow; TK nond-awje; TJ nod-o:je arrow 1498. *oK oo:- green, blue ? TU *log- 'green; dark' (EDAL 875) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180; LR 165 Yukaghir exhibits the alternation n- ~ /-, cf. neme ~ leme. 1499. *nonK nono:-, mono:- exhausted, weak; KK nonoro-; T nonde-; TK nonre-, nonde-; TD nonde- to become quiet; RS nondroi; nndri; ME nonrai nonumu- to get exhausted; KK nonromuK non- to exhaust | KD nondod'i-, nondo- to exhaust | T nondejne weakly; slowly The clusters -n-, -nd- are atypical morpheme-internally. 1500. *on'K no:d'i-e:r, o:d'i-e:r chamois leather; KJ nod'i-ner, pod'i-er; KD pod'iner [rect. nod'i-ner]; SD nozi-nieri, ngoziu-mer; T uod'e-rukun smoked chamois; summer bed curtain; TD nod'i-rukun 1501. *on'ij TK od'ije red fish 1502. *o:n'ij T uod'ije fringe made of pieces of w o l f s or dog's skin; pr. (a lake) T uod'ijaa pr. (a man) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1503. *nono nono handle; thorn; KK nono; KJ nonno shaft; SD nono; T nono; TK , none + butt log, butt end; TD nono; -nonna 1504. *nonoK nonol loop; snare; trap for birds, hares, bears, elk and wild reindeer; KK nonol; SD nonol, T nonol, TK nonol, TD nonol nonot- to set up a trap; KD nonoto- to put up on; T nonote-

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1505. *nono ? MC nanoga leg; BO nong 1506. *noo:n noo. n what for, why; KK nuon; KJ nool; TK namol 1507. *ono:rK ono:rd sideways, to the side 1508. *nonontT nonodu- to catch with bad intentions (TR) 1509. *nonqK nonyun- stooping, hump-backed; KD nonhune-, nongune-; T nonyuneKD nonyorai- to stoop, to bend 1510. *nonq T nonya tobacco; TK noga; TJ nonra, nura; TD nonhaT nonya-law- to smoke [lit. to drink tobacco]; TK noga-lawT nonya-lawje pipe [lit. tobacco smoker]; TD nonhan-lauye 1511. *noq noyo sand; KK nogo; KD nogo, noro; SD nogo, ngoqo-; T noyo ash; TD noho ash; SU -nogo; RS nogo, -nog; nongha; ME nonka; MU nnga smoke; MK nnkcho noyot- to stir up I KD nohoi dust 1512. *nont nodo bird; KK nodo; KJ nodo; KD nodo duck; SD nodo-; T nada wolf; TK nada- bird; wolf; TD nada- wolf; SU -nada; RS nodo; M noddo, noddok, nonda, nontond-, -nonda; ME nonda, -nonda T nodod-uo, nonud-uo egg [lit. bird's child]; TK nonud-uo; TD nodad-uo; MK nondnd-, -nda KJ nodon-qar tax [lit. animal skin] | T nonud-uon-amun eggshell [lit. egg's bone]; nadad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. bird's river]; nadan-mooje polar owl [lit. birds' master]; nadarigie, nadarad'ie, nadarugie, nadurgie reindeer killed by wolves 1513. *nontT nuode- to drag, to trail

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1514. *oqoT oqoyoj- to be torn off; to become free; TK oqooj- to come unstuck ? SD ngoqoco curved stick used for bending wood when making sledge runners I T oqoii- to tear | TK oqoyos- to tear off; oqosaqsej- to tear off; oqoyorej- to pull out 1515. *noqs noq sable; SD noqo, ngoqoco + wolverine;; TD noxco-; SU noxa; RS noka; M nkcr, noghtsha\ MU nktscha; MK nchtscha noq-jugul rush, reed [lit. sable tree]; KD noxce-yugul ? SD nogoc'o Russian FU *uke/*ukV-V 'sable' (UEW 326-327) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 84; FUV 102, UJN 126; Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 326; Nikolaeva 1988: 237; Rdei 1999: 41 1516. *nrT nril', nuril' pick for sewing and cutting skins; TK nuril', urul'; TD nuril' 1517. *no:r no. rka. n stick; T nuorii woman's walking stick S W F ' s t i c k , staff (SW 97-98) < ? U *nuri II Nikolaeva 1988: 237 1518. *o:riiU'/*o:rikill' T uorigill'e bad knife 1519. o:rkan T uorkanal four- or five-year old male reindeer; TK orkenel TK uorkenan four- or five-year old male reindeer Ev. o. rkan (TMS 1 642) // Krejnovi 1958: 248

(u)orkenan,

1520. *nrkK nrgmtu:, nrgmti: small dry twigs of larch used for kindling fire; brushwood nrgum notch; nrgej- to crunch, to crack; nrg- to crunch with (TR); nrgum- rough | ? KJ norgo- to gnaw ? U *VrV/*VrkV 'rod, young shoot' (UEW 331) or Ev. irguqi 'brushwood' (TMS 1 639)

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1521. *orik T orik skin of a polar fox born in summer The synharmonism is irregular. The element -ik may be a Russian suffix. 1522. *noroT noroyo- to squeak, to creak (of the tripod of a yurt) T oroyoqoj- to crack; to burst 1523. *oro T oro, ara small hill 1524. *oro- 1 T orine- yellow; TK orneT orqo copper; TK orqa; TD norxoT orie- yellow; oroyoj- to become yellow; orie yolk (of an egg); oriend'ege INTJ (how yellow!) S *r- 'red' (SW 107-108) 1525. *oro-2 T ord'e moss, lichen; TK ord'e; TJ ord'e; TD ord'e-, ord'o- + pasture T ord'eaa place where lichen grows orol' pool; moss; KK orol'; KJ orol, KD orol, orol'; T oril'; TK oril'; RS norol T oron-daa cloudberry; TK orin-burie norolcu:- friable (of snow) | T orondaa kind of snipe; oron-muoqa pr. (a lake) [lit. pool whitefsh]; orin-ruske, oron-ruske lake with a whirlpool on a plain; whirlpool [lit. pool bowl]; orilaa country with many swamps; orondaatege big snipe; oronmuol pr. (a lake) U *orV 'marsh; kind of moss' (UEW 324-326) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; HUV 159; UJN 122; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Selk., Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 418 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 41; UEW 325; Nikolaeva 1988: 239; Rdei 1999: 41 1526. *norqK norql'- to wrinkle; KK norqol'e-\ KJ norqola-; KD norqole- to show up; T norqoe-; TK orqe-, orqil'en- crooked norqn- twisted; KK norqune- curly; KD norxue-, TK norqine- curly; TD norxene- curly norq-, norqq- to budge, to shiver; to jerk; KK norqoyo-; KJ norqoqo-; KD norxoxo-; T norqoyo- + irritated; crooked norql'- to wrinkle; norqumu- to twist; norqe- to rub; ? orq- to

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grip I T norqol'uu perpetually irritated; norqotuu fit of irritation; orqid'e curls; orqoe-, orqie- wrinkled; orqid'e curls; orqooj- to start curling (of hair) 1527. *orqo:j T orquoje female wild reindeer with a new-born calf 1528. *notT notine- beautiful; smart; TK notineT notine diligently, accurately 1529. *notnT notne- ugly; mean; TD notneT notnii- to frown; notnej-amiid-amun kind of jugular vertebrae adjoining the dorsal ones [lit. ugly neck bone]; notnaaii- unprepossessing; notnaaiil-anme kind of willow tree which does not grow on the riverbank 1530. *o:w- ? MK njoownyje-tschogje fork 1531. nonicy KD odie scissors Rus. nonicy 1532. *u: u: name; KK u; KJ niu-, KD niw, SU nyw, niw\ RS niw, MC nywa; neve) ME niiv, W nim u.t- to give a name U *nime 'name' (UEW 305) // Paasonen 1907: 20; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 84; UJN 121-2; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 39; UEW 305; Nikolaeva 1988: 240; Rdei 1999: 40; LR 143, 156 The following phonetic developments can be reconstructed: *nime > niwe > niw > u: or *nime > nim > niw > u:, cf. *o:-. 1533. *nuK nug- to find; to kill; KK nu-, num-, nuu-, nu-, -; KJ nug-\ KD nug-, nu-, T nug-, -\ TK nug-, nu:()-\ TJ nuy-, :-, nu-, nun-, nu:n-\ TD nu.k-, nug-, nu:-, nuh-\ M nug, na, nktaja, ngda, nugik TD e-nu:i meeting | ? TK nuguil, nugujil fighting

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1534. *nu- ? MO nigipp day, morning; light; BO ngul, nugl, nugl'ga 1535. *ue-/*ukK uged- to bind, to wrap 1536. *ue:-/*uke:T uugel half-brothers 1537. *nu-/*nukK nugd- to make smb smth, to behave in some way with respect to smb (TR); KJ nugode-, -nugai to take; to become; KD -nugodeK nuget- to put; nugi:- to rob | T nigerej- to place somewhere 1538. *ur/*ukr uger, iger side; wall; KK ugoro; KJ ugore; KD ugore thigh; T uure\ TK uore, uure; SU nugre KD nugod'id-amun rib; thigh [lit. thigh bone]; T uured-amun\ TK uured-amun, nigrid-amun; TD uoren-amun, nigreyed-amun\ SU nugred-amun ugere.n on one's side | T uerd-ooj leather bag for keeping sewing accessories [lit. side bag]; uer-sawae- to have contrasting light fur on the flanks (of a reindeer) [lit. with the side skin]; uer-sawand'aa pr. (a reindeer) [lit. with the side skin] | TD niman-uone wall | TK uu-rukun breast cloth; apron ? TU *ui: 'thigh' (EDAL 1022) 1539. *u:jT uujaa- to walk staggering and moving hands ? FU *nVjV-/*VjV- 'to stretch, to expand (INTR) (UEW 309-310) 1540. *nuli TK nulid'e pack (of wolves) T nulid'e-gde crowd 1541. *numK numun long since, before; always, constantly; KJ numude, numune; KD numune; T numune; TK numune() nothing; TD umunen, numunu T numune-mod'e modal marker (I've said that ...) | TD numunuleye-kodek last

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1542. *umT umuol- to vanish, to be lost; to overdo; TK umuod'e-, umud'e-, nimud'eto stop, to be caught T umuolul suffering; umuos- to cause to suffer; umuoluu- to be torturing | TK umud'el pause while nomadising 1543. *um' jumd', umd' chin, jaw; KK umd'e; KJ umd'e; KD umd'ed-; SD ngumza; T umd'e; TK umd'e, umde\ TD umd'e-; SU ume-, MC numegi, numie beard, eyebrow; MK njmdsche chin KD numd'et-amdiye cheek protector made of fur | T umd'e-qajruu salmon [lit. with the crooked jaw] 1544. *umK umd- whole; KJ numdi-, umre-; KD numde-; T umde-, umre-; TK umre-, umde-; TJ nimror, TD numd'eT umd'iir, umriir as a whole; umdere as a whole; umdettegiir everything; everybody 1545. *umTK umru:, umru shoal, ford; TD numro T umduol- shallow; TK umro-, umruoT umdije shallow place *-S- is reconstructed based on the alternation -r 1546. *numtKJ numdugi- to have pity 1547. *umun'K numud'u:- sour, bitter; KK umud'u:-; KD nimed'u-; RS nemed'i emediten-ondshe vodka; MU nemindeten-ondscha numud'id' gall; KJ nimed'id'e\ KD nimed'id'e; nimedzshinidsha salt; ME nimentschintscha salt umud'ike:- to turn sour 1548. *umun'i: umud'i: axe; KK numud'i, umud'i:; KJ numed'i, numod'i; SD ngimuzv, T umud, TK umud'i:; TD numod'i; SU numedi; RS numodi; noomundzshi; ME numuntschy; MU numundschi; MK numondschi T umud'iid-egil butt of an axe [lit. axe's back]

d-.

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1549. *umurT umurd-ooj saddle-bag 1550. *nunk nung sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys); T nunge\ TK nunge\ TD nue\ MU nnga nungd-en pr. (the river Rassoxa); KJ nued-en nungd-en-d'i: pr. (the Yukaghir Ukan clan that lived on the river Nungeden) [lit. people from the Nungeden] 1551. *ukn/*uen nugen arm; KK nugen, nugon; KJ nugon; KD nugen, nugun, nugon; SD nugan; T niin, ugen-, uun-; TK niin; TD niin-aul, nien-; SU nugenpa; RS nugen; KL nuganga, nugan; nngean, nugn, nungn-; ME nungan, nungynT niin-qaail elbow [lit. arm curve]; TD nien-rail nugen-ludul bracelet; KD nugon-ludul, nugun-ludul KJ nugen-joboho back of the hand | T niind-ai part of a sleeve around the wrist [lit. arm opening]; niin-duul armful [lit. content of the arm]; niin-tuduruul inner part of a sleeve [lit. inside of the arm] TU *ua 'muscles; elbow' (TMS 646) The B/ME data indicate that the cluster *-- should be reconstructed word-internally, but the #-like reflex of this cluster in T is irregular, so perhaps we are dealing with a single consonant here. The initial consonant was palatal as shown by some T forms and the vowel -/- in the first syllable. 1552. *nun-/*unT nuni- to dream (INTR); TJ nunen-; TD nune-; MU njne, nngnee T nunii person who turns into a new-born child after death, according to traditional beliefs; TD nunin T nunii-raal coffin; larch meant to be used for a coffin [lit. reincarnation wood]; nuniid-ile tame reindeer which is killed after its owner's death [lit. reincarnation reindeer]; nunuo- to be smb's double | TD nuid'i kingdom of shadows FU *uV- 'to dream, to rest' (UEW 328) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240 MU data may indicate that the initial consonant in Yukaghir was palatal. 1553. *nunT nune- thick (of a skin) T nunije thick part of a skin

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1554.*nu:nqi T nuunqi cormorant (Corvus marinus) This stem demonstrates irregular synharmonism and an irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1555. *uurT uure(s)- to emit sounds (of a reindeer) 1556. *nuseK nuel'- to set up (a house, a yurt, a trap, or a stove); KJ nueleK nua:- to set up, to put The stem seems to belong to the class of back stems. 1557. *nu:w nu. b edible roots (in taste resembling turnips, one or two meters high); roots of the birch-tree Cf. Ev. dial, nuba 'edible roots' (TMS 1 607) The direction of borrowing is unclear, but the Ev. word demonstrates that Yukaghir had rather than *-mp-. 1558. nuno nuuo:- poor; KD nud'oo-, nud'aoKD nude need; nud'eomu- to become poorer Rus. nuno 1560. *yl-/*ilK uldej-, ildej- to fall off (of fur when smb begins to prepare a skin by soaping it); KJ eldeiT ilaj- to rot so that the fur comes off (of a skin) TU *nil-/*ul- (TMS 1 592) In the stem shows the front harmony, while in T the harmony is back. 1561. *nyma nima weapon 1562. *nyK nid'id'a:- to fight; KK id'id'a-, KJ nid'id'a:-, nid'id'a-; KD nid'id'a-; T uuuji-; TD uuyi-\ RS niny'ak TD unuyil' fighting competition; ? nieditni- to push each other; iuubod'a fighter ? TU *en- 'to attack, to fight' (EDAL 1027)

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In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. In T -/- > -u- under the influence of the following -u-. 1563. *nyna-? BO nynnga head 1564. *nynT niraa- to grin; TD nerare- to growl (of a dog) T nirana- grinning; ajar; ninyarii- to growl at (TR); nirae- grinning; ajar ? TU *inu- 'to moan' (TMS 1 597) The reconstruction of the cluster *-n- is suggested by the alternation T -n (+ a consonant) ~ -r (+ a vowel). *-- may be a derivational suffix. 1565. *yn'T id'aya- to finish, to be spent (INTR); TD -nid'ehal-, -nid'ahaT id'ayarej- to spend, to waste; TK id'ayaj- to run short; to melt, to thaw; TD nid'eharai-, nid'aharei-, id'eharai- + to destroy 1566. *yoT iomie-, niomie-, iomie- different, various; TK niomieT iomied'i in various ways 1567. *yqK oyo:- to fall down; KK iyo-; KJ uo-, niyo-; ? KD -uro-\ T naya-; TK naya-, TD rtaha-, na.ha-; niengi; ME ningkai i- to knock down, to knock over, to drop; KK inre-\ KJ nide-, nire-, nid'eK nii:- to kill I TK nayate- to let fall In some forms the vowel of the first syllable (probably, -- < -y-) was assimilated to the second syllable -o:- or -a:-, while in other forms the initial *y- has developed into nu-. 1568. *nypor nipor first snow; KJ nipor 1569. *yr- 1 T ir- to vomit; TK /-; TD nirTD niar- to vomit | TK nird'e- to vomit 1570. *yr- 2 T iruon separately; TK iron; TD nirolek

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T iruosiie- to separate (INTR); TD niroceileT iruose- to separate (TR); TK niruose-; TD niroceT iraqa pr. (a man) | TD nirod'e- to separate (INTR) The stem shows back vowel harmony. 1571. *nywaTK nywayaret'i- not to give up (INTR) 1572. *nywoja niboj, nimoj, umoj wooden platform on four poles used as a shed; KK ibojo, niboje; KJ niboje, niboje; TD numoye- coffin; MK nywja bench niboj-, imoj- to pack | TD numoyen-yacik coffin 1573. * nywol- ? TD niuoletile-, niwoletile- to change 1574.*o KD oyo INTJ (joy, satisfaction); T ow, ou; TK T ook INTJ (amazement) 1575. *o: : trousers; KK o:; KJ or, SD ; T oo; TK or, TD or, RS oo; oa; ME o:h; MU o; MK do o:qa: little trousers | T oon-qodire fur underpants [lit. underlying of the trousers]; oon-burebe trousers with fur on the outside [lit. to of the trousers] ? TU *oji(ki) (EDAL 1487) 1576. *o:K o:- to scoop up, to draw, to ladle; KK o>; KD -; T oo-; TK oo-; TD o> FU *ama- 'to scoop' (UEW 7-8) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 144 The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *ama- > am > aw > o: or *ama- > awa > aw > o:, cf. *u:. 1577.*: .\ -: child; KK uo, uo\ KJ u:, uo; KD ; SD -io-\ T uo, -wuo, -u:; TK MO, M; TJ MO; TD uo; SU wo; RS uo, - ; M uo, -o; MC ; MO -wop, -, -, -uw; KL ua, -ugi, -ogi; uw, -, -ae, -oo; ME u:a, -u, -ae, -aa; MU oo, -or, MK MO, -uw, -od', -ii, -oo ::- young; KJ uoo-; KD uoo-, T uool-, TJ uoo-, TD uoo-, M woi, ooi\ oo, -, nde; ME ongai

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.rppul children; KK -uorpe-, uorep-; T ; SU worpa\ worpa\ KL orpa :- to have children; to give birth; TK uoe-; BO onj\ KL u T uod-awur cradle [lit. child container]; TD uod-aur T uod-ooj placenta [lit. child pocket]; TK uod-oojk T oodend'e nestling; TD odod'e egg TK worper- to have children; TD uorpenK uj- to be born; KK uj-, u-\ TD uol-\ ooinge; ME uintsch KD uon-lebie moss used as nappies [lit. child's earth]; SD uod-lebie moss used for a baby's nappies [lit. child's earth] ? jmu-, (j)munnu- to fondle, to fawn; .- to deliver smb's child | ? KJ nonomu [rect. uoomu-] young | KD uon-yollo [rect. uon-pollo] pieces of rotten wood placed at the bottom of a cradle [lit. child's rot] | T uore- to give birth; uon-knme uterus [lit. child's friend]; uoii(je) woman in childbirth or recently confined; uodie pr. (a man); uon-wodii, uon-wadii female animal with a child; female bird sitting on its eggs [lit. watching a child] I TD uonienui childbirth; uol'oirind'e party after a baby's birth; uoolor-sukun-molril youth; uonxaid-ama gossip; godfather; uoduograndchildren | TK uodayawi female of the wild goose NS * //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 147 1579. obuka T abukaa-mail fur coat without a traditional triangular gusset Ev. obuka 'man's clothes' (TMS 2 4) // Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 1580. *o-/*ontK odumu- to change, to alternate (INTR) 1581.*o: o:d, odo hoar frost; KD o:de; SD oda\ T oore\ TD oreK o.dnnu- covered with hoar frost | T oore- to become hoary with frost 1582. odnako KJ annaqa however; KD annaxa, onnaxe\ SD annaqa Rus. odnako 1583. o/*ot/*otj o vessel made of birch bark; KK ot't'o\ KD ote, o:te 1584. oki T aiki: glasses Rus. oki

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1585. *ooj TD ooye-yelidaha day after tomorrow 1586. *o-/*oqT oil' groove on runners T oyil'id-igije narrow straps for fixing the legs of a sledge to the runners 1587. *e-/*kK ege- to peep in, to look out (TR); KJ ege-; KD ege- to look down; T gej-; TK gej-; TD egoK eged- to jut out, to look at smth or into smth (TR); KJ egede-; KD egede-; T gedej-; TJ egede-, ? TD -orgede- [rect. -ogede-] to peer, to look at T eguud'i- to look out of smth (TR) ? TU *(x)ee:- 'to peer, to investigate' (EDAL 511) 1588. *oo-/*oqT oyonii- to guard 1589. *ooja/*oqj KJ ooje pr. (a man) 1590. *oor-/*oqrT oore- to like walking a long way (of a man, a reindeer) 1591. *ur ugur spine, ridge; KJ ugur 1592. *ur ugur ski with fur on the bottom; KJ ugure; SD ugurce; T ugure foot; shoes, boots; TK ugurt'e + leg; TJ ugure; TD ugure, -uogure ugure: grayling (Thymallus); ski with fur on the bottom; KK ugurt'e-, KJ ugurie, ugure; KD ogure, ugure; T ugurie; SU ugure; RS ogure, ogra, ogre; MU egrtschcr, MK ugurK ugur-ra: poplar, aspen [lit. ski tree]; KK ugurt'e-ra; KD ogure-ra, ugure-ra, ugure-re, ure-ro; SD ugurcara; RS egurte-rcr, agurtsi-ra ugur-mided' ruff [lit. ridge needle] | T ugure-duul stockings made of reindeer skin [lit. foot's content]; uguren-mundii piece of leather sown on the top of boots [lit. boots' jaw]; ugure-burebe upper shoes [lit. shoes' cover]; ugure-tudeeke person who wears shoes out on one side only [lit. wearing out shoes] | TD uguren-ulega inner sole [lit. ski grass] | TK ugurt'e-purebe boots worn over other footwear | ? SU ogyl, ogyld-

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1593. *ounp/*oqunp/*ounw/*oqunw ounb fork with which a trap for fish is set; KJ oube back end; KD ohunge [rect. ohunbe] hook oub arrow-head 1594. *oj- 1 oj(i:)- to bark at (TR); KK oji-\ KJ o:j-, oj-, oi-\ KD o:i-, oiK ojd'-, ojd- to bark (INTR); KK ojd'e-\ KJ oid'u-, oid'e- + to bode ill; RS oiei oji:- angry with (TR); KJ -; KD oiciT jruu- to foresee, to foretell smth bad (INTR); ojre- to foresee, to foretell smth bad (TR) 1595. *oj- 2 oja:- to leave a road 1596. ojbon ojbn ice-hole; pr. (the river Omulvka); KJ oibon\ KD oibon ojbn-d'i: pr. (a Yukaghir clan on the river Omulvka) [lit. the Omulvka people] Yak. ojbon (JRS 267) 1597. *j i: top, point; Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri); KK it'e, i:t'e\ KJ ie\ KD i:e; SD ie\ T je, ewe\ TK ewt'e, jt'e; TJ oie; TD -iee, -oie; RS ia, -ya\ itshagi', ME itschag, MU -tscha, -tsche; MK sytsche [rect. ytsche] i:i: penis; KK ii, it'i; KD ii KL iani sharp; itshenyel-, ME itschengelK i:(j)d-amun elbow; March (in the traditional way of counting months) [lit. end bone]; KD ieyed-amun\ SD jacejd-abyn; SU ieid-amun\ itsheend-ami; ME ytscheent-ame i.d-emej leech [lit. sturgeon's mother]; KD ied-omo, iid-omo\ SD iced-eme kind of fish SD icengi-pie pr. ( a mountain) | T ewes- to sharpen; iei-, iii- to pierce (several times) | TD oicigi-men- to reduce [lit. to take the end] 1598. *oj/*ojnta/*oj/*ojntq ojd long pebbly bank; KJ oidoyo ice-hole; KD oidoho

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1599. *o:j ? KD oye father; BO ije 1600. *je/*jek T jege hare; TK jege\ TD oyageT jegen-purie kind of berry [lit. hare's berry]; jegedie pr. (a man); jege-laqil pr. (a star) [lit. hare's tail]; jegie pr. (a woman) | TD oiyedediyepr. (the constellation Pleiades) 1601. *ojmin ? RS oimin-aitaimik to bless; W oimyk [translation unknown] 1602.*ojn KJ ojd'e pr. (a mountain) SD ojangalyn pr. (a place on the Kolyma) 1603. *ojput- ? oyputshing February 1604. *jue: juge:, ji(g)e: traditional game (jumping through hurdles or jumping on one foot); KJ ojeie\ KD oyeie-l'odol traditional game (when a given distance must be traversed in the least possible number of steps) 1605. *kT ekuu hole; TK ekur, TD ekun T ekuo-, kuo- to become holed; to burst; TK kuo-; TD eku-, akuT kte- to pierce, to make a hole (TR); TK kte-, kta-, ekute-\ TD ekte-, ekute- to drill a hole T ekuolel-amun pelvic bones [lit. holed bone]; TK ekuoled-amun k, uke small channel | T ekuod'e-moo hat worn in earlier times with a hole in the top [lit. holed hat] | TK ekure- to become holed 1606. *ki- ? KD el'-met-okia- disorderly 1607. *knT kndie INTJ (bless you! said to a child after it sneezes)

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1608. okno oqnod-ail' window; KJ okno, oknod-ail\ KD oknod-ai', SD oqnq-angil Rus. okno 1609. *ko: T okuodie pr. (a lake) T okuonuor pr. (a man) The synharmonism is irregular. 1610. *kt ? MC ogtj yes 1611. oku oqil'l'a: perch (Perca fluviatilis); KK okil'cr, KD okife; SD okul'a Rus. okun' 1612. *- 1 T al'ile chip of wood; TK ol'ile chips for kindling fire; TJ -alii stick ? MK ollan-tschl larch tree ? Yak. oluk, uluk (TMS 2 16) 1613. *ol'- 2 T oil part; share; edge T atiwii-, ol'iwii- to disjoin the vertebrae (TR) ? NT *olda(n) < TU *xolda(n) 'side; thigh' (EDAL 831) 1614. *:l . /jamb, door-post; frame; edge; KK uoi fencing around the fire; SD clay barrier fence separating an anvil from the fire; T -uol; TK -uol; TD -ol, -ot . lgn past 1615. *l' T ld'e boat; tomb in the shape of a boat; TK ld'e, old'e; MU ldscha; MK losche T ld'en-pomeribe pr. (a hill) [lit. turning of the boat]; ld'ed'ie people going by boat 1616. *o:l- ? BO laj to burn

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1617. *lem ulum mad; KJ ulum something; TK elem nothing; M lum ulum-kude- to go mad; KD elulum-kude-\ olinun-kudi ulum-l'- mad; stupid; KK ullum-Ve-\ KD olulum, ol(l)um-le-, ul(l)um-leT elemdel'elk in vain; TK elemdellek; TD elemdelelk elemdu:- careful; T elemde- to say smth not worthy of attention T elemdi it is no use; elemder modal marker (uncertainty or unwilling agreement with smb); elem-juo- not to see anything; elemded'ege INTJ (such a trifle!); elem-kuril'ii- not to know anything | TK elemder somehow The vowel -- of the first syllable has changed into -u- or -e- in some forms under the influence of the second syllable vowel. 1618. olguj/algyj oluj, olyil big copper cauldron or kettle; KK alyuj-, KD al'gov, T olgii, olii; TK olgi:; TD olgi- + iron shovel Yak. algyj, olgu or Rus. dial, olguj, alguj (ESRZ 65) 1619. line ele- lazy; KD el'ene-; T elee-; TD ellenne-; RS elee, alangnae; ME alangne T eleije lazy person; elee laziness Ev. line (TMS 2 30) 1620. *o:liwT oolwil, ooliwil white circle in ice 1621. *lkT olke- to run; TK lke-, olke-; TD olka-, olke-, olke-; ? MO ongauek [rect. olgauek] T lkije runner (a person); lked-amude period of time during which a runner runs quickly [lit. running goodness] | TK lkebo- person who likes running The cluster -Ik- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1622. *ollo:j ollo:j stick for steering a sledge 1623. *olmn omon, olmon, omun without purpose, just; all the time; very, completely; KK omon; KJ olmo, onmo; KD onmon-; TD -omo omon-l'- muddle-headed, placid (of an animal); KJ omoi-le-; KD

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omoi-l'e-, omoi-l'oK : - indifferent In some forms *-lm- > -nm- or -m-. 1624. *o!'oK ol'o- to cut a skin in a circle for making a rope 1625. *oloK olo- to steal (TR); KK olu-; KJ olo-; KD olo-; SU olom; M lo, lonobol, olonoblgala ol(u)nu- to steal many times (INTR); ? SU anluga; RS alonuk, alonuga; ? MC (j)enalaj [rect. elanaj] thief; olonunga; ME olonungga olunubo:- thief old'i.nu- to steal (many times) | KD ol'ul'u- to steal (INTR); ol'dec- to steal I ? RS opnoeik to take away U *sala 'to steal; thief (UEW 4 3 0 ^ 3 1 ) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; UJN 124; HUV 158; UEW 430; Rdei 1999: 43 1626. *olo-/*jolo- ? MC olynde crying; ? MO jallok 1627. *ol'o T al'ya fish; TK al'a, -el'a; TD alha, aire; MU lloga; MK oljog T al'aaa place rich in lakes abundant in fish; TK aaa T al'ad-aawje ladle; al'yan-erimed-awje bone in the head of a fish which is like a child's spade; alyad-uje fin [lit. wing of a fish] | TK -buil fishing [lit. killing the fish] The reconstruction is mostly based on the OY data which indicate that the word was tri-syllabic and began with o-. 1628. *olonK oloubo:-, olorabo:- la zy, stubborn 1629. olovo o. lubs tin; KJ olube; KD olube; SD olube Rus. olovo 1630. *olpI'/*olwl' olbl' female, mistress; prostitute; KJ olbole; KD olbol'e; SD olbala,

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ol'bogo [rect. ol'bolo]; M lwolu; ? MO (j)eblim [rect. (jjelbim]; KL ohvale\ alwlley, olboilen-, -olvlle; ME alvalle, -olvole\ MK lwali 1631. *olput/*olwut olbut long dry tree without boughs; KD olbut olbude: shavings; small dry sticks 1632. *olqK olyin straight; KK olin; T olyi at all, quite, entirely; TD olri, lro, olro + not at all olyinme:-, olyunme:- straight, smooth; KK olyinmie-; KD olhinme-; TD olribon-, olrindon- + fair; SU olginmei; RS olginmei olyid'a: very straight; KJ olrid'a; KD olrid'aT olyije basis 1633. *olqK olyu- to limp olui: cripple | KJ olgod'e, olgo.d'in, olgod'in, elgod'in hardly; a little 1634. *olqajT olyojuu- to calm down T olyojuu- to calm down; to settle; olyuuii- to get smaller; to abate 1635. *o!tT olduu- to crack, to split (INTR) 1636. *oltiT oldi- to have an idea, to understand, to realise (TR) 1637. *olujrq KJ olujorko male 1638.*luro: T luruo pr. (a place); TK luruo 1639. *mk 1 T mge skin without fur of which straps for a lasso are made; flesh side of a hide; TK emge unprocessed strap made of reindeer skin mged saddle; KK omgede; KD omgede; SD omgede; RS mgodo; MC qomkadyj [rect. omkadyj]

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KK omgete- to saddle ? Evk. omkur 'belt for trousers' (TMS 2 17) 1640. *mk 2 TD omgo- colour 1641. *omnu /*omnu k RS omnga bitch; ME omnuga 1642. *omo people, tribe; KJ , omei; KD ; SD ; T ; TK , ome; TD -; ommo; ME omni: people; KK omi-; KJ omni; KD omni; SU omni; RS omnik, M omn, omnipa, omnpae; MC omne omni:-omo:d' oldest man in a clan [lit. big one of the people] | KJ omlad'i ancient people | RS omninwon alien Cf. PA *o:p'V 'clan, family' (EDAL) // Krejnovi 1958: 244 ( ~ Mong.) 1643. *omoK :- good, nice; healthy; KK -; KJ -, :-; KD -; SD -; T ctmaj-, amuj-, -; TK ctmaj-, amo-, -; TJ omoe; TD omo; SU mo; RS omoa, oma, omoad-; M omt', omt, oma, omooi; MC omo-; omo'; KL omo'; MK omtschiK omolt- to treat, to cure; to correct, to improve; KK omolot-; KD omolot-; T amaler-; TK amalar-, amaler- + to brake leather; TD omolor- + to mill (leather); RS omolok, -omolotnuba omol-n pr. (a river); KJ omol-on omo(-jo:) INTJ (how nice!); T amuya omolb- to get better; KK omolbe-; TK amalwej-; TD omolwo soft; M omol T amutne well; TJ omutne T amud'ii- to love, to like; TK amed'i-, amud'i-; TJ omod'i:-; TD omod'i- to wish, to want T amalad'aae() doctor; TK omoled'at'a T amalad'aae-legul medicine; TD omolod'aeTJ emoqa-, emoqa:- to be reconciled with; TD emoxa-, omoxa- + to get better omol- to cure; omoa: very well; omo-jodri:- to gain much [lit. to play well]; omo-l'i:-, omo-moj- to take care of (TR) [lit. to have well, to hold well] I T amale well; amalie medicine; amalwetl'ere diligently, accurately, calmly; amuoriire accurately, diligently | TD omoewodek

3 2 8 8 Dictionary

daring; omorace- to treat (medically); to cure; omoed-ileyenn- strong smelling; omunilwie- to strengthen; omutno-cahae- safe and sound; TD omotne-cahaneic- to get on well with (TR) | TK omolerul cure, treatment; amlet'i- to cure, to treat (medically); amolad'a- to process skin ? FP *oma 'proper; property' (UEW 717) 1644. *omo-/*omok- ? KJ omoyo lost; TJ omoa 1645. *omolK omolu:- shameful, ashamed; KK omoluj-\ KJ omoli\ T amaluu- + uncomfortable, unsuitable; TK amalej-, amali- ashamed, shameful; TD amali- to shame; SU amaly, omolia; omollitsh omoluji:- to be ashamed, to be embarrassed; T amalijiT amaled'e shame; TK amalid'e-; TD amalid'eK omoli:- to shame; omoluul'- to behave shyly; omnug shame | KD omooik it serves smb right | TD amaleibo- modest, diffident; amaleiashamed 1646. *omtT amdur quickly, at once; TK amdur soon; TD amder, amdur omdu- to be in a hurry; KK omdu-, KJ omdu-; KD omdu-; T amdu-; TK amdu-; TJ amdu-, TD amdu-, omdu-, SU omdut, omduk; M omdujek; omduk quick; ME omtuk quick KK omdit'i- to start being in a hurry | T amdure in a hurry; amduleimmediate, urgent | TD omdilla- to hurry, to hasten; amdui-, omdui-, omdii- to be in a hurry TU *am- 'quick(ly); to be in time' (EDAL 298) The element *-t- may be a derivational suffix. 1647. *mtK md- to use bad language 1648. omul' o.mul Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis); KJ omul\ SD omol Rus. omul' 1649. *oT oil' crack; TK /Y, onil; TD on/7 T oid-igil hole at the top of a yurt where the poles come together and smoke goes out; TD onid-ilil tube

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T oire- to glue together smth broken; TK oireT oid-igil-raal top of the poles beside the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. stick of the hole in a yurt] | TK oiru: broken part repaired with glue 1650. *on-? TD oni- to inherit TD oim inheritance 1651. *o- 1 T o- to put on; TK oi/-, a(u)-\ TJ oo-\ TD ooT ooj bag, sack; TK ooj; TD ooi\ MU ongie T odo- to put on smb; to harvest; TK ode-; TD odocT oie- to wear; TK oieT oaa- to fit in (TR); to hope for; oube mouthpiece of a pipe; onienube smth worn; oaanube smth put on; ooj-gode fool [lit. bag man]; odii sheath; ooj- to pursue, to go away; oi- to be alike, to put on, to trace; odii- to cause to put smth on; oojd-ile reindeer that carries sacks with clothes I TD onto- to collect | TK ode harness 1652. *o -2 SU orjyl reindeer; onye; ME ongei 1653. *o -3 oil' interval, space between smth; split; TJ oil'K oil'gn, oidgn under; among, between | ? TK ot'i- to go walking each time with many diversions ? FU *ote 'hole, hollow' (UEW 341-342) 1654. *n- 1 T endu each, every; TK endu TJ endu-marqoir one by one, one another; TD endu-marxoir nmun each, every; KJ onmun\ KD onmun\ SD -onmul; T enmut; TK enmun\ TD tiieln-omun, tiieln-onmun every night T endu-iruon-wej- to divide into uneven parts [lit. to make each separately] 1655. *n-2 unu river; KK unu; KJ unu, o-\ KD unu-, SD unung; T -; TK enu; TJ enu-; TD onu-; SU onu', RS \ M on, onde\ MC onyng; MO einongg, -onong\ BO ongat; KL onunga\ onnong, onnongr, ME onnung, onunchtie; MU onng\ MK nung, -on TK enmudie small river; TD lukuod'e-onmudie mountain stream

3 3 0 8 Dictionary

un-muti: in the middle of the river [lit. river middle]; KJ o-biti, u-biti nde: mountain stream; KD ondie, endie; SD -undo, undie; T nie river with its source in a lake; MU -onundi T nud-ail' river-mouth; pr. (a place) [lit. river opening]; TD oud-ianul, oud-ail unu-eginm, unu-iginm river-bed [lit. depth of the river]; un-jurgu: middle of the river [lit. hole of the river]; un-d'e:r fork in a river | KJ unu-jurugu eddy in a river [lit. hole of a river] | ? KD edid-od'i small stream which dries up in summer | SD undien-mimze stream | T enun-umd-amun deep channel of a river [lit. bone of the river hill]; enuduol' low place on the bank of a river; ndieeen pr. (a lake); enun-suske whirlpool [lit. river bowl]; nie-nunkiaan pr. (a river) [lit. river cormorant] | TD onun-ual, onun-wal river-bed 1656. *n-3 nd'e male of a bird; KJ end'e ne: male of an animal; KJ nie, ne; KD onie stallion; SD oncie, oncu; T nie; TK nt'ie, ont'ie; TD onie KJ nd'ed-abut testicles [lit. male container] | KD onien-kinid'e October [lit. wild reindeer bull month] | T nienaatege large wild male reindeer 1657. *n'K ud'il' nail, claw; KJ od'il ed'i + hoof; KD od'il'; SD ozil hoof; T od'il + hooves; TK d'il; TD od'il, SU od'il, RS oil, onzshil, ME ondschil KD od'id-ie skin under the nail [lit. nail end] | T d'il-juod'e disease of hooves 1658. *on' T one- dampish; TK one-; TD oe- + dew KK od'i hoar frost; T ode drop; dew; damp place; juice (of meat) T od'e-, od'ee- juicy, dewy; damp; od'el-lukul long moss which grows in very damp places [lit. damp earth]; onii- to keep slightly wet; onduu- to get wet; onde- to drench 1659. *onK o:- to drink, to smoke; KK od'e-, oe-, o.d'e-; KJ o.d'e-, odo- + to pour; KD ode-; SD oze-; RS oek; BO ij; KL oej; ondzshok; ME ontschok, MU ndschetsche, ndschebndsche; MK ndschasch, ndschipundsche o:i: water; KK od'i:, oi; KJ o.d'i; KD od'i; SD oi, osin-, -oze; TK od'i-; SU i; RS oi, -oe; M d'i; MC onde; BO ijelo; KL oni; ondzshi, onzshe-; ME ondschy, andschy-; MU osche, -ondscha, -onsche; MK

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331 5

ndschi, -ondschi o:i:-nodo duck [lit. water bird]; KJ o:d'i-nodo; SD oi-nodon; ondzshi-nonda; ME ondschyn-nonda\ MK ndschi-nda o.i. du:- watery; o:i:-tiij-ejre:nu- to sing well [lit. to move like water] | KD od'i(n)-tolou walrus [lit. water wild reindeer] | SD oid-ungungie pr. (a stream) | RS oen'a thirst Cf. Ev. dial, o.ndi 'water' (TMS 2 18) The Ev. word seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing and confirms the reconstruction of the consonantal cluster. 1660. *K - to go down to a river; KJ onde-, ne-, ende-; SU oneik ub slope; ejl-jouluge:l second month in the traditional way of counting months [lit. raising shoulder] 1661. *nin' T nid'e earth, ground; clay; TK enid'e, nid'e sand T nid'e-legul flour [lit. sand food]; TK nid'e-legul T nid'etke pr. (a lake); nid'en-monqa mound without vegetation; nid'end'ege INTJ (used when seeing dirty earthy water) ? NT *oi < TU *xoi 'sand; dirt' (EDAL 839) 1662. *n'inT od'ind'ie, (sawd-ail'-)dndie fringe at the bottom of a fur coat 1663. *on'itT od'ite- to satisfy 1664. *onim- ? BO onmada for a long time 1665.*o:nj T oond'e-, uond'e- to inform, to send news or information; TK o.nd'e- to ask to say smth to smb T oond'e will, testament | TD ond'e person who brings news As this is an example of a long vowel in a closed syllable, the word is likely to be a suffixal derivation from the stem o:n-. 1666. *k- 1 oo:- to stand; KK oyo-\ KJ ogo-, oyo-\ KD ogo-, ege-, oge-, ego-, oho-, T ouo-, auo- + kept, preserved; TK oo-, ouo-, eguo-, TJ ogo:-, oyo-, TD

