Task 1: (a) Clamped-Free Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency of Vibration [Hz] 3.2463 20.353 56.971 111.54 184.37 275.70 385.0 512.

79 669.93 821.91 Longitudinal/torsional/bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending

Abaqus Solution Analytical Solution Percent Error 3.2463 3.2766 0.89 20.353 20.5344 0.88 56.971 57.4972 0.92 111.54 112.6696 1.00 184.37 186.2531 1.01 275.70 278.2300 0.91 385.0 388.6022 0.93 512.79 517.3654 0.88 669.93 664.5277 0.81 821.91 830.0855 0.98 The computed solution compared to the analytical solution shows extremely little error therefore Abaqus can be used to visualize more accurate models, and through the finite element method it is possible to be able to analyze complex models.

(b) Clamped-Clamped Mode 1 2 3 4 Frequency of Vibration [Hz] 20.726 57.081 111.83 184.79 Longitudinal/torsional/bending Bending Bending Bending Bending

5 6 7 8 9 10

275.96 385.49 513.39 659.23 823.22 1005.0

Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending

Abaqus Solution Analytical Solution 20.726 20.8 57.081 57.5 111.83 112.7 184.79 186.3 275.96 278.2 385.49 388.6 513.39 517.4 659.23 664.5 823.22 830.1 1005.0 1014.0 Again, the Abaqus solution is extremely close to the analytic solution. Task 2: Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency of Vibration [Hz] 15.329 22.685 95.953 141.76 268.16 395.17 506.18 524.57 769.38 863.21

Percent Error [%] 0.36 0.73 0.77 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.89

Longitudinal/torsional/bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Bending Longitudinal/torsional Bending Bending Bending

Task 3: Option 2: Mode 1 2 Frequency of Vibration X10^-3 [Hz] 1.4744 2.8593 Mode Description Flapping of wings (ornithopter) Wings moving opposite each other and out of phase of

tail 3 4.3691 Wings curving up and down symmetrically 4 4.9553 Wings moving in phase of tail, but opposite each other 5 5.9776 Slight longitudinal movement in wings, bending in tail 6 7.0593 Planar swaying of wings, out of phase 7 7.5917 Flapping tail, slight pitching in nose 8 8.2480 Symmetric swinging of wings, catastrophic failure 9 8.4200 Torsion in body, wings and tail bending out of phase 10 10.2995 Wings and tail bending symmetrically, pitching moment in body *First 10 non-rigid body modes, but we included videos of multiple other modes that looked interesting.