Second Te I ENGINEERIN G / MECHANICSENGINEERING MECHANICS, Second Esltion GS. Sawhney © 2010 by PH! Leatning Private Limited, Now Deli Al rights reserved. Ne part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by mimecgraph or any other means, without permission in wring from the publishes 198N-978-81-205-81258 The export nghis of ths book aro vested solely with the publisher. ‘Secone Printing (Second Editon) 5 we June, 2010 Published by Asoko K. Grosh PH! Learning Privato Limited, U-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Prin by Baka Barkha Nath Prins, Bahadurgarh. Haryana-124507Preface ix Preface to the First Edition xi 1, FORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS... Introduction Fundamental Laws of Mechanivs Force System Solved Problems Objective Type Questions. State True or False Multiple Chotce Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 2. FRICTION 44-93 Introduction “4 Coulomb's Law of Friction ...... 45 The Angle of Repose and the Cone of 16 Equiliorium: Block, Wedge and Ladder “AT Power Transmitted... — . : srachesuoa A Screw Jack z solceestee 5 scenes SN Solved Problems 33 Objective Type Questions 81 State True or Faise 81 Multiple Choice Questions 83 Fill in the Blanks 88 Answers 90 3. ANALYSIS OF BEAMS... Introduction .. Types of Beams...fa CONTENTS Types of Supports... Types of Loads . nnn : Relationship: Load Intensity, Shear Force and BM Solved Problems 14 Objective Type Questions 18 State True or False 128 Multiple Choice Questions 129 Fill in the Blanks BI Answers 13 4. TRUSSES 135-169 Introduction ... Types of Plane Truss Supports . Analysis of Plane Truss Graphical Method Method of Joints . Method of Section Other Structures Solved Problems Objective Type Questions. ‘State True or False Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 5. CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA, 170-264 Introduction 170 Centre of Mass 170 Centroid .... a ee se m1 Plane Area with an Axis of Symmetry 174 Area with Two Orthogonal Axes of Symmetry 17S Composite Areas... 175 Moment of Volume 18 Composite Volumes .. 180 Centre of Mass, 181 Moment of Inertia imi Moment of Inertia of a Lamina Parallel Axis Theorem rom ‘Theorem of the Perpendicular Axis. Radius of Gyration Product of AreaCONTENTS lv | Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Section... Moment of Inertia of a Circular Section eos Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Rectangular Section Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Circular Section.. Moment of Inertia of a Triangular Section Moment of Inertia of /-Section Moment of Inertia of Semi-circle.... Moment of Inertia of a Quarter Circle Centre of Mass Centre of Mass of @ Uniform Straight Rod.. Centre of Mass of a Uniform Semicircle Wire... Centre of Mass of a Uniform Semicireular Plate .. Mass Moment of Inertia Mass Moment of Inertia of Uniform Rod ... Mass Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Plate... Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Circular Ring, Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Circular Plate... Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Solid Cylinder... Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Hollow Sphere (Thin Thickness Sphere). Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Solid Sphere Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Solid Cone. Rotation of Axes Principal Axes... Solved Problems Objective Type Questions. State True or False Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 6. KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODY... Introduction . Motion and Frame of Reference Relative Motion Motions Referred to Moving Frame of Reference Angular Motion of a Rigid Body Translation Motion . i Rotational Motion. Plane Motion... oe enn . Chasles Theorem w.neurnsosnononososnenennnannesnennesnnneunrnnee 280 Instantaneous Centre of Rotation 282 Relative Velocity and Acceleration for Points on a Rigid BOdY .onxrnonnsnenne 285ca CONTENTS Velocity of Piston of Reciprocating Engine Acceleration of Reciprocating Piston . Analysis of Four-bar Mechanism Solved Problems Objective Type Questions. State True and False Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 7. KINETICS OF RIGID BODY Introduction ... Force, Mass and Acceleration vusccsvsensvesnnnne ct Rotatory Motion of a Rigid Body . 33 Relation between Torque and Moment of Inertia Relation between Torque and Angular Momentum Non-centroidal Rotatior Work-Energy Principle. — Conservation of Mechanical Energy 337 Work Done Against Spring Force... 387 Kinetic Energy-Based on Centre of Mass. seomnamnnnnnnnene 301 Work-Energy Equations for a Rigid Rody 353 Appleton of Inpule-Momentun Equations on Plane Mation of Rigi Body 307 Linear Impulse-Momentum Principle... 371 Impolse-Momentum Equation for a System of Particles 375 Angular Impulse-Momentum .. D’Alembert’s Principle. ‘ Rotary Motion and D*Alembert’s Principe Solved Problems 338 Objective Type Questions. 442 State True or False 442 Mulfiple Choice Questions 442 Fill in the Blanks 445 Answers 447 & STRESS AND STRAIN ANALYSIS.. Introduction . Types of Materials... Types of Loads. Stress and Strain Hooke’s Law..CONTENTS cn Thermal Stresses . Deformation under Own Weight . Deformation under Exiernal Load Shear Stress and Strain ii Volumetric Strain, Bulk Modulus and Elastic Constants 467 Strain Energy and Resilence ... Compound Stresses (2-D System) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses MORT'S Cite arsenee nn Properties of Metal. Solved Problems Objective Type Questions. State True and Fal Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 9 Introduction ‘Theory of Bending... Beams of Heterogeneous Materials (Fltched Beams). Flexural Rigidity and Uniform Strength Eccentric Loading Strain Energy in Pure Bending... Solved Problems Objective Type Questions State True or False Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks Answers 10, TORSION sennnsns Introduction . < Theory of Pure Torsion Polar Modulus of Section Torsional Rigidity .. Power Transmitted by a Shaft Arrangement of Shafts. Shafis in Series Shafis in Parallel. Comparison between Hollow and Solid Shafts.cw CONTENTS Strain Energy 0 . ee 373 Bending and Torsion sensnneneteesinee STA Solved Problems 516 Objective Type Questions 601 State True or False 601 Multiple Choice Questions 602 Fill in the Blanks 605 Answers 607 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX. 615-019Preface | am pleased to present the second edition of this book. The entire book has been thoroughly revised. It has been enriched with additional questions drawn from latest university examinations. This will help in understanding the various concepts of mechanies better, thereby making, the book more useful to the readers. ‘The recent changes made in the syllabi of several universities have necessitated to enlarge the scope of many chapters. Many topics have been included in some of the chapters with the solution to problems. such as projectiles. impact, relative velocity. product of area and non- centroidal rotation of rigid bodies. The book now covers the syllabi as prescribed by many technical universities, GS. SAWHNEYPreface to the First Edition Engineering Mechanics plays an important role in the design, construction and operation of machinery. It is, therefore, essential for all engineering students to have a sound knowledge of basies of engineering mechanies. This book is designed to meet the needs of such a course to provide a fundamental understanding of the principles of mechanics and strength of materials. Though chiefly based on the latest syllabus (EME 102/202) of Uttar Pradesh Technical University, an effort has been made to cover the syllabi of several other universities as well. Based on my experience of teaching, | have endeavoured to present a systematic explanation of the basic concepts of the subject matter. A large number of solved problems and objective type questions with explanatory answers are included to enhance the understanding of underlying principles of theot T wish to record my sincere thanks to my wife, Jasbeer Kaur for her patience shown throughout the preparation of the book. 1 am also thankful to my children Jasiev, Tejmohan, Pooja and Nandani for continuous encouragement extended to me to complete the book. | sm also thankful to Dr. S. Prasad, Mr, K.L. Gupta and Prof. $.N. Sharan of GNIT, Greater Noida | would appreciate receiving constructive suggestions and objective criticism from students and teachers alike with a view to enhancing further the usefulness of the book. They may email at channi_sawhney@hotmail.com. GS. SAWHNEYCHAPTER 1 Force System and Analysis r If you just take a step by faith to do the right thing, rest—the things you can't do. a sessed ees bi INTRODUCTION Mechanics is a science which deals with the state of rest or the state of motion of a body: under the action of forces. The application of this science to actual problems is called applied mechanics, Statics is a branch of mechanies which relates to bodies at rest. Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with bodies in motion. The analysis of force system on bodies is based on some of basic laws which are fundamental laws of mechanics. There are six fundamental laws of mechanics. