Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. _[ 2326 23 68 Phones :{ 2326 28 70 R | ott 2528 25 72 *| 011-2326 22 79 Branches : 129/1, IIrd Main Road, [IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-661 15 61) 26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-2434 47 26) St. Benedict’s Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-2475 02 47) Adda Tanda, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com Website : www.laxmipublications.com First Edition : Jan. 1980 Second Edition: Jan. 1983 Third Edition : Mar. 1987 Fourth Edition: May 1991 Fifth Edition : Aug. 1992 Reprint : Aug. 1994 Reprint : Nov. 1998 Reprint. : Sept. 2000 Reprint : July 2002 Reprint : Aug. 2003 © 1980, 1992 B.C. PUNMIA © 1992 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN & ARUN KUMAR JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated without the written permission of the Authors. Price : Rs. 230.00 Only. C—7319/03/08 DIP Composed By : Arihant Consultants Printed at : Mehra Offset Press, Delhi.Contents PART I WATER TANKS CHAPTER 1. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN Page 1.1.__Introduction : Torsional _moments in beams 1 1.2. Circular beam supported symmetrically ~ 4 1.3. Semicircular_beam simply supported on_three all columns ~ u 14. Curved beam simply supported at ends and continuous over two equally spaced intermediate supports oe 17 1.5.__Curved beam fixed at ends 9, 0 16.__Semi-cireular beam with slab 26. 1.2.__Torsion_factor J ____________29 1.8.__Stresses_due_to_torsion_in_concrete_beams ___.._33. 1.9. Indian standard Code for design for torsion IS : 456-1978: = 42 Problems 4.0. SG CHAPTER 2. DOMES 2.4.___Introduction ST 2.2. Nature of stresses in spherical domes oe 57 2.3. Analysis of spherical domes we 59 24,__Stresses due to wind load 0, SS 25. Design of R.C. domes oe 65 2.6.__Conical domes nT Problems 2. CHAPTER 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 3.1,__Introduction 7 3.2. General design requirements according to Indian Standard Code of Practice IS: 3370, Part 1965) - 8 3.6._D of flat base slab for elevated &@) 3.2___Circular_tank with domed bottom and roof 38. Intze tank 3.9, Effects of _ continuity 3.10. of tank suy ling towers 3,11. Design of foundations 5.2, Earth pressure on tank walls 5.3.__ Uplift pressure on the floor of the tank 5.4. CHAPTER 6. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIP! 6.1. 6.2 63. 6.4, 65 6.6, 6.7. 6.8, 6.9, 6.10. TA. 7.2 73. TA, 16. of rectangular tank Problems PART II - PIPES, SILOS & CHIMNEYS Loads on pipes Stresses due to hydrostatic pressure Stresses due to self weight Stresses due to weight of water inside Stresses due to carthfill over haunches Stresses due to uniformly distributed load on -top Stresses due to uniform pressure from sides Stresses due to triangularly distributed toad Stresses due to point load on crown Swresses due to over-burden and external loads Problems . BUNKERS AND SILOS Introduction Janssen’s theory Airy's theory Bunkers Hopper ‘bottom Indian’ Standard on design of bins Problems BRREEB BERB BERREE SEER SRRRE 2 88 ERS 313, 316) | i 81. Introduction 341 82. Wind pressure 341 83. Stresses in chimney shaft duc to sclf- weight and_wind ww = BAD a4 § in_ hori inf 4 ind shear . ~ 342 8&5. Stresses due to temperature difference - 348 86 Combined effect_of self load, wind _and temperature - 350 8.7. Temperature stresses in horizontal reinforcement... 355 88. Design of R.C. chimney - 356 Problems = = 366 PART Ill CONCRETE FRAMES CHAPTER 9. PORTAL FRAMES 9.1. Introduction 369 9.2. Analysis of portal frames 370 93. Design of rectangular portal frame with vertical oad 8 9.4. Design of hinge at the base a 385 Problems 2.0 38 CHAPTER 10, BUILDING FRAMES 10.1__Introduction 2. RT Substitul 10.3. Analysis for_vertical loads 391 10.4, Methods of computing B.M. 394 10.5._Analysis of frames subjected to_horizontal forces 00 gg 10.6._ Portal_method 7 10.2_Cantilever method 20 10.8, Factor method 2. Problems 0 PART IV CONCRETE BRIDGES CHAPTER 11. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS 11.1. Agueducts and syphon aqueducts wo 437 11.2._Design of an aqueduct = 438(xii) 1LL3._Box culvert 0h 11.4. Design of box culvert on 444 Problems J ___ i, 52. CHAPTER 12, CONCRETE BRIDGES 121. Introduction ; Various types of - bridges 463 12.2. Selection of type of bridge and economic span length = 467 12.3. Types of loads, forces and stresses 468 12.4, Live load 468 12.5. Impact_effect a 476 12.7, Longitudinal_forces .. _479 129. Centrifugal force 12.10, Width of roadway and footway 12.11. General design requirements 12.12. Solid slab bridges 12.13. Deck girder bridges 12.14, B.M. in slab supported on four edges oe 12.15. Distribution of live loads on fongitudinal beams ... | 12.18. Design of a_T-beam bridge 549 12.19, Balanced cantilever bridge 613 Problems ~ 657 PART V LIMIT STATE METHOD CHAPTER 13. DESIGN CONCEPTS 13.1. Methods of design __ 661 13.2. Safety and serviceability requirements IS: 456-1978) a» __ 663 13.3.__Characteristic_and design values and partial safety factors 664 Problems 200, CHAPTER 14. SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 14.1, Limit state of collapse in flexure 667 14.2. Stress strain relationship for concrete 669 14.3, Stress-strain relationship for steel 669 14.4. Stress_block_parameters 672 14.5, Design stress block parameters (IS : 456-1978)... 675(uti) 14.6. Singly reinforced rectangular beams 14.7. Procedure for finding moment of resistance 14.8. Design of rectangular beam section we Problems ~ CHAPTERS 15. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 15.1. Necessity 153. te) i ent. 15.4, Design of a doubly reinforced section & $833 g | 16.1. Introduction ase | 16.3. Moment of resistance when x, < Dy 164. M t resi hen NA. falls web, 708 16.5. IS Code procedure for finding moment of resistance (IS ; 456-1978) - 74 16.6. Design of T-beam = NT 16.7. Doubly reinforced T-beams ~ 727 Problems 0 CHAPTER 17. ‘SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION 17.1, Limit state of collapse : Shear » =739 17.2. Development tength ~ 746 17.3. Limit state of collapse ; Torsion =» = 748 Problems = 752 CHAPTER 18 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS 18.1. Design of beams = 753 18.2. Design of cantilever ae) 183. Design of doubly reinforced beam - 764 184. Design of one way slab -~ 769 18.5. Design of one way continuous slab 79S 18.6. Design of T-beam roof ~ 785 Problems » 785 CHAPTER 19, AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS. 19.1, Limit state of collapse : Compression 787 19.2. Short columns = 789 19.3. Short axially loaded members in axial compression . = 789 19.4. Short axially loaded columns with minimum eccentricity ~ 790 19.5. Design charts : - 7(ivy 19.6. Compression members with helical reinforcement... 794 19.7. Design specifications (IS : 456-1978) 794 CHAPTER 20, COLUMNS WITH UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL BENDING (20.1._Introduction J. 20.2. Combined axial load and uniaxial bending ~~ ___ 807 20.3. Construction of interaction curves for column design -. _ 810 20.4. Short columns subjected to axial load and biaxial bending ww 829 . Problems = 835 CHAPTER 21. DESIGN OF STAIR CASES 21.1, General notes on_ design of stairs - 837 21.2 Design of stairs spanning horizontally - _84l 21.3. Design of dog-legged stair = 843 21.4, Design of stairs with quarter space landing... 846 Problems am 850 CHAPTER 22. TWO-WAY SLABS 22.1, Introduction 22.2. Simply supported slab with corners free to lift (LS. Code method). -- 852 223. Restrained slabs (LS. Code method) -. 859 Problems -- 868 CHAPTER 23. CIRCULAR SLABS 23.1._Introduction J.D 23.2 Slab freely supported at edges and carrying 233. Slabs fixed at edges and carrying U.D.L. - 87 23.4. Stab simply supported at the edges with load w_uniformly distributed along the circumference 23.5. Slab simply supported at edges, with U.D.L. inside a concentric circle Problems CHAPTER 24, YIELD LINE THEORY AND DESIGN OF SLABS | 24.2. Yield line patterns oe 243. Moment capacity along an yield line ~ 24.4, Ultimate load on slabs - 245. Analysis by virtual work method = 246. Analysis by equilibrium method im Problems 3 ale BiggCHAPTER 26. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Basic concepts 26.3. Classification and types of prestressing 26.4, prestressing systems : End anchorages 26.5. Losses of prestress 26.6. Computation of elongation of tendons 26.7. Properties of materials 268. Merits and demerits Of prestressed concrete 26.9. Basic assumptions 26.10. Analysis of beams for flexure 26.11. Kern distances and efficiency of section 26.12. Design of sections for flexure : Magnel’s method 26.13. Rectangular section 26.14. I-Section 26.15, Alternative design procedure 26.16. Shear and diagonal tension 26.17. Stresses at anchorage 26.18. Indian Standard Code recommendations IS : 1343-1980) 26.19. Procedure for limit state design , Problems CHAPTER 27. SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 27.1. Introduction 27.2. Shrinkage of concrete 273. Shrinkage stresses in symmetrically reinforced ‘sections 27.4. Shrinkage stresses in singly reinforced beams 27.5. Instantaneous and repeated loading on concrete 21.6. Sustained loading : Crecp SESE 1050 1055 1060 1084 1101 1103 1103 1107 1109 1112 1114@ 27.7 Factors affecting creep ws 1116 27.8. Effect of creep on E. and m ~ LT 27.9 Effect of shrinkage and creep in columns ws 1118 77.10 Effect of shrinkage and creep in veams - = 1120 /SPPENDIX-A. B.M. and S.F. coefficients __.._ _1123 APPENDIX-B. Properties of materials and concrete - 27 APPENDIX-C. Reinforcement as A APPENDIX-D. w-__ 1137SYMBOLS . A=Total area of section. Ay = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement. Ae = Area of compressive steel. A_= Equivalent area of section. A, = Area of concrete core. Am = Area of steel or iron core. ‘An = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.) As = Area of steel (tensile). A\= Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement. ‘An =Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance s,. Ay =Area of web reinforcement. Ag =Area of cross-section of one bar. a=Lever arm. a, = Area of concrete. B=Flange width of T-beam. b = Width, b, = Width of rib. C = Compressive force. e =Compressive stress in concrete. ce’ =Stress in concrete surrounding compressive _ steel. ¢, = Permissible tensile stress in concrete. c, = Compressive stress at the junction of flange and web. D = Depth. d= Effective depth. d. = Cover to compressive stecl. d, = Depth of slab. d, = Cover to tensile stecl. e.= Eccentricity. = Compressive steel depth factor ( =de/d). F =Shear force Characteristic load F, = Design load F, = Radial shear force. (wii)(viii) J=Stress (in general). Jes = Characteristic compressive stress. 4, = Characteristic strength of steel. H =Height. J =Moment of inertia. I, = Equivalent moment of inertia of section. Jj = Lever arm factor. K, = Coefficient of active earth pressure. K, = Coefficient of passive earth pressure. k=Neutral axis depth factor (n/d). L = Length. Le =Developuscnt tength. ‘=Effective length of column ; Length ; Bond length. M =Bending moment ; moment. M, =Moment of resistance ; Radial bending moment. M, =Torsional moment. M,.=Bending moment (limit state design) Mo = Circumferential bending moment. m = Modular ratio. n=Depth of neutral axis. n,=Depth of critical neutral axis. 20 =Sum of perimeter of bars. P,=Active earth pressure. P, = Passive carth pressure. P, = Axial load on the member (limit state design) p= Percentage steel. P' =Reinforcement ratio (4q/bd). Pa = Active earth pressure intensity. P. = Net upward soil pressure. Pa = Passive earth pressure intensity. Q =Shear resistance. 4 =Shear stress (due to bending). q =Shear stress due to torsion. R =Radius ; Resistance factor ( 24)(ex) r= Radius ; cost ratio of steel and concrete ; L/B ratio. 