3 3 2 8 Dictionary

ego-; SU ogoje; RS ogngi; M og'oi; onghak; ME onggok; MU ongteen, onged'k, onged't, ongnit, ongtschele, ongeng'; MK ongondscha, ongondscheili, ongondschek, ongondschemy ege:- to stand up, to get up; KK ogie-, egie-; KJ egia-, egej-, igi-, egu-; KD egie-, ege-, egu-, T eguo-; TJ ego:-, ego-, SU agek ge, g, ge: round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK ge, ogo-; SD ogo; SU oglek ge. d-ail' semi-circular bay without a current; KD ogied-ai, ogid-ait eget-, gt- to put, to raise, to lift; to set up a fish trap; KK egete-, ogete-; KJ egete-; KD egete-; SD ogate; T gete-; TK gete-; TD ogoto-; SU agetak, agetely, agetei eget- to put, to raise; TD egoceK uguje(l) tomorrow; morning; KK uguje; KJ ogoje; KD ogyiye, ogyiya, ogoiye; T eguoje; TK eguoj(i)e; TJ ogoje, ogo.je; TD ogoyeende, ego.ye; SU ogojel, ogoje-; M ogoj; KL ongoelmo; unkaiel, ongi.e:; ME ungagel [rect. ungayel], ongoije; MU ongl tomorrow; yesterday; MK ongjelma, ongelma ege. d' bridle rein; KJ egied'e egujb place where a camp is made; KD egoibe, egeibe; T egunbe trampled place; yard; rag eged- to stick up, to stick out, to jut out, to protrude; egetdej- to put up; to raise; gd-ail' entrance to a fish trap | KK egiere- to step on (TR); egujito get up I KJ egieide opposite to | ? SD oguze-nume Yakut yurt | T eguojigir-qodejd'e, eguijigir-qoduod'e morning clouds [lit. morning lying]; eguol'eld'e (moojd'ii) mature woman; eguojiedaya for tomorrow; eguortube time to get up; eguojibe stirrup; gie- to put up, to lift, to hold; eguojie-jielgidaa day after tomorrow | TD ogol step; ogoyegirele-legul breakfast In a number of forms the vowel of the first syllable was assimilated to the vowel of the second syllable. 1667. *k- 2 KJ ogoe- to eat; BO ngeej KJ ogone- to feed (TR); KD ohoec1668. *nmK unmut horns; antlers; KK unmut; KJ nmun + bone; KD onmut; T enmur; TK enmur; TJ enmur; TD onmur; RS -anmud, anminei-; ME onmut unmut-ejunu- to butt | KD onmun-moibe five-year old elk [lit. antlers notches] I T enmun-lasurqaa reindeer with large widely spreading antlers [lit. antlers bush]; enmun-dawa skin on reindeer antlers; enmund-amud'e

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reindeer with beautiful antlers [lit. antlers' beauty]; enmun-pod'itel gathering of young reindeer antlers that fall off in spring 1669. *nme:K nme.de: young larch; KJ nm'edie + young willow; KD onmiedie; ? SD ondacione-, mungi; T niedie; TK niede; TD onmedie 1670. *nm mind, intellect, memory, feeling, intention; KK -, KJ ; KD ; SD - ; RS ; MC -momno [rect. -omno], -onmoura; MO -wone; ; ME nm- intelligent; ? BO onm'n-; onmannay; ME onmanni nmag-ejt-, nmega-l'i:- to remember [lit. to have or to take on one's mind]; nmdej- to recover consciousness | KD onmegel'it attentively; onmeke- wise, intelligent 1671. *nmun unmun pr. (the river Kolyma); KJ nmun; KD onmul; SD onmul; enmun1672. *nmur unmur- to hold a service in a church; KJ nmureK shaman's drum 1673. *onnT onnu- to praise T onnus- to cause to praise 1674. *ono T ono idol; shadow; silhouette; TK one 1675. *onoK ono- to take away, to steal; KK ono-; KJ ono-; KD onoK ojnu- to take away, to steal (many times); KK ojnu-; KJ /-; KD oinuK onoti:- to take away; ? onodi:- to saw off 1676. *ooTK ooj- to walk making manoeuvres 1677. *o T low hill on a plain; TK e high river bank

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T ttege pr. (a place); d-ibal small hill situated on a flat place [lit. low hill rock] 1678. *oo-/*oontT oodoroj- to make noise, to start singing (TR) 1679. *oonT ood'i- to ask for, to beg for (TR) T ood'i- to beg for smth and get it; oodoj- to get a strong desire to do smth 1680. *onp MC onbed-agim [rect. anband-andel; MU nba

onbed-agil]

door;

anband-ngel;

ME

1681. *oqK o- damp, wet; KK o-\ KD o-\ T ou-\ TK o-\ TD ou-, RS oni] ongai\ ME ongen\ MK ngoi od' raw, undercooked; KK od'e; TK od'e\ TJ od'e\ TD od'e\ MU ndschenet ounb- to get wet; KK oyunbe-; KJ ounbe-; KD ohunbe-, orunbe-; T ounbe-; TK ounbe-; TD oonbeK ounb- to drench; KK ounbe-; TK ounber-; TD oober-, ounber-; RS ogunbaik od'o.n raw fish | T od'e-arqa-jewlid'ie new-born reindeer [lit. raw new-born reindeer]; od'aya-juo INTJ (how damp!); od'aatege INTR (how wet!); odii- to keep wet; otegii- very damp; T od'ed-aa raw fish; od'e-d'uul raw meat; od'e-rawa skin freshly removed from the reindeer [lit. raw skin] I TD od'e-ral larch [lit. raw tree] 1682. *onrumuj onrumuj, onrumujupta: laces of clothes 1683. *ont T odo present, gift; TK ode pay, fee T odepedie amulets given by a shaman after a sance that protect from disease; TK odapedie presents 1684. *ntT ndie- to say incantations T ndefri)- to bless; ndieeen pr. (a lake); nderid'iee person who knows

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magical incantations The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1685. *onu T onue quillback fish (Cyprinus labeo) U *oncF'nelma (Coregonus Njelma) (UEW 339) 1686. *nus-/*enusT enuskurie- to work; to urinate; TK enuskurie-; TD onuurie-, TK enuskuriet'e worker

onukurie-

1687. opletaj oplitaj, aplitaj, oklitaj, apltaj pr. (a dragon or a snake in folklore) Rus. opletaj 1688. *opo:/*apo: T apuo, opuo ornament; INTJ (approval addressed to a child) T apuodie pr. (a man) 1689. *opoj ? MC opoj black; BO poj 1690. oposlja opol'a: after, later; KJ opole; KD opol'e Rus. dial, oposlja 1691. *o:q T ooqadie, uoqaadie long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis); pr. (a man); TK uoqadie T uoqaadie pr. (a man) 1692. *oqo T oqodek modal marker (doubt); TK oqo suddenly T oqo-mod'e modal marker (mirative); oqo-moni modal marker (mirative); oqoje fault, defect, flaw; okuo INTJ (fear) | TK oqode something 1693. o:qoI' T oqol' always; TJ oqol, oqol'+ everywhere; TD OJCO/'everywhere TD oxoleure- to lounge about among people Ev. o:qol 'always; long ago' (TMS 2 10) The final -/ could have been reanalysed as a suffix in Yukaghir.

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1694. *K orut Baikal teal (Anas formosa) 1695. *o:rK o:ri:- to go in a roundabout way, to come and to go away; to walk around (TR) 1696. *rK r- to shout; KK re-; KJ ore-; KD ore-; T re-; TK re-, rie-, ree-; TD ornie-, ore-; SU rnei; RS rnei; orrti, orinak; ME ornae, orinach r- to cry, to weep, to shout; KK or-; KJ or-; KD or-; T or-; TK r-; TD or-, er-; RS orul; oroo/; ME orul rri:- to shout at, to call shouting (TR); KD oreri-, orari-; TD ernere-, ornere-, ornieriK rtej- to shout; KK rte-; KJ orte-; T rtej-; TK rtej-, ortej-; RS irtei T oorie- to cry; TK o. ree-, uoree-; TJ oree-, orne-; TD oroeT oorie crying | TD orebo- to wail; orniec- to cause to cry TU *or- 'to shout, to roar' (EDAL 1061) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 In T the stem also exists in the form :r-. 1697. *r'/*rj T rd'e mud; dirt, litter 1698.*o:r K o:r- to set, to prescribe; to show, to indicate; KK ore-; KD -; T oore-; TK o:re-, orat-; TD o:re-, - + to show the way KJ ord'ia- to bequeath; KD ord'eKJ ord'ie in the first place | T uoruo- meant for smth; oorie- to go to reproach smb | TK ort'i- to show; to point 1699. *oriri T oriri, oriril, oreril without a trace, without noticing 1700. *rkmp T rkobo lynx (Felis lynx) 1701. *oro:TD oro. l nature; character, temper

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1702. *oroTD orod'e-nime sledge 1703.*oro-? MC oroaryne widower 1704. orok rjk pr. (a place, a mountain); KJ orojek\ SD orojaq Rus. orok 1705. *rnK rd' middle; KJ ord'e; T ord'a\ TK ord'e, rd'e; TD ord'e; MU rontsche, -ronsche + midday; MK -wrondsche rd'o:- middle; KJ ord'uo-; KD ord'eo- mediocre; SD erso-; T ord'a-; TJ ord'eol-, ord'uolo-, ord'el'el-; TD ord'eoloK rd'o:l-pe:di: middle finger; rd'-e:r trousers [lit. middle clothes]; rd'o.l-jarman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk) | KJ ord'al time, deadline; ord'en front; ord'ie central place in the yurt where guests usually sit | SD orzie place for guests in a yurt | T ord'alal-muoqatka pr. (a lake) [lit. middle broad whitefish]; ord'alal-qonaaiil pr. (a river); ord'iwuon pr. (a man) | TD ord'ime middle | TK ord'ad'e middle; rd'e-d'ald'e middle finger Cf. PA *o:r'i 'middle, inside' (EDAL 1064-1065) // Krejnovi 1958: 239, 250 ( ~ Yak., Oirot) The OY data indicate that -r- was followed by a vowel: rd'a < rd' < *rn-'/*rn-j. 1707. *orpK orpo:- hung up; KK orpe-, orpo-, arpa-; KD orpo-; SD orpo; M orpoja, orpojak arpaj- to go up; KK arpaj-; KJ arpa--, KD arpa:-; SD arpaK orpur- hang; KK orpure-; KD orpure-; T orpure-; SU orprek, orpit; RS orprek KK orpie- to have smth hung arpuaj-, orpuaj- to rise, to get up, to drive upwards; KK orpuaj- + to bring; KJ orpuajKJ orpol pound; KD youyed-orpol, youyed-orpolM rpodak (pe:d-)orpujb (mountain) path, rise; KD orpoibe orpnd'a: pr. (the constellation of the Great Bear); bar for drying fish made of several sticks; SD orponza orpnd'i-ra: rack for nets (made of one stick); KJ orpand'i-ra\ SD orpanri-al

3 3 8 8 Dictionary

arpajl-i:jd-amun November (in the traditional way of counting months) [lit. raising elbow]; arpajl-jouluge.l December (in the traditional way of counting the months) [lit. raising shoulder]; orpo:lub holy tree on which various objects are hung | KD rpud'ed'aye scales | ? T orpube wooden button on the strap of a reindeer halter In - > a- before the vowel -a:- or -aj- in the second syllable. 1708. *orqi org in hardly, scarcely; T oryi(-ori) TU *orxi 'bad' (TMS 2 10) 1709.oru: T oruu young salmon Yak. dial, oru: 'kind of small fish' (DSJJ 189) 1710. run urun plank-bed; KD orun; SD urun SD urumnej-nume Russian house made of logs Yak. orun 'place; bed' (TMS 2 19) 1711. ostr oo.tur young of a large fish; KD ocotru small fish with a red abdomen; SD ootur Rus. ostr 1712. ospa TD uope smallpox TD uopayo. i-rikun smallpox Rus. ospa 1713. *ossi T uud-ossi against a background 1714. ostrog KJ uotrog pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) ostru.tg pr. (a place in the upper Jasanaja) Rus. ostrog 1715. *ot T ot-ta-taj INTJ (disappointment)

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1716. * otiC ottu:, otul place where a fire is made, camp; smb's hunting or fishing place; SD out ottu:(a:)nub place where fire is usually made 1717. otpirat' KD otpirai- unlocked Rus. otpirat' 1718. otvedat' KD ebedubai- to try (of food) Rus. otvedat' 1719. *wK (<)o:- to be; KK o-\ KJ o-; SD -ol-\ T o-, no-, o-; TK o-\ TD -ola-, -nola:K jj, jd' real; true, correct; KJ oujje, ouje\ KD ouye-\ TK ewje\ TD auyelek, awyelek truth T ewie- to believe; TK ewie-; TD euwie-, eywie-; ? RS owetle KJ uje-ad'ube promise [lit. true words]; KD oyed-ad'ube, uyed-ad'ube ubuj truth; KK ubuj; KJ ubui; KD ubui, obui o:i:- to mistake smb for smb; ? ol'-l'o.j over there | KJ ubat maybe | T ewje-rukun living being [lit. real thing]; ewjeluu- reliable; ewje-nime chamois leather covering the whole yurt [lit. real yurt]; ewje-anme tundra willow trees growing on a plain [lit. real willow]; ol-telk focus marker | TD euyeli, ouyeli, euwieli, euwielek truthful, faithful | TK ewjel'elek true, truth S *- 'to be' (SW 16-17) // (Krejnovi 1958: 235 (~Nen.), 1978: 255; Tailleur 1959a: 413-4, 1965: 69-70) In some forms *w- has undergone contraction before a consonant or a pause, while in the intervocalic position -w- was preserved in T and regularly changed into -b- in K. The vowel -- has undergone assimilation to the following -u- or -e:-. 1720. *o:w ? MU endschdsche-wa elk ? NT *awa-la 'reindeer' (TMS 1 8) 1721. oxta oqta: local black berry Rus. dial, oxta

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1722. *pa:/*paj paj, pajp woman; KK paj; KJ pai; SD paj, pajpa; T pajpe; TK pajp, pajpe; TJ pai, paipe; TD paiped-, peiped-; SU pailpa; BO paj, pjnde girl; KL paipa; viendndi; ME vaiintendae; MU baitag, vaitag girl; daughter pa: address to an older woman; KJ pa; KD pa; T baa address to a young woman or a girl pa.ba: elder sister; KK paba, pa.wa:; KJ pa.ba:, paba:, pabe + elder female cousin; SD paba; RS pawa aunt; KL pawa; pawa; ME bava; MK pajndsch-, pajndshi-oo pa:d'd-: little girl [lit. womanly child]; T paad'ed-uo + daughter; TK pa:ded-uo; TJ padid-; TD padid-uo; BO pjdnd-o TK pa. de female; TD padie pajpn-anm alder-tree [lit. women willow]; pajbunnut-odumunu- to flirt (of a woman) | KD paiped-eime bride-price [lit. woman's price]; paid'idie little girl I ? T paad'uyaa- to have family feelings | TD paipo: pendant on a woman's breast cloth; padie-lama female dog | TK pa:d'e-jewlid'e female reindeer calf 1723. *pacK - to go here and there KD pail holiday, party; paelec- to excite ? U *pakVlto go through' (UEW 345-346) The following semantic development is assumed: 'to go through' > 'to go here and there' > 'to be excited' > 'to celebrate'. 1724. *paan'i:/*paqn'i: T paad'ii drill, awl; TK payad'ii, payad'i; TD -bahad'i T payad'iid-ieii star; payad'iid-ekuu star [lit. drill hole] | TK payad'ideku, payadiet'i star ? T U *pugu (TMS 2 43) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 1725. paj pajl part, share; KK paj-; KJ pajl; KD pa. il'; TD pai TD paiol part, share Rus. paj 1726. *pajK paj- to strike, to hit; KK paj-; KJ pai-; KD pai-; T paaj-; TK paj-; TJ pai-; TD pai-; RS poik; MC paj

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pajdu- to beat; KJ paidu-, KD paidu-; T pajdu-; TK pajdu-; TD paidu-, paideK pajduj shaman's drumstick; KJ -paidije; KD -paidui; T pajdii board with teeth for beating the fur of a polar fox; TD lirkeye-paidi, lirkeye-paidu pajdid'a:j ledum | KJ paide- to swing | T pajdunube-saal stick for beating I TD paii- to hit; paido- to hit oneself S *pj- 'to hit, to split' (SW 112) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240-241; LR 147 1727. *paj- ? MC baj taste MC bajut to feed 1728. *pa:jT paajuu- to foretell T paajuujiie prophet 1729. *pajlK pajlu:- cunning, sly; KJ pajili- strange, odd pajluri:-, pajhlur- surprised; KD pal'eluri1730. pakostit' pa:k i-, pagai- to play mean tricks Rus. pakostit' 1731. *pala- ? MC pon-palagenij fog MC uwalo-palagynej wave 1732. palatka KK palatka modern tent; T palaatka; TK palatka Rus. palatka 1733. palemka T palaamka knife used while eating Rus. dial .palemka (ESRD 4 3 7 - ) 1734. *palijka: T palijkaa pr. (a woman)

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1735. palka palk bulge; T paalke stick palk- to have a bulge (of a tree, a stick) | T paalkii- to beat with a stick Rus. palka 1737. * pan calIC paili:- to tickle; KJ pad'a:l-\ T paralii-; pandalitsh to scratch; ME pantalytsch to scratch pa ilu:- ticklish; to itch; T paraluu-; TK paralu:- to itch (of a wound) pa ilu i:- not to touch for disdain or fear (TR); T paralayii- ticklish pa ilu INTJ (disdain); T paralaya INTJ (how it tickles!) pailuya:- to start feeling ticklish | T paralid'e- itching; paralayaa- to itch 1738. *paninl/*panintnl paidenl pochard (Netta) 1739. *paqK payul fish seine-net; KK pagul, payul, KJ payul, KD pahul ; SD pagul payure:-, :- to use a fish seine (TR); KJ payunnu-, payuno.re+ to scoop; KD payunuK payunnu- to use a fish seine-net S *pok 'net' (SW 127) // Bouda 1940: 78; JU 135; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; Rdei 1999: 53; LR 147 The medial cluster is reconstructed based on the S correspondence. 1740. *panqK panyul cross-piece in a boat; SD pangul, T panyul ? KJ penyuque boat 1741. *panq panq reeve (Philomachus pugnax); KK pange; KD panha; T paanya, panya-, TD panha- snipe T paanyan-kid'ibe place on a hill where reeves come together 1742. *pant- 1 T paduya- to tremble, to chatter T paduyas- to snort; padul'e- to loosen (of a bow-string); padune- loose; padue- loose, flabby; paduyije smth trembling; chatterbox 1743. *pant- 2 pan-/pad- to cook; to put (into the water), to sink, to boil (TR); KK pan-,

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pad-; KJ pan-, pad-; KD pad-; T par- to cook; to sink (TR); TK par-; TD par-; RS patk; MO pantak to feed; panduk; ME panduk pand- to cook (INTR); SD panda-; T pande-, panre- to set, to put up (a trap); TK panre-; TD pandinT pand'ind'e cook; TD pandind'e-paipe pade:-, pede:- to put, to keep smth put down; T parie- to keep dipped in the water panda tea leaves; KD pande T panaa- ready (of tea); elected; panie- to keep a trap or a net ready (TR); pandid'il food being cooked; ipaandie- to tie together; panienube place where smth is set up (a net, a trap); parnube smth suitable for eating after being cooked in stock | TD tet-panda:hana that is why This root has irregular reflexes in some T forms: -r- instead of the expected -n-/-d-, but cf. *tuntl. 1744. *patil padih common merganser (Mergus merganser) 1745. *pa:(pa:) T papaa urine T papaa- to urinate The word is likely to emerge as a result of the expressive reduplication typical of nursery words. 1746. *paq T paq-paq INTJ (imitating gurgling of boiling liquid) 1747. *paqT paqul' button; TK paqtil' 1748. *pa:qil' pa:qiF( ) maimed or disfigured nail; KD pa.xii 1749. *para T para, -bare, -bara basis, essence, origin; bottom, end; TD pareT paral ancestor; TD parel, parol, parol', -porol custom; form, character T parae- to originate from; paraa load of a sledge so heavy that at least two reindeer are needed to pull it ? U *parV/*porV/*parwa/*porwa 'pile, heap' (UEW 356-357)

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1750. paraa KJ parae pr. (a woman) Rus. paraa 1751. *par'-/*por'K par- to chatter; to splash; KK port'aa-; KJ port'agaj-; KD parehaito draw out; T poraya-; TD paraha-, parehaKD parohat- to draw out | TD parehabod'e-kodek chatterbox This stem shows the unusual correspondence -a- ~ T -o-. 1752. *pasal'K paal'a- to bend or to break an iron or wooden thing; KK peel'e- to spread, to lay out; KD pacalecK paal'a:- to get blunt, to get notches (of a wooden or iron thing); paaa:to be weighed down (of tree branches) 1753. paennyj KD paceei peasant Rus. pasennyj 1754. *pastu: T pastuu pr. (a man) 1755. patefon TK pat'epuon phonograph, gramophone Rus. patefon 1756. pawel KK paweldie pr. (a man); KJ pabelten; TK pawel pr. (a man) Rus. pawel 1757. pazux SD pozoq cross bar in a sledge Rus. dial .pazux 1758. *pe: : mountain, rock, big stone; KK pie; KJ pie, -bo.je; KD pie; SD pie, paja; SU p'e, p'eudyn; RS ; M pe, penei; MC pala; MO pea; :a, pea:; ME pead\ pea SD pied-angzile hawk U *pije 'stone' (UEW 378) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Bouda 1940: 78; Tailleur

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1959a: 418, 1962: 97; HUV 161; UJN 123; Angere 1956: 128; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 378; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; Dolgopolskij 1998: 80; LR 147 Possibly *pijV > pij > pe:. 1759. *peK pe- to run, to trot, to gallop (of an animal); KK pes--, KJ pet--, KD pe-, po-, T pe- to run at a jog-trot KJ petu- to run FU *pucV- 'to run, to escape' (UEW 399) // Nikolaeva 1988: 241; LR 147 1760. peal' KD pea grief, sorrow KD peal'ne- to grieve, to be sorry | T peal'nik sad Rus. peal' 1761. peat' T piaat seal, stamp Rus. peat' 1762. *peeK peej- to throw; KK peej-, peej-; KJ peeei-, pee-, KD peesei-, peceii-, pecei-, T pesej- + to send, to let go; TK pot'esej-; TJ poeshei-; TD peecei-, poecei-; potshitshik; ME pottschittschaik peji:- to throw; KK pejd'i-; KJ peid'i-, poid'i-, KD peid'i-, poid'i-, peid'ei-; RS poiik TD pecegerei- to twist (a joint) FU *pcV- 'to separate, to come off (UEW 358-359) // Nikolaeva 1988: 241-242 In some forms the vowel of the first syllable was labialized under the influence of the labial consonant: *pe- > p-. In pee-- > pee- > peand pe-i:- > pei:- > peji:-. 1763. peen'e T peiene biscuit Rus. peen 'e 1764. *pei-/*poi- ? MC poinyj white; penij 1765. *peel-/*pentalKD pedele cruel, brutal

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1766. *pe-/*pekT pegite- to steal; TD pegite-, pagiteT pegiruo- robbed; pegiige thief; pegie- to follow spellbound; pegiri- to steal many times | TD pegii-, pegai-, pegei- to steal 1767. *pe:j pe.j cheek; KJ peje; MC psa [rect. pea] 1768. *pejn'- ? KD peid'ei- to let go 1769. *pejulKJ e-pejulan- to agree on smth 1770. *pekT pekid-uo leg muscles; TD peked-uo T pekid-uod-amun sharp narrow bone of a reindeer's hind leg ? U *poka 'thigh' (UEW 389) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 242 The word appears to demonstrate the metathesis -k k-. The cluster -eftis atypical in Yukaghir. 1771. *pe:k ? MC , epeka enemy; Chukchi 1772. *pelK pulut old man, husband; bear; KK peldek, pulut", KJ polut; KD polut; SD pulut; T pelur + bridegroom; TK pelur, TJ pelur-; TD pelur-keine-, pelur; RS polud-; MO -pullun [rect. -pullut], -pullup; pallad, polud pulunde: old man; SD pulundie pr. (a mountain); T peldudie; TK peldudie, paldudie, -beldudie; TJ peldudie; TD peldudie; RS polund pulut-mo u: bridegroom; TD pelur-merou TD polurde-, polurdiee- to get married (of a woman) ? U *pl 'half (UEW 362-353) The following changes are assumed for K: *-e- > -- (by labialization after p.) > -u- (by assimilation to --). 1773. *pel- 1 T pel- to overtake; TK pel--, TJ pel-, pul-, TD pel-, pel'- + to be enough; to pass T pelie- to be enough; TK pelie- to reach T peld'ii- to bring to an end | TK peld'it- to let overtake

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1774. *pel- 2 pele:- to wipe dry; KK pelie-; KJ pelie-; KD pel'ie-; T pilie-; TK pilie-, pilej-; TD pilie- to clean 1775. pelageja T palagije pr. (a woman) Rus. pelageja 1776. *pele: T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration) 1777. *pe:Ie: T -bielie opposite 1778. *pelemTK pelemi- to prepare 1779. *peltT pelduu- to get an infection T pelduu infection 1780. *pelwK plbe. l hummock; KK polbiel; KJ polbiel; KD polbiel, pel'biel\ T plwiel; TK plwiel; TD polwil; RS polwel plbe:j-o:i: marsh; polburo:- convex, bulging; blistery, bumpy | ? KD pelbie first stomach (of a reindeer) | SD pelbie-mal'zo Arctic bramble | T pel'wied-ewe grass with white ends which grows on hummocks [lit. hummock grass] In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *pee-, 1781. *pemeK pmn- round; KK pmne-; KJ pomne-, poma:-; KD pomne-; T pomne-; TK pmne-; TD pomne-, SU pomnei; RS pomne; M pmni; pomne; ME pomne pmurk rouble; T pomorke ring, round; stitch; loop; TK pmerke ring; circle; M pomrka, pomrkak T pomoges- to turn, to go around (TR); TK pmeges-; TD pomgecK pmegdej- to roll smth from side to side, to turn; KK pmegedej-, pmeget-; T pomogerej-; TK pmegerej-, pmogeret'i-, pmgerej-, TD pomogorei-

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pmel'- to surround; to make smth round; KK pmel'e-; KJ pemele-; T pomol'esK pmd-, pmer- to roll down; to slip; KJ pomde-, pomudu-, pomere-; T pomore-, TD pomdeiK pmeg- to roll from side to side; KJ pemegei-, KD pomege- + to finish; T pomoge-; TK pmege(j)-\ TJ pomogo-\ TD pomogoK pmki: testicle; KJ pomki, pomke; KD pomkid-abut; MC pomgogonK pmelij top, whirligig; KD pemel'iye T pomorii top, whirligig; TK pmeri: pmil circle made of glass beads; pomzsholn circle; ME pomtschelleni circle T pomnir, pomniir around; TK pomir, pmnir pmd'ib slippery place; pme- to roll down | KK pmeget- to turn | KJ pemet- to slip down | KD pemei- to throw away; ? penmex on one's back | T pomogije whirlpool; pomorejnube slope; pomoses- to roll | TD pomnel around; pomoei- to turn around; pomuterei- to move aside | TK pmeserej-, pmoses- to move aside ? TU *pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted' (EDAL 1134) In most forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *pee-, 1782. *peme/*pime peme louse; KK peme\ KJ peme\ KD pemme\ SD peme; T pime; TK peme, pime; TD pime; RS peme; ; ME pomma KD pamaine-, pommene- having lice | SD pemed-oze nit | T pimde- to get lice I TD pimeleil-ord'e small greenish moss | TK pimelen- small The irregular correspondence -- ~ T -/'-. 1783. *penT pengej- to return, to come back; TK pengej- to direct; to splash (of a fish); TD pengeiT penge- to stretch; to extend; TJ penge-, pee- to return, to come back T pengerej- to bring back, to cause to come back; TK pengerej-; TD pengerei-, pongereiT pend'i- to return without spending a night on the way; to stretch down; pend'ibe place by the sea from where one roams to the south; pengur behind; pengelge-juodii INTJ (if only I could go down!) | TD perigee- to go around (TR); pend'ire-eure-, pend'ire-kel- to come back | TK pengije whirlpool 1784. *pen'K pd'el smell; spirit; fate, happiness; KK ped'el, KJ ped'ul; KD ped'el; T pd'el; TD pod'el, ped'il

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p - smelling; happy; KD pene-; T pd'ele-; RS pod'ennei, pedilneja pdd' INTJ (used when there is a bad smell) | T pd'elte- to saturate smth with smell In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *pee-. 1785. *pen' /*pin' /*pejn' pe.d', pejd' shoulder-blade; knot; elk; KJ pied'e; KD ped'e; SD pejzi, pejzed-, pieze bone; T piid'e forelegs of an animal; TK pid'e front legs of an animal; SU ped'e; RS pe'a; ? MU bngtsche elk KJ peid'e arm T piid'e-oyul marrow from the front shin-bones [lit. forelegs marrow]; TK pid'e-d'oul T piid'e-saburqa shoulder-blade [lit. flat piece of forelegs]; TK pid'e-rawurqa, pid'e-saburqa T piid'e-nigiriid-amun marrow of the shin-bone of the forelegs U *puc'a 'kneecap of a reindeer' (UEW 403) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 The correspondence - e : T -/:- is irregular, which may suggest the reconstruction *pejn '. 1786. *pee/*poo ? KD poe air 1787. *penin'-/*penin- ? peningindshel valley; ME pennyngntsche 1788. *penjij T pend'ije stream 1789. *pentT peduge- to speak T pedugej- to blurt out 1790. *pent-/*peT pedi- to lick T p e d e j - to lick once; perise- to let smb lap smth up The alternation -d r- may suggest the PY *--. 1791. *pentK pe:d- to burn (INTR); KK piede-; KJ pede-; KD pede-, piede-; SD piede-; TK piede-; SU pdei, pde; RS pedak; KL p'andaj pend'e:- to start burning, to catch fire (INTR); KK pend'ie-; TK piend'ie-

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pe:ddej- to light; KJ pedadei-; SU pdedeik; RS pdedeik pe.di:- to roast (over a fire); KJ pedi:- to light; KD pedi- to light pe:dt- to burn (TR); KJ pedet-; KD pedetKJ pedei- to get yellow; KD pedei-\ M pdei to burn down pede.me:- to get burnt | KK pendie- to begin to burn 1792. *penti pe.di finger; KJ pedie\ KD pedie\ SD pedice\ BO pndye\ KL pedyak; peenditshcr, ME peentutschcr, MK bndyitscha 1793. *perK perul part of the poles forming the door in a yurt that is dug into the ground pril' toe (tip-toe); KJ porle knee; T peril kick T prinde- to kick; TK porinde-, prinde-; TD purinde-, porinde- to recoil (of a gun after shooting) p rl -paj- to kick [lit. to hit with the toe]; KD porle-paiK prit - to set one's feet against (TR); prl-a:- to stamp one's foot [lit. to do the toe] | T peril'e-wej- to run away (of a child) In some forms the first vowel was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *pee-, 1794. *pereT peren aloof T peren-peren INTJ (command: away!); pered'ie a little aside FU *pertV/*partV'side, edge' (UEW 374) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 1795. peremenit' KD peremeni- to change ? SD piorimni several boats fixed together Rus. peremenit' 1796. perevjazka TK perewe. ske bandage Rus. perevjazka 1797. perja pe. ri: wings; KK perie-, KJ perie, peri; KD peri; SD pieriK pe:ri:n-za: fin [lit. feather stick]; pe:ri:n-a:jbn fish [lit. the one with fins] Rus. per'ja

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1798. *peseT pesne- concave, convex; cool, inactive T pesed'i- to be obstinate; to stick out one's breast; pesegej- to become obstinate; pesee- to bend backwards; ? pestiel' basket made of willow branches | TK pesnej-gde man with a curved spine [lit. curved man] 1799. *pet- 1 T petnu- to crawl, to go on all fours; TK petnuT pette crawling; petnujd-uo baby who has started crawling 1800. *pet- 2 T pete light sledge for carrying people; TK pett'e-lalime T petigije reins; TK pet'igije T pettes- to drive reindeer (TR); petigije-moojnijaa skilled reindeer-driver [lit. reins holder]; petigijes- to put the front part of the harness on a reindeer I TK petteste at a trot 1801. *peteT petegej- to form a lump (INTR) T peteies- to sew on with big stitches; to speak coherently and rudely (TR) 1802. ptr T petruue, peteriie pr. (a man) Rus. petr 1803. *pe(we)K pebel cradle; KD pebel, bebel bebe-bebe, be-be INTJ (lulling); T be-be-be pebi:- to cradle, to lull to sleep; KD pebiT bebeenu- to lull to sleep TU *be:(be)-<JMS 1 118)//Nikolaeva 1988: 179 This stem is onomatopoetic. 1804. *pi:T piise- to wrap; TK pise-, pi.seT piiruo- bandaged; piiriij- to get entangled; piirii, piiruu rope with which smth is wound, bandage; piires- to make wild reindeer run about without leaving the encircled area | TK pirid'ie- to surround, to encircle 1805. *pii: pii: small singing bird; young (of an animal)

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? TU *ipi 'small bird' (EDAL 433) The root is expressive and possibly shows irregular metathesis. 1806. *pie pige wart; box or other container made of birch bark; KK pige; KJ pige; KD piga; SD -pige; SU piga; RS piga, -buga-; M piga; piga; MU big; MK -piga, -big SD pigan-da hook for hanging a kettle In some forms -i- > -u- under the influence of b-. 1807. *pii- ? MO pigize to die 1808. *pimi ? MO pigmy eagle 1809. *pijella: pijella: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 1810. *pili- ? MC pili-omni stupid 1811. *pimelT pimele- to drizzle 1812. *pin'a:n'u: T pid'aad'uu pr. (a man) 1813.*pipT p i p i l penis; TD pipil boy's penis 1814. *pipoK pipol kind of small snipe; KK pipol; KD pipol 1815. *pi:rT piire- to be not enough T piiruo- poor; piirii- not long enough; piiruoiil pr. (a lake) 1816. *pi:rsmo:l T piiresmuol pr. (a lake)

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1817. *piriike: piriike: Baikal teal (Anas formosa); SD piricicie 1818. piska pik penis; KJ pike; SD pika Rus. piska 1819. *piwK pibil coniferous needles; KJ pibil, KD pibil; T piwil; SU piwil leaf; RS pewel, powil leaf; KL piwil leaf; MK piwil leaf pibil-pubuki: larch tree bud [lit. needle pimple] 1820. pjatyj M pt'oi, pt'd'a five; fifth Rus. pjatyj 1821. *po: po: orphan, widow(er); worker; slave; KJ po:; KD po:o-; SD po; poad', *pond- + servant; ME poo, nont- [rect. pont-] + servant; MK ? TD pai-kode, pai-xamul servant ? TU *bogi:- 'to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage' (EDAL 366) // Krejnovi 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); LR 165 1822. *po:- 1 T puond-ig, pund-ewe outside corner of a yurt to the right of the entrance; TK puond-igil'- small mound of earth along the outer walls of a house T puor right side of a yurt 1823. *po:- 2 p o : l f l e s h side 1824. pot KD pootnooi dignity Rus. pot 1825. *popo: popo: INTJ (to the left, order to dogs) 1826. pot pai: almost Rus. poti

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1827. *pour pour smoky fire made to frighten mosquitoes away 1828. podarit' KJ podari:- to give as a present; KD podari:Rus. podarit' 1829. *poon? BO pdon, podon fast, quickly; strongly 1830. *p -1 pg- to run, to jump (of an animal); KK pog-, pow-; KJ pog-; KD -, pou-\ SD pog-, pugo-, T pgie- to follow (TR); TK pgie- to walk T pgirii- to entice to do smth U *pukta- 'to jump, to run' (UEW 402) or TU *pukti- 'to run, to gallop' (TMS 2 340-341)//Bouda 1940: 80; JU 85; LR 157 ( ~ U ) 1831. *p -2 pugil' master; one of the wife's parents; KK pogil'-, KJ pogil parent-in-law; daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother; KD nogil [rect. pogil]; SD pogil, -posil, pogul + son-in-law; T pugil leaf; widow(er); TD pogil, pugil leaf; widow(er); MK pgul 1832. *poo-/*poqaK pooil, pooa: knee; KJ poyod'il, KD pohodil, pogod'il'; SD pogoil-, RS pokoil pooa.q on the knees; KJ poyod'a.q poyo in knee-long | KD pohod'aqorho-, pogod'aqorho- to kneel 1833. *poon? MK aatschen-pgon bridle 1834. *poon'/*poqn' po od' -qon INTJ (go to hell!); KJ pood'e excrement 1835. *poot-/*poqtKJ pogotoguome, pogotoguomei pr. (a man)

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1836. pogreb T puogrep cellar; TK pogrep Rus. pogreb 1837. *poj- 1 pojn- white; KJ poie-, poine-, poino- pink; KD poine-; SD poinepojna- + pink; T pojine-; SU poinei; KL pojnaj; poinnev, ME poinne\ MU binat; MK pinoi, binaK pojg light I SD pajnamelbon northern lights | T pojite- to fumigate; pojayaj- to become white; pojorej- to become a little drier | ? MU bymarupes month ? FU *pjV 'white; to shine' (UEW 360) 1838. *poj- 2 T pojuo- numerous; TK pojo-, pojuo-, TJ pojo:-, pojoi- much, many; TD po.ioT pojumu- to increase in number, to multiply (INTR); TK pojomu-, pojumu1839. *poj- 3 pajaj- to lift, to raise; to carry; KK pojjaj-; KJ pajaj-; KD payai-; SU pojaik, poinuk poje:-, pejje:- to carry a burden on the shoulders or back; KJ poje-, paje-; KD poyel burden pejdub, pejdij stairs; bridge; KK pejdube\ KJ pejdube; KD peidube pejd- to step on (TR) | ? KD pei elevation on a field -- > -a- before -aj- and -o- > -e- before -j- + a consonant. The intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated in pejje:-, c.jurgud'e.jj. 1840. pojas *poyat [rect. poyas] belt Rus. pojas 1841. *po:j 1 po:j spring tan; T pooje, puoje + epidemic; cheek; TK po.je, puoje; TD poye- cheek po:jt- to become tanned, to become dried (of meat, fish) | T puojee pr. (a man); puojed-amun cheek-bone | TK po.jet- to become tanned; to become dry (of meat, fish)

356 8 Dictionary

1842. *po:j 2 po.j pole (in a yurt, in a fish-trap, outside for drying nets); KK poje\ KD poye; TD poye 1843. *pojup-/*pojkupKJ pojyupe- bent, crooked, turned 1844. *pojo- ? TJ poje- to carry; TD poyaarei-, poyecerei-, poyecei- to send; to move; to let fall down (TR) TD poyerai-, poyere- to slide 1845. *pojr pojr diarrhoea; RS poeril pojrj- to have diarrhoea 1846. *pkT pkie- to ventilate, to air (TR) T pkej- to ventilate once; pkuuji- to ventilate many times 1847. *polK polil gum (in the mouth); -polil; ME -polil TU *pul- (EDAL 1183) 1848. *pol'- 1 T polil short brown fur that appears on the neck of a partridge in spring; root of a tooth 1849. *pol'- 2 polir- smooth, bald; KD pol'irneK poliraj- to slip; TD poyeraiK pol'uub ice-covered ground; KJ poled'ube; KD pol'ud'ube; T paral'ibe, pol'irebe steep sandy bank, precipice; TK pol'irebeK poluu- to slip (many times); poli: smth slippery | TD poyerebaneslippery I ? RS pololie crafty, insidious ? TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface' (EDAL 383) 1850. *poli poli leaf; KJ polie; KD poldie, poldie; RS polia; MC pol'woroie green; BO plbur; *poldshitsha, podrie, poldshasha- + flower; ME poltschitscha, podrie + flower

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KD pol'dieyed-ulega juniper [lit. leafy grass]; poldie-knid'e May [lit. leafy month] 1851. *poIi BO poli-molgon year KJ poli-uo children ? PE *plu, U *paljV lbig] many' (UEW 350-351) // LR 145, 156 For the Yukaghir *polin the meaning 'many' may be assumed. 1852. *poll-/*ponlK polio:- rotten, putrid; KK polio-, KJ polio-, KD polio-, polo:K poll- to rot (TR); KD polloc-, polocRS ponloi sour 1853. *poloK pala:- to escape; KK pala-, pala:-, KJ pala:-; T palaa- + to get untied; to survive, to resurrect; TK pala:-, TD pa. laK pold- to take out; to rescue; KK poldo-, polt'a-, KJ polude-, poludo-; KD polude-; SD poludeT palaas- to take off; to save; TK pala.sK polod'u:- to be born (usually of animals); polo:- to go out (of smoke); to protrude, to stick up; polod'i. - to procreate | T palaaj- to spread (INTR); palayarej- to spread out, to set out (TR) In and T -o- > -a- before -a:- of the second syllable. 1854. polog po. lq canopy; cover, bed-curtain; KJ polog', T puolek; TK polek Rus. polog 1855. polon KJ polon full Rus. polon 1856. poloz'ja polo:d' sledge runner Rus. poloz'ja 1857. pomooik KJ pomonik assistant Rus. pomonik

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1858. *pompT pompiyaj- to become short T pompil'es- to shorten (TR); pompie- short The cluster -mp- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1859. *pomtT pomdile- to have a dirty spot (INTR) T pomdii pr. (a man); pomdirke pr. (a man) 1860. *poK p o q white; world, light; KJ poqo + silver; KD poqo-, SD pongqo; SU poka; M pnk, pkada pr. (the river Belaja); MO -porko [rect. -ponko] poq-nodo lynx [lit. white animal]; KJ poqo-nodo; SD pongqo-nodo; SU poxa-nada po-qa:-ra: birch-tree [lit. tree with white bark]; KJ po-qara\ KD po-xura; SD pon-ga-ra, pong-qa-ra\ SU po-xar\ RS po-kar\ pantsha-ra; MK pncha-schel pod'orq day; KK pod'orqo, pod'erqo; KJ pod'erqo; KD pod'erxo; SD pozorqo; T pod'arqa whiteness; sparkles; TK pod'erqa\ TD -poterxo full moon; SU podirga, poderxcr, RS podirko, podirka + light; M podtrka\ KL podirga, pondirqaga, podirqamynda\ pondzshirka, pondzshirkoma, ME pondschirka, pondschirkoma, MU bondschirkcr, MK pondschinoi light, bright pod'oy- shining, bright; KK pod'oyo- to shine; KJ pod'ero-, KD pod'ero-, pod'erai-, T pod'aya- to shine; TK pod'eya-, pod'aya--, TD pod'era-, -pod'ara-; MC ponadat light pod'oydaj- to light (TR); KJ pod'erodaiK pod'ol' - to whiten (TR); KJ pod'ele-, KD pod'el'ecK pod'ol'bo:- whitish; KD po(d')el'boK pod'od- to sparkle, to twinkle; to dash; KK pod'ed'--, KD pod'ed'iK pod'ol' - to whiten (INTR); KK pod'ol'o-\ KD pod'ol'eK pod'ol'u: mountain without plants; KD pod'el(i)u po -qa:r birch bark [lit. white bark]; poq-e window [lit. entrance of the light]; poqa-jurgud'e.j, pod'erqil-jurgud'e.j North Star [lit. white star]; poq-sjnubd-ail' window [lit. hole where the light enters]; pod'el' whiteness | KK pod'ee- light coloured | SD ponqa-lebie lichen [lit. white earth] I T pod'ayije shining, sparkles | TK pod'arqa- shining, light | ? BO pongagan in the morning Forms with the medial -d'- have emerged from *-<?'- where -c- is the first consonant of the derivational suffix. This stem may be related to *poj-.