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF MECHANICS: The force can be considered as an external stimulus that tends to change: (i) the state of a body (rest or motion) or (ii) the physical manifestation (any deformation) of a body. Force is a vector quantity and i¢ has; (i) a definite magnitude, (ii) a Hine of action and (iit) a sense (direction). ‘The first law of motion states that a body tends to stay in the state of rest or of uniform motion unless an extemal force is applied. ‘The second fave of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is direcity proportional to the applied force and is in the same direction, Force (F) = vats of change of momentum = mx (2=#) =mxa where ‘m= mass v= final velocityENGINEERING MECHANICS al velocity time a ~ acceleration ‘The shird law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. A roller is resting on the ground (Figure 11a). If we remove the ground surface, we have to exert force R to hold the roller in place to counteract its weight acting downwards. Hence the ground is exerting reaction R on the roller which is equal to its weight. Similarly, if we remove the floor and wall on which the ladder is resting, we have to apply reactions Ry and HR; for the floor, and R,, and jtR, for the wall (Figure 1.16). = ©- ©... ae Remo @) Fe {iRe Fe Ff Reason othe => inate E at wand BAR, wR mere Ny LADDER © FIGURE 1.1 Third law of motion, Newton's lanw of gravitation states thal the force of attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them The value of g increases as a star starts collapsing, As the star collapses and becomes, more and more dense, the force of gravity on its surface becomes sironger and stronger as per the relation given sbove. Such 2 collapsing star forms a black hole and nothing can pass through a black hole (Figure 1.2). Even light cannot pass through a black hole due to very strong gravity foreeFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS FIGURE 1.2. Black hole. It takes eight minutes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth and hence we see the sun at any moment as it existed eight minutes ago. The length of an object will not have the same length when moving as compared to whom it is at rest as per relativity theory. The length depends on its motion relative to the observers and it changes with relative velocity The bject scems to contract in the direction of its motion. Similarly, a clock in motion runs slower or time slows down during motion, Even a human heartbe: down if he is in motion, If one of two forming a twin goes on a fast trip in a rocket in space (Figure 1.3), he will be you than the other one when he comes back after some years because his heartbeat will slow down during the space travel. This is called win paradax FIGURE 1.3, Rocket The Jaw of transmissibility of force states that the state of a rigid body (rest or motion) is unaltered if a force acting on the body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere along the line of action of replaced force. Consider a force (F) acting at point 1 of the body (Figure 1.4). The force will have the same effect if it ting at point 2 as point 2 lies on the line of action of the force (F).ENGINEERING MECHANICS [— FIGURE 1.4 Law of transmissibility The parallelogram law of forces states that if two forces are acting on a body at a point and represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of intersection (Figure 1.5). 35 In Figure 1.5, forces F, and F are acting at point 4 with magnitude and direction as AC and AB. If parallelogram ABDC is drawn with sides AB and AC, then resultant B will be given by diagonal AD. Extend 4B to £ so that ED is perpendicular FIGURE 1.5. Parallelogram law of forces. In AAED AD = AB? + DI P =F) + BEY + DE? In ADBE BE = F, cos @ and DE = F, sin @ Fy + F evs 6? + (F, sin 8 + FP +2F\F, 00s 6 FORCE SYSTEM fall the forces ina system lie in a single plane, it is called a coplanar force system If the line of action of all forces lies along a single line then it is called a collinear force ‘The coplanar force system can be 1. coplanar parallel forces 2. coplanar like parallel forces 3. coplanar concurrent forces 4, coplanar non-concurrent forcesFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. Concurrent forces can be 1. coplanar concurrent forces 2. non-coplanar concurrent forces Non-concurrent forces can be 1. coplanar non-concurrent forces 2, non-coplanar non-coneurtent forces, Moment of a force about a point is the measure of its rotational effect. It is the product, ‘of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of the force. The point from where the moment is taken is called moment centre and the perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of the force is called moment arm (Figure 1.6). The moment can be clockwise or anticlockwise Ee FIGURE 1.6 Moment of a force and Varignon’s theorem. Moment from point O is F x d and it is clockwise. Varignon's theorem (Principle of moments) states that the algebraic sum of the moments of a system of coplanar forces about a moment centre in their plane is equal to the moment of their resultant force about the same moment centre.To prove, draw perpendiculars EG, EO and EH on forces F), F> and their resultant R as shown in Figure 1.6. Now the moment of F and Fy from point £ =F, x BG + Fy x EO Fx FO cos 8+ Fs x EO = FO(F, cos 0+ F3) EO x (OB + BD) = EO x OD erly, the moment of & from point £ is EH x R= EO cos x R= EO x OD Hence, the moment of resultant is equal to the moment of forces when taken fiom point E. ‘A couple is formed by two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and separated by a definite distance. The translatory effect of a couple is zero and it has only rotational effect. To unlike parallel and equal magnitude forces / separated by a distance of d forms a couple ‘with only effect of moment equal to F; x d (Figure 1.7). The couple remains unchanged if 1. it is rotated through an angle 2. moment centre is shifted to another position 3. itis replaced by another pair of forces whose rotational effect is the sameENGINEERING MECHANICS FIGURE 1.7 A couple, Transfer of a force to a parallel force at another point is possible. A force acting at any point on a body can be replaced by a parallel force acting at the some other point and a couple. A force Fis acting at a point 4 on the body (Figure 1.8). We went 10 shift the force to point 8. To do so, we apply force F in equal magnitude and direction at B. To balance the entra force F, at B, we also apply equal force in the opposite direction at B. The force F at A and the opposite force at B forms couple. Hence we have a force and couple system acting, at B. ‘coup with moment = Fd FIGURE 1.8 Transfer of a force to a parallel force: ‘The resultant of coplanar concurrent force system can be found out by 1. graphical method 2. analytical method In the graphical method, each force is drawn with a magnitude and direction to find the resultant. The law of parallelogram of forces. triangle law of forees and polygon law of forces are used to find the resultant by the graphical method. According to the triangular law of forces if two forces act on a body are represented by the sides of a triangle taken in direction, their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken in the opposite ditection (Figure 1.9a). The polygon law of forces states that if a number of concurrent forces acting on a body are represented in a magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order. then the resultant is represented in a magnitude and direction by the closing sides of the polygon taken in the opposite direction (Figure |.9b). ‘The analytical method of finding the resultant of the coplanar concurrent foree system consists of finding components of each foree in two mutually perpendicular direetion (x and v direction) and then combining these components in each direction (EP, and 3P,). These two components that are mutually perpendicular are combined to get the resultant (R [EP)* +(EP)* ). Finding the component of a force P as P, in x direction and P, in yFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. Pm By tiangle law of ecoe — oT Zl ° a Bi @ \ \ me Ps es A By polygon aw o forces ° a Ik [re Ps i ® FIGURE 1.9 Graphical method. PP PE and the angle of inclination of the direction is called resolution of force where P resultant (R) to x-axis is given by tan! ze The analytical method of finding the resultant of the coplanar nonconcurrent force system replaces each force by a force of the same magnitude and direction acting at the reference point (0) and a moment about point (0). The coplaner nonconcurrent force system is thereby converted into a coplanar concurrent force system and a moment Mo, The resultant (R) of the concurrent force system can be found out. The force R and moment £M, can be replaced by a single force R acting at a distance d from point 0 such that the moment R Xd is equal to EM, EP, = Pyx + Px EP, = Py + Py +» (EP.Y + P,P Rxd=EMy If the resultant (R) is at istance x and y from point 0, then EMy _ Mo ROB,ENGINEERING MECHANICS EMy _ EMy YOR ep, Forees on a body can be applied forces and non-applied forces. Applied forees are the forces applied externally to a body. Non-applied forces are self weight and reactions. Self weight always acts Vertically downwards and itis equal to the product of mass and gravitational acceleration (w = mg), Reactions are self-adjusting forces developed by other bodies or surfaces which are equal and opposite to the forces (actions) exerted by the body. For smooth contact, the direction of a reaction is normal to the surface of contact. ‘A free body diagram of a body is a diagram of the body in which the body under consideration is freed from all the contact surfaces with reaction forces and the diagram of the body’ is shown with applied forces and reaction forces at points where the body makes contact With other surfaces. A roller (Figure 1.10) is resting against a wall with the support of a string. If we free the roller we have to apply force T for the string pull and force R for FIGURE 1.10. Free body diagram. AA body is said to be in equilibrium when it is at rest or in uniform motion. It means that the resultant of all forces acting is zero. Mathematically, EP,=0, EP,=0, EM When a body is in equilibrium under a concurrent force system, then EP, = 0 and EP,,= 0. If a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, then Lami’s theorem can be applied for quick analysis. According to Lami’s theorem if a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces (P,, Ps, P3), then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between other two forces (Figure 1.11): sina; Sin Gy Sin oy When two or more bodies are in contact with one another, the system appears as though it is a non-coneurrent force system. However, when each body is considered separately, we will find that it is two or mote concurrent force systems.FORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. Py FIGURE 1.11 Lami’s theorem. For example, in Figure 1.12, 4 and B bodies are attached with strings and they are further tied to supports E, C and D. Forces P; and P; are applied to them. They form a coplanar force system which is difficult to selve. However, consideration of each body separately gives concurrent force systems which are simpler to solve Toe e 4 Tae 4° 2 7 Te Te 4 A, i fs fe [b)Concurentsysten 1 (e)Concuent system 2 (a) Two body system FIGURE 1.12 Force systems. SOLVED PROBLEMS The magnitude of two forces is such that when acting at a right angle produce a seoultant force of J20 and when scting at 60° produce u rsultant equel t0-/28. Find the magnitude of the forces. IF P, and P, are forces and the angle between them is 6 P+ 2P,P, cos 8 Putting 6 = 90° and R = 20 in the above equation, +P Now putting 6 = 60° and R = /28.ENGINEERING MECHANICS 28 = PE+P2+ PP, 20+ PP or 8 Now “ Also 2 «i Adding Eqs. (1) and (ti) 2P,-8 or Pas s Py=6-4=2 2. A fore system is as shown below. Find P so that the resultant of three forces is horizontal. What will be the magnitude and direction of the fourth force which will keep the particle in equilibrium. -~y For finding the value of P, it has been given that the resultant is horizontal which gives us the condition EP, = 0. Applying EP, = 0 +20 sin 60 ~40 sin 30 + P sin 30 or 20V3 - 40+ P=0 P= 536N Hence if P = 5.36 N, the resultant will be horizontal. ‘To find the resultant EP, = &. R= 40 cos 30 + 20 cos 60 + 5.36 cos 30 = 39.28 + 10 = 49.28 NFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. ‘The resultant has the value of 49.28 N acting towards +x direction. To make the force system in equilibrium, the fourth force has to be 49.28 N and acts towards —» direction, 3. A rigid bar is subjected to a system of parallel forces as shown in the figure. Reduce the system to (a) a single force system and (b) a single force moment system st B. 15N ON 10N R 25N 04m 03m 07 m | Let & be the resultant acting x metre from 4. The force system will be in equilibrium if we consider R acting, in the reverse direction, ie. EP, = 0. R= 60 ~15-10+25=60N IM,= 0 = RY x +S wIA- 1040.7 + 60% 04 =0 60x = 35-7 424-52 x= 0.866 Hence the single force system can be shown as follows: eon 0.886 Now to convert it to a single force moment system at B, we will have a force and moment equal to force x distance from B, i.e Mp = 60 x (1.4 ~ 0.866) 2.04 N m (anticlockwise) ‘The system is as shown below: oon a ‘w= s2.04NmENGINEERING MECHANICS {A rigid bar CD is subjected to a system of parallel forces as shown in the figure, Reduce the given system of forces to an equivalent force couple system at F. 0 1KN 40kN E F 30KN 60K Consider the resultant (R) acting downwards at F. The force system will be in equilibrium if we consider R acting upwards. Hence, EP, = 0. 30- 80+ 60-40+R Consider couple C acting at F. EMp=0 Wx 3-802 440% 2— 10 kN (cockuiso) oon 5. A force P ~ 5000 N is applied at the centre C of the beam 4B of length § m as shown below. Find the reaction at the hinge and roller support, p= s0con cf \e a e = Draw free body diagram of beam:FORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. 5000 Ya Ys Since the system is in equilibrium, EP, = 0 and EP, = 0. EP,= 0 Hy = 5000 cos 30 = 4330.13 =P,=0 = 5000 sin 30 = 2500 EM,= 0, $000 sin 30 2.8 Vy 5 =0 = 1250.N V7, ~ 2500 ~ 1250 ~ 1250.N Vi? + 1)" = (4330.13) + (1250)? = 4507 N 6. The forces acting on a dam is as shown in the figure. The dam is safe if the resultant passes through the middle third of the base. Find if the dam is safe. 200 kN Let x be distance of the resultant from edge AC.ENGINEERING MECHANICS EP, = 160 kN LP, = 200 + 100 = 300 kN xx EP, = 160 x4 +200 x1 +1003 (teking moment at A) 1140 500 38m x As x lies between the middle third, i.e. 2 to 4 m, the dam is safe 7. A roller of radius r 200 mm and weight 1732 N is to be pulled over a curd of height 100 mm by a horizontal force P applied to the end of string wound tightly around the circumference of the roller. Find the magnitude of P required io start the roller move over the curb. Also find the least pull P through the centre O the wheel to just turn the roller over the curb. Re a « e A lo e w c Farce system Free body diagram Case 1: A free body diagram is as shown above. Force P, reaction Ry and weight form a concurrent force system are acting at A. We ean apply Lam's theorem, Before that we have to find out the value of angle a In AOBD, OB = r = 200 and OD = OC — 100 = r - 100 = 100 i cos px 22 1 yy ae cos p= 2 = on B= 60 Now 2a (As OB = 0A = r) 2 = 60/2 = 30° p 8, 732 Now ed L sin(180 — a) ~ sin 90” Sin @0-+ 0) 1732 tan ae = 1732 tan 30 = 1000 NFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. Case 2: 8 ra 20 pa ° P. fo me Re w w Force system Free body diagram sd ‘The fice body diagram is as shown above and reaction Rp will now pass through point 0. Now we have a concurrent force system at point O. Applying Lami’s theorem (B= 60°), P 1732 Ry (180 = B) ~ sin (0+ f) ~ sin 90 P 732 tan 60 = 3000 N 8. Determine the horizontal force P to be applied to» body (weight = 2000 N) to hold it in position on a smooth inclined plane 4B which makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal, B R P, p we Fy — 45° 4 w Boey on an instined plane Free boty diagram Coneuren: force sysiem A free body diagram of the body on an inclined surface is as shown above. We have three forces (concurrent) acting at a point. Applying Lami’s theorem P w sin(180—45) ~ sin(90+ 45) P= Wtan 43 = 2000 Determine the resultant of the forces acting tangential to circle of radius 3 m as shown in the figure. What will be the location with respect to the centre of the circle?ENGINEERING MECHANICS EP, = 150 ~ 100 cos 45 = 79.28 N 50 — 100 sin 45 ~ 80 = -100.71 N R= JEP) +ERy = (7928) + 000.77 = 128.17 N _ ER | - 1071 tam Gn apg ae 78° EM, = — 100 x 3 cos 45 + 150 x 3 + 150 x3 - 60x 3 210 Nm Ix and y are the distance of the resultant from point O, My, 210 a9 =n” 10071 210 79.28 ~ 265 = yi2.09)? + 2.65) =3.37 10. A bracket is subjected to a force of 141 kN as shown in the figure. Find (a) an equivalent force-couple system at and (b) an equivalent force couple system at C. (@)_ If force is converted into a force couple system at point 4, then it will consist of force 141 N and a clockwise couple is M1 x AD = 141 x FTFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. |e I 7 tm | o Form . TT | \ 05 By t z p 1 Ao te ae = 1m ain jy | ut = ) V3P (©) 237 ‘The resultant of two forces P, and Ps is R. If P is doubled and the new resultant becomes, perpendicular to Ps, then (a P, -Py ) P R © %-R If wvo forces of 7 N and 8 N act at 60°, then the resultant will be (a) 10.N (b) 15 N © BNENGINEERING MECHANICS 17. If two forces of magnitude P acts at angle of 8. Then resultant will be (a) 2P cos & (b) P cos 28 (©) 2P evs 82 18, Ifthe resultant of two equal forces has the same magnitude then, the angle between them (a) 120° (b) 60° (©) 90° 19. The angles between two forces, when the resultant is maximum and minimum, are (a) 180° and 0° (b) 90° and 0° (©) 0° and 180° 20. Three forces acting on a rigid body is represented by the three sides of a triangle. The forces are equivalent to « couple whose moment is equal to (a) the area of the triangle (b) half the area of the triangle (6) ies the area of the triangle 21. If three coplanar and concurrent force systems as shown are in equilibriam, then By 8 1 Ps Py « Een, @) cos cos cos 7 of-4-3 sing ~ sina ~ sin B Hee A a” sing” siny © 22. Ifa coplanar non-concurrent force system acts on a body and EP, = 0 and EP, = 0, then it may be (a) at rest (b) moving in one dircetion (c) rotating about itself 23. According to which of the following, if three coplanar and concurrent forces are in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine angle between other two! (a) Varignon’s theorem (b) Lami’s theorem (©) Law of transmissibitityFORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. 24. An automobile of weight WW is as shown. A pull P is applied horizontally, The reaction at the front wheel is fw t @ O | TON EERO @y+e wm o-B © =-2 25. A simply supported beam carries a load P through a bracket as shown. The relation R, at A will be — Zo 2 + and >, 2AL=8) ng n> Ry 26. A roller is hold against a wall with a beam- and string-arrangement, If R, = reaction of wall, R, = reaction of beam and w = weight of the roller, then which figure shows a correct fiee body diggram of the roller? Wal Siting ae Goan Re @) » °ENGINEERING MECHANICS 27. A rectangular crate of mass m rests against a smooth wall and a rough floor as shown in the figure. The free body diagram for the crate is AS: ough surace 28, Ifa roller (radius = r) is about to climb the curb (height = r/2), then the free body diagram p { e (/ 12 r % LE) ® o @ 29. If ahorizontal force P is applied on a roller (weight 3), then the free body diagram is ef 9 e ° ma\ w x w 1. Forces which are in the same plane ate called =w) which is about to climb curb (height ) Fill in the Blanks (a) concurrent (b) coplanar 2. Forces which pass through a common point are called forces. (a) concurrent (b) coplanar 3A is a single force which can replace two or more forces and produce the same effect as the forees, (a) resultant (b) resolution,FORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. 4. The spliting of a force into two perpendicular dirsctions without changing its effect is (resant (6 realion 5. The square of thw remltant of foroné P, and'P, with o:@ angle betwee them ix (@) P+ P3+ 20,2, (b) Po + PZ + 2P,Ps cos @ 6. If coplanar and concurrent forces are in equilibrium, then the polygon drawn ofthese forces will be (@) open (6) closed 7. If coplanar and concurrent forces are in equilibrium, then the condition for equilibrium will be (@) EP, = 0, EP, ~ 0 (b) EP, = 0, EP, = 0 and EM =0 8. A body isolated from other bodies which are connected with it, and is subjected to all applied and non-applied forces is called diagram, (a) an isolated body (b) a free body 9. If the resultant is equal to both the forces, then the angle between the forces is, (a) 90° (by 20° 10. The is a rotational tendeney of a force, (a) moment (b) resolution 11. The moment of two parallel and equal forces is a and equal to force multiplied by the distance between forces. (a) torque (b) couple 12, Magnitude, direction, sense and are characteristics of a force. (a) point of application (b) active 13. Lami’s theorem can be applied for three forces which are (a) coplanar (b) concurrent 14, The steering wheel of a car is an example of () torque (b) couple 18, When we crank a car to start it, then we apply a (a) moment (b) couple 16 A is applied while opening a water tap. (a) couple (b) moment 17. Conventionally # clockwise moment is taken as moment. (a) negative (b) positiveENGINEERING MECHANICS ANSWERS To succeed in a new field, make a new discovery, or do anything new in life, | you have to be willing to foil, re pel cs Soe aad State True or False 10. rs 15, 18, 19. 22. 24. 28. 26. 29. 3 MM. 38. True 2. True 3. True False (Thete are six fundamental laws of mechanics) True True (weight = m(g — a). For free falling body @ = g and hence weight = mx 0= 0) False (It isto be Tike and in line force.) True 9, False (R= Fy + Fi + 2F\F; c0s 0) true M true 12, True 13, False False (Concurrent forees can be coplanar oF non-coplanar) Fake 16, True 17. Tue False (A body ean have both translatory and rotational motion, e.g. a wheel of a car) True 20, False (The value becomes negative) 21, True True 23, True (2M = 10 + 20 = 30. Nm) True (EM = $0 ~ 30 = 20 Nm) False (A couple does not depend upon moment centre but the shortest distance between the forces.) True 27. True 28. Tue True 30, True 31. True True 33. True (Lami theorem) False (Conditions are EP, = 0, EP, = 0 and EM, = 0) False (Only two unknown forces). Multiple Choice Questions 1) 2 (a) 3.