5 = Spacing of bars ; standard deviation. “Sa = Average bond stress. s = Local bond siress. T = Tensile force ; Thickness of wall ; Torsional moment. T, = Torsional moment (limit state design) t= Tensile stress in steel. {-' = Compressive stress in compressive steel. r, = Shear foree due to design load (limit state design) Va = Strength of shear reinforcement (limit state design) W = Point load ; Total load. X = Co-ordinate. x = Depth of neutral axis (limit state design) Z = Distance : Co-ordinate. Y,y = Co-ordinate 2Zs,Z, = Bending moment coefficients. a = Inclination ; coefficient. B= Surcharge angle. y = Unit weight of soil. y' = Submerged unit weight of soil. vy = Partial safety factor appropriate to the loading. Ym = Partial safety factor appropriate to the material Occ = Permissible stress in concrete (direct comp). Ge’ = Direct compressive stress in concrete. [che = Permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending. Ga = Ultimate compressive stress in concrete cubes. Gn = Permissible compressive stress in bars. ox, = Permissible stress in helical reinforcement. Og = Permissible punching shear stress. Ox = Permissible stress in steel in tension. Om = Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement. On = Permissible tensile stress in main reinforcement. ¢y = Yield point compressive stress in stecl. = Coefficient of friction.PART I WATER TANKS Chapters : 1, BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2. DOMES 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 4. RECTANGULAR TANKS 5. UNDERGROUND TANKS| Beams Curved in Plan 1.1. INTRODUCTION : TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS Beams curved in plan are used to support circular water tanks (reservoirs), curved balconies, curved ramps or other similar structures having curved boundary. Such curved beams may be circular, elliptical or polygonal in plan, and the line joining the supports lies away from the curved longitudinal axis of the beam. Since the C.G. of loads and reactions to one side of any section does not lic along the axis of the beam, it is subjected to torsional moment, in addition to bending moment (flexural moment) and shear force. (e) Space frame (c) anes beam {plan} an, RS (b) Straight beam (pian) (d) Curved beam (elevatien) FIG. 1.1. TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS eg4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES In order to understand how torsional moments are induced in beams, let us consider a space frame shown in Fig.1.1(a) having horizontal beams 4B and BC mutually orthogonal to each other and a vertical column BD. When vertical load is applied on AB, both AB as well as BD will be subjected to bending moments causing joint B to rotate in the anticlockwise direction, The moment at joint B will evidently be abour the longitudinal axis of BC, and will therefore, cause twisting or torsion in it. The torsional moment so induced will be constant all along the length of the beam BC. Fig. 1.1 (c) shows a beam curved in plan, ie. the longitudinal axis is curved witha radius of curvature R. Point O is the centre of curvature. When the beam is subjected to vertical loads, it bends. At any section P, ths C.G. of loads (C,) and reaction to one side of it lies away from the axis ; due to this, torsional moment is induced about the longitudinal axis at that section. Such phenomenon does not happen in the case of beam straight in plan [Fig. 1.1 (6)] where the C.G. of loads to one side of section P lies along the longitudinai axis. It should be noted that in the case of a straight beam, bending moment at any section P is the moment of all the forces to one side of it, about the transverse axis of the section. In the case of beam curved in plan, the direction of transverse axis at any point is radial. The bending at any point P of the beam is ‘therefore the moment of all the forces to one side of it, about the radial axis OP. On the other hand, the torsional moment at any point is the moment, of all forces about the longitudinal (or tangential) axis of the beam at that section. 1.2. CIRCULAR BEAM SUPPORTED SYMMETRICALLY Let us first analyse a complete circular beam, supported, sym- metrically on columns [Fig. 1.2 (a)]. The beam is thus continuous, and forms a close loop. Let the beam be subjected to uniformly distributed load w per unit length. Due to symmetry, the vertical reaction at each column will be the same. Also, the shear force and the twisting moment at the centre of each span will be zero,- and the twisting moment at the supports will be zero. Let the angle subtended by two consecutive columns A and B be 26, and let the mean radius of the beam be R. Load W of arc AB=w.R20=2w RO The distance of C.G. of an arc, subtending an angle 26 at the centre, is given by OE = Reine (Ll)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 5 Thus the CG, of the load on beam AB lies at a distance of Reine from the centre of curvature. @ SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE SUPPORT Due to symmetry, the S.F. and B.M. at each support will be equal. Let Fy be the S.F. and M, be the B.M. at each support. nt = — =w. (le Evidently, Fy= "8-28 = wre (12) 2 Mgsin® ID Mo’sin@ . wk. | Mo ° \Moces @}itMacos @ \ Y / NG (b) FIG, 1.2 The bending moment M, at each end will be hogging in nature, and it will be about the radial axis AO and BO, Representing the end moments by vectors, the direction of moments at supports, will be as shown in Fig. 1.2(6), in which the arrows indicate the moments. about that direction. The moment M, about, AO can be resolved in two components : () Moment Mosin 6 about chord AD, and (i) Moment Mocos@ about DO. Similarly, moment M, about BC can be resolved in two com- ponents about DB and DO as marked. In order to find the value of end moment M,, let us balance the moment about the chord AB. Components of end moments about chord AB =2Mosine (i) Moment of external force about the chord AB =WxED .6 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =w.R.26[EO — DO] =2wRo [£808 _ R cose (ii) [Note. The vertical reactions at A and B will not have any moments about AB]. Equating (i) and (fi), we get 2.Mysin @ = 2w RO (ao 00s] o My = wR? [1 = 6 cot 8] (1.3) (ii) S.F. AND BM. AT ANY POINT After having determined end reactions and moments, the S.F. and bending moment at any point P on the beam can be easily found. Let PO make an angle ¢ with AO (Fig. 1.3). Let SF. and B.M. at P be designated as F, and M, respectively. FIG. 1.3. Reaction at A=wRO. Load on AP=W,=w. Ro . F,=wRO-wRo or Fy=wR(O-¢). w(1.4) Let the CG. of load on AP be at point F, such that ‘0 ~inee (Refe. Eq. 1:1) Also from Fig. 1.3, if FG is perpendicular to PO, we have, aa FG= FO.sing/2 = ateBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 7 GO =FO. cos ¢/2 = = ESE G? cos 972 _Rsing ¢ roan- nist on(1-S82) Draw AH perpendicular to PO. Then, AH =Rsing and PH=R(1-cos@). Now B.M. at P = moment about the radial axis PO. Component of end moment, about the radial axis PO =Mycosd (hogging). Hence sagging moment at P is given by = Fy x AH — W, x FG — Mocos ¢. Substituting the values of various quantities, My=w.RO.R sing — wR 9. RB wR*(1 — @ cot 8) cosp or M,=wR? (0 sin ¢ — @sin?¢/2— xo + ocme. cos ¢] or My=wR? (0 sin p + 2.cot 6. cos ¢ — 1] (1.3) (ui) TWISTING MOMENT AT P Let- the twisting moment at P be M,. Twisting moment at any point is equal to the moment of all forces on one side of it, about the tangential axis. at that point. This moment. may be taken as positive if the left portion twists the beam towards the centre of curvature. Mi=Mosin @ — Fox PH + Wy x PG or Mj= wR? (1-6 coté)sin ¢ ~ wR 0. R(1 — cos ¢) +wRe-R (1-8) or Mj=wR® [sing — 6 cotdsing —@+Ocos¢ +¢—sing] — or Mis wR?[p — 6 + Ac0s $ ~ 6cot9. sind] or Mj=wR?(6cosp —@coté.sing — (6 —¢)] -+(1.6) * The above equation gives the distribution of torsional. moment along the beam. In order to get the position of maximum twisting moment, ‘differentiate the above equation with respect to ¢ and equate it to zero. Thus, we get, sin @= ; [sin?@ = cos 9 6" — sin*@y'*] w«[1.6(2)}8 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES The above equation also gives the location of section of contra- flexure. For the design purposes, the values of support moment (Mo), midspan moment (M.) and the maximum twisting moment (Min) can be represented by the following expression : Mo = Cy. wR? (26) (1.7) M. = Cr.w R? (26) -(1.8) and M& = Cy. wR? (28) (1.9) The values of coefficients C; ,C: and Cs; depend upon the magnitude of @ and can be taken from Table 1.1, which also gives the value of angle ¢» where maximum twisting moment occurs. “TABLE 1.1 COEFFICIENTS FOR BM. AND TWISTING MOMENT IN CIRCULAR BEAMS, Example 1.1, 4 curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a radius of 4 m and is supported continuously on six supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kNim length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear force at salient locations and plot B.M., T.M. and S.F. diagrams. Solution : Number ‘of supports = 6: 24 = 32 or or 6 = 30° = 0.5236 radians From Table 1.1. C; = 0.089; C2 = 0.045; C; = 0.009BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 9 m = 12,75° = 0.223 radians wR?.20 = 2 (4) x (2 x 0.5236) = 33.51 * Mo = C, wR" (28) = 0.089 x 33.51 = 2.982 kN-m (hogging). Me = C2. wR? (2 0) = 0,045 x 33.51 = 1.508 kN-m and ME, = C3 wR? (2 6) = 0.009 x 33.51 = 0,302 kN-m Fo=w.R.0=2% 4 x 0.5236 = 419 KN, @ SF. diagram. The distribution of S.F. is given by Eq. 1.4. F,=wRO-9%) x Fy = 2x4 (30? — 9) x FH where ¢ is in degrees FIG. 14.10 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES or Fy = 0.1396 (30° - ¢) (i) ‘The above equation shows that F, varies linearly with ¢. Values for F, at varying 10° interval is tabulated below : (i) BM. diagram. B.M. M, at any point is given by Eq.1.5: My = WR? [Osin ¢ + 8 cotd.cos ¢ — 1] or My = 2.(4)* [0.5236 sing + 0.2236 cot 30° cos ¢ — 1] or My = 32 [0.5236 sin @ + 0.9069 cos ¢ = 1] (ii) The values of Ms at ¢ = 10° interval are tabulated below : ee — 2.982 End of beam [ee | 12.75° 0.00 Point of max. torsion ee ee Pe] The distribution of bending moment is shown in Fig. 1.4(b). (iii) TM. diagram. The twisting moment M, at any point is given by Eq. 1.6 : Mj =wR[6cosg —@ cord. sing - (6 -9)] = 2(4)? [0.5236.0s 6 — 0.5236 cot 30° sin ¢ - BP - 9755 | = 32 [0.5236 cos ¢ — 0.9069 sin ¢ — 0.01745 (30°— )] (iii) where ¢ is in degrees. The values of M, at 10° interval are tabulated below :BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN i Location End of beam Point_of_max. torsion ‘The twisting moment diagram is shown in Fig. 1.4(c). 13. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THREE EQUALLY SPACED COLUMNS a FIG. 1.5. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM _ Let us now take the case of semi-circular beam ABC, simply supported over end column A and B, and continuous over a central column at C (Fig. 1.7). End moments at A and B will be evidently zero. Due to symmetry, reaction at A and B will be equal (say R,) and reaction at C (say R,) will be different, Let us first find the reactions. Total load on the semi-circular beam =W=wxrR (where R is the radius of the semi-cirle) Distance of C.G. of load from centre O = DO = = Rene —Rsina/2 _2R H.R12 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES In order to find the value of the reaction R, , take moments about tangent at point C. “ 2R:xCO=WxDC or 2R.R=waR(R-28 a or R= ak (1-2) (1.10) and R,=W-2Ri=w2R -wR (x - 2) or R,=2wR (1.11) @ SF. at any point . In order to find the S.F. distribution consider any point P at angle @ with OA. The C.G. of the load on AP will be at point E such that EO - haga Draw perpendiculars AH and EG on the radial line PO. AH=R sing ; OH=Rcos¢ 2 EG = EOsing/2 = ase GO = EO ms ¢/2 _Rsing/2 Rsing 72 ORG Load on AP=W,=w Ro “ Fy=Ri-wR¢ ‘ = Ren -wRe or Fy =wR [5-1-6 en(1.12) The above expression is valid from ¢=0 to ¢=x/2. ALG p=n/2 “ Fy=Fe= —wR (i) BM. at any point BM, at point P is evidently equal to moment, about OP, of all the forces to the left of point P.BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 13 Mp= Ri X.AH = Ws x EG n My = 8 (x —2)Rsing —wRpRIE LA or M,=wRt [3 2 ing — 2sin'$] (113) At g=0 M=M,=0 At $=2/2, My=Mc=wR [252-23] -4 =wR “> —0.429wR? (1.14) (ie. hogging) In order to find the maximum sagging bending moment any where in AC differentiate Eq. 1.13 with respect to ¢ and put it equal to zero. * Sip wR [25 cong 2x 2sin $x pons 9/2] =0 dg 2 or 75 cos = 2sin p/2005 9/2 = sing tang = a = 0.5708 which gives > = 29,72? = 29°44’ = 0.5187 radians. Substituting the‘ value of ¢ in Eq. 1.13, we get az-2 29.72" Mnex = wR [= 57 sin 29:72" — 2sin' 2) = 0.1514 wR? (sagging)... (1.15) (id) Torsional moment at any point Torisonal moment at any point P is the moment, about tangent at P, of all the forces to the left of P. My = R, x PH — W, x PG = R; x (PO — HO) — W, (PO ~ GO) R (a2) x (R—Reosg) -w RG [r-*pe] or Mj ow [252 ~ 22 cosy — e+ sing | (116) In order to get the maximum torsional moment, differentiate the above equation with respect to p and equate it to zero.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ” oe =wR [25 ?sing ~1 + cosg] =0. or 2 sing — 1 -+c0s¢ =0 or 0.5708 sing - 1 = -—cos¢ Squaring both the sides, 0.3258 sin? p — 1.1416 sing + 1 = cos’¢ = 1 —sin’¢ 1.3258 sin?¢ = 1.1416 sing 1416 or sing = 13258 $= $m = 59.44° = 1,037 radians. Substituting the vane of ¢ in Eq. 1.16, we get Mh =wR[% a2 -=> z 2 cos 50.44° — 1.037 + sin s9.ae*] or Mh = 0,1045 wR? we(1-17) If this value of gm is substituted in Eq. 1.13, we get M, = 0. Thus the point of maximum torsion coincides with the point of con- traflexure. Example 1.2. A semi-circular beam with radius of 4 m is simply supported at ends, and is continuous over a column at iis middle. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kNim length of the beam, inclusive of its own weight. Determine S.F., BM. and T.M. at salient points, and plot S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams. Solution. (Fig. 1.6). R=4m; w=20 kN/m Ry = F(a ~2)6= OXF R.=2wR=2% 20% 4= 160 KN @ SF Fy =R, = 45.66 kN Fo= -wR=~-20X4= - 80 kN At any other location, FyawR[F-1-9] = 0.8611 =20x4[F- 1-8 x 755] (7 — 2) = 45.66 KNBEAMS cpRveo IN PLAN 15 sf or Fy = 80 [0.5708 — 0.01745 ¢]. The variation of F, is thus linear with ¢ At p= 90°F, = 80 [0.5708 — 0.01745 x 90] = — 80 kN To locate the position where F, is zero, we have, 0.5708 — 0.01745 ¢ = 0 _ 0.5708 or = gor7as (ii) Bending moment : M, = — 0.429 wR? = — 0.429 x 20 (4)? = — 137.28 kKN-m (ce. hogging) Mmax = + 0.1514 wR? = + 0.1514 x 20(4)* = 48.46 kN-m (sagging). The bending moment at any other location is given by Eq.1.13. My = wR [o-s70s sing - 2sin’$] = 320 [0.5708 sin ¢ — 2sin*$/2] The values of M, at 30° interval are tabulated below : = 32.71° In order to find the position where B.M. is zero, equate Eq. 1.13, to zero, Thus, 0.5708 sin @ — 2sin*¢/2 =0 or 0.5708 x 2 sin ¢/2 cos $/2= 2 sin? g/2 or. tan ¢/2= 0.5708 “ $/2= 29.72° or = 59.44", which is evidently the location where torsional moment is maximum. Thus, we conclude that the point of torsional moment is also the point of contra-flexure. (iii) Torsional moment : Mz, = 0.1045 wR® = 0.1045 x 20 (4)? = 33.42 kN-m at p= 59.4416 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES The distribution of torsional moment is given by Eq. 1.16. MpawR [25% 2_3= 22 cosy o+sing| or M§ = 20 (4) [0.5708 — 0.5708 cos ¢ + sin ¢ - #755] or Mj = 320 (0.5708 — 0.5708 cos ¢ + sin ¢ — 0.01745 ] where ¢@ is in degrees. The values of torsional moment at 33° interval are tabulated below : (b) B.M.D. (c) T.M.D, SS42kN-m FIG. 16.BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 17 1.4. CURVED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT. ENDS AND CONTINUOUS OVER TWO EQUALLY SPACED INTERMEDIATE SUPPORTS Fig. 1.7 shows a verandah beam continuous over four supports which are equally spaced. Hence each span subtends an angle of 90° at the centre. Due to symmetry, Ra=Ro=R, and Rs =Rc=R2z In order to find the reactions, we have, 2(Ri + Ry) = wR3n =3wRa -»(i) FIG. 1.7. Consider sector CD. Load on it = wR > and its C.G. falls at I whose perpendicular distance from BC is equal tolK=CJ WAC _2R_ Now CD =o =F V2R V2R_R 1 . Gaya18 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Load on sectorBC = WRF and its CG. acts at point L, where _Rsina/4 OL =A i =aq-ek Distanace OM = CJ = Vi DM = OL -OM x ae mz v2 4 Now taking the moments of all the forces about line BC. 2Rix CD =2[w.RF) CI (WRF )em = a) R _ payRsinz/4_ R or 2RVER =2(w.RE) WRG wa YE or Ri=wR (32-3)- 0.678 wR ws(1s18) Hence from (i), R =3wRn -R = j}wRa-wRiBx-4) =swRijx-gx+4] or Re=wR {px t 3] = 1678wR (1.19) After having determined the reactions, the expression for My and My at any point can be.casily written. For example, consider point P at angle ¢ , in sector AB. Load on AP =Wy=wRG The C.G. of load acts at point E, such that Og = Beg? ; OF = Ros $/2 EG = OE. sing/2 = Ramee OG =OE. sing/2 = Rss eas cos ¢/2 _R an g FH = OF. sing/2 = om g/tain g/2 Rsin i PG = PO - 0G =R- SEA oR (1 - SE)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 19 Draw AQ perpendicular to PO. AQ=Rsing ; OQ=Reos¢ PQ =R-—Reos¢ =R (1 — cos ¢) Now B.M. at P is the moment, about PO, of all forces to the left of it. Hence sagging B.M. My, is given by My = Ri x AQ — Wx GE an? = 0678 wR. Rsing — wRg (SS 8/2 ) = wR? (0.678sin¢ —1+ cos¢) (1.20) The expression is valid for ¢ < 90°. For ¢>90°, we have M, =wR? (0.678 sin 6 — 1 + cos @) + Re. Rsin(p — 2/2) or My = wR (0.678 sin p — 1 + cos ¢) + 1.678 w R’ sin (6 — 2/2) we(1.21) The twisting moment M, at any point is the moment, about tangent at P, of all the forces, to one side of it. Taking twisting moment to be positive when the left portion twists the beam towards its centre of curvature, « Mp= -R:x PO+W,x PG = — 0.678 wR x R(1- cos¢) +wROR (1 -%¢) Mj = wR" [ — 0.678 +.0.678 cos ¢ + @ — sing] ©. Mj = wR? [g + 0.678 00s ¢ ~ sing — 0.678]. (1.22) The above expression is valid when ¢ < 90°, For ¢>90°, we have Mj = wR? (p + 0.678 cos ¢ — sin p — 0.678] a — 1.678 wR [R ~ Roos (¢-F | or Mj = wR'[p+ 0.678 cos p+ 0.678 sin @ ~ 2.356] ...(1.23) The SF. at any point P is given by Fe=R-W, (for p< 90°) or Fy = 0.678 wR — wR ¢ = wR (0.678 — ¢) eu(1.24) When ¢ > 90°, Fy = Ri — W, + R, = 0.678 wR = wRo + 1.678 WR or Fy = wR (2.356 — ¢) ww(1.25)2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1.5. CURVED BEAM FIXED AT ENDS Fig. 1.8 shows a curved beam ABC, fixed at end A and B, and subtending an angle 26 at the centre. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit length of the beam. Because of fixidity, there will be three reaction components at each support (i) shear force Fo (ii) bending moment Mo and (iii) twisting moment Mg. The beam is therefore, statically indeterminate to first degree. We shall use the method of strain energy to solve the problem. . Because of symmetry, shear force and torsional moment at the middle point C will be zero. Let the bending moment at this point be M. If we cut the beam, at C, in two portions M, will be the reaction component at C. This component is evidently abour the radial axis CO. FIG. 18. Consider a point P at angular distance ¢ with OC. Load on section CP is given by W,=wR ¢, and its C.G. will be at point D such that op = Rsing/2 g/2 From D, drop perpendicular DE on radial axis PO 2 DE = DO.sing/2 = 280g _ = Rsing/2cosg/2 _ Rsing EO = DO.cos ¢/2. 72 é PE=PO-EO=R-R8¢ oR (342) Now, Fy =W,=0R.¢ ou(1.26)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 21 The bending moment M. (sagging) can be resolved in com- ponent M.cos¢@ about PO and M-sing about tangential axis at P. The moment M,cos¢ about PO will evidently be the bending moment component at P, while M,sing¢ about tangential axis at P will ibe the torsional moment component. oe M,=M. cos ¢ - WED ent or M, = Mecos ¢ - we (ESit-$2 ) or M, = Meoos ¢ -wR?(1—cos¢) __...(1.27) Similarly, Mj = M-sing — W, PE Mj = Mesing — wRg.R (2=s0E ) or M; =Mcesing — wR? (¢—sing) —_...(1.28) ~ Let U be the strain energy of half the portion (CA) of the beam consisting of strain energy due to B.M. and that due to torsional moment. The strain energy due to S.F. is extermely small and may be neglected. = * (ate)? ds Hence U Sas 7 edt 2G where ds= R dp. au In order to determine M. , put om. equal to zero. e 6 My 2M, My aMs ‘ My oly ate Oily = ” J. EI sake + f Gr am. 8-4 Q where G= modulus of tigidity= y= = OSE for concrete. J‘ = torsion factor (rotational constant), depending upon the shape of the section In the expression, = cos p BE ls and =sing ° |e Putting or = Ty, we get @ f [Mz cos. — wR? (1 — cos ¢)] cos p dp2 REINFORCED CONCRETE: STRUCTURES + Tr J {M-sin p — wR? ( — sin g)} sin p dp = 0 o On integration, we get @ , sin20 @_ sin20 Mel 5 + SEES + Te (5 - ‘s )} sin26 +wa'{ ($—sing + 2026 ) +7. (ecos0 - sino + $— =0 (1.29) From the above equation, M, can be found.. Table 12 gives sin28)} the values of factor 4 in terms of factor Tr for various values Ww of central angle 26. 0.056 + 0am Tr 0.37 0.0 0.0217 + 0.0031 Tr 0.4783 + 0.0453 Tr oct Fone coe = 0c Te ee 0.7401 + 03071 Tr 0.7854 + 0.7854 i: Knowing the value of M., moments M, and M, can be - computed from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28. SPECIAL CASE : SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM FIXED AT THE ENDS Special case arises when 20=180°=2, Substituting 6 =F in Eq. 1.29, we get sin 20 sin2@ Me _ _ (Fosing + Ze )+ (Acos6~sino + $ a) wR oe eSB) Me | F-1+0 + 0-1+%-0 Tr wR (7 +0) + (¥-0)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 23 or + =+ (! - 4) -(¢ - 1) = 0.2732. ...(1.30) Thus, the central moment M. is independent of the properties of the section and the material. Again from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28 putting ¢ = 9 = } we get the expressions for B.M. (Mc) and T.M. (Mo) at support as under : M = M, cos > — wR (1 — cos 5) = —-wR (ie. hogging) and Mg = M, sin 5 — wR? (3-893) =wR (3-1) -we'(Z-1) =n (1-241) =—wR (-4) = — 0.2976 wR? (1.31) ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM FIXED AT ENDS At each end there will be three reaction components : (i) shear force Fy (ii) bending moment Mo about OD axis and (iii) twisting moment M¢ about tangential axis, Total load on beam =wRa “ Fo= ” Ra Load on half beam AC =4wRa. Its C.G, lies at E ata c FIG. 19a REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Rsin= distance = mage from the centre. Perpendicular distance of this. ae Rsin a asa all forces acting on half the beam AC, we get \ Resin? F ; Mo = gwRx |—aq =wR? (hogging) The twisting moment Mo‘ cannot be found from equation of statics alone. We shall use strain energy method. Let the Mo‘ at R be otherwise, twisting the beam toward the centre O. Consider any point P, as angle ¢ with OA (Fig. 1.9). Load on AP =Wi=wR@ CG. from OA= sin . Taking moments about OA, of Ring Draw DE perpendicular to OP R sin’ Distance of its CG. =OD= Then DE = DOsin$ = Z OB = DO wos $ _ Rsin$.cos$ sin — g 8 PE =R[1- Sad If AF is drawn perpendicular to PO, we have AF =Rsing OF =Rcos¢ and PF = R (1 — cos ¢). Now the sagging B.M. M, at P is given by M, = Fo x AF — Mocos ¢ + Mésing — W, x DE Rsin' $ or Me=wR? [ Fsing — 008 -(- 00s #) | +My'sing — (i) or My=3wRx.Rsing — wR cose + Mising —wRBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2 . Similarly, the twisting moment Mj at P is the moment of all forces, to its left side, about tangential axis at P. ” Mg= —Fox PF + Musing + Mécos ¢ + Wy. PE or Mg = —LwRx,R(1—cos $) + w R’sing + Mo! cose _ sing +wR.R(1 3 ) or Mj=wR'[ -~F (1 — cos) + sing +9 - sing] + Mi cose wii) Now total strain energy U is: given by Mz (Mi)? ME ase f as, where: ds =R.dp Putting iv 0; we have aMe ad a2 aU _ f Me aMs p “J Ms aM6 pag 20 Mi Elam; Rég= J Gy ame P= where OMe sng and <—2 aM: “= cos g. oMs aMo Substituting the values, we get Er LS,” ane 4 wat (sing ~ cong - 1+ 0059) + Mésing trap] Aa [feos we (-3 jer | -0 [rm (G1) 49m] +24 we (F-2] +2mi b =o . [wa(F-1) +5aa][1+ Zo] <0 + R o FF Mi = -4we(%-1)= =-wR (3-3) (4.31) which is the same as found. earlier. Substituting the value of Mg in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can find My .% REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES and M, at any point. For example, at point C, ¢ =5 Hence a0 [Band —ca$ - (1-058) _wr{(Z_4 wR Ii =wRlZ- 2(m 4 wR [5 2] - wR (F- z) =wR (3 zc} ) = 0.2732 R*% (1.30) This is also the same as found earlier. mil te 2p fy Similarly Mi = R [ (1 cos } +sinZ Nia VIA x 2 -sinZ | —wR? 5-5 = +5 sin a]: wR $) c085 = zero, as expected. 1.6. SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM WITH SLAB KNSOOAN SS FIG. 1.10 Fig. 1.10 shows a semi-circular beam ABC fixed at ends A and B, and supporting a semi-circular slab. Since the length of the slab is much greater than the width, it will behave as one way slab. Let w be the uniformly distributed load per unit area of slab. Due to symmetry, the reaction components at A and B will be equal. At each end, there will be three reaction components: (i) shear force Fp, (i) Bending moment Mp and (iii) Twisting moment To. Let us consider a small clement DG, at an angle ¢ with AO, and subtending an angle dg at the centre. The load transferred to this element DG of the beam will evidently be equal to half theBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN a load on the shaded area DEFG. Now DE=Rsin¢g; EO=Reos¢ EF =d (Roos $) =Rsing.d¢. . Load on shaded area = w (DE x EF) =w (Rsin@) (R sind dp) = wR’ sin’ pdg. ©. Load transferred to DG = 3.wR’ sin’ p dg. Length DG =Rd¢ ~. Uniformly distributed load w, at the element LwR'sin’o dp = —a 7) or we =1wRsin?¢ per unit length _ ...