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1861. *p-/*peK pei:- to put; to leave, to abandon; KK poi-; KJ poni-, peni-, puoni-; KD poni-, peni-; T poi-; TK poi- + to forget; TJ poni-; TD poni- + to forgive; SU ponina; W ponkatsj, poniatsjok KD poniidege for example | T poinube place where clothes and other things are left | penuk please poo:- to remain; KK poo-; KJ poo-, poo:-; T poaa-; TK poa-, :-, paa-; TJ paia-, poa:-, paa-; TD poaU *pane- 'to put' (UEW 353-354) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 78; JU 85; HUV 158; UJN 123; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 46, Angere 1956: 128; Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 354; Nikolaeva 1988: 243; Rdei 1999: 4142; LR 147 Palatalization of -- before a long vowel can be secondary. 1862. *pon/*pont pn, -bn-/-bd- expletive subject; nominalizing marker; KK pen, -ben-/-bed-; KJ -bon, pon; SD pon; M wodok, -won; MC pon, pon-; BO pon land; pon-; ME pon-, poin-; MK pondT pan-, -ban- to be; TK pan- able; worth; TD -wai- to be T panqude, paqudek on the contrary, wrong way; TK panqudek KJ pon-morodole what happened? | T panqudek to and fro; panii- to make; to keep as | TK band'a-gde people pn is an unstressed functional word and probably goes back to *pont. The consonant -d in is unclear. 1863. *pn' mT pnenme suddenly, straight away, at once; TK pont'elme, TD ponemne The cluster -n'- does not normally occur morpheme-internally.

plt'emne;

1864. *pn'rT pd'erend'e meal made of placing the inner fat of an animal inside its long intestine 1865. *piw-/*poimpK poibel' tethering stake 1866. *pouw/*poump poub capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus); KK ponruwe ? U *pie/*pe 'hazel-grouse, hazel-hen' (UEW 383) // Nikolaeva 1988: 243

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1867. *poi poi fat, lard; KK poie, poit'e; KJ poie; KD poice melted fat; SD pongice, -pogice\ pongitsir; MK -pongitsch 1868. *pnkt T pnkete pine-cone T pnketaa, ponqataa knob, bumb; excrescence; pnkie-, plump, rounded, bulging; pnkerej- to swell The cluster -nk- is atypical morpheme-internally. 1869. *pnT pnigej- to become big; TK ponnigej- to swell 1870. *ponoT ponumu- frightened; TK ponumuT ponorii- to frighten; ponore- to frighten away T pondej- to separate, to divorce (INTR); TK pondej-, ponrejT ponose- to take smb away from another person (TR); TK ponosejT pondii-, ponrii- to separate; to send, to let go; to carry away (TR); TK ponri-, pnri- to say spiteful things 1871. *pnp-/*pnwK punbur bed; KK ponbur, pumbur; KJ pnbur, RS ponbur, ponbur; MU bonbr, MK pnbur punburt -, pumburt- to lay under | ? SD puumud-iegil-arieje woman [lit. lying on the edge of the bed] 1872. *poqqnt pod money; KK pode, podo-; KJ podo, pode\ KD podo, pode-; T poode; TK poyode\ TD porodo-, poredo-, pohodo-, pohode-, RS ponda\ ME pongda; MK -pongda podsdg(n)-tadi:- to sell [lit. to give for money]; poddg(n)-mid'- to buy [lit. to take for money] | T poyoden-mooje cashier [lit. holding the money]; poyoden-mennube cash-box 1874. poplavok polopki: float (on a fishing line); SD polopki Rus. poplavok

ponqoe-

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1875. *popo popol vulva; KJ popol', SD popul, TD ; MU pwla, pap\ MK pwla ? T U *baba (TMS 1 61) 1876. *poql- ? RS pochlo'a bridegroom 1877. *poqsK poq- to hiss, to snore; KJ poqo-; T poqse- to boil with a gurgle and big bubble (INTR); RS pogei to boil poq- to choke on (TR) | T poqsijaa chatter-box 1878. *poqtiT poqtie- with high cheek-bones T poqtii pr. (a woman); poqtikaan pr. (a man) 1879. *po:rT puorpe- needy T puorpelge INTJ (misery!); puorpeline in need of smth; puorpeluupainful; difficult; puorpej- to need; ? puoregi-, puoregi- to have the wrong opinion about smb (TR) j ? TD porpee- to take care 1880. pora para: time; KJ para\ KD pora: Rus. pora 1881. *po:re: T puorie shield, screen An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 1882. *po:r po:r spring (from the beginning of March); KK pore; KJ pore\ KD pore', SD poro, pore', M proma winter; pora, poro; ME pora 1883. *po:rm T puoraame inevitable, without fail T puorame pr. (a man) 1884. *porn ? MO porno hand, arm

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1885. *K poil spark; KJ porod'ile\ KD poro:d'ile\ SD poile\ T parile; TD porod'ile; RS poruillcr, boronglle lightning; ME porondschille; MK borndschilja poil <poroil < *poronil. The middle syllable was lost. 1886. *poro-? SD porogion towing rope of a seine net 1887. *poro-/*porokTD porogoc- to champ 1888. *poron'K porod'a:- envious (of children) 1889. poroa KJ poroqa first snow Rus. poroa 1890. porook TD procke- tobacco Rus. porook 1891. porox KJ poroq powder; TD porox Rus .porox 1892. *porqK porqo:- crooked; KD porxoK porquj- to bend (TR); KK porquaj-\ KJ porquai-', KD porxudai-, parxudai-, parxucai-, porxucaiK porqj curved bank; KD porxoye porquu:- to bend (INTR); KD porxuiK porqj- steep | KK porqupe- to bend 1893. portki SD parki trousers Rus. portki

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1894. poslednij KK posledgeion for the last time Rus. poslednij 1895. *posturke: posturge: grey female of a capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus); SD bostirgo blackgrouse (Lyrurus tetrix) The synharmonism is irregular. 1896. * potoT potayaj- to become filled up; TK potiaj-, poteyajT potine- full, filled; TK potineT potil'e- filled up to the brim; potil'es- to fill to the brim | TK potitterej- to fill; potiyarej- to fill 1897. potolok KD potolok cross-beam in the ceiling of a house Rus. potolok 1898. *pottu: pottu:, potto:, putto: pr. (a man; a place) 1899. *pw-/*pewT pwgii- to strike with smth on water producing splashes (TR) T pwgej-, pewgej- to splash (especially of a fish); pewdi- to splash many times In some forms the vowel was labialized under the influence of labialized consonants, cf. *pee-, 1900. *pwij/*pwqij T pwije oath T pwije- to swear 1901. pravit' M prawidai to drive, to steer Rus. pravit' 1902. prikol purikel' tethering stake; KJ prikol", T pirikuol, TK perikuol

364 8 Dictionary

TK periluolte- to brake a sledge Rus. prikol 1903. primeat' KD primeait-yuo- to look attentively Rus. primeat' 1904. promyljat' promil'aj-, promul'aj- to hunt; KK promysl'aj-; KJ promileideK promusl hunting Rus. promyljat' 1905. prorub' prolub, prorub, prod-ail ice-hole; KJ prolube, prolubo; SD prolube KJ prorube pr. (the river Prorva) Rus. prorub' 1906. proaj proaj farewell Rus. proaj 1907. prostit' prostid- to forgive Rus. prostit' 1908. provodnik TD porowodnik guide Rus. provodnik 1909. *pu p u , pu: INTJ (how bad smelling!) 1910. pud KJ pud pood (an old Russian weight measure equal to 16.38 kg) Rus. pud 1911. *pue bude: on, on the top of (PP); KK budie, budi\ KJ budie\ KD budie\ TJ pude pudit from the top of; KJ pudit pudo:- to win; KJ pude, KD pudo-

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-budi on (PP); TD -burr, KL -pudyi, -puzyi; MU -budnnet pude outside; above; KK pude, pudi-; KD pude, pudu-; SD pude, pudu-; T pure, pude; TK pude, pure, bure; TJ pure; TD pude, pure-; SU -puida-; RS puden; pudendago; ME budendaja; MU budnbanit pudenme:- tall, high; KK pudenmie-; KD pude(n)me-; T purenban-; TK purenban- standing high; TD purenban-, purenben-, purenbale-; MC pudanmej; pudanmad'i, *pudanmai + height; ME putenmei, pudangma + height; MK pudnmei pudeb surface; KD pudebe; T purebe, puraya; TD purebe-mohin fur-coat; MO -pudebe pudele: up the river; outside (PP); KJ pudel(i)e outside; T pudilie near, by pur-ki- seven [lit. on two]; SD purkij-; KK pur-kiji-; TJ push-kijiK pur-kijo:- seven [lit. on two]; KK pur-kijo-; SD pirkilo-; T pus-kija-; TK pus-kije-, pus-kija-, pus-kijo-; TD pu-kiye-, puc-kid'i-; M pur-kyjej five; KL pur-kije, pur-kijen-, -pur-kiil-; pur-chion; ME pour-gyjon; MU br-tschn, bur-tsch-; MK pur-kjon, pur-kjondschaK - neighbour [lit. outside house]; KK pun-nume; KJ pun-nume; SD pun-nume settlement; T pudin-nime, puden-nime; TK pudi(n)-nime; TD pudin-nime pudi- South; SD pudiT purege-laayar West [lit. upper side]; TD purege-lager T pudi-nimii- to be smb's neighbour (TR); TK pudi-nimeoriT purebed'ii- to win; TK purebed'i-; TD purebud'iK pudegl-d'i: pr. (a Yukaghir clan in the upper basin of the river Korkodon) [lit. upper people]; pujd southern; puddg-jej- to attack [lit. to fall on top] (INTR) I KJ puidie up the river | KD pudenbo top; puden-kudeiie- to shoot [lit. to kill above] | SD pud-angzile big falcon | T pured'i- to step on or over smth forbidden (TR); pudepul surface; outside; purayad-mge upper layer of flesh (of hide); pur(u)gur in the head of the river, upstream; purebemu- to win; purebe-raal tombstone [lit. surface tree]; purebe-ruska cup, glass; pudene at the outside part of a yurt; purege upper part of a river; pured'ie a little up; purugul'er situated upstream; puren-lukun-burebe upper world; purguruu- to climb up, to go up | TD pudebe-lauye water above a layer of ice; pure-boyie- to win; puder-ucei- to throw away; purendahi upper I TK puren top; puruqun place upstream; purugund'ie slightly up; purewret from the top; pudu-rukun, pude-rukun living being | MC puneksido-kujen twenty U *pie(-k) 'high, tall' (UEW 377-378) // Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); Nikolaeva 1988: 244; LR 147 It is likely that *-/- was labialized in Yukaghir under the influence of *p-.

3 6 6 8 Dictionary

1912. *pu pug summer; KK puge; KJ puge, pugo, pugu + sun; KD puge, -pu.gu; SD pugo-, SU puguw, RS pugu sun; M pgama, pugma; MC pogama, -page\ BO -pgup-, KL pugub; puga; ME buga; MK bgut pugelb- to get warmer; KK pugelbe-; KJ pugolbe-; KD pugolbe-; T pugelwe-; TK pugelwej- to smoulder; to moulder, to putrefy; TD pugolbe--, RS pugalweik puged-and' tsar [lit. sun chief]; KJ pugud-anid'e; SU puguwd-anled'e; W poegand-, poegoendK puge- hot; KK puge--, KD puga-, puge--, SD puga--, T pugej-; TK pugej-; TD pugai-; RS puga, pugaed-; M pgaa; MC pogoj, pogoj-, -pugus + sun; pugatsh; ME pugatsch, MU bug'ntscha, bugtsch + sun; MK pgatsch, pugtsche-, pugtschendK pugehdej- to heat, to warm (TR); KK pugeled-; KD pugelet-, pugolet-, pugeledei-; T puguler-; TD pugoler-, pugolerei-, pugoleradiceK puged' sweat; KK pugud'e warmth; KJ pugod'e warmth; T pugud'e, puged'e heat, warmth; TK pugud'e--, SU pogod'e, pugedea + sweaty T pugud'eme() early spring; TJ pugod'eme warmth T puguo- warm; TK pugot'a-; TD pugoj-, pugajT pugekie- to get warmer; TK pugekieK pugud-onora: rainbow [lit. sun tongue]; KJ pugud-onora:; SD pugad-annara; SU pugd-odora [rect. pugd-onora]; BO pugnda; KL pugunn-onari; poogun-narara [rect. pugun-anara]; ME pugun-nonara [rct. pugun-onara] T pugud'erie- to sweat, to perspire; TD pugod'ere-, pugod'erieK pugu warmth; puge-jurgu: lair (of bear) [lit. warm hole]; pugi oil | KJ pugee-o.d'i tea [lit. hot water]; pugudie sun-beam j KD pugud-ord'e-kinid'e July [lit. middle of the summer month]; pugubki closed sleeves in a child's coat | T pugud'erienube hottest place in a Russian bath house; pugege INTJ (how hot!); pugulwii- to warm (TR); pugud'ii- to keep warm; pugulend'e radiator | TD pugo heat | MC pogoj-landywon South [lit. hot low place], pugul-mut moon ? TU *peku- (EDAL 1083-1084) // Sauvageot 1963: 115 1913. *puK pugelbe: fur; hair; feathers; KJ pugolbie, pugelbie-, KD pugol'bie-, SD pugalbo, -pugalbie-, T pugue-, TK pugut'e; TJ pugae; TD puga.ce, pugae-, pugoce-, pugoe-, SU pugulwe, pugelwe, puglwe-, RS pugalwie, pugalwe-, MC pagaly-, -bugelbi; ME -bugelbie\ MU bug'bee beard, moustache; MK buglwije KJ pugelbieneje-mured-uo fur stockings [lit. boots child with fur] | KD

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pugolbiedie, pogolbiede, pugolbiediye two-year old elk | SD pugalbiengahairy I T pugue-kungerii knife used for clipping hair; pugue-lerpukie thick-haired (of a dog) 1914. *pu-/*pukKJ e-pugorei-, e-pugerei-, e-puged'ia- reconciled with; KD nie-pugare1915. *puo-/*pukT pugoajne lightly; TK pugut'ajne, pugot'ewole T pugoa- light; TD pugoe-, pogoeTK pugot'er- to lighten 1916. *puue:/*pukue: T puguie black fly (Simuliidae); kind of large wild goose; TK pugut'ie1917. *pujK puj- to blow; KD pui-; RS puik U *puwV-/*puy V- 'to blow' (UEW 411)// Bouda 1940: 78; Nikolaeva 1988: 244 1918. *pujaT pujarii- to fly on (TR) T pujarej- to slip down; pujia- scattered, out of order 1919. *pujl pujl big channel, brook joining two beds in one river; SD pujla, pujle; T pujle former riverbed; shrub on a low place near a river 1920. *pujsTJ puishe- to tie together, to link; TD puice1921. *pukeK puke:- to swell; KD pukoi-, pukie-, pukilo:-, ? RS pukei shock pukil'd-eje arbalest arrow with an iron head; arbalest used to hunt elk and fur animals; SD paqild-ieje arbalest RS pogintsi dust; pookirtdshi, pogintschi + blowing; ME pukiintschei pugeej-, pugiej-, puguej- to run out (of the house), to jump out; KJ pukid'ei-\ KD pkid'ei-\ T pukirej-\ TK pukirej-; TJ pukireK pugej- to pour over, to spill over (TR); KJ pukid'e-; KD pukid'erei-; TD pukirereiK pukil', pkil' bubble, crop, craw; float; fish-sound | KD pokuoyiyon

3 6 8 8 Dictionary

dropsy I T pukire- to sweep, to wave about; to fall out; to pour out; pukirije running about; pukind'i- to run out (many times); ? pugoamu- to urinate | TJ pukiterei- to fasten with nails, to nail on | MK pukind-awut bladder ?TU *puk-/*pok- (EDAL 1167) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 The consonant -y- in is unclear. 1924. *pukK puhjo:- dense (of fur) pukumu- to grow dense 1925. *pukn pukn-pg- to run at a gallop 1926. *pukK pukn- soft; SD pukna- made of fur pukl' snow; KK pukol'e, pukole; KJ pukole; KD pukole; SD pukal'e; SU pukle; RS pukle, pkale; M pukol'a; pukolli; ME puklle pukl'b- to soften; KK pukobeK pukl'o.d', pukufo.d' cartilage, young willow; KJ pukoleod'e T pukuluu cartilage, tin; TK pukul'u; TD pukole-, pokoluK pukl'o:- soft; KK pukol'o-; KJ pukoleo-; KD -, -, :-; T pukol'a- fragile; TK pukul'a-, pukol'a-; TD pukele-; RS nukaloi [rect. pukaloi] KK pukol'emu- to soften (INTR); T pukol'umu- to become fragile; TK pukol'amuKK pukol'ed'e- to make softer | T pukol'ad'aya INTJ (how fragile! how light!) I TK pukol'er- to make smth more transparent; to make lighter in colour 1927. *pulT pulgej- to go out, to grow out; TK pulgej-; TJ pulgei-, pulgoi-; TD pulgei-, pulgerei-, pulgei- + to defecate T pulged'il flower; TK pulged'il plant T puld'i- to break frequently (INTR); TJ pul'di- to go out pul'gej- to break away; TK pulgerej- to let out, to carry out; TD pulgerei-, -bulgereiK pul'd'ga- to be loose (of the binding of a ski); to break loose (of a dog); to become unhinged (of a door); KJ puld'igei-; KD pud'igei-, puld'id'iK pufd'gdej- to drop, to let go; KK pul'd'igede-, pul'd'igetKD puld'id'i- to break away | T pulgii- to keep put out; pulguo- to lean out; to put out; pulgejnbe toilet | TJ pulgesh- to pull out | TD pulei- to tidy up | TK

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pulge-, pulgol- to jut out TU *bul- 'to spring up, to become convex, to pop out' (TMS 1 106-109) 1928. * pul'a-/* pul'a kT pul'aa- to rush about, to dash; to toss Although the word has -- in the first syllable, it exhibits the back synharmonism. 1929. *pule:- ? MK puletka penis 1930. *pulej pulej son-in-law; brother-in-law; KJ pulei elder sister's or elder female cousin's husband, husband's or wife's younger brother; T pulije elder sister's husband, husband of the father's younger sister; TK pul'ie, puije husband of the elder sister; TJ puleje elder sister's or elder female cousin's husband, husband's or wife's younger brother 1931. *puliK puli- to do up, to fasten; KD pul'iec1932. puija pu:l bullet; T puul'e pu. lri: bandolier | TK pul'er- to be shot with bullets Rus. pulja 1933. *pulk pulg knot, node; KK pulge\ TD pulga pulg- to make a knot on smth (TR) 1934. *pulkulK pulgult- to pour into (TR) 1935. *pultK puld g - to be pierced, to become holed (of ice) (INTR) puld g - to mutter, to mumble (of a child) 1936. *pultn-/pulknK puldndige: common golden-eye (Bucephala clangula); KD pulgend'igiye

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1937. *pumpKJ pubel dog; SD pubel, MK pmbal dog 1938. *punK pundu- to tell, to narrate; KK pundu-; KJ pundu-, punedu-, punudu-, punduo-, punude-, tunedu- [rect. punedu-]', T pundu-', TK pundu-, TJ pundu:-', TD pundu-', SU pudduk [rect. punduk] SU pun sound ? U *puna- 'to spin, to plait' (UEW 402) // Bouda 1940: 78; HUV 402; UEW 402; Rdei 1999: 43 The element -du- may be a derivaitonal affix. 1939. *pu- 1 T pu- to kill; TK pu-, -bu-, pun-, pul-, TJ pun-', TD pu-, pundiT -bund'e slaughter | TD pundice- to cause to kill 1940. *pu- 2 T puuu- rubbed so that blood exudes (of the back of a reindeer under the saddle) 1941. *punc- ? RS pu'uboi rogue 1942. *pune: T purie berry; TK purie\ TD purie\ RS pue, puze; MO pindy T puriete- to put berries into (TR); purieaa place rich in berries | TK purielek uwrod'e black paint for painting a leather coat 1943. *pun ? pundshel-lundal glass; ME puntscha-london glass 1944. *pu:ni: pu:i: bellows; KD pud'i', SD pui', T piirii pu. i.d-a il' muzzle (of a gun) [lit. bellows hole]; KD pud'ud-a il'; SD puid-angil KD pud'id-ail' furnace, forge 1945. *puneK puned-, pund- to follow, to be like (TR); KJ punade-, punede-', KD punede-, punadia-', T pundu? pune leather padding in a seam

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1946. *pue T pue soup, broth; TK pue T pu de-, pure- to cook, to boil; to train the body; TK pure-, pundu-, puT puu- boiled; pud'es- to cause to cook 1947. *pueT pu ere- to appear (of a callous, corn) T puud'ie rash, eruption This stem may be related to *pue. 1948. *punk punk hill; KJ punke-\ KD puke\ T punke hummock; TK puke large hummock; TD punkeK pungg- to burst (INTR), to thunder, to clatter, to make a noise; KK pugege-\ KJ pungegei-, puegeu-; KD pungege- to beat (of the heart); SU pungge\ ? RS puekek to knock pungun- swollen; KD punguneK pungdej- to burst (TR) | TK pued'ile pimple; pued'ilere- to get covered in pimples ? FU *puka/*poka 'lump, bump' (UEW 404) // Nikolaeva 1988: 243; LR 140, 157 1949. *puki: oyo-pugi: white owl; duck hawk (Falco peregrinus) The cluster -g- is irregular morpheme-internally. 1950. *puoKD pu.ol- to thank; T puuo- glad, happy; TK puuo-; TJ puo-, TD puol-, puo- + to make smb happy TD puoleri- to praise 1951. *pup- 1 T K p u p u l ends of sleaves sewn shut in a child's overall 1952. *pup- 2 pup- to fart; T pupsej- + to curdle T pupund'i- to curdle (many times) 1953. *pupsT pupse- to be taught a lesson T pupses- to give a good lesson to; to take a revenge on (TR)

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1954. *puraT puradand'e rear excrescens growing in the middle of an antler The word probably has the back -u- in the first syllable. 1955. *pura:qil' T puraaqil jaeger (Stercorarius); TK puraqil\ TD purkil Cf. Ev. prakil 'kind of bird' (TMS 2 42) The direction of borrowing is unclear. 1956. *purk T purge knot, node; TK purge; TD purge 1957. *puru: : cellar 1958. *purulur/*purulkur T purulugur, puregelegul, puregelegur part of a reindeer's stomach 1959. pue p u more and more; KJ pue\ T puuse more, still more Rus. pue 1960. pustoj KK pustuj simply; KJ putoi empty Rus. pustoj 1961. *putK putil piece (of fish); half; middle; SU putil, RS potil; KL putyde; putel, ME -putil putinmu- to divide in two | KJ putin, -butin, nutilmuin [rect. putil-] in two, half-and-half ? TU *puturka: 'heartwood, spine' (EDAL 1106) 1962. *puwuski:/*pumpuski: (pibil-)pubuki: pimple; KD pubuckine1963. *pyl'p-/*pylNvK pilbydaj- to breathe out; to twist out; KJ pilboyodaiK pil'by- to spin, to fidget ? TU *bul- 'to twist' (TMS 1 107)

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1964. *qaK qadi which; KK qadi, qaduk; KJ qadi\ KD xadik; T qadu, qadugi; TK qadi, qadu- \ M kadik qanin, qajn when; KK qanin) KJ qanin) KD xanin; T qain) TK qanin) TJ qanin) SU in) RS kanikr, M kanin) MC qamik [rect. qanik]) KL konda) chnnin; ME channin; W kandi, konda, kondo, kondan qaid where to; KK qaide) KJ qaide; KD xaide; RS kanida; M kanyda qadung where; KJ qadinbonge, qadibon; KD xadibonge; T qadudet) TK qaduulde where to T qaqun a few; to which degree; TK qakun, qaaun how many, how much; long T qawde what kind of, how; TK qawde T qadaa where; TK qadaa, qada- + when KJ qondet from where | T qadaa-gituo for so long and no longer; qadaa-tigiraa somewhere; here and there; qadaanban- intelligible; qawdede nowhere; qad'ir here is, as soon as; qaduut which one; qaqune however | TK qaduude where; qanine never, some day; qaduuge where to; qaduun, qaduut which one; qaqnnart from which side U *ku-/*ko- 'what, which' (UEW 191-192) The interrogative stem related to *qo-. 1965. *qa:- 1 qa:d-mudul, qa:n-mudel ring (jewelry) 1966. *qa:- 2 qa:d-o: leather trousers with fur inside 1967. *qa:- 3 T qaaqaa excrement T qaaqaa(e)- to defecate (of children) 1968. qabata T qabate- to grow bald; TK qabal'eT qabaaa bald; pr. (a man); TK qabaa T qabataa bald spot Ev. qabata 'bald' (TMS 1 376) // Krejnovi 1958: 248 1969. qabyala:K qabaa. n gluttonous person ? Yak. qabyala:- 'to bite and swallow quickly' (Pekarskij 1927: 3215)

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1970. *qaT qail elbow; curve (of a river); TK qat'il 1971. *qaa- ? katshent-alba pit for ash 1972. *qa-/*qantK qadub- jealous; KJ qadide1973. *qai/*qanti qadi modal marker (it is nice that); KK qadit' finally, so; KJ qadi, qad'i; KD xadi, xad'i 1974. *qae:K qae.l loon (Gavia arctica); KJ qayiel, qael + pr. (a man); KD xahel; SD qagiel-, SU kagei, RS kagel ? Ev. ko.gas, Yak. kuoyas 'loon' (TMS 1 403) The vowel harmony is irregular. 1975. *qaij/*qaqij T kagija obsolete kinship term The synharmonism is irregular. 1976. *qaj- 1 T qajruo- bent; TK qajro-, qajruoT qajse- to bend (TR); TK qajseT qajriij- to bend (INTR); TK qajrit'ij-; TJ qajiriiT qajruolel-monqa pr. (a place) | TK qajru: smth bent; qajru- to bend 1977. *qaj- 2 qa.qa: grandfather, mother's elder brother; bear; KK qaqa, qa.qa:; KJ qaqa + grandfather's or grandmother's brother; mother's elder brother or elder male cousin; KD xa.xa; SD gaga T qajie bear; grandfather; TK qajt'ie; TJ qaiie + grandfather's or grandmother's brother; mother's elder brother or elder cousin T qajie-lain-meruu ritual name for fire | TK qajt'ieteye bear The form qa.qa: is probably a reduplication of qa:- < qaj-. 1978. *qaj-/*qal'- ? MC qajda, qainda girl, daughter; MO qaim-o, kal'm-o

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1979. *qajaw T qajawe wound; TK qajwe-, qajiweTK qajwes-, qajiwes- to wound; qajewuo- wounded 1980. *qajl-/*qajgqlTK qajale- famous 1981. qajsar T qajsaar wooden ski; TK qajsar Yak. qajysar or Ev. qajsar 'wooden ski' (TMS 1 361) // Krejnovi 1958: 248, 250; LR 165 1982. *qal- 1 T qal-dawe (tree) bark, fish scales; TK qal-rewe, qal-dewe\ TD xal-dewo fish scales ? U *kala 'fish' (UEW 119)// Kurilov 1977: 117; Nikolaeva 1988: 244; LR 146 1983. *qal- 2 T qalyatej- to let escape, to let go (TR); TK qalyatejT qalyudu- to escape, to run away; TK qalyuduTK qaldej- to run away; TJ qaldeT qal'uyaj- to dodge (a blow) | TK qalyarit'i- to let escape 1984. *qalantin/*qalanc'in qalantin, alandin pr. (a man in folklore); KJ qalad'il This name of the folklore hero may be related to the stem *qa:l-. It is unclear which consonant(s) should be reconstructed word-medially. 1985. *qal'arT qal'are plain tundra; pr. (a place); TK qalert'e-, qa:lert'eTU *xali:- 'bog, swamp' (EDAL 758) 1986. *qa:l' T qaaVe- to get burnt; TK qaaleT qaal'es- to fry; TK qa. l'es- to roast meat until it becomes charred T qaal'idere coal; TK qaaledere, qal'idere T qaal'e partly burnt place 1987. *qa:lT qaaluu- terrible, frightful; strong; TK ka.lu-, qa. lu:- + mighty; TJ qa:li-\

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TD xa.li- dangerous T qaalid'e wolf; smth terrible; TK qa.lid'e-; TJ qa.lid'e hero T qaalid'en-tuiee defender | TK qalaya terrible; qaaleqa- to become mighty 1988. *qa:PmT qaal'amkaan pr. (a man) 1989. *qalT qau: driftwood lying on the bank; KD xal'l'u qal'l'u.-qon snag [lit. driftwood hole]; KJ qallin-qondo ? T qall'e- events that sank into oblivion long ago; ? qalel drifting of ice In T qalel the vowel harmony is irregular. 1990. *qalp- ? MO kalbagon to talk 1991. *qalwi:T qalwiil peat; pr. (a man); TK qalwil 1992. *qam- 1 qam- how many, how much; KK qam-, KJ qamun, qamunde; TK qabun; TD xabun\ SU xabun qamlo:- how many, how much; KK qamluo-; KJ qamlo-, qamluo-; T qamla-; TK qamla-', RS kamloi qaml'id' how many times; KD xaml'id'e; T qamlid'e T qamlamu how many times 1993. *qam- 2 qame:- to help; T qomie- to feel shy; to be ashamed; RS kamek T qamul(') servant; TK qamul'; TD -xamul; MC qame I' T qamda-, qamlaa- to serve; TK qamreK qamlo.d' servant; KJ qamluod'e T qamdiil, qamriil servant; TK qamril, qamdil qamlo:- to serve; qame.d'- to help; qamulo:- to work for; qame:d- to respect I ? T qomod'i- to feel shy; to be ashamed; qamtaa- to serve; qomul' task; qomure- to set a task (TR) NT *hawa- < TU *papa-/*paba- 'to work' (TMS 2 307)

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1994. *qampT qabugurie- hurt, offended 1995. qamyjaq qomuja.q wooden ladle; KD xamuyax Yak. qamyjaq, qammyjaq (ESRD 607-608) 1996. *qanT qaniruo- hidden; TK qaniro-, qanirouT qanilaa place protected from wind or sun; qaniruu place kept out of direct sight; qanitej- to hide; qanil shadow, place protected from wind or sun; qaniriuu- to hide oneself | ? TK qand'e- to pile, to put together; to pack up; ? qanmiarej- to kill; qanirej- to disappear, to hide | ? MO qanyz'a back 1997. *qaK qai:- to follow, to chase; KK qai-, KJ qai-, KD xai-, SU it, RS kanit, W -gonilek qa i. ? beater (in hunting); best hunter; KJ qaie\ SD qangi 1998. *qaK qail eagle; KJ qanil, qanul, SD qapil [rect. qanil]-, T qail, TK qanil, qail; TJ qanil, SU kanil, RS kanil, MC qaplo- [rect. qanlo-], -ganla, kanlage bird; duck; BO qajla, qjland- bird; ? KL lajla [rect. qajla] bird; kanniel, ME kannill T qail-kl-klmie little bird flying from the South on an eagle's back | ? MC qaneyngd egg 1999. *qaaj TK qaaji pr. (a Yukaghir clan); TD xaai 2000. *qan'T qad'u- cold; TK qad'ij-; MU kydschit qad'ilt-, qad'ihdaj- to temper; KK qad'iled-, qad'iletT qand'e winter; TK qand'e--, TJ qand'e-; TD xad'e- autumn T qaqa- to grow cold; TK qaqaK qad'ilbo:- tempered | T qad'ilwuo- cooled; qad'ilwe- to get cold; qad'umuto grow cold; qand'ii- to grow cold | TK qad'it' it is cold; qand'eri- to catch cold ? U *konta 'frost, cold' (UEW 176-177) // Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.);

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UEW 177; Tailleur 1959a: 418; UEW 177; Nikolaeva 1988: 245; Rdei 1999: 38; LR 140, 153 2002. *qan'ir T qad'iraa enough; TK qad'ira T qad'ir so, finally; intensifying marker; qad'iruol- to be energetic | TJ qad'ir now, here 2003. *qani-/*qyni- ? BO qndim, qendt to love 2004. *qai-/*qaintKD xaide- to give as a present 2005. *qainT qainege sure 2006. *qanja:T qand'aa- to work in the bride's family instead of paying bride-money; to propose marriage T qand'aae bridegroom The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2007. *qap qab palm; KK qabo\ KJ qabe\ KD qaba; SU xaba; MC qaba, qabagi, -ganbagu-, qanba-, + fingers; qnbo, qabaga, -qabol'ga, -qanbo, qbo-, -qabo-, ganba-, qanba-; xnbo, xabnga qabd-aq [lit. edge of the palm] Yakut; KJ qabad-aqe spirits, ghosts; KD qabad-axa\ SD qarbad-agce [rect. qanbad-agce]; KL -anbndse-, -ganbun-, -kanbo', MK -chanboni ? NT *qaa (TMS 2 314) In Yukaghir -p can be a derivational suffix. 2008. qansa qasa: pipe for smoking; KJ qane, qana, qana: Yak. gamsa, gasa, qamsa or Ev. qansa (TMS 1 139) 2009. *qans- ? KD xancogi leather bag

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2010. *qa:nte T qaante pr. (a man) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. The cluster -nt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2011. *qantl T qaadale arm-pit; TK qadale\ TJ qadale 2012. *qantl T qandele inside lower part of fur trousers; back part of boots above the knees TD xandeled-igiye lace on the top of fur boots The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2013. *qantu: qantu: crop, craw The cluster -nt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2014. *qa:ua: T qaauaa pr. (a man) 2015. *qap T qape infection, contagion (also used as a word of abuse); MU chpnj dog T qape-burie currants 2016. *qappu: qappu: Adam's apple, larynx 2017. *qaqaq qa-qaq INTJ (fear) 2018. *qa:r/*qajr qa:r skin; KK qar, qa:r-\ KJ qar\ KD xar, SD -gar-, -qar, T qajr skin from the head of an animal; SU -xar, RS kar; M -kar, char, -kar, -gar, ME kaar, -gar, MU chrtet cloud; MK -chr, -hrK qa:rt- to cover (with clouds); KD qarteFU *kore/*ko:re 'skin, bark' (UEW 184-185) // Paasonen 1907: 20; JU 7980; Bouda 1940: 77; Angere 1956: 50; HUV 50; UEW 184; Nikolaeva 1988: 245; Rdei 1999: 46; Dolgopolskij 1998: 75; LR 141 The consonant -j- in T qajr is unclear.