@ 4) 5. (b) 6. (0) 7. @) 8 (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) I. @) 12. (e) ron 5]FORCE SYSTEM AND ANALYSIS. HG Pe eae pd =P or R= Bry (if AB is extended to D so that 4B = BD and CD becomes perpendicular to AC, Hence points 4, C and D are lying on the citele, Therefore P, = Ry = radius) 16. ()(R B+ 2% 7% 8 x cos 60 = 49 + 64 + 56 = 169 or R= 13) 17, (c) (R° = P? + P* + 2P? cos @= 2P* (1 + cos 6) = 2P! x 2 cos’ 2 = 4. R= 2P cos 62 18, (a) (R= 47? cos? 012 = P, cos 8/2 = + 1/2 oF @ = 120°) 19, (c) (Maximum when both forees are collinear and acting in the same direction, Minimum when both forces are collinear but in the opposite direction.) 20. (©) 2. 22. (c) (Unless EM = 0, the body will have rotational motion.) 23. (b) cos? 82 or w b 24. (0) (EMeaanet = 0 RX 2a- Wat Pxbor R= tPX 5- 25. @) [= =0, R, x2 PU- a) = 0 or R, = aa] 26. (0) 27. (b) 28. (b) (Forces will form a concurrent force system.) 29. (c) (Forces will form a concurrent force system.) Fill in the Blanks 1.) 2 (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. @) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a) M1. () 12. (a) 13. () 14. (b) 15. @) 16. (a) 17. (@)CHAPTER 2 Friction | Procrastination will be overcome when you take little steps toward the goal. | | With each step you gain momentum, and with consistency You'll be crossing | Lica a pee EOI MOR PTO NOU cecal INTRODUCTION ‘When two surfaces are in contact, burr and roughness get interlocked thereby making movement difficult. ‘When a body moves or tends to move over another body, a force opposing this motion is developed at the contact surface. The force that opposes the movement or tendency of movement is called frictional force oF friction Frictional force has a property of adjusting its magnitude to the force trying to produce ‘motion to the body so that motion is prevented, The magnitude of friction cannot be increased beyond a limit which is known as lining or meimu friction force. If applied force is more than limiting friction, the body will move. The static friction is friction force till the body is stationary. Dynamic friction is friction foree acting when body is moving A body (weight ~ 17) is being pulled with a force P (Figure 2.1), The body is stationary till force ? increases to limiting friction (F'), The coefficient of friction (1) is defined as the ratio of limiting friction force (F°) to normal reaction of the body. wed N where, N= normal reaction = 1” If A ~ friction angle E tam A= m= A body is stationary if F > P and the body starts moving if P > F “FRICTION Ea w. = scaler FIGURE 2.1 Friction, If we draw a diagram (Figure 2.2) of applied foree (P) against friction force (F). the friction force will increase linearly with the increase of the applied force (OA). The friction foree cannot increase afler it reaches the value of the limiting friction. Now if opplicd force (P) is increased. the body starts moving and even friction force falls (4B). The body moves with constant dynamic friction force along BC. Friction fore @ state conaion Story —— woton —> [Stationary Mion ———> Applied force (|e Kinetic condition FIGURE 2.2. Friction force (F) vs applied force () COULOMB'S LAW OF FRICTION Coulomb’s law of friction encompasses that 1 2 3 4 5 6 The force of friction always acts in ditection opposite to the direction in which the body tends to move. The magnitude of friction force is equal to the applied force till it remains stationary ‘The limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the reaction force between the wo surfaces, The friction force depends upon the roughness/smoothness between the surfaces The force of friction docs not depend on the area of contact Dynamic friction has a lower value than that of the limiting friction Dynamic friction force is given as F’ = 41,N where WV is normal reaction force and fy is coefficient of dynamic friction which is always less than static friction (42). Dynamic frictionENGINEERING MECHANICS is about 20% to 25% less than static friction, However, laws of dynamic friction are the same as static friction, When a wheel rolls on the ground the point of the wheel in contact with the ground has no relative motion with respect to the ground, Theoretically, rolling friction is zero but rolling friction exists due to deformation of the ground surface, THE ANGLE OF REPOSE AND THE CONE OF FRICTION Ifa block of weight W is put on an inclined plane and it is stationary. this means friction force (F) is greater than sliding force (WV sin a) acting along the plane duc to weight of the block (Figure 2.3a), However, on increasing the inclination angle to a critical angle, the sliding force (V sin a) will become greater than friction force and the body tends to slide (Figure 2.3b). The steepest angle of inclination (@) for which the block remains in equilibrium is called the angle of repose. The block can repose (sleep) up to the repose angle. It can be seen that repose angle (cd) = limiting angle of friction (A) wie (a) Block stationary () Block ond to move FIGURE 2.3. A block on an inclined plane If a body tends to move towards right, friction force will act towards left. The resultant (R) of friction force with the normal will make an angle A with the normal towards left (Figure 2.42). If now the body tries to move towards left, the resultant will act towards right (Figure 2.4b), Similarly, it will be in all directions and the resultant will seem to be ‘moving and generating a cone surface (Figure 2.4c). The cone of friction is defined as the surface generated by the direction of resultant when a body is moved in different dircotions IX oa e/) F <> (a) Tende to move roht (0) Tere to move lot (e)Cone of retion FIGURE 2.4 A body moving in difforent directionsFRICTION Ea EQUILIBRIUM: BLOCK, WEDGE AND LADDER During equilibrium of a block (Figure 2.5), the system of forces including friction may be treated as the concurrent force system. Hence using the equilibrium equations for concurrent forces (EP, = 0, EP, = 0) and the laws of friction, the force system can be analyzed. ™ rap : sO mbm | mo (2) One concurrent force system: =P, = 0, 2, = 0 qt + JN, Ne Pp omeg (©) Second concurrent foce system: =P, = 0, 2, FIGURE 2.5. Blocks equilibrium: Two concurrent force systems Wedges are small pieces of material with two of their opposite surfaces are not parallel (Figure 2.6). They are used to lift heavy objects like beams for final alignment or to make ‘a space for inserting lifting devices like lifting jack. In analysis of the equilibrium of wedges, the weight of wedges is neglected as it is very small, Friction force and the normal are i" 0 friction angle a= wedge angle FIGURE 2.6 Wedge equilibrium: Two concurent force systems.ENGINEERING MECHANICS combined to get the resultant which is used on a free body diagram to simplify the analysis of force system on the wedge The system of forces acting on a ladder constitutes non-concarrent system, Therefore, in analysis of the force system for a ladder. laws of friction and equations of equilibrium of non- concurrent forces (EP, = 0, EPy = 0, EM = 0) have to be used (Figure 2.7). The smooth surface will have only normal reaction (no friction force which otherwise acts horizontally) while rough surface will have both the normal reaction and horizontal friction force, yore fe %,=0 %,=0 sM=0 W,,= Weight of man FIGURE 2.7. Ladder equilibrium: Coplanar force system, POWER TRANSMITTED ‘The power can be transmitted by means of a belt as friction exists between the pulley (wheel) and the belt, Friction is also used in band brakes to stop the roiating wheel The power transmitted by a belt-pulley arrangement depends upon the angle of contact of the belt with the pulley. If the angle of contact increases, more power can be transmitted The tension in the belt is more on the side it is pulled as it has to overcome friction force and this side of the belt is called taght side. The other side having less tension is called slack side Let us develop a relation between tight side (7) and slack side (7) with the angle of contact (0). Refer to Figure 2.8, Take a smell length of the belt with contact dO and tension at tight side (7+ AT) and slack side tension 7. The force of friction (F) acis towards the slack side and the normal reaction N acts radially upwards. All forces are in equilibrium, m—™ Text | ~s — FIGURE 2.8 Relation between tight side and slack side.FRICTION Ea E Forces in the radial side = 0 we rsin@ — (7+ ary sin® = 9 2 2 ‘As d0 is small, sin Therefore, ae or N= Ta0 (as dt = 0) & Forces on the tangential side = ( (1+ dt) cos? — F- Teos@ = 0 2 2 [As d0 is small, cos? = 1 Therefore, Pear-F Fe at HN = dT (as F ~ uN) HI dO~ dT (as N ~ Ta) e"* (8 is in radians) The value of angle of contact or lap @ depends upon the arrangement of a belt wrapping, oxer pulleys (Figure 2.9). If the sizes of the driver pulley and the driven pulley are the same, then the lap angle at both the driver and the driven pulley is equal (=7. Slack side Tight side Driver pulley Driven pulley FIGURE 2.9 Arrangement of a belt and pulleys.ENGINEERING MECHANICS Now refer to Figure 2.10. If the diameter of the driver pulley (D1) is more than that of the driven pulley (9), the lap angle on the driver pulley is ADC (x + 2a) and the driven D=d, pulley is (wt — 2a) where sin a= As the lap angle on a smaller pulley is small, the 20 ‘maximum power before the belt starts slipping will be limited by the small pulley, Therefore, the smaller lap angle (~ 2@) is considered while calculating maximum power transmission. ‘This problem can be overcome by 2 cross belt arrangement. The lap angles on both big and small pulleys become equal to (1 + 2c) where sin @= “~The lap angle can also be 7 increased by increasing the turas of rope on pulleys. If rope has 7 turns on the pulley then tho wrap angle will be 2rcn Onneee yen-2a fame = ne20 (6) Straight bolt dive 1B) Cross lt dive FIGURE 2.10 Difforent belt arrangements ‘The length of the belt is given by y-ny 7 (a) Straight belt drive = m(ry + r3) + +2 Gene (b) Cross belt drive = x(r) + 72) + 421 Ina V-belt drive and a rope drive (Figures 2.11 and 2.12) 1. where @ is the groove angle. As cosee 6/2 > 1 i coves 02 > gif a fo FIGURE 2.11 V-belt drive FIGURE 2.12. Rope drive. Tx ei coms 02FRICTION As the more frictional resistance is provided by the V-belt and rope drives, the