(1.32) By equating the vertical forces, and balancing moments about AB, F, and Mo can be determined, But M¢ cannot be determined statically, and the problem is indeterminate to one degree. By .balancing the total vertical forces, we have a/2 Fo= load on portion ace f" wy Rap 2 or Fo= J” GuRsintg) Rag Qo =" [pe - join 29 8 Now B.M. at A= moessit of all forces on AC, about AO wR 4 I =2wR wu(1.33) axis. ads Mo= J" (wpRd9) x DE oO a/2 = Si Crain). sin Py = ” sis gap 0 HET fonoten'e i wR wR => [o+3] =" (1.34) Thus, Fo and Mo are inswir Let the twisting moment Mé at A be acting clockwise. At any point D at angle ¢ , the sagging bending moment will be equal to the moment of all forces to the left side, about the radial axis DO.B REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Consider an elemental load dW at H, its value being given 6W, =, Rdg =1wRsin’B.RdB (from Eq. 1.32) Draw HK perpendicular to DO, Evidently HK=R sin(¢ — 6) and OK=R cos(¢ — f). If a perpendicular AL is drawn on DO, we have AL=R sing; OL=R cos ¢ . ¢ Now My= Fo x AL —Mocos ¢ + Mésing — f° (8 Wa)x HK 0 by or My =2w Rt Rsing ~ "Roos g + Mésing ¢o SJ Jw R sin’ BR dp . Rsin (p — B). or My = Zw Rsing ~ EB cosg + ising -¥R 9 St Asin ( — 6) a8 or My = 8S [FFsng - 41 + cos? ¢) | + Mising Similarly, twisting moment at D is equal so moment of all the forces to the left of it, about tangent at D, “ Mj= — Fyx DL + Mesing + Mécos@ + [° (8%) x DK oO or Mj= —2 wR (10s 6) + 2 sing + Micos 1f*1 a2 +4" pork sin'B.Rap_R {1 — cos (@ -B)} orMinw |G (cos —1) + 5+ zgsin29 | + Mécoss wu(1.36) Now U = Jes S9OE where ds = Rdg. To get Mo, put aa = to zero. aMo 2 OU, [7 Me OMe y R.ap+ f° Me Rap =0 ami Jo El ami o Gs oui ! where 2M sin g and OM = cos 9 aMo aMBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2 2 R R/3 . Bs, sing [FE { Fane} tose] + alsng | de raf "cos Por? 4 § oso 1) +3 + fsin2g [Menem or Pil *E {32-3} +8 emi] += R [» wR {5-2 2 3 132 Gi a +3Mi |=0 12 EI [wR {97° -5}t3 aM] I[!*ex]=° From which, M= - Sur [Z-3] or Mi= ~wR[E- ¢ oz] (1.37) ( Note. The minus sign shows that the twisting moment at A will be in anticlockwise direction). Knowing the value of M¢, the values of M, and M, can be easily evaluated. For example, at the. middle of the beam¢ = z Mea tR (# sin 5-3 (1+ 008° 5) ] 3 [3s "2 ; x a -wR $7 3x] 85 m= wr (8-4 (1-38) and Mi=wR [5 (cosF—1) +3 + zesinz| z_ 8 a WR Ege] 085 or Mz = 0, as expected. 1.7. TORSION FACTOR For statically indeterminate beams, curved in plan, the torsion factor J* is used for the determination of torsional moment at any section. Torsion factor is also sometimes known as rotation constant, and its value for various shapes of the section are given below.30 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1. Circular Section 12D" Ve (1.39) where D =diameter of the circle. 2. Elliptical section 1_ ai 2p +n( 1.40) +e (1.40) where a and b are the sermi-axes of the ellipse. 3. Equilateral section 4 1 ave = on(1.41) where a is the side of the triangle. 4. Hollow circular section 1_48t T="—p where 5 = area enclosed T = thickness of the tube P = perimeter of the tube. 5. Rectangular section Let b = width and D=-depth of the section () Approximate expression 1p D 1, b Whe >< 16 J= o(1.43; mn 3 258 (6° + D) (1.43) D 10D, _ pe, b when 5>16 Ja (1 0.63 B) en (1.44) (ii) St-venant expression 7! BD o ~ ao 336(5) [1 sf he % - - where B= (5) za| (approx.) or § as given by Table 1.3 . TABLE 1.3, VALUES OF 6BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN’ 31 - (it) Theoretical Solution Timoshenko and Goodier obtained the values of J‘ by using the values of J‘ obtained by all the three methods. TABLE 1.4. VALUES OF J‘ I by st, Venants | J" by Timoshenko expression and Goodler 0.1406_p‘ 0.0580 p* : __0.0287 pt ) os | 0.0159 Dt * 9.0160 Dt 0.0158 D‘ Example 1.3, A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc of a circle with radius R=4 m and central angle equal to 90. The beam. carries a super-imposed load of 2 kKNim, and is fixed at both. the ends. If the section of the beam is rectangular, having depth= 600 mm and width= 300 mm, draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for the beam. Take G = 0.45 for concrete. Solution. (Refer Fig. 1.8). The value of torsion factor is given by where ) = 0.0285 D* EI _ 25 x 0.0054 == 7 > ao067 = 365° From Table 1.2, for 20=90° Mc=wR 0.00644 + 0.0090 Tr 0.6427 + 0.1427 Tr 0.0644 + 0.0090 x 3.659 0.6427 + 0.1427 x 3.659 | ~ 2°74 KN-m = 20032 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Hence from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28, we have Mg = 2.674 cos p — 2 (4)* (1 — cos ¢) or = 34,674 cos ¢ — 32 (i) and Mj = 2.674 sin ¢ — 2 (4) — sing) . or Mg = 34.674 sin ¢ — 32¢ a»(ii) The shear force is given by Eq. 1.26 Fy=wRP=2K 4g =8¢ wifi) The value of Fy, My and Mj are tabulated below. ‘o j 5, B.M.D. a : @ ! i g 0-704 uv E ® Z oss z a T.M.D. é 0-704 FIG. 1.11BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 33 For points of contraflexure, M, =0 = 34.674 00s ¢ — 32 22.65° = 0.3953 rad. The maximum torsional moment will therefore occur at ¢ =2265° Minax = 34.674 sin 22,65° — 32 ¢ = 0,704 kN-m The S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams are shown in Fig. 1.11. 1.8. STRESSES DUE TO TORSION IN CONCRETE BEAMS When torsion is applied to a concrete beam, shear stresses are induced both in vertical as well as in horizontal direction, Due to this, cracks are developed on the surface of the beam ; these cracks are in the form of spiral. 1. Circular Section Let r=fadius of the circular section q’ = maximum shear intensity due to torsion, Then from simple theory of torsion of shafts or ¢ =cos gM! rood ‘ or v= ue xr where J=polar moment of inertia = zr ‘ ' qi = Mx, 2 (147) r ar z » _ 16M! or. > Tpr (1.47 a) where D is the diameter of the circular section, 2. Square Section The stresses due to torsion in a beam. of square section with side of square a can be approximately determined by assuming the section to be equivalent to a circular section of diameter a. ‘ Thus q’ = 16M" su( 1.48) aa 3. Rectangular Section The rigid analysis for the determination of shear stresses due to torsion in a rectangular section is extremely difficult. An approximatexu REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES analysis is given here. Fig. 1.12 (a) shows a rectangular beam 6 x D, subjected to. a torsional moment M’‘.. The torsional moment causes shear stresses of varying magnitudes at the outer faces as well as at the inner side of the section. The shear stresses at the four corners A, B, C and D is found to be zero, while maximum shear of values qu and qz occur at the mid-points of the horizontal and vertical faces tespectively, The shear stress at the C.G. of the section will also be zero. D q, << c Oo q fe 2+ bv2 —- " iy (a) Beam section (c) Variation (4) Variation of ofagon AD Opn Ocross 2 depth Bb A (D) Pex (c) {b) Variation of 9, 0n AB and CN 4. = 2x av =qgys 2% SyF 4a ay (e) Variation of 4, Ocross width FIG. 1.12. Consider an element of size ‘dx, dy at co-ordinates (x, y) of the beam section. The shear stress q at this element can be resolvedBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 35 into components and in horizontal and vertical directions respectively. In order to find the magnitudesofq, andg, the following assumptions are made : Assumption I. Shear stress on. horizontal faces AB and DC varies parabolically according to the law : qu =qj1l- oe Atx=0 (de. midie of horizontal face AB or DC, q,,=q, while at the corners where x= + Bas is evidently zero. This variation is shown in Fig. 1.12 (6). Similarly, the shear stress on vertical faces AD and BC varies parabolically according to the law [Fig. 1.12 (c)] : ge =m {1- 2 suit) Assumption 2. The horizontal shear stress q, varies linearly across the depth of the beam [Fig. 1.12 (d)] with zero value as its C.G. Similarly, the variation of vertical shear stress across the width varies linearly [Fig. 1.12 (e)] with zero value at the C.G. of ‘the section. Thus at the element with (x, y) co-ordinates, the values of horizontal and vertical shear stress are : = qu = =u 1- ae 2y wit) and W = qt =qi|l— & ae (iv) Assumption 3. The shear stress gq, and q, are related by the law : CT aD an(¥) ‘This shows that maximum shear stress (q,) occurs at the centre of that side which is nearest to the centroid of the section. Generally, b4q, Now, let us again consider the small element of size dr, dy [Fig. 1.12 (@)]. The torsional moment of resistance developed by this element is aM! = (qu.y + qv.) de .dy Hence for the entire section, D/4 12 Mina f Guy t qux)de dy o o36 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Substituting the values of g, and q, from Eqs. (ii) and (iv), M oe a [eB re ('-3 alee Substituting q2 = ae, , and performing the integration, we get ‘ n was (1.49 a) 45M! a= (1.49 b) If 6 is. the breadth of the beam. If the numerical value of Mr as defined above exceeds the numerical values of M, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural compression face, such that the beam can also with- Stand an equivalent moment M,; given by Me=Mr-M the moment M,; being taken as acting in the oposite sense to the moment M. Transverse Reinforcement Two legged closed hoops enclosing the comer longitudinal bars shall have an area of cross-section A, given by T.sy Visy Ae =F dion * Tdion (1.65) However the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less than (lve = Te) -B. Sy On where T = torsional moment V = shear force Sy = spacing ‘of the stirrup reinforcement 6, = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width d; = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the depth b =breadth of member Oy = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement ve Tre = equivalent shear stress ha46 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES t-= shear strength of concrete as specified in Table 1.7. Note 1. Distribution of torsion reinforcement When a member is designed for torsion, torsion reinforcement shall be provided as below : (a) The transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be Tectangular closed stirrups placed perpendicular to the axis of the member. The spacing of the stirrups shall not exceed the least of x, ,~ +P + and 300 mm, wherex, andy, are respectively the short and long dimensions of the stirrup. (6) Longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed as close as is practicable to the corners of the cross-section and in all cases, there shall be at least one longitudinal bar in each corner of the ties. When the cross sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm, additional longitudinal bars shall be provided to satisfy the requirements of minimum reinforcement and spacing given in Note 2. Note 2, Side face reinforcement The total area of side face reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 per cent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less. Example 1.4. A rectangulur beam 400 mm wide is subjected to the following at a section ; (i) BM. of 45 kN-m, (ii) Shear force of 30 KN and (iii) torsional moment of 20 kN-m. Design the section and the torsional reinforcement. Take the following permissible values y= 140. N/m? = ogy § Cene = SN/min® 5 m = 19, f, = 250 N/mm; Grade of concrete = M 15. Solution. L. Design constants Given C = Oe =5;t= 04 = 140 and m=19, we have kame _ 5 19XS Lg any m.ctt 19x%5+140— j=1- 24 = 0865 Rahcjkad x5 x 0865 x 0.404 = 0.87BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 47 2. Design of section for B.M. b = 400 mm; M=45 kN-m=45 x 10° N-mm fu yf 5x 105 4=Virg ~ Vos7x 409 = 30 ™™ Keep total D = 400 mm Using 16 mm © bars and a clear cover of 25 mm, d = 400 — 25 — 8 = 367 mm 3. Equivalent shear Veev+i6t 20 x 10° o0— toe = = ge, = 075 N/mm? For M 15 concrete, r, for 0.5 % reinforcement is 0.29 N/mm’ and Te for 1% reinforcement is 0.37N/mm’ (Table 1.7). Though the percentage reinforcement is not known, it is certain that permissible Shear stress t- will be less than t. . Hence shear reinforcement is necessary. Also from Table 1.9, temax for M: 15 concrete is 1.6 N/mm’. Thus is less then temas Hence dimensions of the beam are all right. 4. Longitudinal Reinforcement Since t,_ exceeds t., both longitudinal and transverse rein- forcement are necessary. The longitudinal reinforcement is designed to resist an equivalent B.M. Me: given by Mea =M + Mr where M =B.M.=45 x 10° N-mm = 30x 10° + 1.6 =11x10'N Mr=T 1 +m , Where T= torsional moment = 20 x 10° 2+ AO) «95.53 x 10° Nemm Ma = 45 x 10° + 23.53 x 10° = 68.53 x 10° N-mm _Ma _ 6853 10° Gajd ~ THX 0865 x 367 Using 16 mm © bars, Aa = F (16) = 201 mm’ ' 1542 “. No. of 16 mm © bars = 701. = 8 = 1542 mm?48 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Since M; is less than M, no longitudinal reinforcement is necessary at the top of the beam. 5. Transverse Reinforcement Transverse reinforcement is provided in the form of vertical stirrups. Provide two corner bars of 16 mm @, at the top face, at a clear cover of 25 mm, to hold the stirrups, as shown in Fig. 1.16. “. by = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of width = 400—25x2—-16= 334 mm ad, =centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of width = 400 - 50 — 15 = 334 mm The area of cross-section A,, of the stirrups is given by : T.sy Vis» “ba. tet 23d Using 12 mm @—2 Igd stirrups, An = 25 (12)? = 226 mm? _ 20 x 10° 30000 226 = [sees + as | * from which s, = 147 mm. However, the spacing b+ 400mm ——+} should not exceed the least of net and 300 mm | wherex, = short dimension 400 of stirrup = 334+ 16 + 12 =362 mm I yy = 334+ 16 + 12= 362 mm Xity: _ 362 + 362 4 4 = 181 mm. Thus, s, = 147 mm is permissible. However, provide 12 mm ® 2 Igd stirrups @ 145 mm ¢/c. The section of the beam is shown in Fig. 1.14. Example 1.5. Design the section of the beam analysed in example 1.2, using M 15 concrete. Take ‘04 = 0, = 140 N/mm’. FIG. 1.14,BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 49 Solution : From example 1.2, we have the following data : Maximum B.M.