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2019. *qar-/*qarjT qari- to lie, to deceive; TK qart'i-; TD xareiT qarige liar | TD xareibo liar | TK qart'uore- to deceive 2020. *qarKJ qare- strong 2021. *qarpT qarpil'e- to go to ruin, to tumble down, to be destroyed T qarpie- ruined; qarpil'uu cry-baby; pr. (a man) 2022. *qarpTD xarpalec- to stuff 2023. *qarq -? MO qarqor axe Cf. Chuk. yatya- (Mudrak 2000: 38) // Tailleur 1959: 93 2024. *qart- 1 qart- to share; to divide; KJ qarte-; KD xa.rte2025. *qart- 2 qart- to shovel up, to sweep off; KK qartaanu-; KJ qarte- + to take down; RS kartak qartd'a:- to dig (INTR) 2026. *qartlin' KD -xartlid'e- butterfly 2027. *qaruu/*qaruntu T qarudu always, constantly, forever; TK qarudw, TD xaredu-kayen first of all, before 2028. qa:ryan qa:re:n in vain, it is a pity, too bad; T qajrie Yak. qa. ryan, qa:ry:n or Ev. karre. n (ESRD 612) 2029. *qasi ? T qasi-jengur decoration on the back of a woman's fur coat

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2030. *qatSU qatik to wrestle 2031. qata qata hortative marker; KJ qata here is; KD xate, xata intensifying marker; TK qate better, utterly Ev. qata or Yak. qata (TMS 1 383) 2032. *qatrTK qatraj- delayed on the way 2033. qatyn KD xatin queen (in card play) Yak. qatyn, qotun 'mistress, wife' (TMS 1 385) 2034. *qaw- ? MO qaboom husband MO qabnimol' old 2035. *qawaT qawarqa pit; container; TK qawarqa T qawarqad-enu pr. (a river) Cf. Ev. dial, kawaku, qawaku 'quag' (TMS 1 357) The Ev. word is probably a Yukaghir borrowing. 2036. qawaw T kawaagal flower growing near small lakes Ev. qawaw 'kind of herby plant' (TMS 1 357) 2037. *qawn' qo.d'a: mother's younger brother; KJ qod'a , qod'e mother's younger brother or younger male cousin; T qawd'aa wife's elder brother; grandfather; TK qawd'a mother's elder brother KJ qod'a:die mother's younger brother or younger male cousin; T qawd'idie wife's younger brother; wolf; TK qawd'ediep; TJ qoud'eidie TK qawd'a:p mother's younger brother 2038. *qawur-/*qampurK qaburo:- to hang down qobur- to swing

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2039. *qoK qo- where; KK qo-\ KJ qo-; KD xo-; SU kxon, kot; RS koo; MC ; ko-lae; ME kol-led'a qodo, qode: how; KK qode, qodo\ KJ qodo-, KD xodo-, xode-; SD godo\ T quode-', TK quode + what kind of; TJ qode, qo.de, qodo-, qode-, qoude-; TD xada, -xodalan + where; MC kondo-, qoda-let\ qndo; KL konda qod-a:- interrogative verb (to do what?); KK qod-a:K qodime:- what kind of; KK qodimie-', KJ qodome-, qodime-, qodimie-; KD xodime-, xodimeye; TD xodebo-; RS kodamei; kondamid'el; ME kondamjel qodod somehow, in every possible way; KJ qodode however; KD xodode, xododo; TK quodede; TJ qodode qol'-l' where is/are; KK qol'-l'e; TK qol-l'e; TJ qol-le qodit why; KK qodit; KJ qodiet; TK quodir, quodi why, how; TJ qodier, qodir, qo-odir KD qodo-yoihi-, qode-yoihi- to become boring | T quodiik modal marker (necessity); quolem interrogative marker | TK qodik possibly; quode very; as soon as; how; quode where from, another, what kind of; quodeban what sort of; quode-band'el'e appearance U *ku-/*ko- 'what, which' (UEW 191-192) // JU 72-3; Bouda 1940: 77; HUV 161; FUV 26; UEW 191; Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 246; LR 141, 153 The interrogative stem related to *qa-. 2040. *qo:T quo-raal pr. (the constellation the Great Bear); TK qo-ral 2041. *qooqj T qooqoj pr. (a river) 2042. *qooK qodoY boat made of three poplar boards; KK qodoi; KJ qodol; KD xodoi; SD godol\ SU xodol; MO qoral' T qodid'il, qorod'il, qodod'il pr. (a Yukaghir clan on the lower Kolyma); TD qodejd'il SD godol-unung-o pr. (a river) The reconstruction of *-- rather than *-nt- in the clan name is based on the MO data and the OY clan name xodyn-cy. 2043. *qo-/*qoq- 1 qoi:- to peck, to pick; T qoi- to dig; TK qoyi-

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qoi- to peck, to dig in (INTR); qout adze | T qoyej- to pick out; to kill (usually an animal); qoyil'es- to dig a pit; qoyired'uol, -qoyorod'uol place where smb was digging smth | TK qoyore- to dig a hole 2044. *qo-/*qoq- 2 T qoyije hook for getting ash out of a pipe for smoking; TK qogije 2045. *qo:-/*qoqK qo:yy- to shoot; KJ qoyoyojK qo.y- to boil away; to dry out (INTR); KD xohoTeK <70.73- to shoot; qo.daj- to shoot at (TR); to burst (TR); qo.yond'- to explode; ? qoyul rotten poplar 2046. *qoim qoim raven; T qaime, kayime; SU kigoma; MO qagami; ? *kailey, ? ME kachle T qayime-wuol ledum; qayime-burie kind of black unedible berry; qayimed-uoebul place where ravens usually nest 2047. *qoo-/*qoqT qoyoyo- to utter a low sound; to decrease (of water in a vessel) (INTR) T qoyore- to cry; qoyol'es- to make smth not full 2048. *qojK qojl God; KK qojl; KJ qoil\ SD gojl; T qojl; TK qoji; SU * oil; RS id-; MC qajla; MO kqa, kqao-, kqaja-; BO qjl; KL qoi; chail; ME koil; MU koyl; MK kl qojdid'a priest; KJ qoided'eie; ? SD yosisaja; T qojrid'aaje; TK qo. rd'aaje, qored'aaje, qojrid'a:je; SU koidiaja; RS koidiaja qojn-num church [lit. God's house]; KJ qoin-numo; SU koi-numa; RS koi-numa qojd-ee: godfather; qojd-emej godmother | KJ qoin-pod'erqo: holiday [lit. God's day] | KD xoid-ulege wild thyme [lit. God's grass] | T qojd-akaa older man who has the same godparents; qojd-aibe covered sledge for keeping holy things; qojd-uraal (orthodox) religious doctrine; qoj-niime Virgin Mary [lit. God's mother]; qojn-iremedie white bird [lit. God's bird] 2049. *qoji: T qojii horizontal poles on which nets or fish are dried

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2050. *qolK qolil sound, noise, tinkling; KK qol'il, qolii, KJ qolil, qo:li-\ KD xoltl\ SU -golje qolii:- to make noise; qoli-:n noiselessly | ? TJ qoilem as if | ? TD xolin-ae- to speak | MU golendschi ear U *kule- 'to hear' (UEW 197-198) // Bouda 1940: 77; UEW 197; Nikolaeva 1988: 246; Rdei 1999: 38; LR 140, 154 2051. *qola: qola: iron ladle, scoop; KD xola, xola:\ RS kal TU *kala(n) 'cauldron' (EDAL 638) // Nikolaeva 1988: 80 2052. *qol qol(l) mirage 2053. *qo:lwT qoolew-, quolew- to kill 2054. *qolimT qalimd'e coolness T qalimd'ii- to change form (of a vision, mirage); qolimd'e- chilly (of a house) 2055. *qollK qolluj- to envy (INTR); KD xollui-', T qollej-; RS konloi qollujo. r- to envy very much (TR) | T qollii- to cause to envy; qollerii pr. (a dog) 2056. qolTl ojdoyn-qolTil end of a spit (on a river) 2057. *qollum qollum immediately; KJ qollume\ KD xo:llume\ TK qolumut OK 2058. *qolqK qolyut mammoth; KJ qol'yut; KD xolhut\ T qolyol; TK qolyo\ RS kolgul, kolgudK qolyo:- frowning; KD xolho? SD qolka pr. (a river) | TK qolyod-enmur tusk

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2059. *qomoT qomoe- blue; green; TK qomoeT qomoej-burie bluebeny | TK qomo greenness; qomore-, qomot'e- to become green; qomote- to make green 2060. *qomp qobo down (on the ground, on the floor); KK qobe; KJ qobo; KD xobo; T qobo aloud; on the surface qobo:- lower; defeated; KJ qoboK qobofl) pr. (a place on the river Popovka where a fight with the Koriaks took place); KJ qobolo qobon low (of flying) | T qoboban- to be on the outer side of smth 2061. *qompi:T qobii knee-guard T qobiilmayil fur-coat made of the skin of reindeer killed at the end of June 2062. *qompulo:k T qobuluok bell The synharmonism is irregular. 2063. *qomtT qomdeme in autumn; TK -qomdemo, qomdeme early autumn; MC qomdamu 2064. *qon T qon if 2065. *qonK qon- to go; to walk; KK qon-; KJ qon-; KD xon-; SD gon-; TK qon-; SU xonk, xonteje, konteje; M knd'a, kondek, kni, konl, kntaja, knma; MC qodejlo [rect. qondejlo]; BO qony, qnde; KL qoneii; chontili; ME kondille, kong; MU chnteili qana:- to roam away (of nomads); KK qana-; KJ qana:-; KD xana-; TK qana-, qana:-; TD xanaK qonaj- to fit into; KD xonei- to fit, to find a place qont- to carry; KJ qonnite-; KD xonnite-, xonite-; RS konitek, konytammik T qandej- to accompany; TK qandejK qanuja:- to roam away; qond'i:- to draw; qont- to take away; qanujbe nomads' road | KD xondi- to carry; xonitai- to insist | ? T qonguri-liite-

386 8 Dictionary

unable to know; qonil' optative marker; qande- to accompany; qandaae guide; qanuojige person who likes the nomadic life | TK qanuoji nomad S *kn- 'to go' (SW 59-60) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 76; UJN 126; JU 77; FUV 14; Angere 1956: 128; Krejnovi 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); Nikolaeva 1988: 246-247; Rdei 1999: 49-50; LR 141 2066. *qon'K qod'ib- transparent, clean; reflecting light; KK qod'ibe-, KJ qad'ibe-; KD xodd'ibe- thin; weak, watery (of tea) KJ qod'id- to look at; KD xad'id- to look attentively at qod'ib clear space; qod'iba. i:- to shine 2067. *qon-/*qoK qoi-piqa:, qoi-piqa: xai-ponxa

common

pochard

(Aythya nyroca);

KD

2068. *qon qond'- broken; KK qonrod'-; KJ qonder-; KD xonderKK qonro- broken; KD xondoK qoil cavity; T qorile mountain range qon hole; KK qonre; KJ qonde, qondo; KD xonde qonq hole, pit; low land; KD xoxo, xonxa + arm-pit qoid-elb, qaid-elb arm-pit; KJ qaid-a. lbe; KD xacid-alba qon- to break, to tear; KK qonro-, KJ qondo-; KD xondoc-; RS koneu qaid-alb-molil arm-pit [lit. body of the arm-pit]; qoo:- notched | KK qonrot'i- to get broken | KD xond'odi bow drill Some forms point towards the PY *-n- > --, T --. Other modern forms have the cluster -n- which might suggest that they are derived by suffxation: qon- < *qon-- < *qon--, T qonq is also derived by suffixation: qonq < qon-q < *qon-q. 2069. *qonj qond' rope 2070. *qonm T qonmed-awur part of a fur blanket where feet are put; MO qamna [rect. qanma] foot T qonme-raw skin from under the hooves of a reindeer; pr. (a woman)

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2071. *qoo T qoo-qaj address to a wife while practising witchcraft 2072. *qo o-1 qoor- thin, coating; KD xoorne-, xoore- soft, tender T qone- not full, empty; high (of a precipice); low (of a voice); qonaaiil pr. (a river) 2073. *qo o-2 TD xool spoon 2074. *qooj TD xooi trousers 2075. *qonoq qonoq optative marker; KK qonoqo\ KJ qonoqo; KD xonoxo qonoq-jo: INTJ (wish) 2076. *qonqT qonaaj- to bow; TJ qoad'aT qonae- bent forward | TK qonyayaj- to bow; qonyad'i- to bow 2077. *qontK qontaj- to pierce through The cluster -nt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2078. *qont- 1 T qodobe dry low place between a lake and a hill; TK qodebe bank of a dried-up lake; high riverbank T qodire inner; lower; qodire-umur hill situated near another one; qodiresto make double; qodite- to twirl (of wind); qodobetke pr. (a place) 2079. *qont- 2 T qodej- lazy; TK qodej-, -yode- not to want; not to touch T qodej-, qodew- unpleasant; qodejd'e, quduod'e sleepiness; qodejlwejtiring; qodeje- to feel bad The vowel harmony is irregular. 2081. *qontri KJ qondori completely The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally.

388 8 Dictionary

2082. *qontirT qodirid'aa- to interrupt smb's conversation with remarks (INTR) 2083. qoqi(n) qoqi, qoqin hoof; KJ qoqin; KD xoxi Ev. qoqi() (TMS 1 405-406) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 2084. *qor- ? T ure-qorii- to keep in mind 2085. *qoroj qoroj two-year old male reindeer 2086. *qorpK qorpuu:- to catch on, to stumble (INTR); KK qorput'iK qorpuaj- to hook, to catch (on); to sting | KK qorpuji- to stumble | T qorpii-, qorpe- to disturb 2087. *qorqK qorqit- to stole; KD xarxitaiK qorqd-n pr. (the river Korkodon); KK qorqod-on\ KJ qorqod-on-\ SD qorqod-on, gorgol-anK qorqilt-, qorqildaj- to root out, to lift smth with a lever; to move; KD xarxil'etK qorqil' lever; qorqi- to root out; qorq- winding | T qarqil' steep-bank; qarqind'aa pr. (a woman); qarqie- to have prominent cheek-bones or smth bulging on the face 2088. qos 1 qos leftmost reindeer in a team Yak. qos 'second' (JRS 502) 2089. qos 2 qos room Yak. qos (JRS 502) 2090. *qosK qoi:- to scratch ? qoiqoto:- winding TU *xosi:- 'to scrape' (TMS 2 26-27) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180

Dictionary

389 5

2091. *qoso ? MC qoo clay ? FU 4FcVsand'

(UEW 226)

2092. *qotonK qoton-a: wood with a groove, from which the side-boards of a boat are made 2093. *qu qu INTJ (hey!) The string -qu- is irregular. 2094. *qu:T quusej-, qusej- to jump; TK qusejTK quseyaj- to jump T quudej- to go up; TK qudej-; TJ qudoT quud'ibe path by which a caravan comes to the top of the hill; quutterej- to lift up The synharmonism is irregular. 2095. *qulerqa qalerq Ross' gull (Larus rosea); T qularqaa, qul'arqaa + pr. (a woman); TK qularqa-, qularqaa-, qal'erqaCf. Ev. kular 'gull' (TMS 1 429) The T word has the irregular synharmonism qu-, while in qu- > qa-, -q may be a derivational suffix. 2096. *quluT quluruo- to have hair that has white tips with a dark tinge (of a reindeer) TK quluruod'ed-ile white reindeer with a greyish hue TU *kula 'light brown with black mane and tail (of a horse)' (TMS 1 428) The string -qu- is irregular. 2097. *qunde: T qundietege draught reindeer more than six year old; TK qondieteye Ev. ke. nde 'draught reindeer of the Chukchi or Koryak breed' (TMS 1 448) //Nikolaeva 1988: 180 The synharmonism is irregular. The relationship between the Ev. and Yukaghir words is unclear.

390 8 Dictionary

2098. *que T que two-year old male reindeer; TK que Ev. :- 'to gallop (of a reindeer, a horse)' (TMS 1 433) // Nikolaeva 1988:180 The string -qu- is irregular. 2099. *quo: quo: gull; T quuo; RS koonEv. kuaw- 'to make noises (of a gull)' (TMS 1 433) The string -qu- is irregular. 2100. *quq quq INTJ (to the right! an order to dogs) The synharmonism is irregular. 2101. *qyj- 1 KJ qeil stone; T qajl\ TK qajl, qejl; TJ qeil; ? -rell; MU kell T qajaail pr. (a hill); qajd-anarii stone scraper ? FU *kiwe 'stone' (UEW 163-164) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 244 2102. *qyj- 2 KD qiyi- shy 2103. *qy:jq T qiijeq INTJ (accompanies a kick at a ball in a competition) 2104. *qylp/*qylw qilb water plant (in a lake); KK qilba 2105. *qyn'il'p/*qyn'irw qad'itb laugh; KJ qid'ilbe qad'il'b-, qod'ilb- to laugh; KK qad'ilbe-; KJ qid'ilbe--, SU krydilwai [rect. kydilwai] 2106. *qynmK qinm-, qanm- to dodge, to avoid; to coil, to twist; KJ kinmuii-, qinmuii-, qinme-, kimeK kinmeA- to threaten (TR); KJ qinmure-, qinmereK qinmaj- to dodge, to evade; KD xinmai-, xinmoi-

Dictionary

391 5

2107. *qyqsK qaq-, kiq- to choke; to groan; KD xixce-; T qeqse- to laugh trying not to be heard; to gurgle, to wheeze; RS kikoi qaq- to strangle; KJ keqe-; KD xixcecTU *kaxa- 'to choke' (EDAL 633) 2108. *raj raj incidentally; on the way The word is likely to be a borrowing. 2109. raz aras, arao.o:- different, various Rus. raz 2110. rjabina rebi mountain ash; KJ rebine, KD rebine Rus. rjabina 2111. roev KJ roiba pr. (a man) Rus. roev 2112. rodion T rod'wuon pr. (a man) Rus. rodion 2113. *ro:l' -? KD - shabby This isolated word is likely to be the result of an error in the record. 2114. rosea oro thicket of young bushes Rus. rosea 2115. rovnyj KD orounoo- flat; smooth, equal Rus. rovnyj 2116. rubaxa T urbaake shirt Rus. rubaxa

392 8 Dictionary

2117. ru ' u()o: gun; SD uruio uo. -peji:- to hunt [lit. to throw a gun] Rus. ru' 2118. *sa:K a:l, -ra:, -a: tree, wood; stick; KK a:l, Sa:-, -, -ra:; KJ a:l, al\ KD cal, -a + grave; SD al; T saal; TK sa:l; TJ sha.l; TD sal, al; SU al, -a; RS al, an-, -ra, an-; M -a; MO tea; KL alga; tshall; ME tschal; MU tschal; MK tschel, tschen-, -tscheel, -tschl T saad-ooj chest, strong-box [lit. wooden bag]; TK sa:d-ooj; TD sa:d-ooi a:d-abut coffin; KK a:d-abut; KD cad-abut a:n-pa:j fungus (on a tree); KD can-pai a:d-a:j crooked knife for planing and carving wood [lit. wood maker]; KD cad-a:ye; SD od-aja T saan-awe wood-cutter; saan-d'awnii saw an-palk sledge-hammer [lit. tree bulge]; KD can-palka tree bulge a:n-a:r bark [lit. tree skin]; KK a:n-har; KJ a-ar; KD ca-ar, can-nar; tshan-gar; ME tschan-gar a:n-je:rm, a:l-je:rm wood chock; a:n-oqq spherical crown of a tree with a bare trunk [lit. place on the tree put together]; a:n-kk:r wooden hook [lit. curved part of the tree]; a:l-jekle:-oo:- not to confess about smth bad [lit. to stand behind a tree] | KJ algen-petulbon squirrel [lit. the one who runs on trees]; a:n-larqul forefather [lit. root of the tree]; an-nume winter stay [lit. wooden house] | KD ca. llil sap of poplars and willows I SD al-kittege-nume yurt [lit. house reaching the tops of the trees]; ad-angzile hawk | T saan-punke excrescence on a tree; saan-qabarqe wooden cup; saa-laayare South; saand-ctwanaa pr. (a mountain); saad-enu pr. (a river); saape small poles; saase- to put a stick or a chip into a kettle with reindeer and bird meat; to tie a stick to a reindeer's neck; saa-ruska-raal ritual wooden hook with eyes, ears, mouth and nose; saan-durun pr. (the river andrin); saand-enunaa pr. (a mountain); saa-laayande-d'ii forest people; saan-giil forest tundra; saan-monil'e hill covered with forest [lit. tree's hair] | TJ saan-pugil larch needle | TD sa:-nime town; sa-ekel carpenter; sal-monil'e forest; san-daure wooden plate I TK san-d'awni saw; saaru in the forest FU *ala 'elm-tree' (UEW 458-459) // Nikolaeva 1988: 221; LR 147 The final -I could have been reanalyzed as a suffix, cf. *a:l.

Dictionary

393 5

2120.saana saqan at the time of (PP) Yak. sayana (JRS 309) 2121. *saan ' -/*sagq n' T sayad'eya dry high place on a plane; TK saqad'eya2122. *saan-/*saqnT sayane- to sit; TK sayane-, sayana-; TJ shayane-, shayae-, shayane-; TD sahae-, saxana-, sahana-, ahane-, sarane-, sahane- + to live T sayanebul chair; sayanaanube sitting place | TJ shayaesh- to seat | TD sahanabul stool | TK sayanel sitting; power; sayanebul chair, stool, bench 2123. *sa:r/*saqr T saayare left side of a yurt; West; TK sayar side TK sayand'a a little aside from smth; sayargude aside 2124. *sajK ajd across; KJ aide; T sajde; TK sajde; TJ shaide; TD saide ajd-ra: cross bar (in a yurt or a boat) [lit. cross stick]; T sajde-raal ajyu-, ajyr aside; KK ajyu-, ajya-; KJ aiyu-, airu-, ayar-; KD caiherK ajyari:-, ejyari:- to go alongside, to follow; ajdbn width, breadth | ? KJ ea-bon width, breadth | T sajdeban- turned aside (of toes); sajde-umur one of the coils of the net put out for catching fish ? TU *saja 'interval (between fingers)' (EDAL 1199) 2125. *sa:jT saajuu- to rock, to swing, to stagger from side to side (INTR) 2126. *sa:jsK a.j- to plane, to trim, to cut; KJ a.je2127. *sajm KJ aime, eime fish seine-net; SU aime; RS aimige; M saimeja 2128. *sajnK aji:- to put inside; to stuff with, to fill with

394 8 Dictionary

2129. *sajra ajr falconet (Polihierax insignis); T sajre eagle; TK sajre hawk; TD saire 2130. ajtan KJ aitan idol; KD caitair, TD saitan Rus. ajtan 2131. al' T saal' shawl Rus. al' 2132. *sa:liT saalii- to have a bad headache 2133. *sal'ika:n T sal'ikaan pr. (a woman) 2134. *sal'imp T sal'ibe reason; TK salibe goal T sal'ibid'aa- to shoot at a target; sal'ibid'aanube shooting-range | TK salibed'a- to shoot a target 2135. *sal'qri: T sal'yarii tooth; TK sal'yari; TJ shalyari; TD selhahiT sayariiel-olol common merganser (Mergus merganser) [lit. duck with teeth]; sal'yariiel-mole bumble-bee [lit. fly with teeth]; sayariiel-molo-iis honey [lit. bumble-bee's milk]; sal'yariin-uul gum [lit. tooth meat]; sal'yariiel-latur black scoter (Melanitta nigra) 2136. sam sa:m by oneself, self; KK sam; KJ am Rus. sam 2137. *sampT samne- plane, flat; TK samneT sabarqa, sabirqa, saburqa smth flat; TK saburqa- wide part of smth; wide flat object T sabayaj- to stretch; TK sabayajT samnaldae mushroom; TK samnaldae TK samqa-ral board, table; TD samxa-ral

Dictionary

395 5

T sabie- straightened; samnal-sajre rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus); samnejd-erime five pointed broad snow-flake; saburqa-nona leaf tobacco; sabiles- to stretch out on the floor (TR); sabine- smooth; samnajd-anaa plateau | TK samner- to widen, to broaden; sabiarej- to unwind ? TU *samba- (TMS 2 59-60) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 2138. *sampnT saaband'e net; TK sa.mend'e, saband'e, sabend'e; TD saband'eT saaband'e-baniee fisherman; saaband'ed-emul way of setting a net; saaband'e-juodii cell; saaband'e-panienube place for fishing with a net; saaband'e-murid'e wooden needle used for making nets 2139. *samprj T sabaraj pr. (a man) 2140. *sa:mpij T saabije one of two men living with the same woman as husbands An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 2141. *sampin'T sabid'uri- to try to do smth good to smb (TR) 2142. *samqj T samqaj tea-pot; pr. (a man) The cluster -mq- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2143. *samur T samur vestige of a wound, scar; mark; split T -ramur threads of a seam 2144. *samurT samuri- to grow stubborn; to go in circles (of a reindeer); TK samurt'i- to spin 2145. samyj samij most; T saamej; TK samej Rus. samyj 2146.*sanaK ana- to crack; to produce specific sounds while mating (of

3 9 6 8 Dictionary

woodgrouse); to become swollen; KJ anaa-, anayai-; KD cenaha crash anayaj- to bump against (TR) | ? KD canagai-lebejdi juniper berry 2147.*sana-? TD sanel-ord'e- long white moss usually eaten by reindeer 2148. sanajaq anaja.q coat with fur outside made of a large reindeer skin; KD caniyax Yak. sanajaq, sanyjaq 'fur coat' (TMS I 62) 2149. *sanq- ? TD sanhai- to squat 2150. *sapaK apaydaj-, obodaj- to strike, to hit; KK abayadaj-; ? SD amajaK apayaj- to tumble, to fall down; apaj- to hit | KK apaat- to pat ? FU 4'appV- 'to hit, to beat' (UEW 29) 2151. *sapija: T sapijaa pr. (a lake) 2152. *saq- 1 T saqil bottom part of the stomach 2153. *saq-2 T saqsej- to pour out; to fall out, to fall down (INTR); TK saqsej-; TJ shaqshei-, TD saxsei-, sexseiT saqibe slope by a river; TK -saqt'ibe T saqi-amun shin-bone; saqi- to pour out (many times) | TD saxsec-, saxsestise- to pour out; saxsarei-, saxserei- to pour in | TK saqsenube spout of a tea-kettle; saq- to come down from a hill; saqsere- to pour 2154. *saqaK aqal fox; KK aqale, aqala; KJ aqale; KD caxale, cexel'e; SD aqala; SU oxla, oxolod-; RS akoli; M sokol, soklo, soklopul; KL oqolojent; tshakala\ ME tschokola; MK tschochlaK aqaln- yellow; KJ aqalen-, aqale- + red; KD caxalen-; SD aqalangu-, RS oxolonei; tshakolonni; ME tschakolonni; MK tschochlani green aqan foxy, fox; aqal'nilbo:- pitted; aqad-abut pr. (a place in the upper Jasanaja) [lit. fox's den]; aqallbo:- yellowish; aqahdaj- to become yellow I KD axaladaiel, caxaladailel isterus; caxaluo one-year old elk | T

Dictionary

397 5

saaqid'e-, saaqie- yellowish-grey; saaqi pr. (a man); saaqid'aa pr. (a man); yellowish-grey dog with a black tinge 2155. *saqa-/*soqoK oqn- put together; KJ oqno- loaded; KD coxnuT soqol'es- to roll up a lasso; TK soqoles- to roll up aqad'ib place of (annual) meeting; KJ aqad'ibe, aqadebo, aqadibo, aqad'ibo; SD aqadebo', RS axaniba aqal'- to gather (INTR); KK aqal'a:-; KJ aqaleK aqa- to gather, to collect (TR); KK aqale-, aqalas-, aqal'e-; KD caxal'ec-, caxalecK aqal'a.nub meeting place; oqn-pg-, oqni-pg- to gallop [lit. to run together] | KJ oro-, oro- to lie; to sit; oqnu- to lie | KD caxnui pile | T soqol'e coils of a lasso | TK soqoluod'e- rolled up This root shows the irregular correspondence -a- ~ T -o-, and the variations -a o- are irregular as well, both in T and in K. 2156. *saqal'o: KD caxal'uo one-year old elk 2157. *saql T saqle polar owl; TD saxle T saqlaaa pr. (a man) Cf. Ev. dial, saqla 'owl' (TMS 2 56) The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 2158. *sarK ar- to cover, to bury, to press; to overtake; KK ar-; KJ ar-; KD car-, carie-, SD ar-, arie-; SU car- to catch up with, to obtain ail', ari fog; covering; KJ aril root; KD caril' root; M sril, sarl; tarrel; ME tarril, tscharill aro.j snow storm; KD caroi, ca. roi, tcaroi ae:- to press | KK arte- to kill | KD aril' cock of a gun The alternation -r i - in is irregular. 2159. *sa:r a:r something; KK ar; KJ ar; KD car a:r-morunubo:- shaman [lit. putting on smth]; KJ ar-morieshamanize; KD car-morenubo- hysterical

to

3 9 8 8 Dictionary

2160. *sa:rj T saarej kind of coffin made in the form of a boat standing on two poles; TJ sharai barn 2161. *sariKJ ari-ara pr. (a man) 2162.sa:ry sa.ri: boots made of smoked black leather Yak. sa:ry or Ev. sa. ri, sa. ry (TMS 2 66) 2163. *sarim T sarime guest; wolf; TK sarime; TD sarime 2164. *sariteK arit- to comb; KJ arite2165. *sark -? MK sarknlirengus window 2166. *sa:rul'a T saarul'e-labunme woodgrouse (Tetrao urogallus); TK sarul'e wooded T saarule-olol wood-duck 2167. *sarta:KJ arta.die pr. (a man) 2168. sa:ray KK saryy fool; T saarii Yak. sa.raa, sa.ray 'undefined, confusing' (Pekarskij 1927: 2098) 2169. *sasK ail, ai: triangle shaped trap for hare and willow ptarmigan; KJ ail; SD ai ? FU *'' 'trap for birds, hare or fox' (UEW 30-31) // UJN 123-4; HUV 163 The usual correspondence of the U *'- in Yukaghir is *c-. 2170.sataaTK sata- to be able to, to have the ability to do smth Yak. sataa- (JRS 318)// Krejnovi 1958: 251

Dictionary

399 5

2171. satana T ede-satanaa INTJ (a curse: the devil!) Rus. satana 2172. *sawT sawid-ewe cape, promontory 2173. *sawa T sawa, -rawa, -dawa skin; TK sawa; TD sawo- + fur T sawan-kd'e larva on a reindeer skin [lit. skin larva]; TD sawon-kod'e, sawo-kod'e butterfly T sawad-eal relatives; edge; sawed-ayil rag of a skin; sawarid'e() person who distributes smth among the people; sawad-araawje bare part of a skin; sawd-ail' fur-coat with hair inside; sawad-uo, sawad-oo fur trousers with hair outside | TD sawonse-, sauonse- cloudy In some forms s- > r- after a sonorant. 2174. *sawaT sawase- to divide in two; TK sawase- + to give; TD sawuse-, sawose-, -rawuse-, awuse- to divide; to clear the snow T sawiri- to divide, to distribute; sawiri(n)d'e smb who divides smth between people | TK sawarit-, sawari- to divide into many parts 2176. *saw-/*sawqT sawa- to crack, to knock (INTR); TD saugocT sawas- to knock; to chatter, to jabber; umun-sawa, hollow, valley | TK sawaj knocking 2177.saxar KJ aqar- sugar; T saakar Rus. saxar 2178. aqmaty T samqat chess T saaqmettaa- to play chess Rus. axmaty 2179. kur T suokur broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); TK suokr T suokurpe: small broad white fish Rus. kur

umun-dawa

4 0 0 8 Dictionary

2180. lox o. loq ash; KJ o:lok; KD co.lok; SD soloq Rus. lox 2181. epka KJ etke chip Rus. epka 2182.tka KJ etke thin willow shavings used as a sponge or towel; SD cetke Rus. tka 2183. etkari tkuri:, tkri: boots with soles made of the fur from the inside of reindeer hooves; KJ otkuri; T saskarii rough hair under an animal's hooves or claws T saskariid-ugure shoes with the sole made of hair from under an animal's hooves Rus. dial, etkari The first vowel was labialized after -. 2184. uka ukade: pike (Esox lucius) Rus. uka 2185. *seeK egeej-, egiej- to carry away; KJ egeei-, egeeiK ejrej- to run away; KK ere-; KJ eure-; M egrii KJ eured'e, eurod'e domestic reindeer used to attract wild reindeer 2186. *se:T sieya- to rustle The synharmonism is irregular. 2187. *seere:k/*sekre:k TK segeriek if 2188. segodnja obonni: today; T siwuone pr. (a woman) Rus. segodnja

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2189. sejas a.t, a:t now; KK aet Rus. sejas 2190. *sej-/*sejntK ejdri:- to follow 2191. *sejnK eji:- to push; RS eiik 2192. sel'djatka T sild'aatke herring Rus. sel'djatka 2193. *sem'-/*semjT semd'i- to sneak up; TK semd'i-; TD semd'iT semd'uorii- to try to sneak up to smb (TR) 2194. *seme T seme bank of a river or lake+T3306; TD seme low bank of a river T semeaa river bank; semed-eyal upper edge of the bank of the river; semien-nie pr. (a river) 2195. semn TK somon pr. (a man) Rus. semn 2196. *semnT semnejuol place where many people died because of an accident or an epidemic T semnel pr. (a river) 2197. *sempT sebul tray for food, made of skin epid-i: top of a mountain [lit. end of the door]; ibil', ebil' window; door 2198. *sempunT sebuniee reindeer specially trained to lure wild reindeer; TK sebuiet'e; TJ shebuee, shabueeT sebunie- to move in a special way luring wild reindeer (of a trained

402 8 Dictionary

reindeer); TK sebenie- to catch reindeer using a trained reindeer T sebunuorii- to make wild reindeer used to itself (of a domesticated reindeer) (TR) 2199. *semtenj TK semtenej pr. (a man) 2200. seni KJ ene small entrance hall in a Russian house; SD siengise edges of the entrance flap in a yurt Rus. seni 2201. *sepink epink log 2202. *ser-1 eril, eil, iril bottom edge of the chamois that covers a yurt; fallen needles of a coniferous tree in the snow; KJ id'il, idile; SD -sharil thick sticks placed at the bottom of the cover of a yurt to prevent it from moving; T siril\ TK siril wall T sirin-iayije poles stretching the bottom of the yurt cover [lit. piercer of the yurt cover] | TK sirin-bara foundation of a wall TU *seri 'decking, covering' (EDAL 1234) In T -e- > -/- because of -/'- in the following syllable. 2203. *ser- 2 T seruge- to make noise; to jingle; TK seruge-; TJ sherugo- to knock T serue- pile; serugije, seruge noise; serud'i- to make noise many times; serue- to be piled together | TJ sherugeshie- to daze 2204. *se:rK e:ril\ e:i snow on the trees; T siarul hail; TK sierul S *ser 'ice' (SW 138) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988: 222; Rdei 1999:54 2205.sera se.r resin Rus. sera 2206.serebro ereuro: silver; KJ erebro, ereuro

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euro:- silver Rus. serebro 2207. seri: seri: war Ev. or Yak. seri: 'war' (TMS 2 421) 2208. *serilK erilo:- shaved (of wood) 2209.*serkKD cerked'e- to growl 2210. *se:rti: T sierdiid-ile reindeer not selected for slaughter An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 2211. *serp T serbed-amun shoulder bone T serbe-quduod'e wolf-skin collar tied with straps to the fur-coat used for travelling TU *sire 'elbow bone; shin bone' (EDAL 1253-1254) In Yukaghir -p can be a derivational suffix. 2212. *sesK i:i:- to caress; KD ei-, eid'i- to frolic, to embrace, to love The KD initial c- reflects the so-called male pronunciation. In -e/e:- > -/':- under the influence of -i:- in the second syllable. 2213. *sesel T sesele, sesile diversity of colours 2214. *seskT seske- to grumble (of a man); to scold; TK seskere2215.*sespa ep(d-ail') entrance, door; KJ epe(d-eil)\ KD cecped-ai, tcetbed-ail'; SD apa(d-angil); T sespe\ TK saspe, sespe; TJ sheshped-ail, sheshpa-; TD sepad-ail, sesped-ail; SU etpad-anil; MK tschtpad? obod-ail' window | KK est'e entering | T sespen-nime parlour in a Russian house; sespe-saayare Southern part of the yurt, left of the entrance

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2217. *sewK bul, ubul branch of the larch tree; bedding made of larch branches; KK ubul; KJ obul + cover; larch; KD cobul\ SD ubul] TK sebul\ TD sobul brushwood ubuld- to cover with branches; ubud-i: needles of a larch tree [lit. end of branches] NT *seg-/*sew- 'to lay branches in a yurt' < TU *seg- (EDAL 1222-1223) The original vowel -e- changed into -- before -w- and in some forms a further change into -u- before -- of the next syllable is observed. The consonant -b- instead of -w- in the older T forms is unclear. 2218. *seweK ube-, eguu- to run; KK ubod'e-, ubend'-\ KJ ubod'e-, ubond'-, ubod'e-; KD cubod'e-; SD ibee-; RS euseik\ MC ewondygin; tshuenzsh, ME tshuentschu eguubo:- to avoid (INTR), to escape; KD egud'ubo-, cegudubofugitive ugen- to throb, to have twinges; T sugune- vivid, active; TK sugunu- to pulsate; TD sugune-, sugunne- to pulsate ubed' heart; middle part of a fish trap; middle part of a boot; KK subed'e; KJ ubod'e, ubod'e\ SD -culbioze, cubusa\ T sugud'e; TK sood'e, sugud'e, sogod'e\ TD sugod'ie-, sugod'e-; SU uwd'e; RS uo'a; MC egone; KL uwenaj-, tshooenzsha; ME tshuenscha; MU tschuwndsch, MK tschuwntseha ? iben- hard working | SD ulazegi-ujle [lit. ubazegi-ujle] lazy person [lit. no heart] | TD subone- to beat The variation -g- ~ -w- (-b-) is irregular. In some forms -- > -u- because of the following -W-. 2219. *sewi3/*sempi ebi dog-rose, eglantine; KJ ibie, ebie, ibie, ibiee\ KD cebie; SD ibice 2220. elk KD colku. d- silk; TK suolku, suolkeRus. lk 2221. erstjanoj eenn- woollen Rus. ersjanoj

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2222. estok k, tk fenced space around a fire; KJ etoq roasting spit Rus. estok 2223. ibko KD epetkoo-, cepetkoo-, epkoo-, cipkoo- beautiful; adroit, supple, impertinent Rus. ibko 2224. kola T iskuola school Rus. kola 2225. toby TD istobe in order to Rus. toby 2226.uga uga:, uya: first ice on a river uged'- to begin to become frozen (of a river) Rus. uga 2227. urup KD curup screw Rus. urup 2228. *si:T siigije brook, rapid of a river; TK (enmudie-)siije spring, source; TD igiye stream T siige- to drip, to flow; TK sige-; TD -sige- to float (of a boat); ? MO -tingis rain T siid'i- to drip often | TK siges- to drip on (TR) 2229. *sier/*sikr T pugud'e-sigeree match-maker 2230. sila i:h force, strength; KK site, file-; KJ ile; KD il'e-; SD -silaKJ inne strongly Rus. sila

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2231. *silinilon- ? RS ilinilon sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) 2232. *silka: KJ ilga, ilga: pr. (a man in folklore) The synharmonism is irregular. 2233. sin in nevertheless, by all means, still; T si + enough; TK si Yak. sin (JRS 324) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2234. *sinK ind-amun back of the head; KJ ind-amun; KD cind-amun; SU inid-amun-, MC uiend- [rect. inend-]', MO inod-, tshineng-ami back of the head; thirty 2235. sin-bi:r simbir all the same, nevertheless Yak. sin bi:r (JRS 324) 2236. *siT siii right bank of the river next to the range of hills stretching from the south to the north; TJ shiiji- tundra T siind'ie-jalyil pr. (a lake) 2237. *sineK inel' square-shaped trap for fox and wolverine; KJ sinel\ SD sine I' 2238. *sieKJ ien-io.d'ek stomach-ache 2239. *sinl illE crust of snow; early spring; KJ inle, ille\ KD cinl'e, cil'l'e, cille\ SD ille; ? MC tylama\ tshingleThe cluster *-/?/- has assimilated into -//-. 2240. sird'it TK sird'it guide TK sird'ie- to accompany; serd'itne- to accompany Yak. sird'it (JRS 326) // Krejnovi 1958: 251

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2241. sis i(-:) mountain pass Yak. sis (JRS 327) 2242. *sisT sisil breast; TK sisil-, TD sisil TK sisid-amun breastbone; TD sisid-amun T sisin-moqle breastbone; sisin-aawijaa reindeer with white hair on its breast; sisin-uod'ijaa kind of snipe (Phaloropus) [lit. fringe on the breast]; sisil-padurqa diaphragm [lit. breast trembling] 2243. *sislTK sisle- long (of clothes) 2244. *sitan KJ itane pr. (a man in folklore) 2245. sivoduka uduk grey fox; KJ iboduke; M siwodka Rus. sivoduka 2246. *siwue:-/simpue:KD cibuien-kinid'e March 2247.skot iskot cattle; KD ikot, ickot Rus. skot 2248. skovoroda KJ koboroda: pr. (a man in folklore); KD ikoboroda frying pan Rus. skovoroda 2249. sluit' KD iclud'- to serve Rus. sluit' 2250. smelyj KD im'eloo- to dare Rus. smelyj 'brave'

4 0 8 8 Dictionary

2251. smirnyj KD imirnoo- mild, submitted Rus. smirnyj 2252. smorodina borod'ina: blackcurrant; KD morod'ina Rus. smorodina 2253. *so:T suose- to miss one's target; to make a mistake (TR); TK sose-\ TD soseT suori- to miss many times | TD sosei- to walk aside | TK sorii- to walk by the side of smth many times 2254. sobaka touk dog; KK touke, tewke-, towke-, touka; KJ toboko, toboke; SD tobuka\ RS towka; M towka, twoka, towkopul, towkat, towkain, towkapkat, tuka, tukapul; MC tawala [rect. tawaka]\ tabaka; ME tavacke toukn-mal'd"s raspberry, Arctic bramble [lit. dog's berry]; KD toboke-mal'd'e; SD tobukan-mal'sa Rus. sobaka 2255. sobol' T suobul' pr. (a man); TK suobul' pr. (a dog) T suobul'-muoqa pr. (a lake); suobol'-amaa pr. (a man); soubol'-eie pr. (a woman) Rus. sobol' 2256. sodom KD odom revolt KD codomnoo- disorderly Rus. sodom 'disorder' 2257. *soK oun foam; T soul; TK saul; TD sorul ounm lichen; KJ orunme; KD -carume\ MC megeima [rect. egenma] moss SD ofunma-bie [rect. ogunma-bie] pr. (a mountain) ? TU *obi:-/*obi:- 'foam' (EDAL 435) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181

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2258. *s-/*seK g- to enter; to fit in; KK ok-, ow-, og-; KJ og-; KD cou-, (t)co-, con-, ce-, T seg-, sew-; TK sew-, seu-; TJ shogu-; TD seu-, RS ogek ur-, ejr- to bring into; KJ eure-; KD ceure-; T sewre-, TK sewre-, TJ sheure-; TD seure-, -reure-, saureK oo:- to be inside; KJ oo-; T sauo-, M oo, ogoi to live TK segu- to enter; TJ shogu-, sheguK gi: sack; KK ogi; KJ ogv, KD cogi; SD ogi + hundred roubles; RS ogi ge:- to keep inside; to carry in a pocket; KK ogie- to put into a sack; ? KJ ogie- to stir; T sgie-; TJ shogie- to bring in ge.j pocket; oujya: appendix; oyoja:- to settle down | KK et'i- to enter many times | KD cegei- to suck in; to take in; cohuyira oesophagus | TK seuse- to cause to enter The stem shows vocalic alternations, both in and T. If the reconstruction *s- is to be accepted, in some forms -- changed into -e- (normally before -j-) or -o-l-a- (before -o:- of the second syllable). The correspondence -~ T -e- is irregular. On the other hand, if the proto-form was *se-, demonstrates labialization, cf. *sr-/*sere-. 2260. *se:/*ske: T sgie saliva; TK sgie T sgied'uu- tasteless, slime-like; sgiese- to spit | TD sogiye-usai- to spit 2261. *soo-/*soqK oorpt- to be reconciled with (TR); KJ oyute-, KD -cogurpareK ourp- to heal, to close (of a wound); KK oyurpe-, KJ oyurpe-, KD sogurpe-, sohurpeK oqord- to brake a damp skin with fur while processing it; KK oyuret-, oqorod- to brake a skin; to crumple, to crease; KJ oured-, oquret- to heal; KD cohuret-, coguret-, coxurot-, coxurodKK oyurnuja- to close (of a wound) The stem demonstrates the irregular alternation -y q-. 2262. *soon-/*soqnKJ oyod'iebo pr. (the planet Venus) 2263. *sojK oj- to roast, to grill, to fry (in a pan); T suoj- to smoke (leather); TK sajK ojlo.d' roasted meat or fish | T soja:- to be smoked (of leather); suojaal'eld'e-rawe, suoje-rukun smoked skin | TK sojite- to smoke (leather)

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2264. *sj-/*sejK jl, ejl small stone, pebble; KK ojl, eul-; KJ eul\ TD -reul; SU //; RS oi; MC ojlo sand; KL soil] ME tschoil rock jd-i stony spit in a river [lit. stone end]; KJ ob-ie; KD cobid-ie ud-en, jd-en pr. (the river Rassoxa, tributary of the Korkodon); KJ euden; SD ojden, ojdanK jgij stony shoal; KJ eugie; KD ceugie jd-ad' spectacles [lit. stone eyes] | KJ o:je, je pr. (a river, a tributary of the Omolon) | SD oimeculun pr. (a mountain on the Korkodon) ? U *ojwa 'clay' (UEW 483) Either -- > -e- before -j-, or -e- was labialized in most forms. 2265. *sjl-/*sejl-/*sajlK (j)l'bul mouse; KJ eulbul', KD -colbul; T sal'il; TK salil-; TJ shalil; SU oluul; tshalbod'l, ME tschalbull; MU dschalbl, MK tschlwul jb- gray; brown; yellow; KK ojbe-; KD coibo-; SD ojbe-; TD a. leo+ black KD coli-lau Chuwan [lit. mouse eater]; M soli-lowji; MC aulo Anjuj Yukaghir T salil-legul grass roots gathered and stored by mice; sal'il-lewkie hen-harrier The correspondence -(j)-/-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. *sr-/*sere-. The consonant -j- was dropped in some forms. 2267. *ski: T skii chamois leather painted black with the juice of berries and used in ornaments 2268. sol' KD ol salt; T suol' T suond-enu pr. (a river); suondrun pr. (a river); suond-awur salt-cellar Rus. sol' 2269. *solT solqo crowd; bunch; TK solqaT solne- thick (of antlers); TK solne- united TK solyad'ibe meeting place; TD solradibe T solid'e meeting; TK solyad'il; TD solrad'il fair, market T soloende in crowds; together, tightly; solyae- curly (of hair); solyal'e-, solyol'e- to gather; solqoe smth gathered in one place; solqo-anme purple willow shrubs | TD solnei crowd | TK solqa pile; pack

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2270. *sl'-/*sel'K l'gi:-, olyi:- to beat; KK olgi-; KJ olgi-; KD colgiK el'gdej-, el'gt- to beat, to break (TR); KK olgodej-, elget-, elgedej-; KJ elgedei-, olgedei-, KD colgodei-, sel'gedei-, cel'get-; T salyarej- to castrate; TK sayarej- to break (TR); TJ shalyayei-; TD salgarei-, salhare-i-, salgara:-, selgerei-, selharei- to castrate; RS algedei egej- to faint; to break, to burst, to become torn (INTR); KK elgej-; KJ elgei-; KD colgei-, cel'gei-; SD - saljo-; T salyaj-; TK sayaj-, sal'yej-\ TD selrei-', M lget' T sal'yuu cripple; TK salyu: el'd'e:- to become rough; to burst, to crackle; eld'e.lo:- rough, horny; el'd'o:- burst open (of a skin) | KD colgoi fainting fit | T sald'i- broken; sald'ijuol site of a split U *ale- 'to split, to cut' (UEW 45SM60) // Nikolaeva 1988: 222 The correspondence --l-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. * sr-l* sere2271. *sl'e:/*sel'e: l'e: cedar cone; KK olie; TK slwiel; ME tschoillie l'e:n-a: dwarf cedar [lit. cedar cone tree]; KD ceul'ien-cal\ TD seullien-dal, seullien-sal\ SU ole-a KJ eulie-nono dwarf cedar; KD ceul'ie-nono l'e:n-nodo nutcracker bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes) [lit. cedar cone bird]; KJ eulie-nono KD ceul'ende dwarf cedar 2272. *solullT solyulluu- to make fun of (TR) Cf. Evk. soglo- < Mong. oglo- (TMS 2 104) Yukaghir shows metathesis because the cluster -gl- is impossible. 2273. *solij ? RS olje intestine, gut FU *ola 'intestine' (UEW 483^184) // JU 86-87; HUV 159; UJN 123; FUV 116; Angere 1956: 129; UEW 484; Nikolaeva 1988: 222; Rdei 1999: 49; LR 147 2274. *slkilT slgiligije fringe on the front of a fur-coat

412 8 Dictionary

2275. *sol'l'T soll'e- to get burnt, scorched T soltuu smb scorched; soll'er- to burn 2276. *slnT slne- languid; weak T slnelge INTJ (how languid!) 2277. *sl l(n) wooded hill or island; KK olo\ KD culo; SU ula The forms with the initial - may reflect the so-called male pronunciation. 2278. *sol'pKD colbo- small 2279.*solqT solyunte- to flick smth with one's fingers (TR) T solqul finger flick TU *solko(n) 'flick' (TMS 2 107) 2280. *soI'q/*sal'q T sal'ya loon (Gavia arctica); TK sal'ya, sal'ye- + loon (Gavia); TD salehaT sal'ya-laawje small lake FU *o'ka 'kind of wild duck' (UEW 482) // Tailleur 1959a: 419, 1963: 111; UEW 482; Nikolaeva 1988: 221; Rdei 1999: 49; LR 147 The vowel *-o- may be reconstructed based on FU. 2281. *solq-/*slkK olun- hard from drying; KJ olune-; T slgene- stiff olul'- to get hard from drying | T slgegej- to become numb (from cold) Whereas exibits the back synharmonism, T has the front synharmonism. The correspondence -- ~ T -- is irergular. 2282. *soIqrqa: T solarqaa pr. (a man) T solyarqaa-amaa pr. (a man) 2283. *sompl'K obol'- to stop; KK obol'e-; KJ obole-, obole-; KD coboe-; SD abale-; T sabae-; TK sabae-; TD -sobole-, M sabalj TD ure-sabole- to console; sobolec-, sobolastile- to stop

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2284. *sompulq T sobula low quality meat (of a lean reindeer) 2285. *somtilT somtile- to have a thin layer of fat (of a reindeer's carcass); to be without lustre (of eyes) (INTR) The cluster -mt- is irregular morpheme-internally. 2286. *son- 1 ouln- small; KK orune-; KJ toyune- [rect. oune-]; KD corunne oroqo small; KD coruxoK oun-nuged- to crush [lit. to leave small]; oulni:- to make small | KJ oruneie-l'oe- wine glass [lit. small fire] 2287. *son- 2 oe:- to get numb (of skin from frost; legs or arms from tiredness); KD odie-, codieK ouj- to get numb | T sore-, sara- to get married (of a woman); to moult; to become numb (of a body part); sarase- to propose a marriage (TR); saruod'i- to go three times on a sledge around the yurt of one's parents-in-law as a wedding ritual (of a bride); saraa- to get married (of a woman); to become numb (of a body part); sarare- to get married (of a woman) The vowel harmony in is irregular. 2288. *sonin- ? RS oiek to skin 2289. *soqK oe:- to lose one's way, to be lost; KK oie-; KJ oie-, ogie-, oia-; KD cogie-; T saaa-; TK saa-, sayaa-; TD sara-, ara-, sarai-; RS omumoju oyuji:- to wander; KK oyuj-; KD coguyi-\ TK souoj-, sayuoj-; TD soroyi-, soroyiK ou- to lose; KK oue-, ogue-; KJ orue-, oue-, oue-; T sause--, TK souse-, sayuse-; TJ shoyushe-; TD soruse-, oruse-; RS oguek\ M oa, ousataja KK orot'- to lose I T sodii- to lose many times The vowel harmony in is irregular.