more power can be transmitied by these belts. Power transmitted by a belt-pulley arrangement can be found out (Figure 2.13) tr T=Tp r ss ' Xe iy —- FIGURE 2.13 Power generated by a bel-pulley arrangement. Net force on pulley Turning moment Work doneisecond Tr =(T\~ Ts) xr x @ (w= angular velocity) To (v= bolt velocity) N = rpm of pulley ICD, and Nj are the diameter and the speed of a driver and Ds and N> are the diameter and the speed of a driven pulley, and if / is thiokness of the belt, then Ny, De N, D+! SCREW JACK Mechanical advantage is the ratio of weight (7) lifted to force (F) used, i.e. Mechanical advantage = x The mechanical advantage should be more than one A screw jack (square thread type) is a device used for lifting heavy loads by’ applying less effort. It works on the principle of an inclined plane. The inclination of thread (@) is given by wat rd, where /” is the pitch (distance between two consecutive threads) and d,, is the mean diameter of threadsENGINEERING MECHANICS Daring raising of a weight (7), Ps horizontal force applied at the handle (length R) of the screw jack is Stan (a+) where 2 is the friction angle During lowering of weight, the force applied (P;) on the handle of the screw jack is ny WH santa Ifa=A, then P, = 0. Also if a> Athen P, is negative and the weight will start moving, downwards by itself and F, force has to be applied to hold the weight from coming down Such a screw jack is not a self-locking type. To guard against this undesirable effect in the screw, the screw angle (a) is always kept less than the friction angle (A). The efficieney of a screw jack is given by the ratio of ideal effort (when friction is zero) to actual effort, ie tan tan (a+ A) The efficiency of a screw jack is independent of weight being lifted. For maximum efficiency (2-0). da re the angle of inclination (@) = 45° — and 1 sina a Naw Tosi If 7 is more than 50%, then the serew jack is not a self-locking type Square threads take load perpendicular to thread while V-threads do not take load perpendicular to the surface of thread (Figures 2.14, 2.15 and 2.16). Therefore in V-threads, the coefficient of friction can be considered as 4/cos (2B is the angle between two sides of a a FIGURE 2.14 Square thread. FIGURE 2.15. Square thread FIGURE 2.16 V-thread (Sectional view), (Sectional view)FRICTION Ea thread) in finding effort by relations given above for square threads. As jt/cos B> 4, force required to lift load with a V-thread is more than a square thread. Square threads are gencrally used for transmission of power in machines like lathes and milling machines. Square threads are also used for transmitting power without any side thrusts, However, square threads are difficult to be manufactured and they are difficult to be cleaned. They cannot be used with split or half nut applications on account of difficulty in disengagement. On the other hand, ACME threads. though not so efficient as square threads, are easier to be manufactured and they also permit easier applications in split nat. SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. Block A weighing 1000 N resis over block B, which weighs 2000 N. Block 4 is tied 10 wall with a horizontal string. Find the value of P to move Block B if the coefficient of friction between 4 and B is 0,5 and the coefficient between B and the floor is 0,33, z__[ 1000N 4 TA Mt er, amt lie fe ny “| 2 Draw a free body diagram of blocks A and B. Considering equilibrium equations for block A (limiting friction) 0, 1000 T=F, iN, = 1000 X 0.25 1+ Fy = dN, + 250 0.33 x 3000 + 250 = 990 +250 = 1240N 2. A block of weight 1500 N is lying on a plane inclined 15° to the horizontal, The angle of friction is 20°. An effort inclined at 25° with the plane is applicd on the block. Determine the effort required to move the block (i) upwards and (ii) downwards,ENGINEERING MECHANICS (© oving upwards 6° along the plans) 2 P,= 0, P cos 23 — uN— 1500 sin 15 = 0 = tan A= tan 20 = 0.36 ‘Therefore, P x09 ~ 0.36 N ~ 1500 x 0.258 = 0 @ EP,=0, P sin 25 + N 1500 cos 15 = 0 Px 0.42 +N — 1500 x 0.965 = 0 «i On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we got P= 459 N and N= 1084N Gi) Moving downwards: EP.=0 ~P cos 25 + 036 N ~ 1500 sin 13 = 0 Git) EP,=0 —P sin 28 +N — 1500 cos 1S ° we) On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get P= 178.8 and V ~ 4467 N 3. P fore is applied at 30° to the horizontal to a 2-block (500 and 750 N) system. Assume the pulley is smooth and the coefficient of friction is 0.20. Find P which will move the arrangement upwards wey . @ re tl ag rot 2ibleck anengement Free body diagramFRICTION Ea Considering the equilibrium of the block 750 N, IP,=0 Ny ~ 750 cos 60 = 0 or 375N EP,=0 T~ 750 sin 60 But Fy = 0.2 x 375 = 75 Therefore T= 75 + 750% # PASN Considering equilibriam of the block S00 N. EP, =0 500 + P sin 30 = 0 N+ 0SP = 500 ® E Py = 0, P cos 30-7 F,=0 P cos 30 ~ 724.5 (Fy =02%™) a Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get P= 8535N 4. A block (10 KN) is to be raised by a wedge (20°) as shown by a horizontal force P. Determine the minimum value of P and mechanical advantage of the system (tt = 0.36 for all) eda trree Block and wedge arrangement Free bedy diagramaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION ke 1 = Tax 11.732 7,- 2S = 1022 11,732 Torque = (7, — Ts)r = (1200 ~ 102.2) x 0.625 686 Nm 9. The speed of a flywheel is controlled by a band brake as shown 1, = 0.3 and 14; = 0.25, Find the couple to be applied to keep it rotating at constant speed when P = 60 KN. EM, =0 Px4 het Ty =4 x 60 = 240 KN Lap angle = 270° = 1.50 400 fOr GZ Lap Angle B= 270" Here we have to use the coefficient of dynamic fiction, ic. 4 = 0.25 Ty= Ty et P= Ty x gh28 «15 240 = Ty x 3.248 Ty = 73.89 kN T)xr Couple applied on flywheel = (aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION Ka 7, = 800 N 159° 180-~-90 9 2 = 105 R. =~ Ty cos 8 ~T2 cos 0 = = (800 + 400) cos 105 Ry = 800 sin 10.5° ~ 400 sin 10.5° -1179.9N = 712.89 14, A belt drive shown in the figure ha: an angle of wrap 160° on the smaller pulley: Adding an idler as shown in the figure inereases the wrap angle to 200° The slack side tension is the same in both cases and the centrifugal force is negligible. By what percentage is tho torque capacity of the bolt drive inereasod by adding the idler? (use = 0.3) (GATE: 2001) Torgue = (Fj = Tyr and T, = Tension without the idler and 7’ = Tension with the idler Now. = Tye!“ = 2.8487, Comuey_ G/-T)xr_T,2.848-1) 1.848 403 (Conquer -T)xr T,2317=1) 1317 Hence the torque has increased by 40.3%aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION ka or Ry = 56723 N BF, = 0, P+035% Ry 367.23 @ Rs 200 + 250 ~ 0.28 »¢ $6723 = 1308.2 Therefore, from Eq. (i), P = 56723 ~ 0.35 x 13082 = 109,36 20. A fan belt running at a speed of 500 mimin drives a pulley: Determine the power tansmitted by the belt, if the maximum tension on the tight side of the belt is 1200N. Neglect the centrifugal tension effect. The angle of lap is 160° and the coefficient of frietion between the belt and the palley material is 0.35 (UPTU: 2006-2007) Lap angle @ = 160 x = 2.79 ral pane 180 Power transmitted where v = Velocity of belt Therefore. = 6241 kW 21, A block of stone weighing 50 KN rests on a horizontal floor. If the ecefficient of friction between the floor and the block is 0.3 and if a man pulls the block through a string, which makes an angle or with the horizontal, find for what value of the angle, the force necessary to move the block will be minimum. Find the force also. (UPTU: May 2008)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION 25. . ose, /Au ant 0 Veen Me Fe (a)oyinder (0) Free body diagram IF, =0, O58, +P +Ry~ 800=0 (ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have L.25Ry = 800 - Git) Now 2My=0, = (0.5Ry x r)~(OSR, Xr) +P K 1) = 0 or Ry + Ry= 2? or LSRy = 2P (wv) From Eqs. (ti and (iv), we have 800 125 15 1200 — 15h = 2.5P or 4P = 1200 or P~300N Sinee minimum of 300 N i required to act tor hence cylinder will not slip with 250 N force. tially to make the eylinder to slip, ‘Two heavy circular rollers of diameter D and d respectively rest on a rough horizonial plane as shown in the following figure. The large roller has a string wrapped around it to which a horizontal force P can be appliad. Assuming that the coofficient of friction (i) has the same value for surfaces, determine the necessary condition for friction under which the large roller can be pulled over the samll one Due to force P, the large roller tends to climb on small roller which leads to reaction of large roller shifting from point 4 to point 8 with friction force (ills) tends to prevent this climbing as shown in the free body diagram, Now take moment from a point C in the equilibrium condition, we have Zt, = 0. Ry x or @aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION Ea ‘The maximum torque transmitted is Torque = (7 ~ 1) x DI2 (3.46 ~ 135) DI2 055 D KN m - A belt is running over a pulley of 1.5 m diameter at 250 rpm. The angle of contact is 120° and the coefficient of friction (u) is 0.30, If the maximum tension in the belt is 400 N. find the power transmitted by the belt (UPTU: 2003-2004) 520, Torque = (Tp - Ty x 2 = (400 - 213.4) x 42 = 13995 Nm ann Power transmitted = Torque x 22%. = 139,95 x 2£ X250 6 = 3662 W 29. A solid cylinder of radius 20 cm and height 1_m is placed on a rough surface with its axis vertical. The coefficient of friction between the contact surface is 0.3 and the weight of the cylinder is 10 kN. A horizontal force P is applied at a height », Find the maximum value of height so that the block slides before toppling, (UPTU: 2005-2006) b—400m—4 —40em—4 + 4oom—4 Pp. [ co ; I » L 10K Tow LU es (@Arrangomant eskingaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION (@) Cylinders Aand 6 Consider the triangle ABC, we have Consider cylinder A, we have IK, = 0, R, cos 4S — $0 — Ry sin O= 0 or 0.907 Ry - 80 - 08 R= 0 @ IF, = 0, Ry = Ry cos 0 = 06 Ry ) Consider eylinder B, we have IK, = 0. + sin 6= 20 or 08 Rs = 20 25 kN (iit) @w)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION Ea 48. 46. 47. 