= 137.28 kN-m hogging at the support and 48.46 kN-m sagging at the intermediate point. S.F. at end support = 45.66 kN S.F. at central support = 80 kN-m Maximum torsional moment = 33.42 KN-m S.F. at point of max. torsion = 37.31 KN 1, Design constants For M 15 concrete, k= 0.39 j= 0.87; R=0.85 2. Design of Section for B.M. Let b= 500 mm M _ VY B128 x10" _ OV io ~ Vogs x09 = 568 mm Provide D= 650 mm Using 20 mm diameter bars and a clear cover of 4 cm, d = 650 — 20 — 40 = 590 mm. 3. Equivalent shear weaV+16t At the point of max. torsion, V = 37.31 KN ¥, =3731 + 1.65282 = 144.25 KN Te = Ve _ 144,25 x 1000 _ 2 = S00 x sag = O49.N/mm For balanced design, percentage reinforcement (p) = 0.72. From Table 1.6, t, = 0.33 N/mm’. Since tT, is greater than 1,, shear rein- forcement is necessary. Also, from Table 3.7 Tema for M 15 concrete is 1.6N/mm*. Hence r,, is less than 1, Therefore, the dimensions of the beam ate o.k. At the central support, S.F.= .80.kN ve = OMI = 0.27 N/mm! This is less than 1,. Hence only nominal shear reinforcement is necessary. At the end supports also, ‘ Tre = $5.66 «10! = 0.15 N/mm?Ee) REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES This is less than half t- Hence even nominal shear rein- forcement is not necessary at the end support. 4. Main and Longitudinal reinforcement. (@) Section at point of maximum torsion : T = Mnax = 33,42 KN-m at ¢ = 59.44° where the B.M. is zero. Ma=M + Mr where M= zero 1+ 950 Mr= TED) 2 33.4 4 500 = 45,22 kN-m = 45.22 x 10° N-mm Mea = Mz = 45.22 x 10° Ag = Tet, = 45.22 x 10° Oujd — 140 x 0.87 x 590 = 629.3 mm’. , Using 20 mm @ bars, having Ae = 314mm’ No. of bars = 9293 2 314 Since M is zero, My >M. Hence Ma=Mr—- M= Ma. Thus, the above reinforcement has also to be provided at the top of the section. Thus provide 2-20 mm © bars both at top as well as at bottom of section, at this location. (6) Section at point of maximum hogging BM. + Maximum hogging B.M. occurs at the central support = 90° where torsional moment is zero. Mac = 137.28 kN-m. 137.28 x 10° 2 As = TAXURT KO x50 * 1910 mm’ No. of 20 mm bars =pa6 Hence use 6 Nos. 20 mm @ bars. These bars will be provided at the top of the section since max. B.M. is hogging at the intermediate support. The bending moment is zero at a section at an angle of 59.44° with end radial line, or at an angle of. (90° — 59.44°) = 30.56" from the central pillar in cither direction. Distance of this section, along the axis of beam =Rxg=4x M85 2213 m fom the support.BEAMS CURVED IN. PLAN 51 = 29a _ > (140) Development length La am 4 (06) = 58 for M 15 concrete La =58 20 = 1160 mm =1.16 m. Thus, 4 bars can be curtailed at a distance, say, 2 m from the mid support. It can be shown that the remaining 2 bars will easily take the hogging B.M. and the torsional moment beyond 2 m (ie.o = 3 x 222 — 28.65") from the central support. (c) Section at point of max. Sagging B.M. At the point of max. sagging B.M. (¢ = 29.72°), M = 48.46 kN-m M' =T 16.95 kN-m Shear force = zero. 650 1+ 60 M;=T = = 16951* sto) =22.93 kN-m Ma = M + Mz = 48.46 + 2293 = 71.39 — Ma _ 71.39 x 10° Gujd 140 x 087 x 590 993 No. of 20 mm @ bars = 3g 74 Hence provide 4-20 mm © bars at the bottom of the section. Out of these, two bars can be curtailed at a point where they are no longer required, provided that point is at least at a distance of Lg = 58 = 1160 mm away. The bars are to be continued to a distance of 12 = 240 mm beyond that point. Hence discontinue two bars at a distance of 1160 + 240 = 1400 mm = 1.4 m on either side of the point of max. sagging B.M. (¢ = 30°). Thus the distance of point of curtailment ‘from support = 4-2. & L4= 210+ 14=35 m and 0.7 m from face of support. The remaining two bars are to be continued to take care of torsional B.M., and also to satisfy the bond and anchorage. requirements at the end. = 993 mm?$2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 5. Bond and anchorage requirements At end supports, there are two bars of 20 mm cach at top and bottom. These bars should satisfy the bond and anchorage requirements envisaged in the following equation : Meets where M; = moment of resistance of the section assuming all reinforcement at the section to be stressed to oy = Ag. oujd = (2 314) (140) (0.87 x 590) = 45.13 x 10° N-mm V = 45.66 KN = 45.66 x 10° N My _ 45.13 x 10° af =, = 988 mm V 45.66 x 10° Hae m0 be bere rl ureeac0 FIG. 1.15 Let us assume width of support /; = 600 mm. Assuming side cover x’ = 40 mm (Fig. 1.15), anchorage value of hook = 16 @ and the distance between the beginning of the hook and its apex of curvature =34, we have Lo =x0 + 16 bo (3 x 34) +160 “ Ly = (300 — 40 — 3 x 20) + 16 x 20 = 520 mm 2M + Lo = 988 + 520 = 1508 mm La = 58 = 58 x 20 = 1160 mmBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 53 a Met >L, Hence O.K. 6. Transverse reinforcement (a) Point of max. torsional moment At the point of max torsion, S.F.= 37.31 kN (sce Fig.1.6). As found in step 3, t= 0.49 N/mm’, which his more than t, = 0.33 N/mm’, Hence shear reinforcement is required. The area of cross-section A,. of the stirrups is given by _ Tn Visy © bidiow — 2Sdiow 5, =Centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of width = 500 — (40 x 2) — 20 = 400 mm d,=Centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of depth = 650 — (40 x 2) — 20 =550 mm. Aw 334210" _ 3731 X10 _ 14g sy 400x550 x 140 © 25% 550x140” However, the minimum transverse reinforcement should be governed by As 2 (= x=te ) b Sv On 1 at = (049-533) x 500 = 0.57 Sv “ Hence keep An 1.28 Sy Using 12 mm % 2-Igd stirrups having 4y=2x113=226 mm’, However, the spacing should not exceed the least of x, aah and 300 mm, where *1 = Short dimension of stirtup= 400 + 20 + 12=32 mm yi = 550 + 20 + 12 = 582 mm. 2 BAM : 24582 ye, » Bon, Beat. . Hence s, = 176 mm is permissible. However, provide 12 mm © two-legged stirrups @ 170 mm c¢/c at the section of maximum torsional moment. This spacing may be continued for a distance of, say, 1.7 m on either side.54 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (6) At point of max. S.F. (central support) SF. = 80 kN ty = SOX = 0.27 N/mm? This is less than t, . Hence only nominal shear reinforcement is necessary. The nominal shear reinforcement is given by & 2 Od h de 0.46 an Taking fy =250N/mm* for mild steel bars, Ay _ 0.4 x 500 w 208 Choosing 12 mm @ 2 Igd stirrups having A, = 226, Sy = ze = 2380 mm Maximum permissible spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 590 = 442mm. Hence provide stirrups @ 280 c/c. (©) At end supports S\F. = 45.66 kN 45.66 10° _ 2 300x550 0.15 N/mm’. This is less than even half r.. Hence as per LS. code, even nominal reinforcement is not necessary. However, since the beam carry torsional moment ~t other section for which exact behaviour of the beam, section is »..1] not known, we will provide nominal stirrups (ie. 12 mm @ 2 Igd stirrups 280 mm c/c) at the énd supports. also. or ve 7. Side face reinforcement The Code specifies that when the cross-sectional dimension exceeds 450 mm, additional longitudinal bars should be provided. Area of such side face reinforcement should not be less than 0.1 percent. A = $3, (600 * 650) = 325 mm’ Use two 16 mm @ bars (one at the mid-height of each face), giving Aj = 2 x 201 = 402 mm? The details of the reinforcement etc. are shown in Fig. 1.16.BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN LuOdsns OIN HOS Were Lv NOILI3S (P) az-2 32 wwoLt ©) 418 poz ww2i Care 02-2 ‘mode t g 3 3 orl “OI LYOEINS OIW LY NOILI3S (9) wwoos 2/2 wwos2 ©) g gwuce-s sdsas pOr 2 uur 3 [banda] 4 Fiwcot! Ho uoor LuOddNS ON3 LV NOILD3S (4) = WW3B JHL JO NOULI3S—1 G3dO13A30 ( 0) 979 wwoL @ M418 pOI-ZH WHI ep 279 WOE ® #6418 por~zZ g wUeI wsb-2 = - we2-9. PT Tt pags | | | fedeatene| | [eet Ceri Tit CO56 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES PROBLEMS 1. A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a radius of 3 m and is supported continuously on five supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear force at salient locations, Also, plot the B.M., T.M. and S.F. diagrams for ‘one span. 2. A semi-circular beam is simply supported on three equally spaced columns. Show that the maximum bending moment and the maximum twisting moment are equal to 0.429wR* and 0.1045 wR* respectively. 3. A semi-circular beam with radius of 5 m is simply supported at ends, and is continuous over a column at its middle. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/m jength of the beam, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the S.F., B.M. and T.M. at salient points and plot the S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams. 4. A beam is curved in plan in the form of are of a circle with raidus of 3 m, and central angle of 120° . The beam is fixed at the ends, and carrics a super-imposed load of 25 kN/m. The beam is rectangular in cross-section, having width = 40 cm and depth = 70 . Taking G =0.4E for concrete, draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for the beam. 5. A rectangular beam, 30 em wide is subjected to the following at a section (@) bending moment = 40 kN-m, (ii) shear force = 20 kN and (ii) torsional moment = 16 kN-m. Design the section and the torsional reinforcement in the form of (a) spiral (b) hoops and longitudinal rein- forcement. Take the following values of streses og = osy = 140 N/mm", oebe =S5N/mm*,m = 18, 6. Design the beam analysed in problem 1. 7. Design the beam analysed in problem 3.Domes 2.1. INTRODUCTION A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve about one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends upon the type of the curve and the direction of the axis of revolution. When the segment of a circular curve revolves about its vertical diameter, a spherical dome is obtained. Similarly, conical dome is obtained by the revolution of a right angled triangle about its vertical axis, while an elliptical dome is obtained by the revolution of an elliptical curve about one of its axes. However, out of these, spherical domes are more commonly used. In the case of a spherical dome the vertical section through the axis of revolution in any direction is an arc of a circle: Domes are used in variety of structures, such as (i) roof of circular areas (ii) circular tanks (iii) hangers, (iv) exhibition halls, auditoriums and planitoriums and (¥) bottoms of tanks, bins ‘and bunkers. Domes may be oopstructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced cement concrete.“Stone and brick domes are one of the oldest architectural forms. However, reinforced concrete domes are more common now-a-days, since they can be constructed over large spans. 2.2, NATURE OF STRESSES IN SPHERICAL DOMES A. spherical dome may be imagined. to consist of a number of horizontal rings placed one over the other. The diameters of the successive rings increase in the downward direction and the equilibrium is maintained independently of the rings above it. The circle of each ring is called ‘latitude’ while the circle drawn through two diametrically opposite points on a horizontal diameter and the crown is known as a meridian circle. All meridian circles converge at the crown(or top most point) of the spherical dome. (57)58 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Fig. 2.1(6) shows the vertical section of a spherical dome. The successive horizontal rings subtend equal angle at the centre of the sphere. The joints between successive horizontal rings is radial. Every horizontal ring supports the load of the rings above it, and transmits it to the one below it. The reaction between the rings is tangential —— Ss (a) FRUSTUM OF A SPHERICAL DOME (b) VERTICAL SECTION (c) PLAN OF A RING FIG. 2.1. to the curved surface, giving rise to compression along the medians. The compressive stress is called meridional thrust,or meridional com- pression. Fig. 2.1(c) shows the plan of a horizontal ring, which may be imagined to consist of a number of voussoirs. The joints between adjacent voussoirs of the ring are radial. The tendency of separation of any voussoir will be prevented because of its wedge shape, and therefore, hoop compression will be caused in each ring. To summarise, therefore, two types Of stresses are induced in a dome [Fig. 2.1(d)]. () Meridional thrust (7) along the direction of meridian. (i) Hoop stress (H) along the latitudes.DOMES 59 2.3. ANALYSIS OF SPHERICAL DOMES Let us now analyse stresses developed in a spherical dome of uniform thickness. Two cases of loading will be considered : ( uniformly distributed load, (ii) concentrated load at the crown. 