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2290.*so q ? MU songa maidservant 2291. *soqn'il' odl season when the ice begins to drift and float (May); KJ od'ile; T saund'il'e spring; TK sayund'il'eme\ M odla T sayund'ilime in spring In the vowel of the second syllable was syncopated. 2292.*sont TK suodede except 2293.*so t T sonde-, sode- to thread; TK sonde-, sonre- to string (TR); TD sonde- to lace up T sonduu woven slippers; sondind'e white chamois used for decorative patterns 2294. sopljak KJ aplak pr. (a man) Rus. sopljak 2295.*soqo:r T soquor blind T soquortege pr. (a one-eyed reindeer) 2296. *sr-/*sereK e-, eref)- to embroider; KJ erid'e-, ered'eK ril embroidery, ornament, picture; colour; flower; KD oril'e, coril'e; T aril'e, sorile, arile wrinkle; summer path; line, notch; TK t'arile\ TD arile-, erile- + letter rid' embroidery; KJ erad'e; RS ereen, ere sewing ril-, urul- to write; to draw, to paint; to embroider, to make patterns; KK urul'e-; KJ orile-; KD cori. lec-; T ares- to make deep notches (TR); TD arilec-, tshorillatsho\ ME tschoriladschu; MK tschorilendja, tschotljatschut [rect. tschorljaschut] KJ orile-, orileie embroidered; eure- to embroider; ered'e- made of sinew (of a thread) | TD erilewiee- clerk | ? natshi-rongillish wrinkles TU *sere:- 'to embroider' (EDAL 1234) The correspondence --/-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. *sl'-!*sel'-. The

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variants with -- are likely to appear as a result of the labialization of the first vowel. 2297. *sorom orom man; KK oromo; KJ oromo, romo; KD coromo, coro, romo-; SD oromo; TD -soromo; SU orma; RS -oromcr, M sorma, sormaga; ? MC -torym; KL oroma, soromo; toromma, -toromma; ME torroma, -schoromok; MK tschrrma oromoul relative; SD oromopul 2298. sortirovat' TK suortera- to choose Rus. sortirovat' 'to sort' 2299. *sorunKJ orune- white 2300. *sosolK oilijd-amun tail-bone; KD cucol'ie ool'a. nu- to bend 2301. *so:tk T suotke pr. (a man) T suotke-lawjemdie pr. (a lake) An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 2302.sovet T sewiet Soviet; TK sowet T sewiet-peldudi pr. (a man) Rus. sovet 2303. sovsem okem entirely; KJ toktem, okem, oqem wounded Rus. sovsem 2304. *sowin/*sompin obin quietly, calmly obin-guduj- to get calm; obinme:- quiet, calm; obi- to loiter about 2305. *sowo ? MO emobo-sobo elk

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2306. sowoK ou, soboy-ra: wooden plate or bowl; KK oboyo-, KJ oboo, oboro-, SD obogo; T sawyer, TK sawya, sawye; SU owga; RS oogo; ME tschauvoga; MK tschhba [rect. tschbha] ? obod-abut bag for keeping instruments | T sawyan-loruol water where dishes have been washed Cf. Yak. sabaraj 'large bowl for meat' // LR 165 2307. *sowoja: ouja:, oyuja: swallow, martin; KD cobiya\ ? SD ojada small bird with a black breast; tshoria [rect. tshovia]; ME tschovia 2308. spasibo pasv.be thank you; T pasiiwa; TK pasiwe; TD posiboloT pasiiwalaa- to thank Rus. spasibo 2309. spiridon KJ ipiridon pr. (a man) Rus. spiridon 2310. srednij T seriedej pr. (the town Srednekolymsk) Rus. srednij 2311. stado T ista.da herd Rus. stado 2312. stakan KK istakan glass Rus. stakan 2313. stan KJ itaeek camping (wall protecting from wind); SD stan Rus. stan 2314. starik KD iterik flint Rus. starik

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2315. starina KJ tarina master sergeant; T staasinaa foreman Rus. starina 2316. staruxa terik wife; old woman; KK terike; KJ terike; KD terike; SD terike; RS terka, terikadni, terike; MC saryka; tarika terikd- to get married (of a man); SD terikedK terik-mou: bride [lit. destined as wife]; KD terike-mod'u teri: address to a wife Rus. staruxa 2317. staryj KJ itarij pr. (a man) Rus. staryj 2318. stena iena:, istena: wall; KD itiena + corner; SD istena Rus. stena 2319. sto KJ itoq hundred; KD itox; SD -ysto; T istuo; TD itostigei hundredth; ? MC totak KD itoecki hundredth; itol'id'e hundred times Rus. sto 2320. toby oto: hortative marker Rus. toby 2321. stol KD itol; T istuol table; TK istol Rus. stol 2322. stolb KK istolba: pole, post, pillar; KD itolbo KJ tolba pr. (the island Stolbovoj); SD talba pr. (a river, an island) Rus. stolb

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2323.stru istru pr. (a town); KD itruc plane (an instrument); SD usturus plane Rus. stru 2324. stupa KD itupen-kondi pestle [lit. pestle forger] Rus. stupa 2325. siibe beldej- to advise; KK t'ubel'edej-; KJ obietobo- to consult be advise Yak. sbe 'advise' (JRS 347) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2326. *sue-/*sunt- ? RS udeonbyla violent 2327. sueta sueta. - busy with smth Rus. sueta 2328. *suur-/*sukur9T sugure- to stick (INTR); TK sugure-; TJ shugure-; TD sugureT sugurer- to stick (TR); TK sugerer-; TD sugurer2329.suguser KD uguar stretcher Yak. sgeser or Ev. suguser (TMS 2 119) 2330. *sukK uku: hand-made object; KJ uku earth; KD cukun eveiything; T sukurt, -rukun, -dukun clothes, thing; nature, earth, world; sky; year, age, life; TK sukun, -rukun\ TJ shukun-\ TD sukun, -rekun, -rikun\ MU tschukn sky T suki uninhabited place; not to the point, for nothing; just, merely; TK suki\ TD suki ukum in vain, without purpose; KK sukume\ KD cukume; TD shukume T sukud-anuol debt; penalty [lit. smth said]; TD sukud-ayol T sukun-dawa, sukun-sawa, sukun-rawa cloud [lit. nature's skin]; TK sukun-dawa, sukun-rawa; TD sukur-rawe, sukun-sawe\ MK tschkn-chr T sukun-molyal year; age [lit. nature's joint]; TK sukun-molyil, TD sukun-molrele, sukun-malrile\ MK tschukn-mlgal T suki from an inhabited place; TK sukit from an empty place

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KJ ukud-oilid'e pr. (a female spirit) | T sukun-ilijerejl, sukun-aarid'e bad weather; sukun-lejtej- to regain consciousness [lit. to remember the nature]; sukun-burebe universe [lit. nature's surface]; sukuuji- to take care of, to look after; to prepare the dead body for burial (TR); sukid'-ewrej-rukun vagrant [lit. the one who walks without purpose]; sukid'-ewrej-upe wild man who according to legend hides in the forest; suki-aa-uuse- to say nonsense (TR) [lit. to move one's mouth without purpose]; sukiband'e-rukun ordinary man; sukudie drizzle; sukun-daawa-ewed-nie pr. (a river); sukun-mubuol event; sukun-loyorii washing board | TJ board | TD sukunban- disorderly; sukunied'i- to tell lies; to chatter; sukun-morel-monnei calm weather; sukun-kerec- to undress (TR); sukun-tiwe it is raining; sukun-porol kind of clothing Ev. sukume 'in vain' (TMS 2 123) The Ev. word is a Yukaghir borrowing. 2331. *sukmT sukmu- to grow up adroit; to grow soft (of smth dried up) 2332.*suks uk piece of painted willow bark used for cleaning a gun 2333. *sukt KJ uqte pr. (the city Jakutsk); TD sukte; RS ukta; tshukta city; ME tschukta city; MK tschktaha T suktuul people; TK suktul 2334. *sukujimp TK sukujibe suddenly 2335. sular T sular bridle Yak. sular (JRS 341) 2336. *suleK ule- to stand still This stem exhibits back vocalism, cf. the Inchoative ula:-. 2337. sunduk TK sunduk trunk, box Rus. sunduk

4 2 0 8 Dictionary

2338.*su qT suusej- to throw; to turn down, to bring down, to take down; TK susej-, rusej-, TJ shushei-, shushaiT sucTii-, surii- to throw (in various directions); to splash (INTR); TK sudi-, suri-; TJ shudiji- + to walk T suusiej- to put off; to take off; suaa bow-string; mes-suusej- to throw oneself, to rush | TJ shugurei- to throw | TK jarqe-ruri: ladle for ice The long vowel in the first syllable has emerged as the result of contraction: *suk-s- > sus- > su:s-. 2339. *suulT suulid'uu- disgraceful, shocking T suulele- to hate; suuli- to hate; suulid'e disgusting 2340. *supeK upt-qontaj- to pierce through; to carry past; ? T supte stranger, alien upedej- to pierce ? TU *up- 'through; to pull out' (EDAL 455) or Evk. eptu 'through, across' (TMS 2 425) Given the Yukaghir -p-, the word may be a borrowing from Ev. or NT. 2341.*sure ure, ue body; T sure, suru skin (of a hand); cleaned surface of a skin; chamois blanket without fur; colour; TK sure inner side of a skin; RS ura, urenT suree- fat; TK surue-\ TD surenneT surere- to put on weight; sured-oo fur trousers worn next to the skin; suren-nime chamois blanket put on top of smaller blankets [lit. body house] | MC urilo man 2342.*susaT susna- short (of a coat); to be hung high up T susaya- to become short; to lose sleep; susayarej- to make shorter; to raise the tail (of a bird) (TR); susnii- to make short; to hold out This stem exhibits back vocalism. 2343. susedka ietk goblin; KD ietka Rus. dial, susedka

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2344.sutury suturi: long stockings made of the skin from the leg of a reindeer and worn over the boots Rus. dial, sutury (ESRD 514-515) 2345. *suwoK o.nb, ounb fat; KK uonbe, ubonbe; KJ ubonbe, ubonbe; KD cogobe; MO ubopa [rect. ubopa] meat; ME tschuenba KK uobed- to become fat; uobe- fat | KD cubon fat TU *sebe 'inner fat (of animals)' (EDAL 1232) 2346. suxari T sokorii dried crust Rus. suxari 2347. sverlo KJ berlo borer; SD sebierle Rus. sverlo 2348. svinec siwie.s lead; SD simijes Rus. svinec 2349. svjatoj KJ betoi sainted, holy ebe board where calendar notches were made Rus. svjatoj 'holy'; svjatcy 'calendar' 2350. svojak KD saboyaq brother-in-law, sister-in-law Rus. svojak 2351. *sylaT sila- dry; TK silaT silne- dry; TK silne-, silna-; TD selneT silal'e- to get dry; TK silae-; MU tschilglet; MK tschilgnai T silnadagumun, silnaldegemun while it is dry; silnalya INTJ (how dry!); slniire unwillingly (of speaking); silqa-d'uul jerked meat; silyane- to suffer from thirst; silycrya- to rustle; silyayaj- to get slightly dry quickly; silyaedried up; silajdugure shoes to wear in dry places; silqa dry land; silqa-kulube summer shoes for wearing at home; silyajlmuol pr. (a lake);

422 8 Dictionary

silqarke dried meat TU *sile- 'dry' (EDAL 1248) 2352. *sylqTK silyaya- to squeak 2353.*synK ind'i:-, ini:- to draw, to pull; KJ idi-, id'i-, KD cind'i-; RS in'ik, ? -on'im [rect. in'im] to pull out; M idi inraj- to draw, to pull; KD cinderai2354.*sy a: T siaa dish (gut filled with reindeer peritoneal fat) T siaa-aawijaa reindeer with a white spot on its belly and on a part of its back leg; pr. (a reindeer); siaan-od'e fat from the guts 2355. *synsK inaj- to shove in, to put in (TR); KJ iniai2356. *syra: T siraa nit TU *sire 'louse; worm' (EDAL 1263-1264) 2357. *syrajka:n T sirajkaan idol The synharmonism is irregular. 2358.*syrpT sirbaa- to squeeze out TU *sir- 'to strain, to press out' (EDAL 198) In Yukaghir -p- can be a derivational suffix. 2359.*syrqK arqul, aqul toe; paw; thumb; KJ arqul\ SD aqul, T sisqa finger, paw; TK sisqa- finger; TD sexa- clenched fingers arqul-molod' mitten [lit. glove of the paw]; SD arqul-moloze gloves aqujbn bear; arqu-d'e. r-molil gap between fingers [lit. inside the gap between fingers]; aqul-pa.qil thumb [lit. finger with disfigured nail] I T sisqad-ooj gloves [lit. container of the fingers]; sisqad-ewe forefinger [lit. top of the fingers]; sisqaj-gde spider

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? TU *siru 'span between the big finger and index finger' (EDAL 1259) In Yukaghir -q- can be a derivational suffix. 2360.*syrqa: T siryaa roughly made sledge T siryaadie sledge 2361.*sysaT sisna- short; TK sisneK aad'- to get torn; KD shashed'-; T sisad'iK aayto:- ragamuffin; KD cacaxotoi, aaxotoi aaydaj- to tear (TR); KK eaadaj-, iayadaj-; KJ aaqat-, aaqadai-; KD cacoxodai-, cacaxadai-; T sisayarej-; TK sisayarej-; TD sisaparai-, sisaharei-; RS aagadka; tshashangadike; ME tschatschankateik aaaj- to tear off (INTR); KK eaaj-; KJ aaqaj-; T sisayaj- + to shorten; TK sisayaj-; TD sisahai-; SU aga aat- to tear (TR); KK eagat-, eeget-, iaat-; T sisaas-; TK sisayas-; TD sisaxac-, sisahacK aayu: crack; KK iau; T -sisiyuu, -sisayuu T sisatterej- to tear with a jerk; TK sisatterej- to break away iao:- lifted up | KD caced'- to burst (INTR); ceced'o- torn | T sisayasnube place where smth is cut; sisayuod'e rags; sisarqa crack 2362.*sysq T sisqa-wejse- to set off at a gallop T sisqune- to try to go (of a dog) 2363.*sysq T sisqal' itch; TK sisqal' T sisqad'e- to fall ill with typhus 2364. *sywT siwunaa- to start feeling pain in the stomach after running quickly 2365. *ta KK ta? INTJ (come on); KD ta 2366. *taK ta: there; hortative marker; KK ta, tar, KJ ta, ta:; KD ta-, ta:-; SD to; T taa; TK ta, ta:; TJ ta:-; TD ta-, ta:-; M ta; MC ta; MO tal-; BO t; ta-;

424 8 Dictionary

ME taIC tada: there; T tadaa; TK tada, tada: + then; TJ tada:; TD tada.t, tata.t after; then ta.il, ta.ih, tajl then, after that; and; KK tasile; KJ ta.ile; KD ta.cil'e, tahile\ RS ttila, ttil, tatil; M tala ta.r although; TJ taane ta that; KK ta, tan, KJ tat7; KD ta-\ SD -tan; T ta\ TK ta, tan, -da-, tarn-, TJ ta:; TD ta\ RS tan; M tan, ta, tapa\ KL tagida, taginda; MU tngat they tanugi, taniger, taig then; T tanigi; TK tanigi(ne)\ TJ tanegat, taniri, tainine', TD tanigi tabun that; KK tamun, tawun, tabun\ KJ ta. bun, tabun, tamun; M tawat ta:t so; then, thus; KK tat\ KD ta:t\ TK tat\ TJ ta:t-\ tat yes; ME tatt yes ta.n not long ago, recently; traditional refrain in lyrical songs expressing sorrow or loneliness; KJ ta. ne, ta. ine tadekle: before; after (PP); SU -tandejekle; MK -tangtschelga ta. tme:- such; KK tatmie-; KD tatmeT taun that; TJ tauat tabungt that is why; TD tawunhet T tai, dai modal marker (perhaps); TK tayi that tad(-jaq), tandy enough; INTJ (boredom, tiredness); however; KJ tadaa\ KD tadaha, tadega tadlm meanwhile; ta:te:- to approve, to allow; ta:n-tit but, however, nevertheless tanda:, tada: so; there; SD tando-, tanda + that tade. t so, this way; KJ tadet; TJ tad'i. le ta.te:- to do so; tamung then; tayari: there; taig, tair then | KD tabuinet for this reason | T tanel this; ta-rite as if; tadelek in the same way; tanigine then; tadaate then; tanid'ie approximately in that direction; taud'aa(de) approximately of the same size; tadat, tada:t then, from there; tan-qainege of course, obviously; tan but, and; dae() nominalizing marker | TD tennit-tandalek from now on; tanigilei from that time, ancient; -tadel'et, -tadil'et after | TK tatl'ellede then; tatler that is why; taun/taut that; tada. ne, tada. n then | ? MO tainang [rect. tannang] earth; ? tangmuinal under I ? ME tangmunol under U *ta 'that' (UEW 505) // JU 71-72; Bouda 1940: 82; HUV 159; FUV 64; Angere 1956: 69-70; Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 505, 527; Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 158

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2367. tabak KK tabaq tobacco; KJ taba.k, tabaq, taba.q Rus. tabak 2368. tabun KJ tabun herd of horses Rus. tabun 2369. *taaa:/*taqa: T tayaaa thick old tree; tree of life from which all people descend 2370.tagan KJ tagan trivet; T tayaa Rus. tagan 2371. tak T taak in vain T taakte nevertheless; perhaps | ? taaksha was | ? ME toaktscha was Rus. tak 2372. talan KD el-talanne- unhappy Rus. talan 2373.*ta:b ta. l saline TU *tala(n) (TMS 2 156) 2374. *talqT talyate- to hide oneself; TD talrol-, talroT talyiinube shelter; talyuo- to take shelter ? TU *dal(i)- 'to close' (EDAL 462) 2375. *talu:tT taluute- to call smb from somewhere using special magic words (TR) 2376. *tamK tatn- to put on (clothes) (INTR); KJ tamiK tamit- to dress (TR); KD tamite-

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2377. tambaka T tambakaa Chukchi child's overall made of reindeer skin Ev. tambaka (TMS 2 159) The synharmonism is irregular. 2378. *tamn ? MU tamna bone 2379. *tae- ? KJ taej- to fall down 2380. *tantK tadi:- to give; KK tadi-; KJ tadi-; KD tadi-; T tadi-; TK tadi-, dadi-; TJ tadi-; TD tadi-; SU tdik; M tdit, tadi, tie, taditai; tandik; ME tandik; W taldelpon, tandelpon, tannevinol tadul debt; KK tadul; KJ tadul; KD tadul; T tadul sale, selling; TK tadul; SU tadul; RS tadul ta- to owe (INTR); KK tane-; KJ tae-; KD taeKJ tannu- to buy; KD tannu-; TK tannu- to buy; TD tannu-, tonnuT tand'e merchant, shop-assistant; TK tand'e; TD tad'e T tand'ii- to buy; TK tand'i- to sell; TD tad-; SU tadut to pay; RS tanik to do commerce tad'- to get rich; tadej- to give | KD tannud'aye merchant | TD tadise- to cause to give 2381. *taqsi: T taqsii pr. (a place) 2382. tarakan T tarakaan cockroach Rus. tarakan 2383.tarelka T terielke dish, plate SD terielketke pr. (a mountain on the Popovka) Rus. tarelka 2384. *tato:r T tatuor pr. (a man) T tatuorkaan pr. (a man); tatuorikaan amaa pr. (a man); tuorkaanap pr. (a man)

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2385. *tatti: tatti: dam used with a fish trap 2386. *tawrT tawrii- to do smth carelessly (TR) ? tauritsh health | ME tauritsch, tarkai health 2387. *tawuska:n/*tampuska:n KJ tabukan pr. (a man, the ancestor of the Ukan clan); KD tabuskan; SD tabukan The synharmonism is irregular. 2388.taz KK ta:s- basin (a vessel); T taas Rus. taz 2389. *te:- 1 te:- to take aim, to aim at (TR); KJ tieneTU *tia- 'to draw the bow' (EDAL 182) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 2390. *te:- 2 te:- to give; to show; KJ tie? U *toe- 'to bring, to give' (UEW 529-530) // Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 147, 158 2391. *tein/*tekin TK tegine rope worn by a shaman on his shoulders while shamanizing 2392. *tejn- ? MO teineizeq body 2393. *te:k te:k flying squirrel (Pteromus volans); KK t'ieke; KD tieke, tiekke; SD tieka 2394. *teleT teletej- to turn inside out T telduu clumsy unpractical person 2395. *telT tel'ie- to dry (fish or meat); to smoke (fish or meat); TK tel'ie-\ TD telle-

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T tel'ied-al'ya dried fish; TK tel'ied-ela T telies- to dry up (TR); TK tetiesTD teliec-, teliesti- to make dry TU *teli- 'to dry' (TMS 2 231) 2396. tela KJ ala:, ela: small pieces of meat which remain on the fish bones after the meat is cut off for drying; SD cala pieces of jerked fish Rus. dial, tela (ESRD 528) The consonant - may be a way to render the Russian palatalized t'-. 2397. *tela- ? MC telangyk dart, javelin 2398. *telki ? KK telgi belt; strap 2399. *temle- ? W temlelengh holy 2400. *ten T ten this; TK ten; TJ ten; TD ten, teel, -deel ten-di: here it is; here; KK ten-di] KJ ten-di this; KD tendi(i)T tei here; TK tei, teni; TJ tenifte); TD teni, tenni KK tenda there | T teiband'e-rukun simple (of a person) | TJ ten it that is why I TD teni-le- from here, local | TK tenit from here; tenine here 2401. *tentK tedul wealth; KK tedul tete: rich man, merchant; T tetie + richness; TK tett'ie; TD tetie, t'etie, teie', RS tete, tetek; M te te- rich; KK tane-, KJ taa-\ KD tene-; TK tene-; RS tennei tett- to make richer; KJ tette- to grow rich; KD tete-, tetteK tenda- to get rich | ? KJ toe- gluttonous | KD tetere-, tettere- to make rich; tetec-, tettec- to make rich | T tette- wealthy ? FU *tenV 'price, value' (UEW 521) tett- < tedt- < tedut- < *tentut-. If the comparison with FU is valid, -tin *tent- is the old derivational suffix.

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2402. *te:nuT tianu- to jump on the spot with back legs lifted high (of a reindeer); to jump from joy 2403. *tepT tepie- dirty T tepies- to soil; tepierej- to soil oneself 2404. *tepn ? MO tepnelliq soul 2405. *terinK terind- to set one's feet against 2406. teril terir, teril clothes; things Yak. teril (JRS 428) 2407. terpet' KD terpi- to tolerate Rus. terpet' 2408. teslo sl, asla: adze; KJ telo Rus. teslo 2409. testo T tieste dough Rus. testo 2410. *tat tat you (thou); KK tet; KJ tet; SD tet; TK tet; TJ tet; TD tet; SU tt, ttka, ttyn; RS tet; M tet, ttleget, ttlegata; MC tota; BO ttli, tt'li; KL tatla; tat; ME tattak; MU totex; MK tot; W totli, dt, tiot ? T tet-ejluok pr. (a man) | TD tet-ayi- to shoot oneself U *tV 'thou' (UEW 539) // JU 70-1; FUV 57; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 67; Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 539; Nikolaeva 1988: 248 2411. *tiK ti this; KK tin, ti; KJ ti:n, tin, ti; KD ti; T ti-, tie; TK tie, tie-, tiem-; M ti; KL tyn, tynn, dyne; tindy, titlak; ME tiinba, tiitlak

4 3 0 8 Dictionary

ti: here; KK ti, ti:; KJ ti:; KD //; TK //-; M /;'; MO ti-; tier, ME tue: ti.n recently, lately; earlier; KK tine; KJ tine; KD ti.ne; T tiine; TJ tine; TD tine; MC tine; BO tyn tinta that; KJ ti. neta, tinta T tide(ut) that, mentioned before; TK tide; TJ tiden, tide T tigin here is, this; TK tigin, tiegun; MC typgy- [rect. tyngy-} year T tiegi, tieyi that; BO tngi, tgi, tgie T tigira there; TK tig(i)raK tindi:, tidi: here; SD tindi T tidaa long ago; TK tida:; TJ tida:; TD tinda: T tileme now; W telaman here ti:-ta: here and there; ti:-t:n the one over here | T tidaa lately; tidaane, tidaane() in the past; tilemetkumur till now; tiginel there is; tidanyal'e of last year | TD tida.lelek long since | TK tidaga last year | MC tyiedogo before U *t/*te/*ti 'this' (UEW 513-515) // JU 71; Bouda 1940: 72; Angere 1956: 69; Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 514; Nikolaeva 1988: 248; LR 147 2412. *ti-/*tu- ? MC tygyndelli to lie; BO tug, tgo to sleep MC tygyndel' yesterday; BO tugdega MC tygyptataga, ? tygyntandaga evening; wind 2413. *tieT tigilerej- to exceed; TD tigelerei- to overtake T tigilii- to exceed (many times); tigetej- to go leaving far behind; tiiriito avoid T tiirii- < tiyrii- < tierii-, 2414. *tilli ? MO tilli island 2415. *time T tim-moo chamois covering of the yurt from the side tripods up to the smoke-hole T tim-raal, time-raal pole of the tripod on the left of the entrance to a yurt 2416. *tibeT tibege- to produce hollow sounds (INTR); to stamp one's feet T tibege, tibegel trample Ev. tibelde-, tibele.n- 'to stamp one's feet, to trample down' (TMS 2 174)

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2417. *timpT timbee- swollen from absorbed water (of wet footwear) The cluster -mb- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2418. *tin- ? BO -dindy to want 2419. *tie:p T tiiep pr. (a lake) 2420. *tinnK tinnndej-, tinnejdej- to stop for a rest on the road 2421. *tinT tinii- to grudge, to skimp; TK tii- + not to let; TJ tiniT tine- stingy 2422. *tit 1 tit though, still; KJ tit, KD tit 2423. *tit 2 tit you; KK tit; KJ tit; KD tit; SD tit-; TK tit, ti:t; TJ tit; TD tit; SU tit, title; MO tip; BO ttla; KL tytta; titlak, ME tiitlak; MU titol; MK tyt U */F(UEW 540) // JU 71; UEW 540; Nikolaeva 1988: 248 2424. *tite tite like, as (PP); KK tite; KJ tite; KD tite; T tite, dite; TK tite; TJ titeba-, titeben-; TD -dite; SU tita so; RS tytta tite : like, as (PP); T ditel'uo titeme:-, titime:-, titme:- such; KK titemie-; KJ titeme-; KD titem'e-; SD titimie-; TK titeban-; TJ titeba-, titeben-; TD titewon-, titepan-, titewanKJ tita. t such I T titene() so, like this 2425. *tittl tittl they; KK tittel; KJ titel; T tittel; TK tittel; TD tite I', titel, tite, tita-; RS tyttga; MO tatel'; MK tytlag T titte-ll- to maintain oneself, to keep oneself 2426. *tiwK tibil feather; needles of a coniferous tree; KJ tibil; RS tywil; BO towlo, towlol; KL tywil, tiwida; MU tibil; MK twil

4 3 2 8 Dictionary

tibid-ail chimney [lit. feather hole]; KJ tibid-ail; SU tywyd-anil; RS tywid-agil tibid-amun wing [lit. feather bone]; KJ tibid-amun KD tibie- with wings 2427. *tiwe:wit T tiwiewit wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola) 2428. *to: ? MC togola eyes; MO tqo [rect. to]\ BO t 2429. toburaq toburak dust Yak. dial, toburaq (JRS 387) The synharmonism in is irregular. 2430. *toK tode:- to bite; KK todie-, todujiK todi.n-d'aya: wasp; KD todin-d'aha gadfly todi: tooth; KK todi:-; KJ todi\ KD todi; SD todi; TK todi:; SU tody, RS tody, MC todegi; BO todele; KL todypa; tdy, -tody, toden-; ME toty, -toti, totinKD todin-mibe gum (in mouth) [lit. base of a tooth] | TK todie- to bite; toduji- to bite 2431.*toK toy- to close; to lock; KK tog-, tow-, RS touk 2432. *toa-/*toqK toyal scum; T toyul used tea leaves toyallub-pibil sweepings of needles, snow or water [lit. needle scum] The vowel harmony in is irregular. 2433.*too ? MO togo, -togo sledge ? TU *tolga (EDAL 1435) 2434. *too-/*toqK toyo:- dense, thick; low (of voice); deep (of sleep); KK toyo-; KD toho-; T toyuo-; RS togoi KD togod'e- to make thick | T toyore- to thicken (of reindeer milk); toyumu-

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to grow thick; touruol clot; touod'eya INTJ (how firm!) ? TU *tekti 'thick (of liquids)' (EDAL 1412) 2435. *toj toj-toj-toj INTJ (command for harnessed dogs to slow down) 2436.*tol ? KJ tol supply of food for a journey; RS tol 2437. *tol- 1 T toluol- calm, slow T toluomu- to become calm 2438. *tol- 2 T tolii staff; TK tolii; TD toliT tolie- to support; TK tolie-, toli-; TD tolie? KJ toleq crooked | T tolej- to lean, to support oneself | TK tol'iid'aa pr. (a man) The vowel harmony in T tolej- is irregular. 2439. *to:lT tuoliji- to desire passionately 2440. *tol'K tolci:- to hammer, to knock, to beat; to peck; KK tolt'iThe cluster -lc- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2441. toldyit' T toldii- to translate, to interpret Rus. dial, toldyit' 2442. *toli-/* tolikKJ toliyat- to row 2443.tolk KD -tolkue- stupid Rus. tolk 2444. tol'ko KK tol'ko only; KJ toiko Rus. tol'ko

4 3 4 8 Dictionary

2445. *tolon-/*olonT ald'e hand; arm; TK t'ald'e + finger; TJ ald'e-; TD ald'e\ MU tolndscha; MK tolndscha, tolondschnT ald'ed-arime palm [lit. bottom of the hand]; TK t'ald'e-arime; TD ld'id-arime T ald'e-ruske wart on a hand [lit. hand bowl]; TD ald'e-ruska, old'e-ruska T ald'ed-oje, ald'ed-ewe index finger [lit. end of a hand]; TK t'ald'ed-ewt'e\ TD ald'id-oie finger T ald'ed-awur gloves, mittens [lit. hand container]; TK t'ald'ed-awur, TD eld'ed-awur T ald'eii- to make by hands (TR); ald'egi-wie- to make as a present; ald'e-par- to take part in some work; ald'e-wuo, al'ded-uo ring [lit. hand child]; ald'e-jossuol pr. (a lake); ald'ed-amun forearm [It. hand bone]; ald'ed-egil back of a glove; ald'ed-ooj index finger; ald'ed-uul present | TJ ailijite- to wave with a hand | TD ald'in all fingers together; eld'e-d'o: ring [lit. hand iron] Either the MU and MK records are erroneous and the root should be reconstructed with the initial affricate (*olo-), or in T the first consonant was assimilated to the third syllable affricate: *tolon-' > *tolod' > *olod' > ald'. 2446. tolorTK tolora- to complete (a task) Yak. tolor- 'to complete; to fill in' (TMS 2 195) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2447. *tolow tolou wild reindeer; KK tolow; KJ tolobo, tolou, tolo\ KD tolow, T talaw, TK talaw, tolow, TJ to/; TD niongeye-tolou herd; SU tolow, RS tolow, M tolw, tolwok; tolaw, ME tollu KD tolod-iridie new born wild reindeer [lit. reindeer calf] | T tolon-wiije, tolo-wiije wild reindeer hunter; tolowijed'ii hunters for wild reindeer; tolon-orquoje female wild reindeer | TD talowi-, tolowi- to hunt for wild reindeer | ? ME tsholondee bear 2448. *to:pu: T tuopuu pr. (a woman) T tuopuu-eie pr. (a woman) 2449. *teneKJ tnmule-, nmule- to starve; T tenmul'e- to get hungry (of animals); TK tenmul'e--, TD tenmule-; RS tonnti thirsty; M tonml hunger; tonmulla\ ME

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tonmula; ? MK jenmljaj [rect. tenmljaj] tunmul throat; KK tunmul; KJ tnmul; KD tonmul, tunmul; T tenme; TK tenme; TD tonma, tenma + gills; SU tonmul; RS tonmul; MC tuimula [rect. tunmula]; tonmul; ME tonmul T tenubu- to starve; TK tenubu-; TJ tnubune-; TD tenebun-, tenebu-, tonneboT tne- voracious, gluttony, always hungry; tenme-ruske larynx [lit. throat bowl] I TD tonne gluttonous person; tenmen-do: necklace [lit. throat iron] In some forms -e- > --, probably because of -m- in the following syllable. 2450. *toni ? MK toni light, bright 2451. *tono-/*tooK too-, tono- to follow, to chase, to drive; KK tono-; KJ tono-, tonno-; T tono-; TK tono-, tone-; TD tooroT toudu- to chase many times; TK taudu-, tada:- to chase an animal which is in sight; TD tonnoT toore- to follow, to chase; TK tooreK tonaj- to drive, to chase; KD tonai-; T tonoj-; TK tonej-, tonnej-; TD tonaiK tojnu- to drive away; KK tojnuT tond'i- to drive (many times) | TD tonaise- to cause to drive In the form tojnu- the perfective marker -j- is inserted into the root, cf. ono> ojnu-. 2452. *tnpK tnb- to be strong, to exert oneself; KK tnbe-; KJ tnbe-; KD tobe-, tenbe-, tonbed'i-; TK tonbe-; SU tonba; RS tonbei; KL tonbej; tonbay; ME tonbei; W tonbanchk, ? tendelov tnbi:- to strengthen, to strain (TR); tnbj-id'i:j strong (of a man) [lit. with strong sinews]; tnbdej- to strengthen (TR) | KJ tnbe strength | KD tonbod-ileye snow storm [lit. strong wind] 2453. *tntK tnd- to take out The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2454. *tontK tondu- to stick (INTR); KK tondu-; KD tonduK tottu:- to stick (INTR); KK totti-; KJ totu-, totu:-, to. tu:-, tottu-; ? MU

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tttujen to get full (of food) totto:- stuck; KJ toto-, tottoK tott- to stick (TR); KJ totoK tott- to stick (TR); KJ todute-, totute-; RS tottuk tottaj- to grease; tottyr- to take hold of, to catch (TR) | KK tottije upper part of a leather glove made of cloth | SD tottiza- to have smth stuck to it In forms with -tt- the root is followed by a /-initial suffix, cf. *tend-. 2455. *toti: T totii pr. (a man) T totikaaki pr. (a man) The cluster -t- is atypical morpheme-internally. 2456. * terras- ? SD tioranga-numa-pie pr. (a mountain) 2457. trd TK trde origin Yak. trd (JRS 396) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2458. *trki: T trgii straps behind the saddle 2459. *toro T toroe- black, dark; gloomy; TK toroe-; TJ tarone-; TD toronne-, -toroyenT torojaa elk; TK torojacr, TJ torojea; TD toroyeha TK torote-, torete- to blacken (TR); TD toroteiT toroje birthmark; patch of a black skin used for an ornament; TD toroye pitted T torie- black; TK torot'eT torojaa pr. (a woman), (a horse); torojaa-anme long purple willows [lit. elk willow]; toraqa pr. (a man); toroqodie pr. (a man); toroej-burie crowberry [lit. black berry] | TK tororej- to blacken; tore blackness, black spot 2464. *toro-/*oro- ? MC toryny thin; BO rne 2465. *torr- ? torroi marriage; ME torrei

Dictionary

437

2466. *totK tot- to press 2467. *twK tb- to cover; to close; KK tobo-\ KJ tob-, tou-\ KD tob-, tou-, topK tubul cover, cork; patch; KK tubul\ KJ tobul skin; KD tobul; ? MC tubyla pit, hole tbe:- closed; tbe:- to keep closed | KK tubuj- to suffer from constipation 2468. truba T turubaa pipe; tube Rus. truba 2469. trut KK trude tinder; KD trude Rus. trut 2470. *tuT tui7 this; TK tu, tum-, tu-, -du-\ TD tut7, tun T tuun, tuut this; TK tuun, tuut tuda: long ago; KK tuda:, tuda; KJ tuda:; KD tuda:; TD tuda:; RS tud T tugi this; TK tugi tun/tud- that; KK tuwen; KJ tuben, tubon; KD tubon-; SD tuban; TJ tuneKD tubeinlet for this reason | TD tunien-nemelek what is this?; tuunhat that is why I MO turn here U *to 'that' (UEW 526-528)//Nikolaeva 1988: 248 2471. *tu:T tuul load; content of smth; TK tu:l T tuute- to put into, to fill (TR); TK tu.te-; TD tute-, -dute, -du:teK tu:ddo:- full | KJ tu- to put into | T tuure- filled; tuuje-lalime sledge for transporting valuable things | TD dunne- to take (a gun); -dunne-, -du.nnefull ? TU *dagu/*dabu 'content; to pour' (EDAL 1347) The following phonetic changes can be hypothesized for Yukaghir: *dagu/*dabu >tawu > taw > tu:. 2472.*tu: tu. tu: trumpet made of birch bark used while hunting to lure animals

451 8

Dictionary

The form tu.tu: is probably the result of the reduplication of the ideophone tu:. 2473. tiibesTD tuwetere by chance Yak. tubes- 'to do smth accidentally' (JRS 411) 2474. *tue/*tunt tude- he, she, it; KK tude--, KJ tude-, SD tude--, T tude--, TK tude-; TJ tude; TD tide-, tude\ SU tdel; RS tdeI; M tdal, tda; MC tudol, tudalej + one; MO tati; BO tdol, tundele, tudogo, tndogo, tudl, tdole, tndole, tudole, tundogo, tundog'i, tundlgo, tundgat, tundo-, tudo-, tud- + one; KL tudal', tundagala, tundaga, tundaly, tudale, tudal; tundal; ME tuttol, -tudalej; MU tudol; MK tdol T tur- oneself; TJ tur-; TD -turSD tudepa they | T tur-mr- to feel the approach of childbirth; tur-qand'esto catch cold; tur-waa- to control oneself; tudel'uol designed for smb | TD tude-kode worker | TK tur-id'ie himself, herself The OY data clearly indicate the word-internal *-nt-. However some T forms, typically with the reflexive meaning, demonstrate -r-, which rather points to the PY *--, 2475. tuis tuis basket made of birch bark; KJ tujt'; KD tui Rus. tuis 2476. *tukK tukn nail; KD tukne; ME dukna tukn- to knock in; KK tukne-; KJ tukneK tuktuj blacksmith's instruments; tuktuj- to have black spots on the face ? TU *tokta- 'to hit, to knock' (EDAL 1453) 2477. *tukunK tukund'- to whine (of a dog); KD tukund'i2478. *tuluK tulugu- left; KK tulugu-, KJ tulugu--, KD tulugu left side; M tlugdat; KL tulugunle; toolagi\ ME tolagye tulugudo:- left-hander