48. Square threads are used for transmission of power: (rue False) ACME threads permit the use of split nut (true False ACME threads are preferred as they are easier to be manufictured. (true False) Square threads are not simpler to be manufactured. (true Fatse) . Square threads donot permit the use of split nut (true Fale) ‘The pitch is the distance between two consecutive threads (True Palie) . For a selfslocking lifting jack, the inclination angle (@ of the screw should be less than the friction angle (2). (True False) The lap angle can be increased for a belt with an idler pulley (true False) . No force is required for a body to slide down even when the angle of an inclined plane fs less than the repase angle. (rue False) |. A band brake stops a rotaing wheel due to the friction force developed between the band and the wheel (irue False) Bicycle wheels are circular as we want to reduce effort by working against rollin friction instead of sliding fFietion (rue Fale) Multiple Choice Questions L ‘The maximum value of friction force which comes into play when a body tends to move fon a surface is called (a) sliding friction (b) limiting friction (© milling friction The ratio of static friction to dynamic friction is (a) less than 1 (b) equal to 1 (©) greater than 1 ‘The angle of friction is equal to the (a) ratio of friction to the normal (b) angie of an inclined plane when a body tends to slide down (©) angle of an inclined plane when a body is sliding, ‘The coefficient of friction depends upon (a) area of contact, (0) shape of the body (©) nature of contact surfaces Kinetic friction is (a) limiting friction (b) friction when a body is moving (©) friction when a body is stationary The force required to move a body up an is inclination is (a) cqual to friction angle (b) greater than friction angle (e) less than fic clined plane will be least when the angle of mn angle Dynamic friction as compared to static friction is (a) less (b) equal (©) greateraa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION Ea 37. The cycle stops when wheels are stopped rolling with the belp of the brake as (@) rolling of the wheels decreases (b) power to the wheels stops (©) sliding friction is much higher than rolling friction which acts 38. Sand is spread on an ice-covered road to (a) harden the ive (b) soften the ice (©) increase the Friction of the surface 39. What is the maximum acceleration of the conveyor belt which permits 2 man standing stationary on it if the weight of the man is 500 N, mass 30 kg and the coefficient of friction (a) = 0.1 (a) 1 mis? (b) 2 mis? (©) 0.5 mis? 40. Can anyone get off a friction less horizontal surface by jumping? (a) yes (b) no (©) depends on gravity 1 41, If = thon the angle of friction (A) is ee al > (a) 45° () 30° (©) 60" 42. A ball bearing is used 10 (@) reduce sliding friction (b) reduce the coefficient of friction (©) convert shiding friction to very low rolling friction 43. A ladder of weight 300 N rests on a smooth wall and a horizontal floor (jl = ¢.2) making an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The force of friction is (a) 300 N (b) 60. N (©) 150 N Feo = Paraparaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FRICTION [91 | 36, True 37. True (The lap angle on the small pulley in a straight belt drive is smaller than that of the bigger pulle). Hence. the belt wil slip first on the smaller pulley) 38, True rh 1 nome? xb 39. Fale (ZL = o## tora ft belt white itis 7 = fora 1belt where @ is the a 2 7 sroove angle. As eoste 02 > 1 the aio of 2 is more fora F-belt resulting into higher power transmission) 40. True 41, True 2. True 43. False 44, True 48. Truc 46, True 47. True 48, True 49, True 50, True SM. True 52. True 53. False (For sliding, inclined angle > repose angle where repose angle is equal to fiction angle 4.) 84. True Truc Multiple Choice Questions 1.) 2 ©) 2 ) 410 5) 6. (©) (The effort requited to move the body up is me(sin @ + u cos 6) which will be least when 6 is less.) 7. @) 8 (a) 9. () 10, (b) AL (o) 12. (a) 13. (0) 2003 _ 1 14, (a) Gu = tan A= “Sm = FR or A= 30°) 415. (c) (Friction is between the ladder and the wall. Also the ladder slides down, and friction will act up.) 16. (a) (The wall is smooth and will have zero friction when the ladder slides down.) 17. (c) (Zero effort to move down when angle of repose = angle of friction) 18. (b) 19, (c) (The cube will topple when the inclination angle is 45°, Ifthe angle of repose or angle Of friction is less than 45°, the cubs will slide fire, therefore 4 = tan 4< tan 45° or <1) 20. (©) 2. fo) 2. 23. (b) 24 ib)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS 95 | Pe — 1 4+— a | 4 f o> 4 4 4 FIGURE 3.1 Types of beams TYPES OF SUPPORTS Beams can have the following supports: 1, Simple support: When a beam rests on a simple support, the reaction is at a right angle (o the support. The beam is free to move in the direction of an axis (along the Teagth) and it can also rotate about its axis 2. Roller support: When a beam rests on a roller support, the reaction is normal to the support. The beam is free to move along the axis. 3. Hinged support: 1 keeps the end of the beam stationary. The reaction has both the horizontal and vertical components TYPES OF LOADS ‘Types of loads which a beam may have are the following (Figure 3.2) Point load or concentrated load Uniformly distributed load (UDL) Uniformly varying load (UVL) General loading External moment ‘The load applied on a beam gets transferred to its supports. Every section of a beam experiences the following: Shear force: Shear force ties to shear off the section. It is obtained as the algebraic sum of all the forces acting normal to the exis of the beam either to the left or to the right of the section.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS flee (0) Poi adana Roa eet a Fe i i—| 2. Cantilever (@) Point load na oun. inet poe oN In the design of a beam, we are usually not only interested in stresses produced by the loads but also in the deflection produced by these loads so that deflections should not exceed a permissible limit. Though deflections and slope are generally covered in strength of materials, wwe are explaining, them in this chapter as both are linked with bending moment diagrams. Three methods of finding slope and deflections have been covered as under 1, On loading, the mid point of a beam is sagged/deflected (1) and also there is » slope (6) at the end. In Figure 3.6 ACB beam is sagged to shape AC'B. D FIGURE 3.6 A beam being saggedaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS a Ate dy ae Therefore, a 4 So Eq. G4) becomes EIS 35 e G3) For maximum slope (at x we (3) ae Integrating Ea. G5), -wx' wes Ely = =| pte 36) Ate = y= 0. Therefore So Eq. (3.6) becomes: si wes we wh a Maximum deflection (at x = 0) —we 3H 3. Mohr’s theorem (Moment Area Method); The change of the slope between any two points on an elastic curve is equal to the net area of the bending moment diagram between these points divided by ET. The intercepts taken on the vertical reference line of tangents at any {wo points on an elastic curve is equal to the moment token from the reference point of tho area of the BM diagram between these two points divided by FI, This is called Mohr's theorem or moment area methed. Refer to Figure 3.10. Showing a simply supported beam loaded at the centre BM diagrams are also shown for reaction &, (= W/2) and load (1). We want to find slope and deflection between B and C. we 16 Area d= Arca Cio = 4 x @ x 24aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS a 5. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam shown below. (UPTU: 2001-2002) 10KN 10KN A ye D 8 4.8m—-—2m 4.5m Reactions Since the beam is symmeirically loaded, Vy = Vg = 10 kN SED Fy=V.= 10 kN a Fo=V,-10=0 {0 " = Fy =-10 = Vy to) +ve BMD A Morse es Mp = 10x 15 = 15 oi a Mg = Figs ~ 10x (up to D) Kan 3 My=10x35-20=15 , 5 My =0 ‘emo 6. A log of wood is floating in water with a weight JV placed at its middle as shown, Neglecting the weight of the log, draw the SFD and BMD of the log, (UPTU: 2002-2003) Water Reactions SEDaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS a Mp =V4 x AD ~ 10 x2 = 1336 4 AB 10 x4 10 x 2 = -10 9. A simply supported beam is subjected to various loadings as shown in the figure. Sketch the SFD and BMD showing their values at significant locations. (UPTU: 2005) 2kN 4kN kN tid | a, Reactions VytVp=2+9x444= 26 or SED BMD. EM,=0,2x2+20KS44x9- Vex 10= 44100436 44 10 z 5. V4-26- 14 = 12 4N ce) a, ele DE he 2 + ee Fer a “1 Fy=12-2= 10 Fe=10 Fy = 10-20 =-10 ig =-10 4 =-14 ve te -4 | eN " ee | ye |= My=0 $ t My ~ 12 x2= 24 Mc = 123-2 1=34 = My =12%7-2%5—20%2 =84— 10-40 = 34 Mp=Vpx1= le =Vp x1 = 14 . Mp =14x3-4%2 8 D ? =42-8=34aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS a ye | 10KN o A 5 iz -—— 10m — ae Reactions Ry =-10, Ry = +10 BMD. Mo=0 M, = Area AC = -10 x a Mz =-10a Mp ~-l0a + Wa -0 18, Draw the load diagram for the SFD shown for a simply supported beam. Calculate the rmaximum bending moment and its Location (UPTU: 2001-2002) Reactions 195; son R,=198 Ry = 405 4 Cr le EP,=0, 195 +405 J see ee Stwxs © -95 “es wot BMD M.=0 i 3 . A cp ewer, 9.5 x3 = 585 as 95x5-95x2 es =9715 - 19 = 785 Maximum Mf will be at point £ ca where SP = 0 Now DE x 408 = BE x 0 ws | 7saa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS 17. A beam 5 m long. hinged at both the ends is subjected to a moment M = 60 KN m at a point 3 m from end A as shown below. Draw the shear force and bending moment ss se Abe 3m ep 2m —e} The free body diagram of the beam is M=60kNm — Aa fe L Now Also EM, = 0, =124N Hen +12 KN 12 kN BMD. M,=0 Mc = 12 x3 (little left of ©) 36 Mo = 12 x3 - 60 (little right of C) Mp=0 18. Draw the bending moment diagram of the beam shown below (UPTU: 2006-2007) 20KN Hinge Foot mpi eft met 2mENGINEERING MECHANICS Beam can be considered to be of two parts, viz. AC and CE Reactions (Part AC) Ry + Ro=2 2x1-Rex2=0 or Ro= Land Ry = Reaction (Part CE) 6 KIS HR O or Re= 1415 =16 SED BMD. My = ~16 x25 +6x25x = 40 + 18.75 =~ 21.25 19. Draw the SF and BM diagram for the beam as shown below. iN aan SkNm |< — 2m sie — 2m —>ie—— 3m ——} (UPTU: 2006-2007) SED “haa Fp 0 ae SkNim Fo = 48% 3 = 15 (just right of C) 15 +4 = 19 Gust lent of ©) Fy = 5 x5 +4 = 29 Gust right of B) = 29-4 A= 33 Gust left of B) pp s3Bt2eS=43ANALYSIS OF BEAMS wo XOXSKS44X2 70.5 KN m XSKTXTHAX4 4X2 © 122.54 84 16 = 1465 KN m 20, A simply supported beam carries a load P through a bracket as shown in the figure. The maximum bending moment in the beam is Pl PI @ > o> ©) Leap (oh ap (GATE: 2000) The bending moment can be considered to be consisted of point loading P and moment of Pa Hence the total BM at centre is Pxt M +Pa Hence the option (c) is correct. 