1. Uniformly distributed load Let w = uniformly distributed load, inclusive of its own weight per unit area, r =radius of the dome t = thickness of dome shell T = intensity of meridional thrust A =intensity of hoop stress. fersine -4 ' (a) Meridional thrust Fig.. 2.2(a) shows the section through the vertical axis of revolu- tion of a thin spherical dome. Let us consider the equilibrium of a ring ABDC between two horizontal planes AB and CD. The extremity of the horizontal plane AB makes an angle @ with the vertical at the centre while the extremity of the horizontal plane CD makes angle @+d9@. The ring thus subtends an angle d@ at the centre. The following are the forces acting on the unit length of the ring: () The meridional thrust T per unit length of the circle of latitude AB, acting tangentially at B (or at right angles to the radial line OB). (i) The reaction or thrust T +dT per unit length of circle on latitude CD, acting tangentially at D,60 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (iit) The weight 6W of the ring itself, acting vertically down. It should be noted that the reaction 7+ dT will be greater than the thrust T due to the effect of the weight of the ring and duc to the change in the inclination from @ of (@+46) of the radial lines. The meridional thrust T is caused due to the weight of the dome shell APB above the horizontal plane AB. Surface area of dome shell 4PB =2arxPQ Bu. PO=OP—-OQ=r-rcos@ =r(1—cos6) Weight of dome shell above AB =2arxPQOxw =2arw(1— cos@) Since the sum of vertical components of thrust 7 acting along the circumference of the circle of latitude must be equal to the total weight of the dome shell APB, we have T (2x x QB) sin@ =2xrw(1— cos@) or TX2axrsin@x sin =22rw(1— cosé) (1 — cos 6) wr Tot s—“t_ or sin? o 1+ cosé @1) This is thus the expression for the meridional thrust. (6) Hoop stresses We have seen that the meridional thrust T increases to T + dT at the bottom of the ring. This difference in the meridional thrust Tand T+dT acting at 6 and 6@+dé respectively to the horizontal causes hoop stress. Let H be the hoop force per unit length of surface measured on a great circle arc. Breadth of ring =rd6 , © Hoop foree =H xrdé wn(iii) The horizontal components of T is T cos @ , and this horizontal component cause hoop tension, tending to increase the diameter of the ring, while the horizontal component of T+dT_ will be (T+dT) (cos @+d6) and this horizontal component will cause hoop compression Now magnitude of hoop tension. =Tcos@ x Radius of ring AB =Tcos @rsiné =Trsin@ cos? (ii) Magnitude of hoop compression = (T +d Thcos (6 +46) x radius of ring CD =(T+4T) cos (6 + d6)rsin(a + 46) w=(iii)DOMES 6L ‘The difference between (ii) and (iii) will cause the actual hoop stress. If (i) is more than (ii), hoop stress will be compressive, while if (i) is more than (iii), hoop stress will be tensile. Thus the hoop force, which is equal to the difference between (ii) and (iii), is due to the change in the value of T when d@ increases by a smal] amount d6 . Hence in the limiting case when dé is extremely small, Hrd@ =d [T cos Orsin6} But T ~ P= 8) from Eq. 21. H =i. ipl r3in cs 0 sin’@ d 51—cosé [Gare sineens6 | cos? 76 so ~ “sin | or _=_sin’@ - cos’@ _—2sin’@.cos@ — cos’ @ sin’ sin’@ sin’@ "a6 | — 1+ 2sin?@ cos @ + cos atta ae oe ad sin’@ sin’@ r{@= cos 0} (ene ot. sei —1+2c0s6— cos | — cos’6 = wr (cos? a+ cos) (2.2) 1+ cosé The above expression gives the hoop stress in any horizontal ring the extremity of which subtends an angle 6 with the vertical, at the centre. If the value of H obtained form Eq. 2.2 is positive, hoop force will be compressive ; otherwise it will be tensile: ‘At the crown, @=0 Hence from Eq. 2.2 Hatt62 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Intensity of hoop stress at crown = a = ra (compressive) [2.3(@)] This is the maximum value of hoop stress. The hoop stress will go on decreasing as 6 increases, till H’ becomes zero. After that H becomes tensile. To find the position of the plane where hoop stress becomes zero, we have H an WC cose + cos @ — 1) 1+ cos@ or cos’@ + cos@-1=0 or cos 6 = 0.618 From which @ = 51° 49' 38" Hence round the circle of latitude at which ‘the angle @ = 51° 49' 38", hoop stress is zero. For all portion of dome about this angle, hoop compression will be developed, while for the portion below this plane, hoop tension will be developed which will go on increasing further towards the base of the dome. 2. Concentrated load at the crown Let us now find out the stresses developed in the spherical dome due to a concentrated load W situated at the crown P as shown in Fig. 2.3. AS before, let. us consider a ring ABCD bounded by horizontal planes AB and CDsub- tending angles @ and 6+ d6 with the ver- tical axis, Let T be the thrust per unit length of latitude AB acting tangentially and T + dT be thrust per unit length of the circle of latitude CD. The sum of the vertical components of thrust 7 acting along. the circum- . ference of the circle of FIG. 23. latitude must be equal to the load W ; hence TX 2arsin@ x sind=WDOMES 63 =v _ 2arsin’@ As- discussed in the previous case, the hoop stress developed in any horizontal ring is due to the difference in the meridional thrust 7 and T+dT . Hence , as before, Hrd@ =d[Tcos@ x rsin 6] Substituting the value of T from Fig. 2.4, we get 1d Ww H=776 2arsin’@ Wid aT] or an (2.4) cos 6rsing | “Tarde | sind Differentiating the above, we get’ HW [= sin?@ — a 2nr sin?@ . v or H = ~ 3% cosec’é (25) and hoop stress= Z = ~F cosecta ww[2.5(a)] where ¢ is the thickness of the dome. ‘The minus signs shows that hoop stress will be tensile through- out, due to the concentrated load. At the crown, @=0 . Hence H becomes infinite. Therefore, any concentrated load in the form of lantern or ornament etc., should always be distributed over sufficient area, to reduce the hoop stress at the crown. It is also desirable to thicken the dome at the top to spread the load over greater area. Stresses due to combined uniformly distributed load and point load The stresses due to point load applied at the crown should be added algebraically to the stresses. developed due to uniformly distributed live load and self-weight of the dome, to get ‘the final stresses. Table 2.1 gives the coefficients for hoop stress and meridional Stress due to uniformly distributed load and concentrated load at the crown, for different values of 664 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES TABLE 21. (+ for compression and — for tenston) +0.48 +53 -53 +0.425 +137 -1.37 +033 +0.64 - 0.64 +0.20 +0.38 - 038 0.034 + +0.27 -0.27 +0.26 -0.26DOMES 65 2.4, STRESSES DUE TO WIND LOAD The analysis of stresses in domes due to wind load is very tedious since the dome has curvature in two directions. Since the thickness and reinforcement required for the vertical and uniformly distributed loads is much smaller than provided from practical con- siderations, exact calculation of stresses due to wind load and the effect of shrinkage and temperature variations are not necessary. Their effect is taken into account by adding and extra load of about 1000 to 1500 N per sq. m. of the surface of the dome. 2.5. DESIGN OF R.C. DOMES The requirements of thickness of dome and reinforcement from the point of view of induced stresses are usually very small. However, a minimum thickness of 7.5 cm is provided to protect steel. Similarly, a minimum steel provided is 0.15% of the sectional area in each direction—meridionally as well as along the latitudes. This reinforcement will be in addition to the hoop tensile stresses. The steel reinforcement is provided in the middle of the thickness of the dome shell. Near the edges, some hogging bending moment may be developed, and hence meridional steel should be placed near the top surface. Provision of ring beam. If the dome is not hemishperical, the meridional thrust at the supporting circle of latitude(ie., at the base) will not be vertical. The inclined meridional thrust at the support will have horizontal component which will cause the supporting walls to burst outwards, causing its failure. In order to bear this horizontal component of meridional thrust, a ring beam is provided at the base of the dome. The reinforcement provided in the ring beam takes this hoop tension and transfer only vertical reaction to the supporting walls. The tensile stress on the equivalent area of concrete on the ring beam section should not exceed 12 N/mm*. Placement of main reinforcement in dome As stated earlier, a minimum reinforcement of 0.15% of area is provided both in the direction of latitude as well as of the meridians. If the reinforcement along the meridians is continued upto crown, there will be congestion of steel there. Hence from practical con- siderations, the meridional reinforcement is stopped at any latitude circle near crown, and a separate mesh is provided as shown in Fig. 2.4. No separate reinforcement along latitude is provided in this area at the crown.66 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES MESH REINFORCEMENT MERIDIONAL REINFORCEMENT HOOP REINFORCEMENT FIG. 24. Provision of openings Openings may be provided in the dome as required from other functional or architectural requirements. However, sufficient trimming reinforcement should be provided all round the opening, as shown in Fig. 2.5. The meridional and hoop reinforcement reaching the opening should be well anchored to the trimming reinforcement. If there is an opening at the crown of the dome, and if there is any concentrated load of lantern etc. acting there, a ting beam OPENING ‘TRIMMING REINFORCEMENT FIG. 2.5. should be provided at the periphery of the opening, as shown in Fig. 2.7. Design Example 2.1. Design a spherical dome over a circular room, for the following data : @) Inside diameter of room = =12 m (ii) Rise of dome =4m (iii) Live load due ta wind, ice, snow etc. = 1.5 kN/m?,DOMES 67 The dome has an opening of 1.6 m diameter at its crown. A dantern is provided at its top, which causes a dead load of 22 kN acting along the circumference of the opening. FIG, 26, Solution. 1. Geometry of the dome Fig. 2.6. shows the dome. Let the radius of the dome be r The diameter of base =AB= dia. of room = 12 m. Rise PS =4m (27 —PS)PS =6x6 or Qr-4)4 =36 From which r=AO =6.5 m Again CD =diameter of opening = 1.6 m PQ= rise at opening =A “ A(2x65—h) = CQ? = (0.8)* From which = = 0.05 m sina = 28 = 0.1231; as 74’; cosa = 0.9924 sin o= &; = 0.9231; +. @ = 67°23" ;.005 © = 03840. 2. Loading The various formulae derived earlier are valid when there is no opening at the crown. In our case, there is opening of 1.6 m8 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES diameter. However, for calculation purposes, we can assume that there is no opening, and the weight of the extra portion of the dome shell CPD can be accounted for by reducing the load of the lantern and taking into consideration only the effective weight of lantern. That is : Effective wt. of lantern = Actual wt. of lantern-wt of dome shell CPD. Let the thickness of the dome be 100 mm. The uniformly distributed loads per sq. m of surface area are (i) Self-weight of dome shell = 0.1 x 25000 = 2500 N. (i) Live load = 1500 Total= 4000 N/m* = 4 kN’ =w Weight of dome shell CPD =wx2arh =wx 22x65 x 0.05 = 0.17 KN *. Effective weight of lantern = W = 22 — 8,17 = 13.83 KN 3. Calculation of stresses due to combined load The stress at any horizontal plane will be equal to the algebraic sum of stresses due to the two loading, and the dome will be designed for the maximum of these stresses. Total meridional stress = ~7(1— 20s) 5 __W __ . ¢sin“@ 2artsin’é = 4%65(1~ cos6) 4 13.83 nym? 0.1 sin"6 2a x65 x 0.1 sind sin’@ sin’@ 1— cos@ , 0.00339 = 0.26 —-—~ + —— N/mm* a sin’ @ sin’ @ a) = [20 in eos6 5 a] x 107 N/mm? 2 wr cos 6 + cosé~1 Ww 1 Hoop stress =~ | —— — Tart unt 1+ cosé sin’@ =4%65 ( cos’6+ coso—1)_ 13.83 OF 1+ cos@ 22% 65 x 0.1” sin? 2 ~ [20/ a+ wed) 1] 10" N/eamn? kN/m‘ 1+ cos@ sin’@DOMES 59 2 - = 0.26 28 9 + 0058 = 1 _ 0.00339 py jm? (2) 1+ cosé sin’@ The values of meridional stress and hoop stress for various values of 6 are Tabulated in Table 2.2. TABLE 22 4. Hoop stress in absence of live load Hoop stresses should also be found in absence of live load. This will increase the tensile stresses in the upper portion of the dome, specially near the periphery of the opening. However, meridional thrust will not increase by omitting the live load. w = 0.1 x 25000 = 2500 N = 2.5 kN .. Effective weight of lantern= 22—2.5 x 21x6.5 x 0.05 = 16.89 KN Thus the hoop stresses due to w calculated above will be decreased in the ratio of a (= 0.625) while the hoop stresses due to W 16.89 will be increased bya ratio of. B34 in Table 2.3. ( = 1.22). The results are tabulated70 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES TABLE. 