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2479. *tumnT tumnerii- to be reserved about; to tell in secret (TR) 2480. *tumpT tubegej- to dash into, to run in; to fly in 2481.*tu T tu- to close; to cover; TK tu-\ TD turjT tuie- to disturb; to cover; to prohibit; TK tuie-, TD tuieT tuul' patch; tuutej- to choke, to suffocate; tuuolel-sespe part of a yurt opposite to the entrance where the second door is situated | TD tuo-, -duoto lock 2482. *tunkune: KJ tungunie ears 2483. *tuntT tuduruu inside, in the middle; TK tuduru, TJ tuduru, tuduu-; TD tuderu T tudul content of a bag or a plate; tuduruul interior; tudulii- to return a bag to the owner having put smth into it (TR) | TK dudur inside 2484. *tuntT tudie- to pull, to drag; to carry; TK tudie-; TD tudie? T tudee- worn out (of shoes); tudee- loaded on a sledge to be transported (of things); tudiee reindeer for transporting sledges with poles; tude- to wear down foot-wear on one side; tudeii reindeer's strap | TK tudinite- to put on straps; tudei: strap; tudein-nona loop of the strap 2485. *tunt/*tuntk T tudea-juoel pr. (a place) 2486. *turT turie- to offend, to persecute ? U *tora 'row, argument' (UEW 531)//Nikolaeva 1988: 249 2487. *tu:ri: T tuurii trousers; TK tuurii; TD turiTU *tre:(-kse) 'boot-top' (EDAL 1447) 2488.*tusq n TK tusqan about

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2489. t u r r it tuttrdej- to finish (INTR) 2490. *tylpT tilbaa- to trample down T tilbale- crushed; pressed; tilbae- flatten out, flat, crushed TU *tilpa- 'to smear, to knead, to squash' (TMS 2 180) 2491. *tyaK tiaydaj- to snatch out, to take off from smb; KD tiahadoi-, tiahadai-, tiahad-; T tiyarej-; TK tiyarej-, tiyaraj-; TD tiarai- to rob tiayaj- to jerk | T tiyad'aa- to take from smb (TR); arare-tinyas- to save one's life I TK tiyas-, tinyas- to take by force 2492. *tywo tibo rain; KK tibo; KD tibo; SD tibo-; T tiwe; TK tiwe; TD //wo; SU tywo; RS tywo; M tiwonei; KL tywo; tiba, -diva; ME typa, -tiva; MU tib; MK -tyw, -tiw tibo- to rain; SD tiboK tiba:- to start raining; KD tiba-; MK twai tiboy- to blink; KK tiboyo-, tiboya-; T tiwaya-; TJ tiwoyosh-; TD tiwohai-, tiwohaT tiwa-yaaiil December; tiwerej- to start raining; tiwen-iee bird which causes rain clouds according to popular belief ? TU *tgde 'rain', *tK- 'to fall' (EDAL 1442) 2493. *u:-/*o:K uj- to roast, to fry; SD uj-; T uo-; TK uo-; TD uoK u:ni: roasting spit; KK u:ni:; KJ u:ni, uini; KD u.ni; SD upi [rect. uni] TD urai-, u. roci-, uroi- roasting spit 2495. u:aq u:a, u. aq saddle-reindeer Yak. u. aq 'saddle-reindeer' (JRS 449) 2496. *u:TK el-ut'ora- to pass by; TD uireTD u. oral on the way 2497.*u: T uudek always, constantly; immediately; TK udek, uudek

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udo:- accustomed; T urieK udet- to train to do smth; udele:d'e:- to start | T udi- to discover an inherited talent in smb (TR); uudi correctly (not back to front); uudek-uuto die; uure gradually 2498. *u-/*uk- 1 T ugune successfully; right, in the right time; TK ugune; TD ugune, ugune, uguno T ugunege(ne) by the way; ugunegii- to believe smb 2499. *u-/*uk- 2 T ugil' antler fixed to the front part of a child's sledge 2500. ugol' SD ugil coal Rus. ugol 2501. *uuntu:-/*ukuntu:T uguduul loose snow; TK ugudul
4

2502. *ujK uj- to work, to do; KK uj(i)-; KJ ui-, u:j- + to do, to make, to chop; KD ui-; TK -; TD ui-, RS uik, -ujaik; ooil; ME uil ujl work; KD uil guilt; T uji prank, mischief, naughtiness; TK ul'e u:- to move, to budge; to row; to wave (TR); KK u:e-; KJ u:e-\ KD uce-, u:ce- + to nod; T uuse- + to tease, to disturb; TK use-; TJ u.she- to carry away; TD use-, u:se-; SU -uelek, uilol; RS uek u:j- to touch, to move; KK ueraj-, ued'aj-; KD ucerai-, ucarai-; TK userej- to miss (a day) uji:- to move (TR); KJ uji- to bow, to move; to hunt; KD ii-; T - to move, to walk; to get married (of a woman); TJ u:-; TD u:-, uK uu:-, uu:- to move; KK uu-; KJ u. d'i-, u:d'uKK usil', /'/ worker; servant; KJ ui KK ut'i-, usi- to move; TJ ui- to fly away; TD ui- to pass u:j wing; T uje; TK uje-; TJ u.je-; TD uyeK ujo:-, uo:- hard-working | T uuldeid'ie approximately this way; uujl law I TD ui.neye-rekun bird [lit. thing with wings]; u:yan:el-kod'e- butterfly [lit. worm with wings] | TK ujenej-ld'e airplane [lit. boat with wings]; uusie guide; u:si stick with which one stirs the food | ooilgaitsh to distress I ME uilgatsch to distress

442 8 Dictionary

In some forms, usually before a consonant, uj- > u:-. This stem shows back synharmonism, cf. the Inchoative form T u:sa:- and the Perfective ujaj-. 2504. *ukK ukej- to go out; KK ukej-; KJ ukei-, ukoj-, ukoi-\ SD ukej-\ M ka, ukeimabi uki:- to go out, to grow; KJ uki-; KD uki-; RS ukije ukib place for defecation; exit; KJ ukibe-; ? SD unziba- [rect. ukziba-\\ *-ukshimba; ME -uktschimpa East uke beam, sprout; plant; KJ ukoe; SD , -ukoca channel ukt- to drive away, to carry out; KD ukte-, uktec- to squeeze out ukutj- to carry out, to let go away, to drive out; KK ukutej-; KJ ukutei-; KD ukutei- + to strike fire; ? T uktej- to overpower, to manage, to master (TR); ? TK uktej- to win uktd' bedding in a bear's lair made of hay and grass; uko. nu- to grow | RS ukuik to make fire 2505. ukol T ukuollaa- to inject (TR) Rus. ukol 2506. ularyjTK ulareja- to change (INTR) Yak. ularyj- (JRS 433) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2507. *ule- 1 ult- to bind; KK ultes-, RS uletek, uledek uld- to cavil (TR); KK ulde- to finish (TR); KJ ulude-, uledi-; KD uludeK uldo:- bind; KK uldoK ult- to bind; KK ulte--, KJ ulte-, ulete-; KD ulte-, ule.teK ulumu- to end, to finish (INTR); KK ulumu--, KJ ulumu--, KD ulumu-; T uulumu- to grow thin; RS ulmui only; M olmki, olmoi, jlomui + only uldd'- to cavil (INTR); to answer evasively; ulerj- to finish (INTR); ulerjdej- to finish (TR); uli:- to waste; to spend 2508. *ule- 2 uldiu:- filled; KK uldet'i-; KJ uludu:K uldu:- to stick; to choke; KD ulduK ultdej- to fill; KD uletedeiKD ul'ede- filled; uledei-, ulodoi- filled; ul'edec- to fill

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2509. *ul'T ul'uo- torn at the edge 2510. *ul'e ul'eg grass; KK ul'ege, el'ege-; KJ ulege; KD ulega; SD ulega, ulagad-; T ulege; TK ul'ege; TD ulege-, SU ulgcr, RS ulga, -ulega; M ulga tobacco; MC uliga; oolega; ME ulega; MK uljga T ul'igije water-meadow; TK uligiije marshy place ul'eg-ra: stalk of straw [lit. grass tree]; KJ ulegere; T ulege-raal ulege-orq pr. (a place of annual meetings and festivities on St Peter's day) [lit. grass valley] | KD ulege.nd'e made of grass | T ul'egeee place abundant in grass | TD uleged-oie flower [lit. end of grass] 2511. ulehit TK uliyit worker Ev. ulehit 'worker' (TMS 2 266) // Krejnovi 1958: 251 2512.*ulk K ulgul, ilgel urine; KD ulgele; oolgala ulgum pus; KK ulgume; KD ulgume ulgel- to urinate; T ulgele-; TJ ulgelee-; TD ul.galeK ulgnd'i- to foul I TD ulgeleei- to go to urinate 2513. *u:lu: u:lu: woven fish trap set up in spring along a stream 2514. *umT umusej- to close; to shut; TK umusej- to close; to bury T umdii- to keep closed | TK umrit'i- to close ? PE *um- 'to close off or cover' (CED 369) // LR 145 2515. *uml' KJ umle pr. (a man) 2516. *umuj/*imej T umuje pike (Esox lucius); TK umuje; TD umuye-; MK imoje The PY root is most likely to begin with *i- while the initial u- has developed under the influence of the labial -m-. 2517. *un'il7*unil' ? SD uzil almost

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2518. *u:neKD unel, u.nel, unel', u.nel' six-year old elk 2519. *unem unem, unum ear; KK uneme-; KJ uneme; SD unume; T uneme; TK uneme, unume; TJ uneme; TD uneme; SU unma; RS unama; MC inama; BO inmolo; KL unemo; oonmma; ME unoma; MK unjma unem-ludul ear-rings [lit. ear iron]; RS unome-lun; numa-lundul [rect. unuma-lundul\; ME numa-lundol [rect. unuma-lundol] T unemed'-uo ear-ring [lit. ear's child]; TD uneme-o: TD unumud-etoo- deaf; unemed-oie lobe of the ear; unume-titemiel-ord'e kind of moss | TK unemen-, unumen- having big ears 2520. *unmur SD unmur dew 2521. *unT une- slow; blunt; TK une-; TD une- quite T unege INTJ (how slow!); unerke smth blunt | TK uner- to blunt 2522. *untT udit white crane (Grus leucogeranus); TJ u:dil stork (Chisonia alba) 2523. upawan T apawaan fringe of fur at the bottom of a coat Rus. dial, upavan (ESRD 587-588) 2524. *u:r- 1 T uuruo- painted in black T uuruod'e black chamois 2525. *u:r- 2 T uuru- to dip in (of meat being dipped in fat); to leave a herd to fawn (of a reindeer); to steal (TR) 2526. *u:r-/*uraT uraa- to learn, to study; TK -; TJ uro-; TD uraT uraanuj-rukun student [lit. learning thing]; TK ura.nuj T uurul belief; urarid'il reindeer recently trained to pull a sledge; urarid'e

Dictionary

untrained reindeer; urariiie teacher | TK urannime- school; urarii- to teach ? Yak. rn- 'to learn' (TMS 2 23) // Krejnovi 1958: 251; LR 165 2527. urasa KK urasa yurt; T urasaa; TK urasaa Rus. or Yak. urasa 2528. *ur'il uril splinter; KD urile 2529. *u:ri T uuri or 2530. *u:rinc'T uurid'aa- to rock on a swing T uurid'aaje swing; ured'aanube suspended cradle 2531. us ue- hairy; bearded; KK ue-; KJ une-, ueKJ us hair Rus. us 'moustache' 2532. us' u INTJ (a signal for a dog to attack) Rus. u 2533. *u:si: T uusii reddish earth, clay; TK u:si yellow paint for painting a coat T uusiie- coloured red; uusii-mayid'aa man in a reddish fur coat 2534. uspen'e T ispiine orthodox holiday Rus. uspen 'e 2535. *ussu: T ussuu gorge 2536. *uten T utene pr. (a man)

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2537. *uttT utte-gewre- to have a rest; to die [lit. to carry away tiredness]; TD utten-keure-, uttele-kaureT uttej- to get tired; TK uttejT utteluu- tiring; TD uteliT utteline tiring; uttuod'eya INTJ (how tiring!); uttelge INTJ( how tiring!); utte() tiredness 2538. uval ibol rock; KJ ibol + pr. ( a mountain); KD ibol; SD ibion-; T ibal; TK ibal; TD ibol SD iboltogo pr. (a mountain) | T iban-bibayije reeve (Philomachus pugnax); iban-laqil non-rocky face of a range of mountains [lit. rock tail]; iban-salyarii rock [lit. rock tooth]; iban-iremedie swallow [lit. rock bird]; ibad-ussu low place between two hills [lit. rock gorge] | TJ ibonieiji hill Rus. dial, uval (ESRZ 629-630) 2539. *uwT uwaa- to kiss; TK uba:The stem shows back vocalism. 2540. *uwo- ? MO ubo-togo sledge 2541. val bail wave; KD ba:l; SD bal KJ ba.ldaj- to rise in waves | SD baldaj- to rise in waves Rus. val 2542. vardina ba. rd'ina: side lath of a sledge; SD barzyna Rus. dial, vardina (ESRD 152) 2543. vasilij TK wasilij pr. (a man) Rus. vasilij 2544. vdrug KD druk, drug suddenly Rus. vdrug

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2545. ved' KJ bi just, indeed Rus. ved' 2546. vedro T biedere clear sky, good weather Rus. vedro 2547. verit' beri:- to believe; KK bieri-; KD beri-, bieri-; TK bieriKJ biere faith, belief | KD berel'ek right | T wieriie- to believe Rus. verit' 2548. veselit' KD beel'i- merry Rus. veselit' 2549. vezde bejd'e everywhere Rus. vezde 2550. vidno minn, binn it looks like, it seems, apparently; KJ binne Rus. vidno 2551. vilka bilk fork; KD bilka Rus. vilka 2552. vina KD mina, bina fault KD bina.te- to accuse, to blame; bina:de- accused, blamed Rus. vina 2553. vino mino wine; KK minor, KJ bino; KD bino + vodka Rus. vino 2554. vintovka KD mintobka gun Rus. vintovka

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2555. vlast' T bylaas power Rus. vlast' 2556. vorona parna: crow; KK parna, -parne; KJ parana:; KD -parana; SD parana parna:-lebejdi: crowberry [lit. crow berry]; KD parana:-lebeidi; SD parqanadie-lebejdi, parana-lebejdi Rus. vorona 2557. vorotnik KD morotnik, borotnik collar Rus. vorotnik 2558. vosem' M wosemda eighth Rus. vosem' 2559. vovse boj not at all; completely; KK wowt'e; KJ boba forever; KD boue boj-amd- to die [lit. to die completely]; boj-lond- to deprive [lit. to take off completely] Rus. vovse 2560. vprjagat' priagaj- to harness; KJ pregei-; KD pregaiRus. vprjagat' 2561. vrasplox KD repolox suddenly Rus. vrasplox 2562. vremja KK brieme, briema time Rus. vremja 2563. vs-taki T suoteki still, nevertheless Rus. vs taki

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2564. vybirat' KD bibirai- to choose; SD biberaj-, viberajRus. vybirat' 2565. vzad-vperd a:-pere: to and fro Rus. vzad vperd 2566. *wa: T joul-waad-enu pr. (a river) 2567. *wa:-/*waj-/*we:-/*wejK a:- to do; to make; to build; KK a:-; KJ a:-; KD a:-, a-; SD a-, atio-; T wie-; TK wie-; TJ wie-; TD wiye-, wie- + to work; SU at, atei; RS at, M a, aatam; MC -amula; aat, ME ad'k a:n- to pull, to drag (a sledge, a boat); KK a:ne-; KJ a:ne-; KD a:ne-; M anai a.jo:- harnessed (of a dog, a reindeer); KJ a.ejo-, a.nejo-; M aeboi, aeboi, aelwonpa a:i:- to pull; to draw (a bow); KK a.t'i-, at'i-, a:si-; SD aci- to bind, to tie together TK waji- to take out; TD uaii-, waiiK aids- to pull; KK a:de-; KJ a:de-; KD a:de-; T waarej-; TK wa.rej-; TJ worei-, wa.rei- + to take out, to extract; TD warei-, uarai-, uwarai-, wo.rei-, uo. rei- + to take out ? SD anta- to make, to do | T waaj- to hold; to pull | TD wiese- to cause to work The correspondence -a:- ~ T -e:- is irregular. 2568. *waa-/*wooT waaarej- to open the mouth (of an animal) (TR); TJ woa. areiT waaaj- to step over; to open wide (of an animal's mouth) (TR); waitterej- to open smth in one movement U *woa 'dam for catching fish; to catch fish with a dam' (UEW 577-578) For semantics cf. Ost. and Rus. dial, morda 'fish trap'. 2669. *waK ad- firm, strong; KK ad-, KJ ad-; KD ad-, at-; SD ad-; T war-; TK wa:r-, war-; TD uard'e, ward'e, uoru-, woru-; SU ady; RS ataon; KL adyi; addi; ME addy KK aduled- to strengthen (TR); KD adulet-; T warite-; TK wa. rate-

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ade.d'a:- to place one's feet against something for support; KD adiagiaT wariine, warine firm; strong; TK warine; TD warine-orol- to take a firm stand KK adulbe- to get firmer | KD adulbe, adulbel firmness; courage; adimu- to get firmer; adie, adi, adiye firmly; properly | T waralme-, warulmu- to become tight; warae thick parts of a reindeer's skin; ward'e firm, strong; warulwerul strengthening | TD waralwa- to get stronger; waralwar-, uaralwar- to make stronger | TK waratej- to strengthen; waromu- to strengthen 2570. *wa-/*wantT waduomu- to get free time T el-waduolk no free time; el-waduori- to give no rest (TR) 2571. *waa-/*waqKJ ba.yaril pr. (the Yukaghir Betil clan); T wayariil, wayariil', wayirel pr. (an ancient Tundra Yukaghir clan); ancestor, forefather; indigenous, native; TD vahaharil pr. (the Qaaji: clan) T wayane, wayine one's own 2572. *waan/*waqn T wayane gland under the lower jaw 2573. *waar/*waqr T wayare, wayire long pole to which the reindeer's lead is tied; pole to which a trap is fixed 2574. *waj aj again; also, too; KK aj; KJ ai; KD ai; SD aj; T waaj; TK waj, waaj\ TJ war, TD oyi, uai, wai, way, M ai, aji; BO aj, j\ KL aji T waj in soon, immediately; TK waj in too; TJ waj in same aji: yet, still; KK aji; KJ aji + every, each; KD ayi + every, each; SD ajo(i); T waji; TK waji; TJ waji; TD uoyi, woyi, wayi T wajide(k), wajire more 2575. *wa:j ? BO aje mother 2576. *wajl TD uail Siberian white crane

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2577. *wajntij T wajdije strap tightening the two ends of a sledge steering-wheel 2578. *wa:l' a: I' near (PP); KK al\ al, a:; KJ al-; KD al'-; SD al-; T wal' + modal marker (it is better); TK wal'-; TJ ual', uol'; TD ol-, uol, ual'; KL al'daga aa: to (somewhere near), towards (PP); KK al'a, al-, a:-; KJ al'a:; KD al'a:, ale, ? atla, ? atle + before; M alj al'in to (somewhere near), towards (PP); KK -al'in; KJ alin T wal'be friend; TK walbe TJ -wolbi-, -walbe-; TD uolbe-, wolbe-, -wolbieT wal'yare half; collaborator; opponent; TK wal'yare; TD wolhare T wal'daya quite near; walaqad'ii nearest neighbours; i-walienaa- to lie side by side; wal'yarii- to be with smb, to keep smb company (TR); wal'yar part of the world opposite to another; wal'yande one of two; wal'yar- contrary to; wal'yarie- to sit with smb and talk (TR) | TK i-wal'arie- to have smth to do with smb ? U *welje 'brother, friend' (UEW 567-568), S *wj 'half (SW 169) // Nikolaeva 1988: 249; LR 145, 159 2579. *wal-/*wolK alms shaman; KK alme; KJ alme, almo, almuo, alma; KD alma; SD alma; T wolme; TK wolme; TJ wolma, wolme, olma, -uolme; TD olma-, olmo-, wolmo-, wolmumubo-; RS alyma; MC amant- [rect. alman-]; alma; ME alma aldu- to conjure; KK aldu-; KD aluduK aldud'a:- to conjure, to practice magic; to swear; KJ aludud'aK alysdaj- to say invocations (TR) | KJ almo- to be a shaman | KD aluducto swear (TR); almad'e practicing witchcraft | T wolmomaa- to shamanise | TD olman-paipe female shaman FV *wala 'word' (UEW 812) // Nikolaeva 1988: 249 The word shows the rare correspondence -a- ~ T -o- after *w-. In the noun 'shaman' -ms may be a derivational suffix, cf. kne ~ knms 'friend'. 2580. *walaT walitid'aa- stubborn; TK walatad'a:T walaa- to carry along; to become keen on (TR); walitid'i- stubborn 2581. *wal'a/*wol'o T wal'e price; prize, fee; dowry; ransom; TK wale; TD ole-, uole, wole T wal'ite- to pay; TK wal'ite-

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T waluod'e prize; TK wolod'e T waldaa- paid; waluuji- to incite, to inspire; waluujiie match-maker; instigator I TD olite- to pay; woledahan-men- to buy Cf. Chuk. vil (Mudrak 2003: 151) In wale the vowel harmony is irregular, cf. qal-dawe 'bark' where -dawe is from sawa 'skin'. The alternation -a o- is also irregular. 2582. *wal'- ? TD el-wala:n, el-walo:n whirlpool 2583. *wal'qrumT wal'yarumkuruo- nine; TK wal'aumkruo-, wal'yaramkuruo2584. *waltT waldu- blind T waldaa- to become blind 2585. *waluntul-/*woluntulK aldul frog; KJ aludule; KD aludule; SD aludule, aldula, obudula; T waludul lizard; TD oludule, wolodule-; alundala; ME aluntulla The irregular alternation -a- ~ -o- in T. 2586. *waK aid- to deprive of, to do smb out of his share; KD ade-; T wadeT waaa pr. (a man); waaa- to lose, to be deprived of (TR) 2587. *wa-/*woK ad' eye; KK ad'e, and'e; KJ and'e; KD ad'e; SD angza ai:- to look for, to seek; KK at'i-; KJ ai-; KD ai-; SD angci-, angi-, ? aji; T wasi- + to ask, to demand; TK wat'i-, wati- + to ask; TD woi-; RS anik, aniejt; angzsha; ME angtsche; MU ngdscha ad'-epil' upper eye lid, upper eyelashes [lit. eye door]; KD ad'e-capil' ad'd-ajbi: spectacles, glasses [lit. eye shadow]; KK ad'ed-ajbi; KJ ad'ed-aibi; KD ad'ed-aiibi snow-goggles ad'an-orom pupil of an eye [lit. eye man]; KD ad'e-coromo: ad'd-oi: tears [lit. eye water]; KK ad'ed-od'i; SD angzad-oi; angzshan-ondzshi; ME angtschangt-ontschu ad'n-pugulbe: eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; angzsha-bugelbi; ME angtsche-bugelbi ad-ke:l high dry place between two rivers [lit. slot between eyes]; KJ

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ad'e-kel- bridge of the nose; pr. (a river, a mountain); KD ad'e-kelge bridge of the nose ad'-niie:l bridge of the nose [lit. across eyes]; ad'a- to look at; ad'n-emid'gi pupil of an eye [lit. black of an eye]; ad'd-abut internal fat [lit. eye container] | KD ad'ed-alhede lower eyelid; ail inheritance; investigation | T waid'aaje seeker; begger T shows the alternation -a o-. 2588. *wancK azo. - early; KK ad'o-; KJ ad'uo-, ed'uo-; KD ad'o:-; T waruo-; TD uoro-, woro- + niggard; RS aoi; MK ndschon T warajne() early, prematurely; TK warajne early in the morning T warajme early time; waruod'e early morning; waruod'aya INTJ (how early!); warajd'aa very early 2589. *wati: TD uadi, yadi- spoon; SU ady, RS andy; MU ngdi; MK ngdy 2590. *waq aq (sharp) edge, corner; KD axe; T waqe KD aqen- with edges | T waqes- to sharpen; juodin-waqtelek sullenly | ? TD axaho barefooted 2591. *war-/*worK arp- cautious, careful; KJ arpa-; T worpe-; TK worpa-, worpe-; TJ worpe-; TD uarpa-, warpaT worperi- to pasture; TK worperi-; TD uorperi-, uopouri- to nurse arp- to take care of, to warn (TR); KD arpacT ward'e herd; TK wa.rd'e, ward'a T worperie, worperije guard; TD ilen-warpurie: pasture :- careful, cautious | T wareuore- to take care of (TR) | ? TD worulubo-, uorulubo- obstinate Some T forms show the correspondence -a- ~ T -o- after 2592. *waraT waral-itle wolverine (Gulo gulo) 2593. *wa:rT waarail reddish bank willow

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2594. *warwa: T warwaa pr. (a woman) 2595. *wasl' T wasl'uo- quick, prompt, lively; TK wasl'uo-; TD uorsl'oT was l'e adroit; waster- to make smb adroit; waslijaa adroit person; wasl'ejne in a clever way 2596. *watK jotni:- to open (TR); T watnii- to keep opened; T wat(i)ne- widely opened; watnije mouth (of an animal); watiii triangular gores on the back of a fur coat; watil'ii-kuril' tassel of painted pieces of wolf or dog skin sewn on the hip area of a woman's coat | TK watni: trap for small animals j- is unclear. 2597. *wat T el-wate innumerably, many, much 2598. *wa:w T waawee Russian; TK wa.wet'; TJ wawae, wawa, wawe; TD uawae, wawae T waaweekaandie Russian (diminutive); waawa-pime bed-bug [lit. Russian louse]; waawa-oojo knife used for eating [lit. Russian knife]; waaweed-aruui- to try to speak Russian | TD uawa-ind'i Russian thread; uawa-tite, wawa-tite in Russian 2599. *weyK ege:- to lead by hand (TR); KD egie- to carry; T wegie- to lead; to carry; TK wegie-; TJ wogie-; TD wogie-, wogiyeT wegii loaded caravan; TK wegi:, wegie ege.d' bridle rein; KJ egied'e T wegiid-ile draught reindeer [lit. caravan reindeer]; wegiin-pegiese draught reindeer that walks after the caravan and leads the herd [lit. caravan leader] | TD wogiyese- to cause to lead | TK wegiet'e person who leads the caravan FU *wiye- 'to carry, to take away' (UEW 573) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; Nikolaeva 1988: 249-250 The consonant *-y- (rather than *-k-) is reconstructed on the basis of the comparison with FU.

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2600. *wejT wej- to turn; to move T jaqlaaq-wejse- to spoil; sisqa-wejse- to set out at a gallop 2601. *wejbK ejlo:-, ejl'o:- wide, broad; KK ejlo-\ KJ ejlo-\ KD eil'o-; T wejluo-; TK wejlo-, wejluo--, TD ueilo-, weiloK ejlumu- to widen (INTR); KK ejlomu-; KJ ejlumu--, T wejlumu-; TK wejlomuT wejler- to widen, to broaden (TR); TK wejl'er-, wejluor-, wejlerKK ejlu width, breadth; TK wejlu: space, expanse ejl- to broaden (TR) | KK ejlee-, ejled'e- to broaden (TR); ejleie width, breadth | TK wejluorire widely 2602. *wejn ? MO weinog fish 2603. *weleK eleji:-, eli:- to carry; KK eliji-; KJ eleji-; KD el'eyi-, eleyi-, ileyi--, T wel'ito lift; TK wel'i- to carry on the back, shoulders; TD uoli-, woli-; ellyik, ME ellegik [rect. elleyik] el(i)t- to hook; KK el'ite(t')- to load; KJ elete- to lift; T welte- to hang (TR); TK welte- to hang; TD welteT weldid'ie, weldid'ieje gallows-pole; TK weldid'ieje scales T welie- to hang by, to keep hung (TR); TK welie- to catch on KJ elibe dot; T wel'ibe saddle; TK weibe; TD olibe, uolibe, wolibe-, RS ellbgi dowry TK wel'ire- to load; TD uolire-, wolireT eluoji- to carry, to move; TK eluoji- to carry water; TD elo.yi-, el'oi-, eloyiKK el'il pack; KD el'il, T wel'iI saddle-bag; TK wel'il burden; TD uolil, wolil, wolil' + node elo:- hooked; elo.j stick for driving a sledge | T wel'ie bag-pack; wel'ibed-eguojibe stirrup; waluolme-waluo-, waluolme-lajnu- to fight fearlessly almost hanging onto the enemy; weluo- to hang; weldiij- to hang by; weld'ii place where things for winter are left in spring; weldinuberaal poles for hanging clothes on; ? eluojid'iee driver | TD olibec-, uolibec-, wolibec- to saddle; woliye- to hang; woldid'e- to lead; uolibed'ed-ile, wolibed'ed-ile saddled reindeer | TK wel'ie- to load on the back; welt: handle of a kettle

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? FU *wolka 'shoulder' (UEW 581) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250 It is unclear why some T forms do not have the initial w-. 2604. *welep-/*wolop- ? MO welopgos red 2605. *wen'T wenke passion, inspiration, enthusiasm T wenke- not meant to live long; wenkend'e-rukun promising; wed'ie poor fellow 2606. *went je:n/je:d another, the other; KK jen; KJ jen, jed; KD (y)en, yed; SD jan-; T wien; TK wien, wiell'e-; TJ wie-; TD wie-; M enT wiedede otherwise; TK wiede je.dgud to the other side; KJ jedegude in another place; M eduguda outside jl-gng last year [lit. another year]; jel-g:ld'e: one-year old reindeer calf; jel-gll'-mejlid' two-year old elk | T wied'ie slightly different; (i-)wied'eban- different, unlike; wienie, wiell'e another; wiede() otherwise | TD wie-ad'u: echo [lit. another sound] In the initial j- is secondary: *e:nt > *ient > *je:nt. 2607. *wentaT wedegerej- to lay out; TD uodagerei-, wodagerei- to stretch out, to reach out T wedegej- to stretch out; to extend, to expand (INTR); TK wedegej- to stretch oneself up T wennii- to keep stretched; wenne- stretched, unbent; ? wedekej pr. (a man) FU *wene- 'to stretch out, to expand' (UEW 819) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250; LR 145 In PY -t- may be a transitivizing affix. 2608. *we:rT wierid'ie prickle; TK wierid'ieje T wieruu- wounded by being pricked by smth; wierid'iejend'e-burie kind of eglantine; ? wierid'ie INTJ (disapproving disorder, scattered things) 2609. *werwT werwe- strong; TK werwe-; TJ worwe-; TD worweT werwe strength; werwege INTJ (how strong!); werwejne() strongly;

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werwijie strong person, hero; werwii- to tie fast together; werwe-pelielek with all one's strength; werwen-uktejlek with all one's strength | TK werwelek by force; werwije athlete 2610. *we:taK je.t- to untie, to undo; KJ jete-, ete-, jeted'e-; KD yete-, yedu-, jete-; T wiete-; TK wiete-; TJ wiete-; TD wieteKJ jedo:- unbraided (of hair); jedie- to untie | T wierii- to untie | TJ wietod'e hairy In the initial j- is secondary: *e:t- > iet- > je.t-. 2611. *wo-/*woqT wauo- stingy; TK woo-, woyo:T wauod'aa INTJ (how stingy!) 2612. *woo T waya face; TK waya T wayadiilie kerchief; cloths, rags; TK wayadilil fabric; collar; TJ wayadi-, weyadil-; TD wahadilleT waya-d'umul section of an antler which bulges forward [lit. top of the head]; waya-monqaa, woyo-monqaa pr. (a woman); a night bird of the owl family; wayatej- to direct reindeer; wayad'iirte- to bridle; wayadiir halter; waadiilie-ugured-uul socks; wayadel'il collar of a fur coat; waya-monqaa night bird, kind of owl [lit. face hill]; pr. (woman); wayadiilien-sisad'uol pieces of cloth j TD waha-relwari fangs [lit. face teeth] | MO woggo-wogo forehead [lit. face of the face]; wogo-andy head 2613. *wojoK oj- to stream; TD ua-, waK ojl\ oj stream, current; KJ oil, oilie-; KD oil'; T waajl; TK waji ojn- fast (of a stream); TD woie-, uoie-, uaine-, uoine-, woine- + to flow; RS oinei; KL ojnej wajdije spurt; wajyuol log brought from upstream; waj(a)ya- to flow, to stream; wajayije stream | TJ waiyai- to float downstream ? P *vij- 'to flow' (KESK 59) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250 2614. *wo:l- ? TD wola- to force

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2615. *wol'-/*wolj- 1 T wald'id'e low place between two hills overgrown with grass and willows and with traces of a dried stream; TK wald'id'e2616. *wol'-/*wolj- 2 T wald'uu- sour; TK wald'ij-, TD wold'i T wald'aaqaa- to turn sour; to sting (eyes); wald'ie-rukun wine; wald'aya INTJ (how bitter! how sour!) 2617. *wol'i- ? MC olcin joy; MO woldik to laugh 2618. *wonK ou: thin root used as a thread for fastening boats; KK ozu:\ KD od'u; T waruluu root; TK warulu; RS ool U *wacV/*wanV1 root' (UEW 548-549) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; HUV 158; UJN 125; FUV 83; UEW 548; Nikolaeva 1988: 249; LR 147 2619. *wonor onor tongue; KK onor, ono.r, KJ onor, SD onoc [rect. onor]\ T wanar + talk, gossip; uvula; TK waner, TD wonor, uonor; SU onor, -odora [rect. -onora]; RS onor, MO geinerr, wener-, KL opor [rect. onor], onor, -onarr, onnr, -narara [rect. -anara]; ME onnod'r, -nonara [rect. -onara]\ MK nor KD onore- to lie; SU onornei, RS onornei onorbo:- to gossip | KD onoreypec- to gossip about (TR) | T wanargi-libaa- chatty [lit. his tongue is shaking] | TD onnor-parhac- to joke, to jest 2620. *wontK odul Yukaghir; KK odul, KJ odul, KD odul, SD odul, T wadul, odul, TK wadul; TJ odul\ TD odul, wodu-, uodu-, -wodul Tungus; RS odul, odn; M odod-, odlgat, odlpagat, adlin, odlpa, odle, odlpae, odlpala, odla, odl, odndle, odndlepul, odun-; MC ondyn-; odK odun-al, on-a: larch [lit. Yukaghir tree]; KK on-ra:, on-dar, KJ on-da, KD on-a; SU odun-d'a; RS odun-a\ ond-zsha odul-lebeidi: blueberry [lit. Yukaghir berry]; KD odun-lebejdi; SD odul-lebejdi odun-num yurt [lit. Yukaghir house]; SD adun-nume; SU odun-numa odul-loil northern lights [lit. Yukaghir fire] | T wadul-laame Yukaghir dog (a black dog with whitish eyes)

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2521. *wonturK oduri-, duri- to fuss; to do unwillingly, negligently (INTR); KD odurto stand firm; T waduri- to make an effort, to try; to do well; TK wadurt'i-; TD woduri- to stand firm T waduruore- to begin working carefully; waduduolaa- to attempt (INTR) I TD odurore- to do one's best The alternation - ~ - in is irregular. 2622. *wotom ? MO wotomtinei-ciezem clever MO wotom-taloze wind 2623. xleb T kiiep bread; TK kil'eb Rus. xleb 2624. xolm TK kolma pr. (a place) Rus. xolm 'hill' 2625. xolop KD xolop jack (in card play) Rus. xolop 'servant' 2626. xoronit' qoroni:- to bury Rus. xoronit' 2627. xot' ku-, ki- although; free-choice pronominal marker; KK ku; KD kus-, ku + piece Rus. xot' 2628. xranit' KK qarani- to keep, to preserve Rus. xranit' 2629. xristos kyto.s Jesus Christ; KJ krito; KD iu-xrito Rus. xristos

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2630. xvalit' qoli:- to praise Rus. xvalit' 2631. *y T y, ya, ypy INTJ 2632.*y: T iuo- to see, to look; to watch; TK it'uo-, TJ iuoT iie, iian, ieen seer, prophet; iuok INTJ (look!) | TK it'uore- to see; to stare TU *ie- ' to see' (EDAL 579) or U *o'a- 'to see' (UEW 334) // Krejnovi 1958: 248 (~Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 ( ~ T U ) 2633. *yK jayil edge, border; riverbank; KK //7, jeyil, ayil\ KJ //7, //'-; KD ihil; SD igil, igi-, -iegil, -jagul; T eyal, ayil; TK ayil, eyal; RS igil; MC egeagi; ighil; ME jehyll jayid- to cut out (also while sewing); KK jeyite-, jeyidaj-; KJ iyide-; KD ihide-, ihite-; T ayare-, TK ayarejK jayil-a:- to wave [lit. to make an edge]; KJ iyila:-; KD ihila:K jayil'- to lean against | T ayaduol', ayaduol, eyaduol' bank of a lake where a boat and nets are placed to dry | TK ayat'i- to cut skins (several times) 2634. *y-/*yq- 1 KJ iyaj- to push; T ayai- to touch; to visit for a short time ? NT *a:g- 'to moor to' (TMS 111) 2635. *y-/*yq- 2 T jayul', ayul', /'mud; dirt; sludge; TK eyul, eyul' sweat; dirt 2636. *yamp/*yqmp T eyabe waist; TK eyabe bones of the back between the shoulder-blades; TD ehaba 2637. *yl'K il'(l')aj-, il'(l')a:- to rip up; to open, to undo; KJ illa:j-, illej-; KD il'aiKD il'ailuol line 2638. *ymoK ima:- to get into a boat, to mount a horse or a reindeer; KK ima-, ima:-;

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KJ ima-, KD ima:K imol trained saddle-reindeer; KJ imol, KD imol, RS ymol imd- to make smb sit in a boat, in a saddle; KK imdo-, KJ imdo-\ KD imdoK imo- to sit in a boat, in a saddle; KJ imo-\ KD imoK ime:- to keep loaded (of a sledge); KK imieK imod- to pack on a sledge | KD imoro- trained (of a reindeer) | ? SD imgot- to mount ? U *amV- 'to sit' (UEW 8-9) // Bouda 1940: 73; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rdei 1999: 34; LR 146 2639. *ynab-/*ynampK inabli:- to hate 2640. *ynulw/*ynulp iulb tiredness; KK id'ielbe\ KD id'ulbe iulb- to get tired; KK iilbe-; KJ idilbe-, id'ilbe-, id'ulbe--, KD id'ilbe-, SD izilbe-; RS iilwo, M id'lwoi iulb-kud- to have a rest [lit. to throw tiredness] | KK id'iled- to make smb tired | ? MO unko-loudok lazy 2641. *yer ier pit, hole; KK ier, KJ ier, KD ier, inghis grave; ME inger grave iert- to dig; KK ierte-, KJ ierte-, KD ierteK ied-oi: pool [lit. pit water]; KJ ier-od'i TU *saa(r) (TMS 2 62) // Krejnovi 1958: 248 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988:
181

2642. *ynt T idaraa later, after; then; TD idera; indada + time; ME indada + time T idaraane() in future; TJ idera. ne T idaraa(a) next year; TK ideraa T ide later; idene later 2643. *ypoll KJ ipollo pr. (a man in folklore); SD ippilo 2644. *yqK aqil'o:-, jaqil'o-, iq(i)l'o:- squint, skew-eyed; KD ixil'o:- + short-sighted aqim aside; KJ a. qim in different directions; SD agim aqim-l'- to pull aside; aqim-qon- to go alongside (TR); aqim-kebej- to go

462 8 Dictionary

alongside; to die; aqim-porqo:- crooked; iql'imu- to become squint-eyed | KD aximod'e-onmuney one-horned [lit. with antlers being aside] | T oqol'e half; oqol'ed-ooj bag in which accessories used by a shaman are kept [lit. half bag]; oqol'uu pr. (a lake) 2645. *yraT iraal light brown reindeer; TK iraal T irul biggest wild reindeer ? NT *ire 'male elk; wild reindeer; smoked reindeer skin' (TMS 1 328) 2646. *yral'T iral'al- heavy; TK iral'a(l')T irel'emu- to become heavy; iral'ad'aya(-ji:) INTJ (how iral'ad'aane however difficult it is | TK irel'er- to make heavier 2647. *ytaln ? MC italon soldier ? Chuk. itl'n 'being, real, existing' // Tailleur 1962: 85 2648. ytara ytarpki pincers Yak. ytara, ytyra (TMS 1 333) 2649. *ytyma:q T itimaaq pole for fixing a net under the ice in winter The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 2650. *ywor ibor, ebir, ibir wart, freckles, eruption; KK iber; KD iber Cf. Ost. (Obdorsk) jewr 'skin disease' 2651. adnyj ado.o:- greedy, stingy Rus. adnyj 2652. zamok TD somok-iridibe cock of a gun Rus. zamok

heavy!);

Dictionary

463 5

2653. zaplatka alk- to patch Rus. zaplatka 2654. zavedujuij T sewiedissej manager Rus. zavedujuij 2655. zdorowo doro. b hello; KJ dorobo\ KD dorobe; T daraawa- to greet dorobostaj- to greet; doro. boldaj- to greet Rus. zdorovo 2656. zelnyj cTelonoo-; KD d'el'onoo- green Rus. zelnyj 2657. elna olna: woodpecker; KK olna; KD colna:, colna Rus. dial, elna 2658. rebij d'ereb lot, fortune-telling; KK d'erebe\ KJ d'erebe; KD d'erebo, d'erubo, d'erabo; T sierewej Rus. rebij 2659. urnal T surunaal magazine Rus. urnal