21, Two bars AB and BC are connected by a frictionless hinge at B. The assembly is supported and loaded as shown, Draw the SFD and BMD for the combined beam AC, clearly labelling the important values, Also indicate your sign convention, (GATE: 1996)ENGINEERING MECHANICS 100%N 200 kN [ibe opti oe im Beam can be considered as two parts, viz AB and BC. Taking part BC: Reactions Hinge 100KN—200KN EMc = 0. A Ry x4 = 100 x2 +200 x 1 - ; A n Ry = 100 kN Re = 300 100 = 200 KN -200, Fy = 0, Fy = 100 BMD. A Mo = 0, Mg = 200 x 1 = 200 My ~ 200 x 2 ~ 200 x 1 = 200 Mz =0 Now take part 4B: SED Fy = 100 and Fy = 100 a BMD Ms = 0. M, = 100 x 15 150 KN m 4190 kN Now combining SFD Now combining BMD A 150KN mANALYSIS OF BEAMS [121 | 22, The shear force diagram of a loaded beam is shown in the figure. The maximum bending moment is (@) 16 KN m (b) EAN m (©) 28 KN m () 8 KN m (GATE: 2001) ten Bending moment at any point is the area of the shear force diagram from one end to that point 1 Area at point C= x2 x44) Ps pX2xadea) = 16 kN m Hence the option (a) is correct 23. Draw SF and BM diagrams for the beam shown in the figure Find the location and magnitude of maximum bending moment. Also determine the location of any’ point of contraflexure, (UPTU: 2007-2008) om TKN 2Kn isin i ‘ Pe mee am a ey Reactions Ry + Ry = 14 + 20= 34 5 SKIFTHA-RpX 542% 6 420% 5 2 fy -SA28HI250 io ay Ry = 34-19 = 19 kNENGINEERING MECHANICS SFD 5kN 7K 2kN E Gust left of £) 11 ~ $= 6 Gust right of E) ~ 6 (just le of D) 6 — 7 = -13 Gust right of D) 13-4 =—17 Gust left of B) Fig= 17 + 19 = 2 Gust right of B) BMD 1 My = 0, Mp = 15—4%5 Mp = 15 x4-5 3-16 x2 = 60 - 15-32 =13 M,=-2x1=-2 Me =0 The maximum bending moment will be x distance from A F (9-9 wend an ox or xt Max = 1S X2.5-3K1S-2x (2.57 = 375-75 - 125 = 175 kN 24. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beam shown in the following figures. (UPTU: 2008-2009) 3000.Nm 7E0NANALYSIS OF BEAMS ei Reactions Ry + Ry = 750 ~ 3000 ~ Rx 5 +750x7=0 . — ss - we [Fae een eae a a sa M4» = 600 ~ 3000 -2400 Nm Me = 300 x § ~ 3000 = 1500 Nm 300 x 7 - 3000 + 450 x2 0 “600 -2at0 25. Find the shear foree and moment equation for the cantilever beam shown in figure, Also sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. (UPTU: 2008-2009) tye tom om > Consider shear force and bending moment at “x” distance from free end as shown in the figure Shear force ta-he-0[3 xe ~a] eo ar- tua?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS Ga zon Ol Tso som 4 C| 0 E| ~ A Cc Do & 2 a ne aa et 28.17 “ C| D e| a fo = 21.87 x 15 ~ 30 x 15/2 = 32.81 ~ 22.5 = 1031 KN m Moy = 21.87 x 2 ~ 30% 125 = 6.24 KN m Mcp = 6.24 +30 = 36.24 KN m Mg = 21,87 x3 ~ 30 x 2.25 +30 = 65.61 ~ 67.5 + 30 = 28.11 KN maa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ANALYSIS OF BEAMS fa 18, A cantilever of span / carties & uniform distributed load on the entire span. The maximum. wit © Jonr 19, The maximum deflection of a cantilever which is uniformly loaded (w) is wl wit wrt jt oy we 0 © oe > BET © Tea 20. A simply supported beam carries a point load al its centre. The deflection at its support is BA @ 21. A simply supported beam 1B of span I carries a point load 1 at a distance a from 1 such that a oO ‘Three members are joining at point G and members AG and GF are collinear, Hence force Fig¢ is zero. Similarly, the force in members EF and CH is zero. 9. A truss is shown in the figure, Is it a perfect truss? The number of members = 7 ‘The number of joints For a perfect truss M = 2/ ~3 7=2x5- =7 a > Ps Hence it is a perfect truss, —aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRUSSES Ea EF,=0, Fuy sin @ = mg roam Fils 9 Joint L Fa —>5—<—§ fw ‘Therefore, the option (a) is correct 15, Determine the magnitude and nature of forces with the members of truss ‘#fown in the figure (UPTU: 2006-2007) The free body diagram of the truss is: Reactions 2F.= 0, Ho= 15 kN EM =0, Rix 6- 303-15 x4=0 = 150 Ry 6 SKN Re = 30 = 25 = SKNaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRUSSES Ea Join B sin 60 = 50 Feo ~ 8 * popes 904 fag —+ 6422 we sin 60 0866 296.97 | = $7.74 kN 50, ‘The following are the list of forces and their nature. Ta Componeae Nene 1 4D Cemeoase 2 AB ‘Tensile 3 DC Compressive 4 Bc Tensile 5 bb Tensileaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRUSSES con @ 2on on » ce fe € F ° | > ‘es | erlXe Ase a a an oS a sin Fine Figue () 18, In Figure (a), member CD has a force equal to @ 40N (b) 20 © x 19, If Figure (a), momber EF has a force equal to (@) 710 () 50N (© 250 20, In Figure (a), member Gif hs force equal to ON () 2009 © 10N 21, Im Figure (b, member CD has a force equal to @ 40N (b) 80 © 20 22, Tn Figite (b, member CE has a free eqn to (@ 40 (by 80N © xe 23, In Figure (b, member AC has a force equal to @) 808 () aN © x0 24, In Figure (), member BD has a force of (a) zer0 () ON (© 30N In Figure (¢, member CD has a force of fa) rer (6) 60'N (© 30N fon pon row Je 2—ebes 7 a lee al ! | my e a 6 is 2 4 yw Figure ( Figure (@ Figure (0) 26. In Figure (4), the truss is (a) perfect (b) imperfect (©) redundantaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRUSSES Ea ANSWERS. Slate True or False ea un 12 1B. re 15. 16. a7. 18, 19, 20. 2. 2, 23. 27. 28, 29. True 2 False (load ai joints only) 3. True True 5 ‘Trus (Members in three-dimensional space) True True alse (A member under tension is called tie.) False (A member under compression is called strut) ). True (A roller support to compensate for elongation and contraction, and a hinged support to prevent sliding off during horizontal loading like wood load) True ‘True False (An imperfect truss has less members than required from stability consideration.) False (A redundant truss has more than required from stability point of view) True True ‘True (Equilibrium equations are not sufficient to find unknown forces.) False (The weight of members is neglected.) True False (Members are considered to have uniform cross section) m (2 oS “eh print isnt tue (O——-—o ent) True 24, Truc 25, Truc 26. True false (Only two equations of equilibrium can be formed as eich point gives a force systems of collinear forces.) True (Esch joint gives two equations of equilibrium which can solve two uaknown forces.) ‘True (The coplanar system formed in the section method gives three equations of equilibrium which can solve three unknowns.)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA ‘m partic at XY Zo origin and Centroid ‘The centroid is infact the first moment of a plane surface of area A in the xy=plane is as shown in Figure 5.2, We can define the first moment of area 4 about the x-axis as follows woe fem , é dows 2 re EE © ® FIGURE 5.2 (a) Plane area and (b) Centroid coordinates Similarly, the first moment abcut the y-axis is y= fieanaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA and it gives ¥=0, Another valuable deduction from this is about the location of the ceatroid. ‘The centroid of an area with one axis of symmetry must lie somewhere along the axis of symmetry, The axis of symmetry coincides with the centroidal axis, AREA WITH TWO ORTHOGONAL AXES OF SYMMETRY Area with two orthogonal axes of symmotry must have its centroid at the intertection of these ayes. The areas such as squares, rectangles and circles must have centroids at the intersections of their centroidal axes as shown in Figure 5.5 My Conteis ve Ie b> ! | (2) Square (©) Rectangle (o.Cirele FIGURE 5.5. Area with two orthogonal axes of symmetey COMPOSITE AREAS A complex plane area can be considered to be formed by the addition or subtraction of simple familiar areas whose positions of centroids are already known. The familiar areas are squares, rectangles, circles and triangles whose positions of centroids are commonly known. The complex plane area can be simplified and it is considered to be made of such simple and familiar areas. It is possible to find the location of centroid of the complex plane area by this composite areas method. Consider play plane area is arca is made of NV familiar areas, then centroid of the & 5; are the coordinates of the centroid of this area. where A, is area of ith familiar area ¥, & J) Ais the total area of the plane bodyaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA sill feet Mer vf Siew 2dV JI Example 53. A volume of revolution is formed by revolving the area as shown in Figure 5.10 about the s-axis, The volume generated is also shown. Determine the centroidal distance y Jato NE oe 5 foe #25 +4 (@) Pane area (©) Body ofrevolution FIGURE 5.10 Example 5.3. The centroid can be given as = lx vef[far=[fferrac= J xaomar a? é visions [eaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA En sx, M 2KO+4x246K248x0 2444648 8412 _20 20-20 fength unit M 20x0+4x0+6X248x2 - 20 12416 _ 28 20 20 Hence, the centre of mass is at [1, 1.4] 14 Jength unit MOMENT OF INERTIA A body’ tends to remain in its own state of rest or motion unless a force is applied to change the state. This property is called inertia, The force required to change to the state depends tupon the mass of the body. Hence. in linear motion, mass govems inertia and not the distribution ‘of mass in the body. The mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated at the centre of ‘gravity in linear motion. Moment of inertia is alway’s specified in relation to a particular axis of rotation. The value of moment of inertia changes whenever the axis of rotation of the body 1s changed, Moment of inertia is specified for an area while mass moment of inertia is given for the mass of the body. Moment of inert The moment of inertia of a body about an axis not only depends upon the mass of the body but also upon the distribution of the mass of the body about the axis of rotation. To understand this, consider two wheels having the same mass but the first wheel has mass uniformly distributed with respect to the axis of rotation while the second whoel has most of its mass situated atthe rim (see Figure 5.14). When wheels are rotated, itis seen that a greater torque is roquired to roiate the second wheel as it has a greater inertia duc to the mass located more away from the axis of rotation, It is also seen that once the two wheels are set in rotation and left, the second wheel remains rotating for a longer time. It means that the moment of incrtia of the second wheel abut the axis of rotation is greater than that of the first wheel in spite of equal mass of both wheels, Hence it is clear that the greater is the part of the mass of the body away from the axis of rotation, the greater is the moment of inertia of the body about that axis, An important use of this properiy is made in stationary engines, The torque ‘also called the second moment of area or massaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA But Radius of Gyration ‘The radius of gyration of « body which is rotating about an axis is defined as the distance from the axis of rotation where the whole area or mass of the body can be assumed to be concentrated such that the moment of inertia remains uachanged. Hence we have L ARE where J. is moment of inertia and k, is the radius of gyration, Similarly, we have ‘The distances i and k, are called the radii of gyration. This radius of gyration will have 4 position that depends not only on the shape of the area but also on the position of the reference axis or the axis of rotation. This situation is unlike the centroid whose location is independent of the position of the reference axis. Product of Area The product of area (Figure 5.18) relates an arca directly to a set of axes, It is defined as dA n y a es} . FIGURE 5.18 Product of areaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA xD* 32 In order to find moment of inertia about the x- and y-axes, we have fog * Hag + By Bat J4, = fy as per symmetry. Therefore. Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Rectangular Section Consider @ hollow rectangular lamina with hy and fiz as outer and inner heights while 6, and by as outer and inner widths. The centroidal axes are as shown in Figure 5.21aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CEVTROID AN MONEWT OF INERTIA syace =o 2) % bh “36 Moment of Inertia of /-Section ‘The moment of inertia of an /-section is to be found about the centroidal axis. Consider an Fsection as shown in Figure 5.25. In order to simplify. the mid vertical portion can be shifted to left to obtain an equivalent C-section as shown in the figure. Consider now C-section which consists of outer rectangle ABCD with missing inner rectangle EFGH. Therefore, we have Tee = Lasco ~ Treo =o bh D2 E F I __Enuivalent oo | @ “ * 8 FIGURE 5.25. I-section. Moment of Inertia of Semi-circle Area of strip (Figure 5.26) = ardr FIGURE 5.26 Semicircle sectionaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA 2 ff cosoao The sete of man ist [, Centre of Mass of a Uniform Semicircular Plate Consider a uniform semicircular plate of radius R and mass Mf (Figure 5.31), Take a strip at radius r and thickness dr. FIGURE 5.31 Semicircular plate The centre of mass is 2 fayaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA In case the moment of inertia has to be worked out about axis BC instead of mid-point (axis), then we have ‘The mass moment of inertia about an centroidal axis passing parallel to the base of the rectangular body is _ Mh? l= Ty Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Circular Ring Consider 2 circular ring of radius R and mass M (Fi ro 5.34). The moment of inertia is =f raw > KZ FIGURE 5.34 Circular sing, 08aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Now consider a radius OA at an angle @ with the axis 0). Taking BA as the radius, trace a circle about axis-oy on the sphere. Now change the angle from @to @ + d@ and draw another circle on the sphere with larger radius as shown in the figure, The part of the sphere between these circles has been shown as shaded in the figure, This part of the sphere cam be taken as a ring of radivs 2 sin @ having width as Rd@. The periphery of the ring is 27R sin @. ‘Area of the ring = (2aR sin 6) (Rad) = aR Mass per unit are: (eR sin 8) (Rd8) x Mass of the ring at 7 am =" sin -a0 2 or Now the moment of inertia of the ring about the yy axis ie JazJrawe where r= R sin 8, Frasiney ALsina ao Zoe ME’ TT an? @ a0 2 Jo MR? Sf a eos? 8 sin 0.40 MRE pt oa ; J a-cos 6) d (cos 8) Mass Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Solid Sphere Consider a uniform solid sphere with mass M and radius R. Now consider a thin spherical clemental volume with radius rand thickness dr as shown in Figure 5.38. The mass per unit ; M 2 volume of the solid sphere is <7 “=~ The thin elemental sphere has surface area 47m? and thickness dr. Its volume is 47° dr and it has therefore mass as given below:aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA asin? af? anv ons a fy! aa aoe asina [ryt = Iyy Sin? OF Ip 60S” ~ Zy COS & Sin or Ta tly Ty, Similarly, it can be found out cos 2a +1, sin 2or Also, it can be given in 241 + 1, c0s 204 PRINCIPAL AXES The second moments of area (Jy. and Jy) have diflereat values depending up the value of tho angle of rotation a However, the sum of second moments remains constant for all reference axes which are orthogonal, i.¢., for all x and y reference axes irrespective of angle @ It means that the maximum moment of area about any axis say the x-axis will have corresponding minimum moment of arca about the y-axis and viee versa, Since the second ‘momeat of arca is a function of angle a as shown below Jog thy » loys cos 2a.~ 1, sin 2a For maximum moment of area, put 222 Therefore. ar, Bt aU — ly \esin 1a)~ 21, €0524=0 There are two values of ee which will give maximum moments of area. However, the product of area for this value of cris zero. Therefore. we can define the principal axes as those axes about which the product of area is zero. The principal axes give maximum and minimumaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA ‘Table 5.3 depicts mass moments of inertia of some bodies. Table 5.3 Mass moments of inertia of bodies Description Figure & E 1. Uniform rod a - - 2 Sicumenie Mot wn? Mbt +12) 2. Rectangular plate e “ 3 3. Uniform circular ring = 4 , MR? MR? 2MR? ie? - 4. Uniform circular plate x“ mR? nee 2 2 » Bel ; ie inder soi » dnt Mga? ont 5. Cylinder solid a - pore) Sass (Contd)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Find the centroid of the Z-section as shown in the figure. Go c | bam 7 —zom—ft n can be considered to be a composite body of three areas. ‘The Z-secti Ay = rectangle EFH'G = 10x 5 = 500m? rectangle HDD! $x 2.5 = 37.5 em’ rectangle AD’'CB 0% $= 100 em? Now the centroid of these areas are: HsSemaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA The F-section is equivalent to the C-section as shown below. It reduces to a composite area consisting of two rectangles. oo —— 100 «120° _ 90x 190° “ 12 12 = 144 x 108 75 x 105 = 69 x 105 mm* of ISA 100 x 75 % 6 about the centroidal x-¥ and y-y axes. (UPTU: 2001-2002) 6. Find the moment of ine! [$100 mm ——+| 75mm First we have to find the centroid about reference axes as shown and later moment of inertia found about x-x and y-y axes to be modified as per the parallel theorem. Ay = 100 x 6 = 600 mm? Ay = (75 ~ 6) x 6 = 414 mm? %=3mmaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA 9. The density of a linear rod of length 1 varies as p= A+ B. x where xis the distance from the left end, Find the centre of mass, le | ed ‘The centre of mass is [ins [irtasane [fscasanan [foes nasa favma GA+2BE)L 3QA+BDL GA+2BD)L 3QA+ BL)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA #64 48) x12 3x 16x 4" (6-8) Now we haveaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA L-section consists of two areas as shown Ay = 100 x 20 = 200 mm’ Ay = 80 X 20 = 160 mm? = 10 mm x + Ape AtA 200 x $04 160% 10 200 +160 1010" +1.6 10° _ 116 x10 360 = 32.2 mm Ait Aaya _ 200 x10 +160% 60 Atay 300 11600 “360 32.2 mm 17. Using the analytical method, determine the centre of gravity of the plane uniform lamina as shown, (AMIE-75)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.—rmoiniancinanenr ores 2 A 2 = ‘SHR + 2R°) =8h are +5R or BHR + 16R? Bak + 2H + 10) or oR = 2 h or : 20, Determine the centre of mass of a homogeneous solid body of revolution as shown in the figure The composite volume generated on revolution (ji) a rightangled cone of height 360 mm and base 400 mm minus, (i) a right-angled cone of height 180 mm and base 200 mm (minus) and (iii) a hemisphere of radius 150 mm (minus) denth 3 = 480 x 2x 10' mm? 360 yy 2 290 mam 4 Vy rerfhy = Loc» 100? 180 3 = 60m x 10! mm? 225mm,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA 24, Find the product of area of shaded area in the following figure about x and y axis. x ZN ‘The shaded area can be considered as composed of following geometrical shapes as shown below y y, y 6m + om = er | Ke Sem—i =m fon * (a) Pectangle (b) Trangle (e) Semidcle (a) Ractangle (b) Triangle (©) Semicircle (1) HLay + Area x F x F=0+(b x WEX5 Uy 26 X 3) em sour x Ria Ung)2 Slay + Area x EF a h d= - Loi(a+ 2) (3) aa 3G xe R xaxo(a+ 3) CJensat (ys = Cyoo + ATsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Now to find centroidal x, axis from x-axis Now. AM + Aaya A +A, (20 x 120) x 110+ 20 x 110) x 50 20 x 120+ 20 x 110 2.73. mm, Now Fre = Txpen ~ Unxin ~ tuers) + Jacu 120 x 7.27% _ 100 x (3727 4 20. 62.73)" 3 3 3 567.4 x 10 mm* 29. Determine the moment of inertia about x-axis passing through centroid of the /-section, ke 178 ~“ “itl ] | — 4 cl | Aaya + Asys A +A, +A Now (300 15) x 7.5 + (180 x 10) x (90+ 15)+ (175 x 20) x 205 300 x 15+ 180 x 104 175 x 20 = 95.44 mm (300 x 95.44) (300 — 10) x (95.44 — 15)° | 175 x 119.56" 3 Now aves _ (75 = 10) x (119.56 ~ 20)" 3 = 82.04 = 10" mtaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA oe ges “99 As there is symmetry ablout x and y axes, hence we have 5 1,21 =e'(2 - =| Tyotar = ex * Loy Le 2at (G3 - Sxi4) = at (6 ~ 502) 34. A corner of radius 20 mm is cut oif from a square plate of 40 mm side as shown in the figure. Find the moment of inertis of the remaining plate about its axes of symmetry ay 20mmaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Case 2: Horizontal strip d4=(4-x) dy fra lr G@-ay dy 37. A steel beam of hollow square section of 60 mm outer side and SO mm inner side is imply supported on a span of 4 m. Find the maximum concentrated load beam can carry at the middle of the span if the bending stress is not to exceed 120 Nimm?, (UPTU: Sem II 2008-2009) SO SE 2 108 x 10° - 62.5 x 10° ey aD 5 = 104 mméaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CENTROID AND MOMENT OF INERTIA OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Pe a Enthusiasm is the fuel of life, it helps you get where you are going. Le ee 4 State True or False 3 4. 11 12 4 18. |. Centre of mass is a point at which complete mass of the body can be assumed to be concentrated (rue False) . A centroid iS a point at which the complete area of the lamina can be assume to be concentrated (True False) The flywheel of an engine has lower value of moment of inertia (true'Falve) ‘Moment of inertia of a man increases in case he spreads his arms and legs. (TruelFalve) Ifa body has maximum moment of inertia about the x-axis, then it will have maximum moment of inertia about the y-axis also, (True'False) The principal axes have zero product of area. (True'False) . The sum of moment of inertia about a pair of orthogonal axes remains constant irrespective fF the rotation of the reference axes. (rue False) Centre of mass is governed by (True\False) ‘The centroid of a lamina is given by 1 i tf. True'False)

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