2.3 Thus we see that the maximum hoop tension at the opening has been increased from 0.098 N/mm? to 0.195 N/mm’. 5. Provision for reinforcement Max. compressive stress = 0.354 N/mm” (safe) Max. hoop tensile stress = 0.195 N/mm’. *. Max. hoop tension per metre length of meridian = 0.195 x 100 x 1000 = 19500 N Area of steel = 0 = 139 mm? Reinforcement for temp. etc, = 945 5 100%1000=150 mm’/ 4m Total reinforcement = 138 + 150 = 289 mm? Using 8 mm bars, spacing = 1x50 = 173 mm However, provide 8 mm © bars @ 160 mm c/c where hoop tension is developed. In the portion where no hoop tension is developed, minimum area of steel @ 0.15% will be 150 mm’. Hence provide 8 mm ® bars @ 300 mm c/c.DOMES n 6. Design of lower ring beam Meridional thrust per metre length of the dome at its base = 0.19 x 100 x 1000 = 19000 N/m Horizontal component T per metre length = 19000 cos 67° 23’ = 7307 N/m -. Hoop tension, trying to rupture the beam = 7307 x 42 = 43840 N Area of steel required = SEN = 313 mm* Using 10 mm © bars, No. of ‘rings =3B 24 -. Hence provide 4 rings of 10 mm @ bars. Equivalent area of composite section of beam of area of cross- section A. =A + (m— 1)An=A + 18 X 785 X4 =A + 5652 Allowing tensile stress of 1.2 N/mm? in the composite section, we have 43840 Sas = 12 A + 5652 From which A= 30880 mm? However, provide a ring beam of 200 mm x 200 mm. Provide 6 mm © stirrups @ 160 mm c/c to tie the rings in the ring beam. 7. Design of ring beam at the opening Hoop compression(horizontal) in the ring beam = (0345 x 100 x 1000) cosa x 48 = 35400 x 0.9924 x 0.8 = 28105 N The horizontal component will be provided for by a beam which form the link between the lantern and the dome. Provide a ring beam of size 160mm x 160 mm either above the dome or below the dome, as required from architectural requirements. Comp. stress in ring beam = = 1.1 N/mm’ (safe) Extend the 8 mm @¢ rings in the ring beam also. will 28105 x72 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES The details, of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 2.7. &mm @ RINGS feonmes 8mm o RINGS @ 320mmcr/e 8mm > BARS @ 320mmcsc 290 mm STRPS @ isommct at 41mm > 200mm RINGS FIG. 2.7. 2.6. CONICAL DOMES Let us now analyse a conical dome subtending an angle 26 at the apex. Let w be the intensity of uniformly distributed Joad inclusive of its own weight, on unit area of the dome. 4 ye 2 Rey axa FIG, 28DOMES 73 Consider a horizontal ring ABDC as before. Let the meridional thrust per unit length of the ring be T at B and T+dT at D, acting tangentially. The vertical component of the total meridional thrust at B will evidently be equal to the load on the dome shell APB. Let the distance of horizontal planes 4B and CD be y and y+dy from apex P. Diameter AB=2ytan@ ; length AP= “a a Load on dome shell APB = a =F (w2ytan@) . ws8 Vertical component of total T= (7 2y tan @) Tcosé = w a 2xytan@ Ts 0 =2ay7 tan@ t0s8 From which T =$35 (2.6) *. Intensity of meridional stress = +-[2.6(@)] wy 2t cos? The horizontal component of T will cause hoop tension at B, while the horizontal component of T+ dT will cause hoop com- pression. Magnitude of hoop tension= Tsin@ x radius of ring at depth y sin? @ = Tsin@ x ytan@ = Ty . 5 sin’@ Magnitude of hoop compression = (7 +d 7) (y + dy) 050 The difference in these two horizontal components will give the value of hoop force. Let H be the hoop compression induced in the ring, per unit breadth. Let ds be the breadth of the ring of height dh [Fig. 2.8(6)] Then ds = 2. cos Hence we have =q(Zysin’o Hds a( ed Hay _ sin’ or cos 8 al Ty cos 64 or REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES d : H = gy Ty sin’ 8) Substituting the value of 7 and differentiating, we get 4d [wy vozp] im sine d a2 Hes [ Soe vin] F costs Ty” Hence H=wy tan’@ o=(2.7) Hence intensity of hoop stress =v tan’ ~o[2.7(a)] The hoop stress will be compressive throughout. Design Example 2.2. Design a conical roof for a hall having a diameter of 20 m. The rise of the dome has to be 4 m. Assume the live and other loads as 1500 Nim Solution () Geometry of the dome b-—— 10 m+}. 10 mn—_—+>| FIG. 29. Diameter AB =20 m. Height PQ =4m. tang = 10 = 25:0 = 68°12! sin@ = 0.9285; cos@ = 0.3714 (i) Loading Let the thickness of shell be 10 cm. Weight of dome shell jm? =0.1 x 1 x 25000 = 2500 N Live load = 1500 N Total w = 4000 N/m? (iii) Calculation of stress Meridional thrust T = —"2— 2cos'@ Maximum T will occur at the base AB where y=4 m.DOMES Ss _ 4000 x 4 Tra = = 58200 N . 203714) (comp.) ag _ 58200, _ 2 Meridional stresss = Foo x tooo = 9-582 N/mm’ (Safe) Hoop force H =wytan?6, Hymax = 4000 X 4 (2.5)” = 100000 N (comp.) " = _100000__ 2 “ Hoop stress = 700 x 1000 =1 N/mm* (Safe) (iv) Steel reinyorcement The stresses work out to be safe, Hence only nominal reinforcement has to be provided @ 0.15% of the area of concrete. = Sp 100 x 10000 = 150 mm* Using 8 mm = bars, Ae = 50 mm? ano - 1000Ae _ 1000 x 50 _ Spacing = Ae 0 333 mm However, provide 8 mm © bars @ 300 mm c/c both the ways. The meridional bars may. be discontinued near the apex, and a wire mesh may be provided there to avoid congestion of steel. (%) Design of ring beam | Horizontal component of meridional thrust T will cause an outward force on the support, causing hoop tension. Hence a ring beam is necessary. Hoop tension P in ring beam =Tsin@ = 58200 x 0.9285 = 54000 N/m. 20 +. Total tensile force =P x2 = 54000 x 2? = 540000 N . . 540000 Area of steel to resist this, A. = —j7_— = 3857 mm? Using 25 mm @ bars, Ag = 490 mm? “No. of bars = 387 8 Actual area of steel provided = 3920 mm’. Tie these by 8 mm ¢ 2-lgd stirrups @ 300 mm c/c Let A be the area of ring beam. Equivalent area of composite section =A + (m — 1)Au =A + 18 x 3920 =A + 7056016 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Assuming the allowable tensile stress in composite section to be 1.2 N/mm’, we have 540000_ _ oo 12 A + 70560 which gives A = 379440 mm? Provide ring beam of size 700 mm. x 700 mm. The details of the reinforcement is shown in Fig. 2.10. MESH REINFORCEMENT 8mm RINGS {@300mm<4 ——10m F BmmMSTRPS @ 300mm c/c 709) 25mm RINGS BNOS —24700mm f= FIG. 2.10 PROBLEMS 1. A spherical dome, span 10 m and rise 2 m, has a shell which is 120 mm thick. It carries a lantern load of 5000 N at its apex. The wind load on the dome is estimated to the equivalent to 1200 N/m’. Examine the Stresses in dome and design suitable reinforcement. Also, design the ring beam. 2. Design a conical dome for the above, if there is no lantern. 3. Design a spherical dome over a circular room of 20 m diameter. ‘The rise of the dome may be taken equal to 1/5 of the diameter. The dome carries a lantern load of 30 KN attached at the circumference of an opening of 2 m diameter at the apex. Take live load due to wind etc. as 1.5 KN/m* of the surface area of the dome. Use M 15 concrete.Circular and Intze Tanks 3.1. INTRODUCTION A water tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirements. In general, water tanks can be classified under three heads : (#_tanks resting on ground, (ii) elevated tanks supported on staging and (iii) underground tanks. From the shape point of view, water tanks may be of several types, such as (é) circular tanks, (i) rectangular tanks, (iif) spherical tanks, (iv) Intze tanks and (v) circular tanks with conical bottoms. Some simple cases of circular and rectangular tanks have been dealt-with in volume I of the book. It is intended to discuss some more advanced cases of circular and rectangular tanks, and other type of tanks. In the construction of concrete structures for storage of water and other liquids, the imperviousness of concrete is most essential. The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted concrete of given mix proportions is mainly dependent on the water-cement ratio. The increase in water-cement ratio results in increase in per- meability. The decrease in water-cement ratio will therefore be desirable to decrease the permeability, but very much reduced water-cement ratio cause compaction difficulties and prove to be harmful also. For a given mix made with particular materials, there is lower limit to the water cement ratio which can be used economically on any job. It is essential to select a richness of mix compatible with available aggregates, whose particle shape and grading have an important bearing on workability which must be suited to the means of compaction selected. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential. It is desirable to specify cement content sufficiently high to ensure that thorough compaction is obtainable while maintaining a sufficiently a778 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES low water-cement ratio. The quantity of cement should not be less than 330 kg/m’ of concrete. It should also be less than 530 kg/m? of concrete to keep the shrinkage low. In thicker sections, where a reduction in cement content might be desirable to restrict the tempera- ture rise due to cement hydration, a lower cement content is usually permissible. It is usual to use rich mix like M 20 grade in most of the water tanks. Design of liquid retaining structures has to be based on the avoidance of cracking in the concrete having regard to its tensile strength. It has to be ensured in its design that concrete does not crack on its water face. Cracking may also result from the restraint toshrinkage, free expansion and contraction of concrete due to tempera- ture, and shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects. Correct placing of reinforcement, use of small sized bars and use of deformed. bars lead to a diffused distribution of cracks. The risk of cracking due to overall cracking and shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting the changes in moisture content and temperature to which. the temperature as a whole is subjected. Cracks can be prevented by avoiding the use of thick timber shuttering which prevent the easy escape of heat of hydration from the concrete mass. The risk of cracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraints on the expansion or contraction of the structure. For long walls or slabs founded at or below the ground level, restraints can be minimized by founding the structure on a flat layer of concrete with interposition. of sliding layer of some material to break the bond and facilitate movement. However, it should be recognized that common and more serious causes of leakage in practice, other than cracking, are defects such as segregation and honey-combing and in particular all joints are potential source of leakage. 3.2. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ACCORD. ING TO INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE (IS : 3370, Part II, 1965) I. PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURES Plain concrete members of reinforced concrete liquid structures. may be designed against structural failure by allowing tension in plain concrete as per the permissible limits for tension in bending specified in IS : 456 (ic. permissible stress in tension in bending mass be taken to be the same as permissible stress in shear g measured as inclined tension). This will automatically take care of failure due to cracking. However, nominal reinforcement in accordance with theCIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 19 Tequirements of IS : 456 shall be provided for plain concrete structural members. 2. PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE (a) For resistance to cracking Indian Standard Code IS : 456-1978 does not specify the per- missible stresses in concrete for its resistance to cra ‘king. However, its earlier version (IS : 456-1964) included the permissible stresses in direct tension, bending tension and shear. These values are given in Table 3.1. The permissible tensile stresses due to bending apply to the face of the member in: contact with the liquid. In members less than 225 mm thick and in contact with the liquid on one side, these permissible stresses in bending apply also to the face remote from the liquid. TABLE 3.1 PERMISSIBLE CONCRETE STRESSES IN CALCULATIONS RELATING TO RESISTANCE TO CRACKING (6) For strength catcutations In strength calculations the usual permissible stresses, in ac-- cordance with IS : 456-1978, are used. Where the calculated shear stress in concrete above exceeds the permissible value, reinforcement acting in conjunction with diagonal compression in concrete shall be provided. to take the whole of the shear.80 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 3, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENT (a) For resistance to cracking When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stresses in concrete for avoidance of cracking, the tensile stresses in steel will be limited by the requirement that the permissible tensile stress in concrete is not exceeded so that tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of steel and concrete, and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete. TABLE 3.2 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENT FOR STRENGTH CALCULATIONS Plain round mild steel bars. | High yield strength deformed conforming to gradeTof1S:| bars (HYSD) bars 482 (Part 1)—1966 conforming to FS: 1139- 1966. 