Index of meanings

abate 33, 669, 1634 abdomen 461 able 1862,2170 about 2488 above 1911 abruptly 1129 abscess 707 absent 418 absolutely 307 abuse 17,217 accident 45 accidentally 310 accompany 2065, 2240 according 1223 accurate 20, 713, 1643 accuse 2552 accustomed 1069,2497 ache 707, 1423,2238 across 2 5 7 , 3 0 0 , 4 1 5 , 2 1 2 4 add 309 address 467, 1722 adopt 1080 adroit 115, 223,2223,2331, 2595 adult 1247 advise 358,2326 adze 2043,2408 affection 728 afraid 425,466, 575, 646 after 33, 63, 673, 704, 981, 990, 1690,2366 again 323,2574 against 1340, 1713,2405 age 1052,1393,2329 aggressive 575 ago 297,436, 673, 2366, 2411, 2470 agree 1769 agreeable 1350 agreement 1392 aim 2389 air 13, 561, 778, 1786

airplane 8,2502 ajar 1360, 1564 alarm 78,460 alcoholic 1014 alien 701, 1642,2340 alike 1651 alive 463 all 184,289,316,663,1297 allow 596 almost 1255, 1826,2517 alone 579 along 290, 1223 alongside 2644 aloof 1794 aloud 2060 already 297, 1294 also 1004 although 2366,2627 always 112, 297, 960, 1374, 1416, 1541, 1623, 1693, 2027, 2497 amaze 1146 amber 786 Amen 60 American 59 amuse 956, 1071, 1420 amusement 1069 ancestor 778,924, 1749,2571 ancient 297, 1642, 2366 and 415,540,2366 anew 1233 angle 356 angry 667,712, 1594 anguish 460 animal 13,463 animate 463 ankle 216 another 585,2606 answer 64, 406,486 ant 506

466

Index of meanings attempt 2620 attentive 473, 1670 August I t 18 aunt 313,51 1,644, 1452, 1722 autumn 722,996, 1014, 1344, 1358, 1463,2000, 2063 avoid 247,2106,2218,2413 awake 559, 1195 awful 554 awl 1124 axe 635, 693, 962, 1548, 2023 baby 135,1799,2021 bachelor 99 back 213, 222, 314, 704, 730, 981, 1061, 1340, 1380, 1386, 1593, 1781, 1783, 1996, 2636 background 124 backwards 470,981 bad 218,485,592,707, 1378, 2079 bag 4, 266,580, 628,932, 1148, 1292, 1331, 1393, 1459, 1549, 1651,2009, 2603,2644 bag-pack 2603 bald 436, 1849, 1968 ball 1118, 1280 band 1035,1061 bandage 1796, 1804 bandolier 1932 bar 1707, 1757,2124 bare 112,436,947, 1066, 1428, 2173 barefooted 112,2590 bareheaded 112 bark 5, 620, 873, 982, 1594, 1860, 1982,2118, 2332 barn 5 8 , 8 9 4 , 9 8 6 , 2 1 6 0 barrel 169 barrier 1614 basin 2388 basis 1632, 1749 basket 1370, 1798,2475 bastard 1015 bath 1912

antler 68, 112, 200, 1055, 1230, 1437, 1492, 1668, 2499, 2612 anus 1002 anvil 877, 1066, 1352 aorta 313 apart 585, 1058 apparently 2550 appear 679,959 appearance 1312,2039 appendix 2258 appointment 1393 approach 1004, 1018 approval 296 approve 2366 approximate 2502 April 160,297 apron 1405, 1459, 1538 arbalest 18,286,632, 1921 arch 399, 1370 argument 560, 1393 arm 1305,1551,1785,2445 armful 1551 arm-pit 2011,2068 amulet 1683 around 706, 1147, 1781, 1783 arrow 74, 141, 232, 336, 491, 698,962, 1119, 1279, 1497, 1593, 1921 arrow-head 605 artery 249,463 as 1419,2050,2366 as if 178, 1267 ash 875,891, 1070, 1511,2180 ashamed 1645, 1993 aside 1781,1794,2123,2124,2644 ask 254, 459, 727, 959, 1008, 1392, 1665,2587 askance 1123 askew 1123 asleep 140,1142 ass 695 assistant 1480, 1857 athlete 2609 attack 404,417,850, 1098, 1393, 1911

Index of meanings47] bathe 653 bay 1666 be 418, 1018, 1719, 1862 beads 161,645,901 beak 714 beam 283, 1170, 1249, 1897,2504 bear 112, 422, 575, 784, 1193, 1237, 1772, 1977, 2359 beard 74, 1543, 1913,2531 beat 18, 313, 346, 408, 805, 1066, 1428, 1726, 1735, 1948, 2218,2270 beater 1997 beautiful 255,728, 1 101, 1388, 1528, 2223 beaver 168 because 49, 112 become 924, 1537 bed 140,290, 1485, 1710, 1871 bedding 273,2217,2504 bee 2135 beetle 326, 689, 1063 before 95,773, 1541,2027,2366, 2411,2578 befriend 96 beg 459, 1392, 1679 beggar 617,2587 begin 924, 1342,2226 beginning 839,924 behave 1537 behind 669,704,981, 1783,2413 belief 2526 believe 1719,2498,2547 bell 1087,2062 bellows 1944 belly 1061, 1242 beloved 1071 below 33 belt 68, 100, 542, 546, 691, 880, 1459, 1472, 1484, 1493, 1840, 2398 bench 1572,2122 bend 227, 530, 1006, 1123, 1439, 1752, 1798, 1843, 1892, 1976, 2076, 2300 beneath 1016 bequeath 1698 berry 929, 1047, 1600, 1721, 1942, 2046 berry: Arctic bramble 1118, 1780 berry: bilberry 774, 993, 1363 berry: blueberry 2059, 2620 berry: cloudberry 313, 1141, 1525 berry: cowberry 774 berry: cranberry 774, 955 berry: crowberry 770, 2459, 2556 berry: currants 312, 1113,2015, 2252 berry: raspberry 2254 beside 124 besom 598 best 1350,2621 betray 81 better 1201, 1643,2031 between 768, 1393, 1651 big 212,313, 1086, 1366, 1869 bile 1455 bind 2507 bird 69, 288, 1118, 1277, 1512, 1805, 1998, 2048, 2492, 2502, 2612 bird: Baikal teal 1118, 1694, 1817 bird: bullfinch 201, 405, 1388 bird: capercaillie 1866,1895 bird: common golden-eye 1936 bird: common merganser 1744,2135 bird: common woodcock 941 bird: cormorant 1554 bird: crow 1118,2556 bird: cuckoo 929, 933 bird: duck 82, 1491, 1512, 1659, 1691,1998,2166 bird: eagle 241, 1808, 1998, 2129 bird: European wigeon 1019 bird: falcon 79, 1118, 1911 bird: falconet 2129 bird: godwit 306 bird: goldfinch 79 bird: goose 332, 489, 793, 996, 1118, 1355, 1492, 1577,

468

Index of meanings blacksmith 968 bladder 1921 blade 300 blame 17, 64 blank 1459 blanket 140,709,986,2070,2341 bleed 64, 1040 blend 1250 bless 64, 163, 164, 172, 1601, 1684 blind 668,2295, 2584 blink 28, 694, 2492 blister 1780 blood 249, 553, 1040, 1077, 1231 blow 359, 512, 1064, 1917, 1921 blue 944, 1128, 1498,2059 blunt 436, 1752,2521 blurt 1789 blush 1363 boa 1393 board 391, 787, 1388, 1448, 1726, 2137, 2329, 2349 boast 794 boat 71,431,757, 1338, 1615, 1740, 1795,2042 body 3 4 1 , 4 1 8 , 6 2 3 , 8 9 1 , 9 7 6 , 1 2 5 3 , 2341,2392 boil 671, 1083, 1743, 1877, 1946, 2045 boiler 295 bond 697 bone 53, 216, 436, 1188, 1605, 1627, 1668, 1770, 2300, 2378, 2636 book 848 boot 24, 280, 496, 547,653,938, 1085, 1323, 1592, 2012, 2162, 2183 bore 1124 bored 782, 1091 borer 2347 boring 436, 447, 474, 572, 782, 890, 2039 born 694, 1197, 1577, 1853 bosom 1253 boss 1029

bird: grouse 449, 1895, 2166 bird: grebe 491 bird: gull 198,1164,2095 bird: hawk 300, 312, 1949, 1758, 2118,2129,2137 bird: hazel-hen 292 bird: jaeger 1955 bird: kite 239 bird: lark 282, 1047 bird: loon 645, 1486. 1974,2280 bird: northern pintail 1492 bird: northern shoveler 1001 bird: nutcracker 2271 bird: owl 300, 617, 1049, 1070, 131 1, 1336, 1512,2157, 2612 bird: pochard 1738,2067 bird: raven 313,2046 bird: reeve 1393,1741,2538 bird: scoter 335, 1013,2135 bird: Siberian jay 931, 1002 bird: snipe 282, 1118, 1525, 2242 bird: snow-bunting 541 bird: stork 2522 bird: swallow 2307 bird: swan 313, 1492 bird: tern 1340 bird: turnstone 721 bird: white crane 955, 2522, 2576 bird: white owl 1949 bird: white wagtail 649 bird: willow ptarmigan 745,991, 1340, 1490 bird: wood sandpiper 2427 bird: woodpecker 2657 bird: yellow-breasted bunting 1370 birth 891, 1577,2483 birthmark 449,2459 biscuit 1763 bit 436 bitch 1249, 1641 bite 798, 1019, 1307, 1413, 1423, 2430 black 449, 1689,2265,2459,2524 blacken 2459 blackness 449

Index of meanings47] both 415, 1146, 1147, 1393 bottle 185 bottom 33, 114,387, 1002, 1749 bough 273 bow 120, 141, 421, 1093, 1119, 1334, 1340, 1497, 2076 bowels 1047 bowl 228,229,2303 bow-string 2338 box 658,1806 boy 855 bracelet 999, 1551 brag 855 braid 1153 brain 135,689,1153 brake 798,2261 branch 273,491,2217 brave 436, 1029 bread 1112,2623 break 199, 300, 798, 858, 1038, 1927, 2068, 2270, 2361 breakfast 1666 breast 614, 1188, 1459,2242 breastbone 2242 breast-feed 614 breath 13, 1112, 1443 breathe 13,217,436, 1963 bride 2316 bridegroom 1772,1876,2006 bride-price 1160,1722 bridge 1839,2587 bridle 1833,2335,2612 bright 1860 brim 1896 bring 772, 806, 910, 1004, 1707, 1783,2258 bring up 1080 brittle 858 broad 787 broaden 787,2601 brook 574,2228 broom 801 broth 614 brother 29, 96, 189, 2 1 2 , 313, 403,430, 855, 1337, 1393, 1536, 1977, 2037 brother-in-law 780, 1337, 1831, 1930, 2350 brown 202, 2265 brushwood 875, 1070, 1520,2217 bubble 1921 bucket 1014 bud 1370,1819 budge 1526 bug 2598 build 2567 bulge 1010,1735,2118 bullet 1932 bump 686,2146 bunch 2269 bundle 697, 1481 burden 1839,2603 burn 476, 1043, 1616, 1791, 1986, 2275 burst 741, 779, 1099, 1322, 1522, 1605,1948,2045,2270,2361 bury 892,894,2514,2626 bush 1010 busy 2327 but 373,2366 butt 300, 1503, 1548, 1668 butter 1168 butterfly 125, 389, 467, 2026, 2173, 2502 buttocks 1002, 1061, 1378 button 720, 1707, 1747 butt-stock 981 buy 1393,1872,2380,2581 buzz 1279, 1311 by 684 cackle 48 cake 1039 calendar 199 calf 280, 603 call 406, 1392,2375 callous 1947 calm 330,436,817,997, 1069, 1634, 2304, 2437 calm down 26

470

Index of meanings champ 234, 1256, 1362, 1887 chance 2473 change 924, 1573, 1580, 1795,2054, 2506 channel 1605,1655,1919,2504 character 1701 charge 1213 chase 850,2451 chat 1256 chatter 925, 1751, 1877,2176,2329 chatty 1751,2619 check 694, 839 cheek 1319, 1767, 1841,2087 cheek-bone 1878 cheerful 199,253,436 chess 2178 chest 1364,2118 chew 798,1319 chief 689 chieftain 87 child 442, 514, 981, 1118, 1268, 1459, 1552, 1577, 1851 chilly 2054 chimney 2426 chin 216,275, 1340, 1543 chip 798, 1038, 1070, 1612,2181 chipmunk 348 chirp 321 chock 2118 choke 224, 841, 1221, 1260,2107, 2481,2508 choose 2298,2564 chop 693, 877 Chukchi 350,436, 1771 church 2048 churn 1330 Chuvan 2265 cinema 834 circle 340, 1620, 1781,2144 city 1462,2332 claw 53,993 clay 525, 1388, 1661,2091 clean 289, 806, 1471, 1774 clear 436,2066,2174 clearing 436

camp 981, 1142, 1666, 1716,2313 candle 859, 1023 candlestick 1023 candy 883 canyon 980 cap 700 cape 2172 capricious 194 car 1166 caravan 1333,2599 cards 759 care 210, 301,349, 1185, 1643, 1879, 2329, 2591 careful 441,463, 1617,2591 careless 1175, 1177,2386 caress 728,2212 carpenter 2118 carry 300, 806, 1014, 1071, 1197, 1288, 1321, 1839, 1844, 1870, 2065, 2185, 2340, 2502, 2504, 2580, 2599, 2603 cartilage 1926 cartridge 1213 cash-box 1872 cashier 1872 castrate 1075,1379,2270 catch 166,290,337,340, 417, 546, 1109, 1493, 1508, 2198, 2454, 2603 caterpillar 878 cattle 2247 cauldron 174.327,1122,1618 cause 90 caviar 1459 cavil 2507 cavity 2068 ceiling 689, 1450 cell 2138 cellar 1836, 1957,2268 censure 67 central 1705 chain-mail 295 chair 2122 chamois 778, 1340, 1450, 1500, 1719,2293,2524

Index of meanings cleft 1117 clerk 2296 clever 358, 1314,2595,2622 climb 1290,1911 cling 1137 close 21,28, 242, 321, 436, 1145, 1225, 1439, 2261, 2431, 2467, 2481,2514 clot 2434 cloth 229, 1364, 1405, 1451, 1459, 1538, 1722, 2612 clothes 483, 1424,2329,2406 cloud 436, 449, 1399, 1666, 2018, 2173,2329 clumsy 2394 clutch 569,953 coal 1396,1986,2500 coat 140, 281,496, 587,606, 804, 808, 812, 955, 967, 1137, 1246, 1381, 1579, 1911, 2061, 2148, 2173,2533 cock 286,2158,2652 cockle 167 cockroach 2382 coffin 1 17, 707, 1552, 1572, 2118, 2160 coil 2106,2124,2155 cold 2 2 1 , 2 4 5 , 4 3 6 , 2 0 0 0 , 2 4 7 4 collaborator 2578 collar 470,2211,2557,2612 collar-bow 1364 collect 111,713, 1651 colour 674, 1640,1860,2213,2296, 2341 column 1386 comb 97, 1153,2164 come 778, 1004 comfort 1069 commerce 2380 companion 784 company 784,2578 compete 1393 competition 1071, 1393, 1562 complain 96, 1340 complete 2446

47 ]

completely 175, 179, 663,2081, 2559 concave 906, 1798 condescension 485 confess 2118 confuse 1250 confusion 138 conjure 64, 2579 consciousness 13,1670,2329 console 2283 constellation 1707 constipation 2467 consult 2326 container 135,945,2035 content 2471,2483 contradict 1340 contrary 1862,2578 control 2474 conversation 64 convex 1780 cook 1192, 1743,1946 cool 245,548,2000 coolness 2054 copper 1176, 1524 coquettish 1221 cord 216, 1263 corner 321, 1822, 2318 correct 1643,2497 Cossack 762 cough 668, 1127 count 358 courage 2569 cousin 29, 139, 189,313,403, 432, 450, 482, 511, 595, 644, 855, 1452, 1536, 1722, 1930,2037 cover 140, 315, 894, 963, 986, 995, 1221, 1493, 1854, 2018, 2158, 2217, 2467, 2481 covering 598, 1450,2158,2415 cow 902 coward 991 crack 652, 877, 1124, 1522,1635, 1649,2146,2176, 2361 cradle 135,1577,1803,2530 craft 223, 1849

472

Index of meanings dance 570, 1095 dandruff 1138, 1246 dangerous 596, 1185, 1987 dangle 801, 1025, 1034 dare 1643,2250 dark 284,449, 1398 darken 449 darling 433, 777, 1421 dart 1341,2397 dash 217,417, 1860,2480 daughter 1160, 1337, 1722 dawn 199 day 199, 578, 944, 1226, 1534, 1860 daze 2203 deaf 436, 2519 dear 728 death 13,54,707 debt 2329,2380 decay 297 deceive 17,714,825,2019 December 1386,1707,2492 decorate 206,475 decoration 1188,1459,2029 decrease 2047 decrepit 297, 1100 deep 240, 325, 608, 2434 defeat 773,2060 defecate 465, 1282, 1927, 1967 defecation 2504 defend 210, 1987 delay 436, 2032 deliver 1577 demon 828 den 135 dense 1924,2434 depend 546 deprive 2559,2586 depth 240 derision 958 descendant 1478 design 2474 desire 1679,2439 desk 1454 despair 217 destroy 316, 1565,2021

craftsman 223 crash 2146 crave 217 crawl 1799 cream 614 cripple 1633,2270 crook 622, 1123, 1526, 1892,2438, 2644 crop 2013 cross 300,424,915, 1340 cross-bar 565 crowd 267, 1540, 2269 crown 2118 cruel 1765 crumb 798,917 crumble 798,917, 1058 crumple 2261 crunch 1520 crush 798,2286,2490 crust 1113,2239,2346 crutches 907 cry 64, 617, 732, 745, 1626, 1696, 2047 cub 1014 culture 942 cunning 737, 1295 cup 228,229, 1911,2118 cupboard 77 curdle 1952 cure 457,971, 1643 curl 1526,2269 curtain 1441, 1500 curve 227, 357, 862, 1485, 1798, 1970 custom 583, 1240, 1749 customer 1393 cut 62, 283, 300, 309, 682, 693, 877, 1070, 1309, 1313, 1322, 1624, 2118, 2361,2633 dairy 614 dam 2385 damnation 485 damp 1658, 1681 dampness 455

Index of meanings47] deteriorate 1378 devil 436, 694, 712, 770, 929, 1367 dew 1117,1658,2520 diaphragm 37,2242 diarrhoea 1845 die 1 3 , 5 4 , 2 8 7 , 3 1 6 , 4 1 8 , 7 0 7 , 1 2 5 2 , 1415, 1807, 2196, 2497, 2537, 2559,2644 different 585, 1467, 1495, 1566, 2606, 2644 difficult 1100,1879,2646 difficulty 217, 1308 dig 908,2025,2043,2641 digestive 62 dignity 1824 diligent 20, 1528 diminish 188,1415 dip 1172,1743,2525 direct 1783,2612 direction 436,662, 1371,2366 directly 577 dirt 949, 1697,2635 dirty 2 1 5 , 9 4 9 , 1 1 0 4 , 1 3 6 1 , 2 4 0 3 disappear 62,211,418,438, 1996 disappoint 47 disapprove 1126 disarrange 998 discover 2497 disdain 485 disease 73, 101, 151,230,707, 1657 disgust 485, 835, 2339 dish 2354,2383 disk 37, 142, 685 dislike 485 dismember 879 disorder 22, 1606,2256,2329 disperse 998 distribute 2173,2174 disturb 176,1216,2086,2481,2502 dive 62,366 diverge 1324 diverse 1297 divide 300, 1067, 1654, 1961,2024, 2174 divorce 1870 do 773, 924, 1393, 2502, 2567, 2578 doctor 1643 doctrine 2048 dodge 1983,2106 dog 987, 1044, 1246, 1722, 1937, 2015,2154, 2254, 2620 door 74, 869, 1680, 2197, 2200, 2215 dot 2603 double 1393,1552,2078 doubt 17 dough 2409 down 33, 1016, 1070, 1072, 1246, 1752, 2060 downstream 1016, 2613 dowry 1160,2603 doze 1142 drag 1321, 1513 dragon 1687 dragon-fly 1002 drake 855 draught 1064 draw 1751,2065,2296,2353,2567 drawback 835 dream 140,358,709,1552 drench 1658, 1681 dress 253, 707, 798, 797, 1133, 1288, 2376 drift 405, 1989 drill 287, 1605, 1724,2068 drink 1014, 1126, 1132, 1659 drip 371,2228 drive 417, 659, 850, 1800, 1901, 1210, 2451,2603 driver 68 drizzle 1811,2329 droop 1034 drop 402, 793, 1107, 1567, 1658, 1927 dropsy 802, 1921 drown 287,371 drum 1672 drumstick 628, 1726 drunk 1014, 1126 dry 774, 875, 1221, 1837, 1841,

474

Index of meanings 2507 enemy 1393, 1771 energetic 115,711,2002 enough 890, 1201, 1343, 1773, 1815, 2002, 2235, 2366 entangle 1804 enter 1196,2215,2258 entertain 1069, 1071 entice 1830 entirely 2303 entrails 1263, 1459 entrance 2481 envious 17,1888 envy 2055 epidemic 1841 equally 552 erect 1380 ermine 351, 531, 1 118 escape 665, 738, 1853, 1983 especially 1374 Even 14,498 even 154, 594 evening 140,726,2412 event 2329 every 199,316,2574 everybody 316 everything 20,663, 1544,2329 everywhere 1693,2549 evil 6 7 , 5 9 2 , 7 1 2 , 9 2 9 exaggeration 64 example 550, 1861 exceed 2413 except 324,2292 excess 1366 exchange 1204, 1393 excite 1723 excrement 465, 1834, 1967 excrescence 1868, 1954, 2118 excruciating 734 exert 2452 exhalation 13 exhaust 1428, 1499 exist 1018 exit 2504 expectorate 1310

2045,2351,2395 dull 436 dumb 436, 1410 dump 835 duration 290 during 199 dusky 1411,1430 dust 703, 1511, 1921,2429 dwelling 1450 each 764, 1654 ear 2050,2482,2519 earflap 1248 early 199,981,2411,2588 ear-ring 2519 earth 1117, 1661, 2329, 2366, 2533 East 470,671, 1302,2504 easy 827 eat 74,221,463,641, 1019, 1135, 1319, 1667, 1743 echo 211,692,2606 edge 524, 1613, 1614, 2173, 2202, 2590,2633 egg 25,288,625, 1512, 1577, 1998 eglantine 2219,2608 eight 1147,1263,2558 either 608 elastic 1006 elbow 1551,1597,1970 elder 29, 139,212, 855 elect 1743 elevation 1839 elk 313,422,463, 1074, 1088, 1186, 1340, 1349, 1370, 1668, 1720, 1785, 1913, 2154, 2156, 2305, 2459, 2518, 2606 eloquent 74 embarrass 17, 1645 embrace 62 embroider 2296 embroil 858 emit 1555 empty 436, 1394, 1960,2072,2329 enclosure 895 end 128, 248, 418, 839, 1240, 1773,

Index of meanings47] expense 1475 experience 247 explode 779,2045 extend 1783,2607 extinguish 287 extra 1065 extract 2567 extraordinary 385 eye 657, 694, 1249, 2428, 2587 eyebrows 694,2587 eyelashes 694 eyelid 33, 694, 2587 eye pupil 694 fabric 2612 face 1248,1340,2612 fail 217 faint 1112, 1428,2270 fair 1632,2269 faith 2547 fall 360, 417, 793, 1107, 1415, 1341, 1567, 1844, 2379 fall down 1567,2153 fall off 1560 family 792,924, 1450 famous 1980 fang 2612 far 242,297, 415, 650, 669,673, 735, 800, 1000, 1187 farewell 1906 fart 1952 fast 321, 1829,2613 fasten 1921,1931 fat 317, 329, 463, 590, 909, 1061, 1365, 1867, 2285, 2341, 2345, 2587 fate 1784 father 56,403, 1599 fatiguing 1006 fault 1692,2552 favour 463 fawn 2525 fear 466 feather 470, 1913,2426 February 199, 1118, 1603 fee 2581 feeble 891 feed 313, 463, 1019, 1402, 1667, 1727, 1743 feel 417,959, 1177 fellow 2605 female 720, 1577, 1722 fence 785,957 fencing 598, 1614 fetch 1197, 1320 fever 1063 few 188, 1964 fidgety 850 fifty 110 fight 102, 822, 892, 984, 1533, 1562, 2603 file 290, 1198, 1454 fill 135,1058,1896,2471,2508 film 823 fin 1627, 1797 finally 1973,2002 find 1533 fine 827 finger 436, 704, 773, 981, 1305, 1705, 1792, 2007, 2359, 2445 finish 128,265,289,438,696,839, 1415, 1565, 1781,2489,2507 fire 476, 678, 724, 859, 1070, 1112, 1215, 1438, 1450, 1716, 1827, 1977, 2504 fire-arms 120 fire-brand 1070 fireplace 461,618, 1070 firm 313, 329, 338, 555, 822, 2569 first 95,442,773, 1698 fish 69, 221, 356, 736, 743, 774, 937, 1426, 1493, 1501, 1627, 1681, 1711, 1797, 2138, 2179, 2395, 2396, 2602 fish: Amur ide 53 fish: Arctic cisco 1648 fish: burbot 905, 1340, 1386 fish: crucian carp 628, 755 fish: eel 268 fish: goby fish 1340

476

Index of meanings fog 204, 1731,2158 follow 839, 1830, 1945, 1997,2124, 2190, 2451 fond 1155 fondle 1577 fontanel 844, 1456 food 1019, 1074 fool 30,400, 1126, 1651,2168 foot 72, 114, 216, 1592, 1793, 2070 for 426,313 forbid 4 3 6 , 5 9 6 , 8 1 1 , 8 3 9 force 2 4 7 , 2 2 3 0 , 2 4 9 1 , 2 6 0 9 , 2 6 1 4 forearm 999,2445 forefather 2118 forefinger 2359 forehead 689,2612 forelegs 1785 foreman 2315 foresee 1594 foresight 120,577,773, 1195 forest 314,449,2118 foretell 1728 forever 2559 forge 877, 1066 forget 636, 709, 1861 forgive 1861, 1907 fork 491, 662, 1019, 1530, 1593, 2551 form 518, 1749 fortress 1592 fortune 1054 forty 689 forwards 773 foul 67,2512 foundation 2202 four 499, 672, 1425 fox 599,626,714, 8 3 1 , 9 3 9 , 1 0 7 9 , 1373, 1388, 1433,2154, 2245 fragile 1926 frail 844 frame 491, 1614 free 1514,2570 freeze 221,657,722, 1151, 1493 fresh 136,600,1233 friable 1525

fish: grayling 1315, 1592 fish: herring 2192 fish: lenok 436 fish: minnow 1287, 1318 fish: omul 84 fish: peled 148,1130 fish: perch 1611 fish: pike 2184, 2516 fish: quillback fish 1685 fish: salmon 1482,1543,1709 fish: sheefish 313, 1550 fish: sterlet 2231 fish: sturgeon 1597 fish: whitefish 290, 491, 657, 797, 1283,2179 fisherman 2138 fist 1271 fit 1651,2065,2258,2270 five 110,568, 1393, 1820, 1911 flame 1190, 1396 flap 119 flash 238, 1070 flat 1117, 1340,2115,2137,2490 flatten 321 flea 286, 900 flee 371 flesh 341, 1823, 1911 flexible 115 flick 2279 flint 1070,2314 flirt 194, 1418, 1722 float 108, 402, 1099, 1874, 1921, 2228 flock 699 floor 598, 1047 flour 798, 1112, 1661 flow 402,556, 1393,2613 flower 1047, 1850, 1927, 2036, 2296, 2510 fluffy 1055 flutter 51, 166, 1034, 1209 fly 251,818, 1046, 1209, 1446, 1916, 1918, 2480, 2502 foal 1381 foam 1361,2257

Index of meanings47] friend 96, 767, 784, 946, 1393, 2578 fright 554 frighten 17, 233, 251,338,466, 554, 575, 1063, 1208, 1435, 1870 fringe 138, 314, 706, 1404, 1450, 1502, 1662, 2274, 2523 frog 2585 frolic 2212 front 773, 1081, 1228, 1248, 1705 frost 221,245,722, 1581, 1658 frown 1529,2058 fry 1986,2493 frying-pan 295 fuel 273 fugitive 2218 full 88,317,463, 1053, 1126, 1855, 1896, 2047, 2454, 2471 fumigate 1837 fun 1071,1126,2272 fungus 2118 fur 302, 947, 1010, 1060, 1101, 1459, 1538, 1848, 1913, 1926, 2373 furnace 1944 further 650, 669, 673 furuncle 1056, 1458 fuss 78, 1250,2621 future 2642 gadfly 602,948, 1257,2430 gain 1643 gaiety 253 gall 1547 gallop 850,2155,2362,2600 gallows 2603 game 85, 1041, 1071, 1604 gap 456, 2359 gather 111, 134, 852, 924, 2155, 2269 generation 1263 gentle 436, 997 gesture 200 get 417, 1004 get on 1643 get out 149 get up 924, 1666 ghost 344, 554, 677, 694, 929, 1367 gills 69,2449 gird 1459 girl 72, 139,451, 1042, 1160, 1722, 1978 give 772, 1192, 2174, 2380, 2390 give up 1571 glad 20, 1950 glade 329,436 gland 1391,2572 glass 229,685, 1943,2286,2312 glove 112,1261,2359,2454 glow 329 glue 103, 719,945, 1649 glutton 945, 1019, 1061, 1969,2401, 2449 gnaw 1413,1520 go 300,806, 1723, 1927,2065 go down 1221, 1660 go out 1453, 1853, 1927,2504 go up 1707 goal 2134 goblin 770, 1047,2343 God 64,374,2048 goddess 1117 godfather 1577,2048 godmother 2048 godparents 2048 goggles 2587 gold 1363 good 659,1643 good-natured 1011 gore 2596 gorge 2535 gossip 1577,2619 governor 536 gradual 88,609,2497 grain 919 grandchild 1577 grandfather 944, 1977,2037 grandmother 139,482 grasp 1129,1197 grass 1193,1780,2510 grave 418, 891,2118,2641 graze 487, 566, 1480

478

Index of meanings handful 892 handle 1183, 1197, 1249, 1503,2603 handsome 1340 hang 203, 1025, 1034, 1044, 1137, 1380, 1707, 2038, 2342, 2603 happen 472, 1862 happiness 1155 happy 20, 1155, 1784, 1950 hard 115,329, 1327,2281 harden 555 hardly 131,436, 1383, 1633, 1708 hardness 555 hare 312, 1229, 1370, 1409, 1600 harm 188 harness 52, 91, 1651, 1800,2560, 2567 harsh 1099 harvest 1651 hat 716, 954, 1101, 1248, 1280, 1605 hatchet 520 hate 485, 2339, 2639 have 1018 haze 694 he 2474 head 470, 689, 689,844,860, 1153, 1340,1563,2234 headache 2132 headland 1370 heal 2261 healthy 436, 444, 1643 heap 1010 hear 1177, 1195 hearing 1177 heart 1459,2218 heat 1912 heavy 1440,2646 heel 216 height 1911 hello 2655 help 210,408, 1993 hem 1137 hen-harrier 1049,2265 herb 649 herd 341,855,1462,2311,2368,

grease 215, 1250,2454 great-grandfather 56, 297, 924 great-grandmother 313,482 greedy 297,564,2651 green 774,1498,1850,2059,2154, 2656 greet 1340,2655 greetings 728 grey 2154, 2265 grief 1760 grieve 210, 1760 grin 1564 grip 1526 groan 2107 groin 1253 groove 1586 ground 39, 434, 722, 1117 grove 314, 449 grow 965,2504 growl 560, 1026, 1564,2209 growth 1206 grudge 835,2421 grumble 2214 guard 96,487, 1480, 1588,2591 guest 1480,2163 guide 1908,2065,2240,2502 guilt 181,2502 gull 2099 gum 1847,2135,2430 gun 120,295,929,21 17,2554 gurgle 234,2107 gusset 1085 gut 2354 hail 657,2204 hair 143, 689, 1010, 1044, 1153, 1246, 1386, 1406, 1913, 2096, 2183,2531,2610 half 416, 998, 1961, 2578, 2644 hall 935,2200 halo 888 halter 2612 hammer 1046, 1066, 1400, 2118, 2440 hand 1551, 1884, 2445

Index of meanings47] 2447,2591 herdsman 557 here 63, 65, 415, 578, 1175, 1225, 1964, 2031,2400, 2411,2470 heritage 197 hero 170,436,1987,2609 hesitate 689 hiccup 562 hide 96, 143, 823, 1472, 1996,2374 high 313, 1911,2587 hill 33,72, 305, 314,724,868,879, 1280, 1302, 1429, 1523, 1677, 1948, 2078,2118,2153,2277, himself 2474 hiss 345, 1877 hit 698, 1726,2150 hoary 1581 hold 1250,2567 hold out 2342 hole 124, 470, 858, 1014, 1124, 1605,1649, 2043,2068 holiday 1723,2048,2534 hollow 314, 1263, 1377,2176 holy 2349,2399 home 272 homeland 1047,1197 honest 120,659 honey 2135 honour 262,313 hoof 1657,2083 hook 142, 229,680,718,861,1019, 1097, 1593, 1806, 2044, 2086, 2118, 2603 hoop 74 hooves 1657 hope 493, 1185, 1267, 1345, 1651 horizontal 135 horn 1668,2644 horrify 1435 horse 649, 1326 horsehair 276 horsemen 649 horse-tail 1488 host 891, 1450 hot 774, 1048, 1912 hound 816 house 367,649,756, 1450, 1710 housewife 1450 how 439, 1028,2039 however 382, 1582, 1964, 2039, 2366 howl 567,1120, 1564 human 37, 891, 1465 humble 485 humid 1084 humiliate 313 hummock 1780, 1948 hump-backed 530, 1097 hundred 824,2319 hung 1707 hunger 2449 hunt 487, 1388, 1433, 1450, 1904, 2117, 2447,2502 hunter 487, 1997 hurry 321, 1009, 1646 hurt 1994 husband 621,675,891, 1393, 1772, 1930, 2034,2140 hysterics 1435,2159 I 891, 1203, 1221 ice 657, 1121, 1849,2226 ice-hole 35,311, 1596, 1598, 1905 identical 1393 idle 90, 1157 idol 703,891, 1674,2130,2357 if 397, 415, 513, 746, 1050, 2064, 2187 ignore 585 ill 270,300,707, 1594 illegitimate 96 illness 707 image 1340 imitation 1327 immediate 1646,2057 impregnate 453 incantation 1684 incense 973 incidentally 2108 incite 2581

480

Index of meanings itch 1737,2363 jack 2625 jamb 1614 January 689, 1386 jaw 807, 1319, 1543 jealous 17,842,1131,1972 jerk 300, 640, 779, 1526, 2491 jingle 321,2203 joggle 806 join 309 joint 230, 1263, 1293 joke 253,1071,2619 joy 2617 judge 892 juice 1658 July 1912 jumble 1393 jump 286, 347, 806, 850, 872, 1032, 1208, 2094, 2402 June 812 juniper 156, 1850,2146 just 90, 1623,2329,2545 jut 1587, 1927 kabarga 72, 744 keen 2580 keep 135, 585, 892, 1245, 1249, 1480, 1666, 1927, 2628 kerchief 1340,2612 kettle 196,714 key 490 kick 1793 kidney 1271 kill 96, 102, 686, 696, 891, 892, 1125, 1221, 1533, 1567, 1939, 1996,2043,2053,2158 kind 358, 1459,2039 kindling 1070, 1115 king 87 kingdom 28, 87, 186, 1552 kinship 749, 1975 kiss 576, 731,2539 knee 1263, 1793, 1832 knee-guard 2061

inclined 283 increase 1366, 1462, 1838 indeed 384,439, 1018 independent 1018 indifferent 1623 indigenous 2571 inevitable 1883 infect 299 infection 437, 1779, 2015 inform 105,1177,1220,1665 inherit 1650 inheritance 1650,2587 inject 2505 ink 1454 inlay 1319 inner 2078 innumerable 2597 inpatient 1006 insect 557,812,878 inside 2258, 2483 inside out 222 insist 2065 instead 704, 1018 instrument 405, 1097, 1492,2476 intelligent 358, 1670 intelligible 1964 intended 1269 intercourse 402 interesting 253 interior 2483 interpreter 64 interrupt 2082 interval 1653 intestine 69, 706, 775, 926, 1070, 1265,2273 introduce 694 investigation 2587 invisible 496 invocations 2579 iron 295, 1122 irritate 1526 irritation 1526 island 449, 2414 isterus 2154 it 2474

Index of meanings47] kneel 1832 knife 300, 313,370,494,836,1239, 1309, 1518, 1733, 1913, 2118, 2598 knob 1868 knock 215, 1279, 1948,2176,2203, 2476 knot 546, 865, 1785, 1933, 1956 know 727,959, 1022, 1617,2065 Koriak 897 lace 33,547,587, 1253, 1682,2012, 2293 lack 188,436, 1348 ladle 912, 1627, 1995,2051, 2338 ladybird 223,482 lady-killer 1160 lair 1912 lake 628, 905, 1014, 1118, 1525, 1627, 2280 lame 151 lamp 989, 1023 land 628, 1047, 1117, 1862,2068 landscape 1291 language 64, 1647 languid 629, 829, 2276 languish 54 lap 1790 larch 1552,2217 large 1086 larva 882, 1446,2173 larynx 2016,2449 lasso 1 171, 1183, 1481,2155 last 704, 981, 1321, 1541, 1894 late 33, 284, 589, 611, 981, 1069, 1154, 2642 lately 2411 laugh 11, 20, 1473,2105, 2107, 2618 law 2502 lawsuit 1393 lay 54, 892, 1871,2607 lay down 892 layer 1479 lazy 782, 892, 1619, 1628,2079, 2218, 2640 lead 2348, 2599,2603 leader 773 leaf 1743, 1819, 1831, 1850 lean 413,558,622,864, 1221, 1380, 1428, 1927, 2438, 2633 leap 353, 850 learn 1177,2526 leather 1500, 1592, 1643,2267 leave 149, 704, 806, 981, 1094, 1393, 1595, 1861 ledum 215, 1726,2046 lee 561 leech 1597 left 661,981, 1348,2478 left-hander 2478 leg 151, 216, 314,981, 1081, 1486, 1505, 1592, 1785 legend 1267 leisure 90,392 lengthen 290 less 188 lesson 1953 let 376,2421 let go 1768 let out 1927 letter 1454,2296 lever 2087 lice 1782 lichen 3, 1525, 1860,2257 lick 1401, 1790 lid 2587 lie 135, 405, 892, 998, 1380,2019, 2155, 2329,2412, 2578, 2619 life 463, 1018 lift 1380, 1666, 1839,2094,2361, 2603 light 36, 115, 199, 339, 449, 685, 827,944, 1068, 1388, 1398, 1534, 1791, 1837, 1860, 1915, 1926, 2066, 2450, 2620 lighten 199, 1915 lightning 679,944, 1279, 1885 like 31, 485, 694, 998, 1393, 2424

482

Index of meanings lung 904, 1003, 1090 luxuriant 1101 lynx 1700, 1860 mad 1126,1221,1617 magazine 2659 maggot 1446 magic 1249 maid 355, 1160,2290 maintain 2425 make 1537,1862,2567 male 1637, 1656 malicious 712 mammoth 2058 man 446, 855, 892, 1181, 1465, 1772, 2297, 2341 manage 2504 manager 2654 mane 470,688 manner 1312 many 1992 March 1019,1333,1597,2246 mark 679 marmot 7, 72 marriage 1071,1183,2287,2465 marrow 216, 1486, 1785 marry 217,891,1236,1248,1450, 1772,2287, 2316, 2502 marsh 1780,2510 mash 1487 mask 1340 master 223, 621, 689, 1029, 1047, 1249, 1450, 1831 match-maker 64,2229,2581 matter 1312 May 1226, 1850 maybe 694, 1719 meadow 2510 meal 1864 mean 1529, 1698 means 1255 meanwhile 2366 measure 577, 649, 933, 1118, 1205, 1213,1910 meat 300, 313, 341, 743, 2263, 2284,

limp 270, 1123, 1633 line 1393,2296,2637 linen 1340 linger 622,640, 1180, 1217, 1221 lip 74,275, 1305 liquid 1487 listen 1177 litter 1116 little 188, 436, 1118, 1255, 1421, 1633 live 418, 463, 1282, 1393, 1719, 1911,2122, 2258, 2605 liver 37, 926 lizard 905,2585 load 683, 1749,2155,2471,2484, 2603,2638 lobe 2519 local 2400 lock 295,847,2431,2481 log 462, 598, 682, 1015, 1070, 1450, 2201,2613 loiter 2304 long 242,290,611,680, 1664, 1832, 1964, 2243 look 694, 1108, 1587, 1903, 2066, 2587 loop 546, 1504, 1781,2484 loose 33, 1742, 1927 lose 33, 438, 1644, 2289, 2514, 2586 lot 2658 loud 234,329, 1177 lounge 1693 louse 1118, 1782 love 107, 728, 731, 1643,2003,2212 lover 1337 low 33, 234, 240,287, 992, 1016, 1044, 1117, 2047, 2060, 2072, 2078, 2434, 2538, 2615 lowering 1380 lowland 980 lucky 1155 lull 1080, 1803 lump 1801 lunch 1014

Index of meanings47] 2345,2351,2396 medicine 1024, 1347, 1643 mediocre 1705 meet 217,215, 1340, 1393 meeting 850, 1533,2155,2269 melt 35,402,405, 1211, 1565 memory 358 menstruate 321 menstruation 664 merchant 952,2380,2401 merry 2548 merry-go-round 369 midday 199, 1705 middle 1263, 1459, 1655, 1705, 1961,2218 midge 1118, 1354 midwife 1386 mighty 1987 mild 2251 mile 649 milk 557,614,902, 1266 mill 1643 milt 1388 mince 300 mind 358, 1670,2084 miracle 385 mirage 2052 mirror 1340 miscarriage 892, 964 miser 321 miserable 188 misfire 441 miss 436, 640, 728, 805, 1069, 2253, 2502 mist 204, 1450 mistake 1367,1719,2253 mistress 791, 1630 mix 681, 769, 1250, 1452 mixture 1479 moan 616, 1258, 1447, 1459 mock 11,253 modern 578 modest 1645 moisture 1084 money 535, 1872 month 830, 1660, 1837 mood 358 moon 449, 830, 1860, 1912 moor 215 more 83, 1175, 1348, 1366, 1959, 2574 morning 550,582, 1534, 1666,2588 mortal 54,418 mosquito 405,812,996 moss 703, 821, 1224, 1275, 1323, 1525, 1577, 1658, 1782, 2147, 2257, 2519 most 2145 mother 3 8 , 4 5 1 , 4 6 7 , 6 1 4 , 9 4 4 , 2 5 7 5 mother-in-low 139 motley 580 moufflon 1275 mould 130 moult 793,2287 mound 1661,1822 mount 2638 mountain 33,72, 700, 1758,1860, 2068,2538 mourn 1447 mouse 285, 1118,2265 moustache 74 mouth 74,2596 mouthpiece 1651 move 215,242,311, 321, 653,735, 1047, 1161, 1282, 2087, 2198, 2502, 2600 mow 715 much 49,393,436,647, 1000, 1462, 1838, 1964 mud 485,949, 1057, 1697, 2635 mug 228 mumble 1256 murder 74, 892 muscle 216,280,981, 1770 museum 1332 mushroom 436,2137 must 1346 mutter 1311, 1935 muzzle 54, 120,295, 1944

484

Index of meanings node 2603 noise 22, 137, 145,628, 1177, 1279, 1450, 1678, 2050, 2203 nomad 2065 nomadize 1542 nonsense 2329 North 722, 1016 nose 694, 714, 1097 nostril 714 not 90, 1632 notch 708,959, 1520,2068,2296 nothing 418, 1343, 1394, 1541, 1617 notice 708 November 221, 660, 1707 now 578, 2002, 2189, 2366, 2411 nowhere 1394, 1964 numb 774,2281,2287 numerous 358,436, 1838 nurse 614,2591 oar 205 oath 1900 object 415,2329 oblique 305 oblivion 1989 oblong 705 observe 1480 obstacle 1249 obstinate 788, 1492, 1798,2591 obtain 2158 obviously 2366 October 1169, 1656 odd 385 oesophagus 2258 offend 17,737,2486 offensive 648 offspring 981 often 604 ogre 297, 770 oil 1365, 1912 OK 2057 old 242,297, 1052, 1247, 1642 olden 297 on 1911 once 604, 1162

nail 871, 881, 1249, 1657, 1748, 2476 naive 1225 naked 436 name 837, 1532 namesake 837

nap 1022
nappy 119 narrow 290, 321, 338, 362, 1493 nasty 1378 nature 1047,1701,2329 navel 867, 1386 near 124, 347, 1187, 1225, 1228, 1911,2578 nearly 1255 neat 304,924 neck 1492 necklace 2449 need 1346, 1347, 1558, 1879 needle 273, 1224, 1819,2118,2138, 2202, 2217, 2426 needy 188, 1879 negligent 193,2621 neighbour 363, 1911,2578 nerve 667, 1063, 1435 nest 135,2046 nestling 1577 net 300, 417, 725, 1281, 1370, 1739, 2138 never 1964 nevertheless 2233,2235,2371 new 589, 589, 1233 news 772, 1177, 1195, 1665 nice 253, 1350 niece 1160 niggard 2588 night 284,449,726, 1654 nine 824, 1393,2583 nipple 614 nit 1782,2356 no 436 no one 1394 no way 814 nobody 826,1442 nod 199,2502

Index of meanings47] one 604, 773, 1162, 1654, 2474 oneself 891,2474 onion 491 only 112, 492, 573, 1162, 1255, 2444, 2507 open 21, 74, 548, 1092, 1360, 2596, 2568,2637 opinion 358, 1879 opponent 2578 opposite 415, 416, 480, 673, 1147, 1340, 1459, 1666, 1777, 2578 oppress 150 or 46, 159, 1050,2529 order 34, 2225 ordinary 2329 origin 924,2457 originate 1749 ornament 654, 959, 1153, 1688 orphan 436, 1452, 1821 other 589, 784, 2606 otter 1317 out 1071 outer 2060 outside 1911,2606 outstrip 773 overall 2377 overcook 671 overdo 1542 overeat 1365 overpower 1348 overtake 773,961,1773,2158,2413 owe 2380 own 301,891,2571 owner 1450 pack 713, 1540, 1572, 1996,2269, 2638 padding 1945 pain 707,2364 painful 287, 1879 paint 215,674, 1942 pair 96 palate 74,461 pale 436, 1340 pall 641 palm 975,2007,2445 pan 906,2248 paper 180 pardon 728 parent 1196, 1831 parent-in-law 1337, 1831 parlour 2215 part 790,857, 1340, 1613, 1725 pass 448, 704, 1299, 1479, 1773, 2241,2496, 2502 passage 435 passion 1185,2605 past 1614,2411 pastor 566 pasture 1525,2591 pat 2150 patch 35, 1375, 1449,2467,2481, 2653 path 191, 321, 408, 633, 662, 1707, 2094 pattern 357 paw 114,2359 pay 426, 1683,2380,2581 payment 959 peak 689,700, 1248, 1280, 1390 peasant 1753 peat 1991 peck 2043, 2440 peel 1424 peep 368, 1587 peer 1146, 1587 penalty 2329 pencil 754 pendant 411 penis 290, 927, 1597, 1813, 1818, 1929 pension 1052 people 267, 891, 1642, 1862, 2333 perhaps 146,415,2371 perineum 6 period 1621 person 891 persuade 459 pestle 2324 pet 689

486

Index of meanings 666, 686, 725, 863, 893, 957, 1322, 1450, 1793, 1842, 2049, 2118, 2202, 2322, 2415, 2573, 2603, 2649 police 610 pollute 859 pool 405, 1278, 1525, 1655,2642 poor 231,436, 556, 707, 1558, 1815 porridge 760 portage 1300 possess 313, 1249 possible 503,2039 post 630 pot 196, 1477 pouch 730 pound 1707 pour 51, 1659, 1921, 1934,2153 powder 1891 power 2122,2555 praise 794, 1673, 1950, 2630 prank 2502 pray 727, 1340 precipice 300, 700, 1107 prefer 1348 pregnant 436, 1061, 1268 prematurely 188 prepare 54, 534, 713, 924, 1192, 1240, 1778, 2329 prescribe 1698 present 66, 643, 1402, 1683, 1828, 2004, 2445 presentiment 17,514 preserve 1666 press 321, 986, 1369, 1493,2158, 2466, 2490 pretend 316, 922, 1327 prevent 26 prey 5 price 426,2581 prick 127,491,813,870 prickle 1198,2608 priest 2048 prince 313,849 prize 2581 problem 911

phonograph 1755 photograph 793 pick 1516 pick out 2043 picture 694,2296 piece 281, 695, 795, 858, 1285, 1740,1961,2627 pierce 741, 1066, 1341, 1597, 1605, 1935,2077, 2340 pile 923, 1996,2155,2203,2269 pillow 689, 1485 pillowcase 1485 pimple 1948, 1962 pincers 295, 751, 845, 2648 pinch 986, 1493 pine-cone 273, 1868, 2271 pink 1837 pipe 1510,2008,2468 pipistrelle 436 pit 294,314, 908, 1340, 1364, 1971, 2035,2154, 2459, 2467, 2641 pitch 1450 pity 210, 728, 1546 place 681, 1018, 1117, 1219, 1282, 1493, 1537, 1716, 2155, 2329, 2569 placenta 1577 placid 1623 plain 434, 681, 1414 plane 843,2121,2126,2137,2323 plant 436, 1927,2104,2504 plate 165,333,2303 plateau 2137 platform 986, 1572 play 1071 please 822 pluck 947 plummet 287, 810 plump 1868 pocket 266,758, 1364,2258 point 362, 1341, 1597, 1698 poison 1019 poke 217 poker 1070, 1097 pole 69, 74, 283, 294, 462, 544, 615,

Index of meanings47] procreate 1853 profligate 20 prohibit 2481 prohibition 839 prominent 727 promise 1719,2605 promontory 714 propeller 1311 prophet 694, 1728 propose 459, 1197 prostitute 1630 protect 210, 349, 1152, 1185, 1543, 1996 protrude 1099, 1285, 1666, 1853 proudly 794 proverb 64 pull 135, 138, 252, 653, 669, 779, 852, 1390, 1514, 1927, 2353, 2484, 2567, 2644 pulp 1487 pulsate 2218 pulse 295, 1118 punish 465, 634 punishment 181,447 pupil 1118,2587 puppy 694, 993 purpose 76,243, 1372 purse 372 pursue 1651 purulent 1411 pus 1254,2512 push 211, 252, 311, 558, 653, 1461, 1476, 1562,2191,2634 put 54, 135, 283, 309, 491, 892, 1282. 1368, 1393, 1453, 1504, 1537, 1556, 1651, 1666, 1743, 1861,1927,2128,2338,2471 put on 1288,1323,1651,2376 quality 596 quarrel 1098 quarter 263 queen 2033 queer 344 question 727,959 quick 321, 1646,2595 quiet 96, 234, 255, 330, 436, 1 142, 1499, 2304 quite 149, 1632,2521 quiver 232, 698 rabid 929 racer 106 rack 1707 radiator 1912 raft 32, 300, 1234 rag 408, 858, 1034, 1045, 1077, 1103, 1424, 1666, 1167, 2173, 2361,2612 ragamuffin 2361 rain 417, 1132,2228,2329,2492 rainbow 944, 1118, 1912 raise 1666,2342 range 2134 rank 278 rare 998 rash 1947 rat 1150 ravine 717 raw 581, 1681 reach 679,839, 910, 1004, 1228, 1773 read 64,358 ready 248, 1175, 1221, 1743 really 55, 112,415, 1434 rear 981 reason 90, 1312,2134,2366,2470 recall 1022 recent 1175, 1187,2411 recoil 215, 1793 reconcile 1393,1643,1914,2261 recover 410, 1225 recovery 1029 red 215, 774, 1363,2154, 2533, 2604 redden 774 reduce 1597 refrain 1809 regards 225 rein 1666,1800,2599

488

Index of meanings riddle 1022, 1469 ride 993, 1333 ridge 659, 1386 right 20, 733, 890, 1227, 1645, 1822, 2547 ring 359, 628, 866, 888, 1087, 1279, 1781, 1965, 2445 riot 22 rip up 2637 ripen 671 rise 1099, 1707 rising 408 ritual 1367 river 82,217, 1655, 1911,2236 riverbank 300, 700, 1598, 1655, 1677, 1849, 1892, 2078, 2087, 2194, 2633 river-bed 1655, 1919 river-mouth 74, 1655 road 347,608,662,2065 roam 796, 1333, 1783,2065 roar 1074 roast 1791, 1986,2263 rob 1263, 1537, 1766,2491 rock 601, 748, 1758, 2125, 2264, 2530,2538 rod 356, 577 roe 1047, 1459 rogue 1941 roll 215,820, 1781,2155 roof 1450 room 2089 root 653, 1007, 1015, 1047, 1078, 1240, 1557, 2087, 2158, 2265, 2618 root out 289,2087 rope 546, 723, 1323, 1472, 1483, 1486, 1804, 1886, 2069, 2391 rose 2219 rot 1254, 1560, 1852 rouble 187,1781,2258 rough 94, 1207, 1214, 1520,2270 round 918, 1781 roundabout 1695 row 205,381, 1259, 1393,2442,

reindeer 3, 57, 91, 321,364, 434, 468, 557, 566, 612, 615, 654, 657, 674, 681, 694, 714, 720, 728, 803, 840, 1051, 1074, 1249, 1257, 1280, 1313, 1363, 1381, 1388, 1393, 1483, 1512, 1519, 1527, 1552, 1652, 1656, 1668, 1681, 1722, 2085, 2088, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2185, 2198, 2210, 2242, 2354, 2447, 2484, 2495, 2526, 2599,2603, 2606, 2638, 2645 rejoice 20 relative 341, 891, 1040, 1393, 1722, 2173,2297 reliable 1719 rely 1062 remain 704, 1861 remainder 704,981 remember 959, 1022, 1670 remembrance 694 remind 1022 renew 589 repair 974 repent 322, 1221 reply 415 report 96 reproach 1306, 1698 rescue 463, 1853 resembling 1348 reserve 986,2479 resin 35, 1310,2205 respect 313, 1393, 1993 respond 64 responsibility 1062 rest 253, 981, 1364,2420,2537, 2570, 2640 restaurant 1019 resurrect 463 return 328, 1340, 1783,2483 revenge 1953 revolt 2256 revolve 369 rheumatism 151 rib 1538 rich 2380,2401

Index of meanings
2502

489

rub 215, 879, 1353, 1526, 1940 rubbish 858 ruff 1592 ruffle 998 rug 1485 ruin 2021 rumour 67 run 407, 640, 898, 994, 1621, 1759, 1793, 1804, 1830, 1921, 1925, 1983,2185,2218 run into 640 runner 357, 1856 rush 217, 251, 793, 850, 1009, 1020, 1515, 1928 Russian 89, 673, 770, 1113, 1515, 2598 rust 130,966 rustle 2186,2351 sable 1515 sack 354,934, 1111, 1493,2258 sad 1760 saddle 1639,2603 safe 436,463, 1643 sag 1380, 1489 sale 2380 saline 2373 saliva 1310,2260 salt 1076, 1547,2268 same 6 0 4 , 8 9 1 , 2 3 6 6 , 2 5 7 4 sand 1112, 1511, 1661,2264 sap 581,2118 satisfy 463,656, 1663 saturate 1784 saucepan 544 saucer 229 save 349, 1853,2491 saw 488, 1675,2118 say 64,415, 1267, 1392, 1617 scab 707 scale 69 scales 1707,1982,2603 scarf 522, 1393, 1492 scary 575

scatter 21, 998, 1918 school 2224,2526 scissors 74, 1531 scold 67,560,2214 scoop 1014, 1576, 1739 scorch 2275 scrape 21, 1471, 2101 scraper 97, 343, 797 scratch 21, 97, 637, 877, 879, 1737, 2090 scream 928 screw 2227 scrotum 1292 scull 899 scum 1057,2432 sea 35, 335 sea-horse 290 seal 1431,1761 seamstress 545 seat 1282,2122 secret 96,487,2479 secretary 1454 see 679,694,959, 1232, 1470, 1617, 2632 seek 1443,2587 seem 1255 seer 2632 seine-net 1109, 1739,2127 seize 1197 self 415,2136 sell 133,1872,2380 send 361, 643, 1027, 1762, 1844, 1870 senseless 436 separate 87, 300, 304, 585, 998, 1067, 1094, 1423, 1570, 1870 September 69, 722 sergeant 2315 servant 1480, 1821, 1993,2502 serve 1993,2249 service 1672 setup 1556,1743 settle 1450, 1634,2258 settlement 1911 seven 1911

490

Index of meanings shoulder 454, 729, 1785,2211 shoulder-blade 1785 shout 61, 1696 shove 2355 shovel 141, 1618 shovel up 2025 show 694, 838, 1194, 1698, 2390 show up 1526 shrew-mouse 689 shrivel 321 shroud 892 shrub 1370,1919,2269 shudder 1063 shut 2514 shy 1393,1645,1993,2102 sibling 126,450, 1393 sickly 1006 side 662, 669, 998, 1147, 1228, 1393, 1507, 1538, 1964,2123,2606 sigh 689, 1112 sight 1996 sign 155,199,200,679 silence 1142 silk 2220 silver 1860,2206 similar 1175 similarity 1240 simple 1157,1960,2400 sin 17,67, 1357, 1367 since 943,2411 sinew 216, 237, 580, 2296 sing 651, 1659 sink 62,287, 371, 1743 sister 1 3 9 , 4 3 2 , 4 5 0 , 4 8 2 , 5 1 1 , 6 4 4 , 1393, 1722 sister-in-law 477, 482, 2350 sit 1282,2122,2155,2638 six 1147, 1263, 1393 skeleton 53 ski 529, 832, 879, 1270, 1592, 1981 skilful 223,876 skim 820 skin 21,24, 140,216, 341,481,978, 1019, 1081, 1094, 1254, 1364, 1406, 1444, 1486, 1521, 1553,

sew 167,545,580, 1801,2296 shabby 2113 shadow 28, 694, 891, 892, 1430, 1456, 1674, 1996 shaft 1503 shaggy 1034, 1044, 1378 shake 556,653, 1063, 1129, 1330, 1439 shallow 681, 1545 shaman 64, 96, 1063, 1097, 2159, 2579 shamanize 628, 1063,2159,2579 shamanism 1063 shame 1645 share 1613,1725,2024 sharp 173,321,362, 1313, 1341, 1597 sharpen 321, 362, 637, 1198, 1597, 2590 shave 947, 1066, 1406,2208 shavings 843, 1070, 1190, 1631, 2182 shawl 2131 she 2474 sheath 135,300,1651 shed 214, 1084, 1572 shelter 2374 shell 1512 shield 1881 shin 216, 1085, 1486 shin-bone 940,2153 shine 199,1860,2066 shirt 2116 shiver 1063 shoal 681, 1545,2264 shock 1921,2339 shoe 804, 1323, 1592,2183,2351 shoot 18,286,417,779,1911, 1932, 2045,2134, 2410 shop 1139 short 33, 290, 1255, 1272, 1313, 1858, 2342, 2361 shorten 1272,1858,2361 short-sighted 2644 shot 396

Index of meanings47] 1639, 1643, 1657, 1668, 2018, 2070, 2373, 2263, 2288, 2341, 2459, 2467, 2569 skull 689,860 sky 944,2329 slaughter 1939 slave 1821 sledge 68, 91, 124,229, 584, 620, 773,804, 1081, 1199, 1382, 1450, 1474, 1481, 1702, 1800, 1902, 2048, 2360, 2433,2471,2540 sleep 28, 140, 709, 1142, 2342, 2412 sleepy 2079 sleeve 593,930, 1137, 1551, 1912, 1951 slide 287, 1844 slip 1781, 1849, 1918 slipper 2293 slippery 1781, 1849 slope 314, 793, 1005, 1660, 1781, 2153 slot 768, 1005, 1124 slow 330, 338, 997, 1006, 1499, 2521 sludge 2635 sly 1729 small 556,798, 1118, 1634, 1782, 2278, 2286 smallpox 313, 1712 smart 173,924, 1133, 1528 smear 1037,1173,1218 smell 561,614, 1177, 1643, 1784 smile 563, 1445, 1473 smoke 638, 859, 995, 1014, 1110, 1112, 1510, 1511,2263,2395 smooth 434, 1460, 1849,2115,2137 smoulder 1912 snack 195 snag 283, 1015, 1989 snake 290 snare 1504 snatch 2491 sneak 96,2193 sneeze 208 snipe 865,955, 1525, 1741, 1814 snore 714 snort 419, 1742 snow 235,291, 405, 509,657,921, 986, 1439, 1568, 1889, 1926, 2204, 2501 snow-crust 221 snow-drift 235 snow-flake 2137 snow-frost 235 snowstorm 512 snuff 1471 so 2002,2366,2424 sob 246, 322 sock 496,2612 soft 798, 1055, 1251, 1314, 1643, 1926,2072, 2331 soften 1251,1926 soil 215,485, 1104,2403 soldier 984, 2647 sole 114,1592 some 436 somebody 826 somehow 1617,2039 somersault 19, 689 something 1028,1617,1692,2159 sometimes 543, 589, 611, 784 somewhere 1194, 1964 son 99, 624, 855 song 64, 651 son-in-law 1337, 1831, 1930 soon 492, 1175, 1179, 1187, 1646, 2039,2574 sore 707 sorrow 271, 728, 1378 sorry 210, 727, 728, 789 sort 2039 soul 28,828,891, 1459,2404 sound 211,321, 1021, 1938,2050, 2416 soup 249,639,760, 1946 sour 1547,1852,2616 source 574,631, 1014, 1117,2228 South 199, 661, 662, 1911, 1912,
2118

Soviet 2302

492

Index of meanings squeak 369, 1522,2352 squeal 1564 squeeze 538,1493,2358,2504 squelch 1877 squint 1393,2644 squirrel 269,697,2118,2393 stab 813 staff 622, 2438 stagger 1539 stain 484, 1040 stairs 1839 stake 1865, 1902 stalk 1316 stallion 1656 stammer 549 stamp 1208, 1793,2416 stand 195,550,1394,1666,2336 stand up 1666 star 199,313, 1124, 1724, 1860 stare 427,2632 start 1335,2497 startle 1063, 1435 starve 2449 stay 436, 704,981 steal 1625,1675,1766,2525 steel 1070 steep 33, 920, 1340, 1892 steer 659, 1002 step 408,491, 1666, 1839, 1911, 2568 step-father 1080 step-mother 451, 1080, 1136 stern 899 stick 558, 618, 640,795,839, 945, 1081, 1386, 1388, 1466, 1483, 1514, 1517, 1612, 1622, 1631, 1666, 1726, 1735, 1798, 2118, 2202, 2328, 2454, 2493, 2498, 2508, 2603 stiff 2281 still 90, 112, 373, 884, 2336, 2563 sting 2086, 2616 stingy 321, 1341,2421,2611 stink 1378 stir 311,653,805, 1511,2258

space 470,2222,2601 spade 405,1059 spare 1348 spark 1885 sparkle 1860 spawn 402 speak 64, 1083, 1175, 1367, 1392, 1789, 1801,2050 spear 336, 689, 988 speckled 1191 spectacles 694, 1275, 1584, 2264,2587 speech 64 speed 321 spellbound 1766 spend 449, 1142, 1565 spherical 1285 spider 129, 1275,2359 spike 311 spill 51,556 spin 706, 1472, 1963,2144 spine 1591 spirit 139,429, 436, 677, 694,707, 879, 1112, 1155, 1784, 2007 spit 365, 2056, 2222, 2260, 2264, 2493 spiteful 1870 splash 1250,1751,1783,1899 spleen 983 splinter 1070,2528 split 585, 858, 877, 1310, 1653, 2270 spoil 689, 1126, 1254, 1378,2600 spoon 50,69,313, 1019, 1111,2074, 2589 spot 216, 1859,2476 spout 2153 spray 286,295,371, 1083 spread 54,491,787,998, 1752, 1853 spring 221, 235, 298, 320, 1436, 1882, 1912, 2239, 2291 sprinkle 556 spurt 2613 squat 2149

Index of meanings47] stirrup 408, 1666,2603 stitch 1781 stocking 183,436,1323,1592,1913, 2344 stockman 487 stole 2087 stomach 848, 1040, 1061, 1118, 1242, 1268, 1417, 1455, 1459, 1780,1958,2152 stone 300, 303, 676, 887, 1178, 1274,1302,1758,2101,2264 stool 2122 stoop 530, 1509 stop 1, 26, 546, 640, 1542, 2283 storm 97,2158,2452 story 1312,1392 stove 367, 1070 straddle 91 straight 577,659,890, 1632 straighten 290, 659, 769, 787, 886, 2137 strain 1066 straits 1457 strange 585, 1146, 1394, 1729 stranger 2340 strangle 2107 strap 52, 1199, 1364, 1639, 2398, 2458, 2484, 2577 straw 649,2510 stream 653, 1112, 1356, 1655, 1788, 2228, 2613 street 1450 strength 2452,2609 strengthen 555,1643,2452,2569 stretch 138, 290, 1194, 1783,2137, 2329, 2607 strike 359, 653, 879, 1066, 1428, 1726, 1899,2150 string 421, 1288, 1389, 1481,2293 strip 21 stripe 1459 stroke 1249, 1460 stroll 537 strong 329, 379, 555, 711, 742, 1493, 2020, 2230, 2452, 2569. 2609 stub 653 stubborn 1492,2144,2580 stuck 132,2454 student 2526 study 811 stuff 2022 stumble 27, 227, 2086 stump 462, 856 stupid 40, 1126, 1617, 1810,2443 substance 681 successfully 2498 such 2366,2424 suck 614,2258 suddenly 70, 90, 112, 116, 452, 1692,1863,2334, 2544,2561 suffer 98,247, 1100, 1298, 1542 sufficient 890 suffocate 841, 1260 sugar 2177 suitable 1029, 1106 sullenly 2590 summer 792, 1048, 1912 sun 671,685,944, 1912 sun-beam 1912 sunrise 671 sunset 62,671 superfluous 1348 supply 2436 support 124,2438 sure 1422,2005 surface 1911,2060 surname 1454 surprise 55,385, 1146, 1241, 1729 surreptitious 96 surround 449,706, 1781, 1804 survive 1853 suspicious 17,485 swallow 62, 438, 2538 swamp 28, 144, 177, 1468, 1525 swear 1900, 1912,2579 sweat 1912,2635 sweep 801, 1218, 1471, 1921, 1948, 2146, 2417, 2432 swell 151, 774, 802, 909, 1868, 1869, 1921

494

Index of meanings testicle 927, 1656, 1781 thank 747, 1950,2308 that 65,2366,2411,2470 thaw 35,405, 1211, 1361 then 2366,2642 there 65, 415, 586, 1719, 2366, 2400, 2411 they 2366, 2425, 2474 thick 182, 590, 909, 1010, 1553, 2269, 2434 thicken 2434 thicket 1370,2114 thief 1625, 1766 thigh 216,981, 1538 thigh-bone 695 thimble 1481 thin 3 2 1 , 4 8 1 , 6 8 1 , 7 7 5 , 8 4 4 , 1 3 7 8 , 1428,2066, 2072, 2464,2507 thing 2406 think 20,358 thirst 1659,2351,2449 thirty 2234 this 415, 458, 1228, 2366, 2400, 2411,2470 thorn 1184, 1503, 1184 thou 2410 though 2422 thought 358 thread 580,654, 809, 1340, 2143, 2293,2598 threaten 2106 three 619 throat 2449 throb 2218 throng 891 through 669, 768, 1384 throw 18, 51,417, 500, 680, 793, 986, 1762, 1781, 1911,2338 thrust 1288, 1341 thumb 313,2359 thump 1305,2359 thunder 501,679, 1279 thunderstorm 679, 1279 thyme 2048 tickle 1737

swim 402, 653 swing 402, 653, 801, 1123, 1360, 1726,2038,2530 syllable 64 sympathise 253 syphilis 485, 1113 table 2137,2321 taiga 724, 1325 tail 839, 1002 take 287, 417, 793, 877, 1094, 1183, 1197, 1335, 1537, 1625, 1675, 1853, 1870, 2025, 2065, 2258, 2338, 2453,2471,2491,2567 take off 796, 1107, 1853 tale 297, 903 talk 64, 1392, 1990,2578,2619 talk into 811,815 tall 53, 1911 tambourine 628, 1063 tan 1841 task 1993 tassel 1417,1459,2596 taste 317, 772, 1177, 1365, 1727, 2260 tax 1512 tea 195,1912,2432 teach 634, 811, 2526 teacher 2526 tea-pot 2142 tear 21,694,858, 947, 1038, 1514, 2068, 2361,2509, 2587 tease 67,395,2502 tedious 979, 1069 teenager 313 teeth 1189 tell 1392, 1938 temper 2000 temple 1118 ten 824 tend 1443 tender 255 tent 1732 terrible 575, 596, 1987 terrify 1435

Index of meanings 47 ] tidy 663, 713, 1927 tie 304, 546, 697, 880, 1743, 1920, 2567,2609 tight 3 3 8 , 2 5 6 9 tighten 1 3 8 , 3 3 8 , 8 5 2 , 1 4 9 3 till 839, 1187, 1200 time 609, 890, 1028, 1339, 1705, 1880,2120, 2366, 2562,2642 timid 425 tin 206, 1629, 1926 tinder 1735,2469 tinkle 1087 tip 1486 tipsy 689 tired 4 1 4 , 2 5 3 7 , 2 6 4 0 tiring 979, 1006, 1126, 2079, 2537 to 124 to and fro 1393, 1862,2565 tobacco 1510, 1890, 2137, 2367, 2510 today 1 9 9 , 5 7 8 , 2 1 8 8 toe 1793,2359 together 604, 713, 809, 1393, 2155, 2269 toilet 465, 724, 1927 tolerate 2407 tomb 1117, 1615 tombstone 1911 tomorrow 578,673, 1585, 1666 tongue 6 4 , 2 6 1 9 too 1 1 2 , 4 7 1 , 1 0 0 4 , 2 5 7 4 tool 1427 tooth 23, 1031, 1189,2135,2430 top 314, 689, 1649, 1781, 1911, 2197 torture 98, 734, 1542 toss 1928 touch 102, 215, 1043, 1177, 1249, 1737, 2079, 2502, 2634 tousle 947 towards 998 towel 1340 town 5 3 2 , 2 1 1 8 trace 1699 trade 1197 trail 191 train 1946,2198,2497,2638 trample 1666,2416,2490 translate 2441 transparent 199,1926,2066 trap 259, 752, 846, 1286, 1504, 1666, 1743,2169, 2237, 2513,2596 travel 1290 tray 1116,2197 treat 1643 tree 43, 200, 283, 362, 611, 669, 703, 739, 774, 924, 1328, 1631, 1707, 2118, 2369 tree: alder 215, 1722 tree: aspen 551 tree: birch 620, 1163, 1860 tree: bird-cherry 256 tree: cedar 2271 tree: larch 1612, 1669, 1681, 2620 tree: mountain ash 2110 tree: poplar 1270, 1490, 1592,2045 tree: willow 215, 770, 875, 1370, 1529, 1669, 2459, 2593 tremble 1006, 1063, 1129, 1742 triangle 619 tribe 1007, 1642 tribute 1346 trick 1263, 1340, 1730 trigger 120,286 trill 244 trim 2126 trimming 1248 tripod 686 trivet 2370 trodden 191 troops 822 trot 1496, 1759, 1800 trouble 152 trough 906 trousers 24, 1575, 1705,1893, 1966, 2 0 1 2 , 2 1 7 3 , 2 3 4 1 , 2 4 8 7 true 358, 1719 trumpet 2472 trunk 1015,2337 truth 1719

496

Index of meanings unhinged 1927 uninhabited 2329 united 2269 Universe 944 universe 1047,2329 unknown 436 unload 120,436 unlock 1717 unmarried 855 unmercifully 257 unnecessary 1348 unpleasant 2079 unprepossessing 1529 unroll 787 unstuck 1514 untidy 485 untie 643, 1853,2610 until 124 unwell 53 unwilling 2351 unwind 2137 up 217, 1911 uphill 217 upper 1911 upset 1250 upstream 1911 upwards 1707 urinate 1346, 1686, 1745, 1921,2512 urine 1745,2512 use 4 6 3 , 4 3 6 , 528, 1617 usually 604 uterial 1459 uterus 1577 uvula 2620 vagina 1378 vagrant 8 1 9 , 2 3 2 9 vain 388, 1255, 1617, 2028, 2329, 2371 valley 264, 1787 vanish 1542 various 1566 veil 1340 vein 249, 1040 vengeance 1393

try 440, 495, 577, 911, 1105, 1177, 1308, 1718,2141,2362 tsar 313, 1912 tube 1649,2468 tuberculosis 668 tug 779 tumble 2150 tumour 802 tundra 264, 329, 722, 1719, 1985, 2118, 2236 Tungus 3 6 , 2 2 0 , 2 6 2 0 turbid 1329 turn 33, 216, 697, 706, 784, 1156, 1781,2394, 2600 turn into 924 turned-up 1380 tusk 2058 twelfth 504 twenty 824, 1911 twig 1370, 1520 twilight 1398 twinkle 330, 1860 twin 809 twirl 2078 twist 227, 1472, 1526, 1762, 1963 twitter 352 two 104,809,2578 typhus 2363 ugly 1529 unable 217, 1100 unbearable 217 unbraided 2610 uncle 189, 313,403, 595, 1393, 2037 uncomfortable 1645 under 33, 1651 underpants 1575 understand 20, 1022, 1124, 1335, 1636 underwear 300, 1393 undo 877 undress 1 6 , 4 3 6 , 1 3 0 3 , 2 3 2 9 uneven 879, 1394 unfriendly 485 unhappy 2372

Index of meanings 47 ] ventilate 1846 ventricle 1040 vertebrae 10, 216, 314, 623, 1492, 1529,1613 very 4 9 , 3 1 3 , 4 7 1 , 1 3 5 1 , 1 6 2 3 , 2 0 3 9 vessel 327, 719, 1583 vestige 2143 victory 33 violent 1099,2326 visible 679 visit 215, 533, 1177, 1212,2634 visitor 1480 vivid 2218 vodka 89, 1113, 1378, 1547,2553 voice 74, 529, 1199 vomit 1459, 1569 voracious 2449 vulva 1875 wade 4 2 4 , 6 5 3 , 8 1 9 wail 1696 waist 1 0 0 , 3 0 9 , 7 3 0 , 2 6 3 6 wait 1174 wake 1177 walk 6, 347, 408, 642, 680, 806, 1004, 1099, 1251, 1263, 1333, 1439, 1590, 1653, 1676, 1695, 1830, 2 0 6 5 , 2 2 5 3 , 2 3 3 8 wall 300, 1538,2202,2318 walrus 1659 wander 2289 want 4 5 9 , 2 0 7 9 , 2 4 1 8 war 822, 984, 2207 ward 463 warm 405,1048, 1211,1438,1912 wart 1806,2445,2650 wash 21, 1077 wasp 2430 waste 2507 watch 2632 water 1014, 1132, 1142, 1659, 1911, 2603 water-rat 313 wave 9 4 , 1 0 3 4 , 1 2 7 3 , 1731,2445, 2502,2541,2633 way 347, 415,2108, 2496, 2498 we 1238, 1462 weak 112, 1314, 1387, 1412, 1499, 2066, 2276 wealth 2401 weapon 1561 wear 670, 1091, 1353, 1651,2484 weasel 41,351 weather 434, 436, 2329, 2546 weave 1472 wed 1288 wedding 1071, 1074,2287 wedge 565,1485 week 1397 weight 485,2341 well 13, 1643 West 449,671, 1911,2123 wet 476, 1658, 1681 what 1018, 1028, 1289, 1464, 1964, 2039, 2470 when 6 5 , 1 9 6 4 where 1964,2039 whet 1341 whetstone 637 which 1964 while 442 whim 783 whine 2477 whip 969 whirligig 1781 whirlpool 706, 1655, 1781, 1783, 2582 whirlwind 331 whisper 96 whistle 359 white 654, 1388, 1764, 1837, 1860, 2299 whiten 1388, 1860 who 826 whole 309, 1544 whose 826 why 1028,1506, 1743, 2039,2366, 2400, 2470 wide 1359,2137,2601 widen 2137,2601

498

Index of meanings worsen 485 worth 6 5 7 , 7 1 0 , 1862 wound 698, 707, 1125, 1979,2303, 2608 wrap 1535, 1804 wrestle 2030 wrinkle 1526,2296 wrist 160,999 write 1454,2296 writer 1454 writhe 653 wry 1123 Yakut 5 6 6 , 6 4 9 , 2 0 0 7 yard 408, 1304, 1450, 1666 yawn 74 year 527, 673, 1321, 1393, 1851, 2329, 2411,2606, 2642 yellow 774, 1524, 1791,2154,2265, 2533 yes 4 0 1 , 1 6 1 0 , 2 3 6 6 yesterday 140, 578, 1416, 1666, 2412 yet 373, 2574 yolk 1524 you 2423 young 33, 100,450, 624, 860, 1577 youth 100,1577 Yukaghir 675, 2265, 2620 yurt 753, 981, 1450, 1471, 1666, 2 1 1 8 , 2 1 2 3 , 2 5 2 7 , 2620 zealous 958 zenith 944 zigzag 227

widow 1831 widower 1703,1831 width 2124,2601 wife 1 0 9 , 4 3 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 7 7 , 1 0 8 9 , 1 2 3 6 , 1249,1337,1393,2071,2316 wild 701, 1126,2329 will 313, 1665 win 33,951, 1071, 1911,2504 wind 561, 697, 2087, 2090, 2412, 2622 window 657, 1608, 1860, 2165, 2197, 2215 wine 1378,2553,2616 wing 1797,2426,2502 wink 28, 694 winner 505 winter 245, 1358, 1882,2000,2118, 2603 wipe 1250, 1774 wise 358, 1301, 1670 wish 495, 1155, 1643 witchcraft 2579 withers 409 without 324, 1018 witty 436 wizard 64 wolf 408, 770, 1512, 1987, 2037, 2163 wolverine 122, 209, 591, 1433, 2592 woman 358, 467, 703, 1248, 1666,1722,1871,2316 wonderful 20, 385 wood 557, 638, 774, 950, 1070, 1577,2092,2166 woollen 2221 word 64 work 216, 1028, 1319, 1406, 1686, 1993, 2006, 2218, 2445, 2502, 2567,2621 worker 223, 1821,2474,2502,2511 world 28, 33, 77, 608, 1432, 1860, 1911,2329 worm 5 9 7 , 7 8 1 , 8 7 8 , 8 8 2 worry 1459

Language index

Chukchi 190, 566, 626, 867, 1182, 1229, 1425,2023,2581,2647 Eskimo 1266 Even 22, 29, 30, 56, 57, 66, 114, 116, 119, 129, 137, 144, 146, 151, 160, 166, 167, 194, 223, 259, 269, 282, 306, 343, 370, 377, 379, 389, 432, 435, 450, 468, 489, 506, 524, 538, 544, 595, 602, 612, 649, 736, 745, 748, 799, 803, 807, 832, 836, 867, 930, 931, 950, 954, 957, 960, 993, 1081, 1114, 1119, 1134, 1171, 1189, 1193, 1265, 1297, 1309, 1326, 1351, 1355, 1446, 1448, 1456, 1469, 1477, 1519, 1520, 1557, 1579, 1619, 1659, 1693, 1955, 1968, 1974, 198U 2008, 2028, 2031, 2035, 2036, 2083, 2095, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2157, 2162, 2207, 2328, 2330, 2377, 2416, 2511 Evenki 330, 938, 1126, 1163, 1186, 1379, 1639, 2096, 2272, 2340 Finno-Ugric 35, 139, 221, 284, 309, 311, 313, 362, 442, 560, 672, 697, 704, 768, 778, 793, 839, 860, 878, 997, 1004, 1007, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1038, 1045, 1129, 1141, 1188, 1253, 1267, 1302, 1337, 1366, 1375, 1406, 1493, 1515, 1525, 1539, 1552, 1576, 1653, 1759, 1762, 1794, 1837, 1948, 2018, 2091, 2101, 2118, 2150, 2189, 2273, 2280, 2401, 2599, 2603, 2607 Finno-Permic 329,449,467,1643

Finno-Volgaic 806, 824, 1040, 1048, 1059, 2579 Koriak 584 2272

1005,

Modern Mongolian Northern-Samoyed

1268, 1577

Northern-Tungus 141, 356, 486, 1325, 1405, 1613, 1661, 1720, 1993, 2007, 2217, 2634, 2645 Ob-Ugric Ostjak Permic 945, 1077 1087,1303,2050 1250

Proto-Altaic 557, 580, 891, 1391, 1642, 1705 Proto-Eskimo 2514 Proto-Mongolian 1328 509, 1147, 1851,

13, 316, 662,

Samoyed 71, 114, 430, 659, 892, 1319, 1393, 1517, 1524, 1719, 1726, 1739,2048,2065,2204,2578 Tungus 6, 17, 20, 41, 67, 100, 140, 234, 287, 291, 300, 316, 347, 351, 353, 364, 366, 369, 440, 411, 461, 485, 574, 651, 731, 767, 785, 787, 798, 843, 861, 935, 998, 1034, 1037,

500 1044, 1155, 1255, 1370, 1446, 1560, 1708, 1830, 1927, 2096, 2257, 2356, 2395, 2492,

Language index 1047, 1074, 1175, 1177, 1283, 1313, 1381, 1388, 1450, 1465, 1562, 1564, 1724, 1781, 1847, 1849, 1961, 1963, 2107, 2124, 2279, 2296, 2358, 2359, 2334, 2471, 2632,2641 1076, 1224, 1323, 1404, 1498, 1575, 1803, 1875, 1985, 2137, 2340, 2373, 2476, 1129, 1137, 1236, 1239, 1325, 1328, 1424, 1428, 1538, 1551, 1646, 1696, 1805, 1821, 1912, 1921, 2051,2090, 2202, 2211, 2345, 2351, 2374, 2389, 2487, 2490,

Yakut 17, 18, 22, 30, 32, 45, 76, 82, 119, 133, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 154, 155, 159, 179, 181, 184, 306, 325, 343, 344, 373, 378, 379, 382, 384, 397, 452, 457, 488, 493, 559, 630, 795, 815, 848, 860, 861, 886, 922, 932, 938, 951, 960, 962, 969, 1001, 1114, 1163, 1193, 1281, 1297, 1354, 1377, 1596, 1612, 1618, 1709, 1710, 1969, 1974, 1981, 1995, 2008, 2028, 2031, 2033, 2088, 2089, 2120, 2148, 2162, 2168, 2170, 2207, 2233, 2235, 2240, 2241, 2306, 2329, 2335, 2406, 2429, 2446, 2457, 2473, 2495,2506, 2526, 2527, 2548

Uralic 33, 64, 65, 74, 139, 403, 436, 451, 458, 470, 6 1 4 , 6 2 0 , 6 7 1 , 691, 780, 781, 819, 823, 826, 836, 855, 921, 953, 955, 983, 992, 1018, 1022, 1085, 1112, 1208, 1221, 1238, 1321, 1401, 1409, 1439, 1480, 1490, 1532, 1625, 1685, 1723, 1749, 1758, 1770, 1772, 1785, 1830, 1851, 1861, 1866, 1911, 1917, 1938, 1964, 1982, 2000, 2039, 2050, 2264, 2270, 2366, 2390, 2410, 2411, 2423, 2470, 2486, 2568, 2578, 2618, 2632, 2638,