1. Tensile stress in members under direct tens on (as) 150 2. Tensile stress in members in bending (oi) (a) On liquid retaining. of members (6) On face away from liquid for members less. than 225 mm. (©) On face away from) liquid for members 225 mm or more in thickness. 3. Tensile stress in shear reinforcement (ov) (a) For members less; than 225 mm thickness (b) For members 225 or| more in thickness 4. Compressive stress in. columns subjected to direct load (dsc)CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS. 81 (6) For strength calculations Though the Indian Standard Code IS : 456 had its third revision in 1978, the corresponding Codes IS : 3370 (Part I, Il, II and IV) for concrete structures for the storage of liquids have not been revised Since 1965. The main Code on concrete — IS 456 — is in SI units. However, the fourth reprint (May 1982) of IS : 3370 (Part II) -1965 incorporates the amedndment regarding the permissible stresses in ‘steel reinforcement. The revised values of permissible stresses are given in Table 3.2 converted into SI units, using the approximations 10 kg/cm? = 1 N/mm? Note : Stress limitations for liquid retaining faces shall also apply to the following : (a) Other faces within 225 mm of the liquid retaining face (6) Outside or external faces of structures away from the liquic ‘but placed in water-logged soils upto the level of highest subsoi water soil. 4, STRESSES DUE TO DRYING SHRINKAGE OR TEMPERATURE CHANGE (i) Stresses due to drying shrinkage of temperature chang may be ignored provided that : (a) The permissible stresses specified in para (2) and (? for -concrete and steel respectively are not exceede (6) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking concrete during the construction period and until t reservoir is put into use. (c) The recommendations as regards the provision of jo and for suitable sliding layer (see § 3.3) are compl with, or the reservoir is to be used only for the stor: of water or aqueous liquids at or near ambient temperat and the circumstances are such that the concrete » never dry out. (ii) Shrinkage stresses may, however, be required to be calcula in special case, when a shrinkage coefficient of 300 x 107° may assumed. (ii) When the shrinkage stresses are allowed, the permiss Stresses, tensile stresses in concrete (direct and bending) as g in Table 3.1 may be increased by 334 percent.82 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (iv) Where reservoirs are protected with an internal impermeable lining, consideration should be given to the possibility of concrete . eventually drying out. Unless it is established on the basis of tests or experience that the lining has adequate crack bridging properties, allowance for the increased effect of drying shrinkage should be made in the design. 5. STEEL REINFORCEMENT (@) Minimum reinforcement (i) The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of the two directions at right angles shall have an area of 0.3 per cent of the concrete section in that direction for sections upto 100 mm thick. For sections of thickness greater than 100 mm and less than 450 mm the minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be linearly reduced from 0.3 per cent for 100 mm thick section to 0.2 per cent for 450 mm. Minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be kept at 0.2 per cent. In concrete section of thickness 225 mm or greater, two layers of reinforcing bars shall be placed one near each face of the section to make up the minimum reinforcement specified above. (i) In special circumstanes floor slabs resting directly on the ground may be constructed with percentage of reinforcement less than that specified above. In no case the percentage of reinforcement in any member be less than’0.15% of the concrete section. (6) Minimum cover to reinforcement (i) For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid or enclosing the space above the, liquid (such as inner faces of slab), the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25 mm or the diameter of the main bar, whichever is greater. In the presence of sea water and soils and water of corrosive character the cover should be increased by 12 mm but this additional cover shall not be taken into account for design. calculations, (ii) For faces away from the liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact with the liquid on any face nor enclosing. the space above the liquid, the cover should be the same as provided for other reinforced concrete sections. UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER ‘The specific mass or unit mass of water is generally taken as 1000 kg/m’. Hence the specific weight or unit weight (w) of water = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 N/m’ (9.81 KN/m’). Rounding off this value toCIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 83 10000 N/m’ is. fundamentally erroneous because the unit weight of water is more or less a physical constant. 3.3. JOINTS IN WATER TANKS The various type of joints may be categorized under three heads : (2) Movement joints (6) Construction joints (c) Temporary open joints. (4) MOVEMENT JOINTS These require the incorporation of special materials in order to maintain water-tightness while accommodating relative movement between the side of ‘the joints. All movement joints are essentially flexible joints. Movement joints are of three types : @) Contraction joint (ii) Expansion joint (ii) Sliding joint. @) Contraction joint A contraction joint is a typical movement joint which ac- commodates the contraction of the concrete. The joint may be either acomplete contraction joint [Fig. 3.1 (a)], in which there is discontinuity of both concrete and steel, or it may be partial contraction joint in which there is discontinuity of concrete but the reinforcement run through the joint [Fig. 3.1 (6)]. In both cases no initial gap is kept at the joint, but only discontinuity is given during construction. In the former type, a water bar is inserted while in the later type, the mouth of the joint is filled with joint sealing compound and then strip painted. A water bar is a pre-formed strip of impermeable material (such as a metal, polyvinyl chloride or rubber). Joint sealing compounds are impermeable ductile materials which are required to provide a water-tight seal by adhesion to the concrete throughout the range of joint movement. The commonly used materials are based on asphalt, bitumen, or coal tar pitch with or without fillers such as limestone or slate dust, asbestos fibre, chopped hemp, rubber or other suitable material. These are usually applied after construction or just before the reservoir is put into service by pouring in the hot or cold state, by trowelling or gunning or as Preformed strips ironed into position.‘CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 8s (ii) Sliding joint Sliding joints is a movement joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete at which special provision is made to facilitate relative movement in place of the joint. A typical application of such a joint is between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs [Fig. 3.1 (@)]. (B) CONSTRUCTION JOINTS: A construction joint is a joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for further relative movement. It is, therefore, a rigid joint in contrast to a movement joint which is a flexible joint. Fig. 3.2 shows a CONTINUITY typical construction joint between suc- OF STEEL cessive lifts in a reservoir wall. The position and arrangement of all con- — Struction joints should be predeter- mined by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolation in a manner similar to contraction FIG. 32;CONSTRUCTION JOINT. joints. (C) TEMPORARY OPEN JOINTS PRE PARED. JOINT SURFACE INITIAL GAP LATER FILLED WITH CONCRETE . INITIAL GAP ATER Fi wit RET! strip LATER FILLED 'H CONCRETE PAINTING PREPARED JOINT SURFACES. (oe) to) JOINT sSEALING feb} COMPOUND MORTAR FILLING ed FIG, 3.3: TYPICAL TEMPORARY OPFN JOINTS.86 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES A temporary open joint is a gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely [Fig. 3.3 (a)] or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing material [Fig. 33 (b) and (e)]. In the former case the width of gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling. Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of Suitable joining materials to maintain the water-tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling of the joint, this type of joint may be Tegarded as being equivalent to a contraction joint (partial or complete) as defined above, 3.4. CIRCULAR TANK WITH RIGID JOINT BETWEEN FLOOR AND WALL When water is filled in circular tank, the hydrostatic water pressure will try to increase in diameter at any section. However, this increase in the diameter all along the height of the tank will depend upon the nature of the joint at the junction B of the wall and bottom slab (Fig 3.4). If the joint is flexible (i.e., sliding joint), Rigid Joint ay Pez Flexibie Joint ~ 3 FIG. 3.4: it will be free to move outward to a position B;. The hydrostatic Pressure at A is zero and hence there will be no change in the diameter at A. The hydrostatic pressure at B will be maximum, resulting in the maximum increase in the diameter there, and maximum‘CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 87 movement at B. if joint is flexible. Thus 4B; will be deflected position of wall AB. If, however, the joint at B is fixed, no movernent is possible, and a fixing moment will be induced in B. In that case, ABC will be the deflected position. ‘The case of flexible joint between the floor and wall has already been discussed in volume I. We shall analyse here the case of fixed joint. When the joint between the wall and floor is rigid, no horizontal displacement of the wall at the joint is possible. The deflected shape of the wall will be along ACB. The upper part will have hoop tension, while the flower part will bend like cantilever fixed at joint B. For shallow tanks with large diameter, hoop stresses are very small and the wall acts more like cantilever. For deep tanks of small diameter, the cantilever action due to fixidity at the base will be small and the hoop action is predominant. Let ‘P- =load transferred due to cantilever action (pres- sure per unit area) or horizontal shear. Pr =load carried by ring tension (pressure per unit area). T = thickness of wall, : J =moment of inertia of. the wall, per unit length 3 =——2_. if the effect of lateral restraint is 12(1 =) taken into account, E = Modulus of elasticity. # = Poisson’s ratio = 0.2. y = Change in radius at depth x. y, = Radial expansion due to p, y = Outward deflection due to cantilever action. At any section, at depth x below the top, the deformation y+ due to hoop tension will be equal to displacement ye due to horizontal shear (cantilever action). The sum of loads transferred due to cantilever action, and that carried by ring tension is evidently equal to the intensity of water pressure at that section, Hence. Pe + pr =W.X ane(i) For compatibility, p-= p,-=y (say) (ii) Now, ring tension at depth x =p.2 or88 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Tensile stress due to ring tension =fB Tensile strain due to ring tension =f2 D Dt Change in radius == Poe x Be Pe 4TE 4TE TE ” or Payee y o=(iti), From simple theory of bending, we have BM. ~#1(2%) ; shear force -21(S%) dx | ax * dye & 7 and load intensity p.=EI a =EI ~-(iv) But Pe =W.x—py (from 3 wx-prsEI ee or wx STE y= El. *% fy 4 AT, =e or ax tp? Putting m =a‘ we get (3.1) DY sb gaty ME a t4alyats -~(3.2) The solution of the above differential equation is +e". (Asinax + Bcosax) + e~"(Csinax + Doosax) (3.3): In the above equation, there are four unknown constants A, B, C and D. The values of these constants can be evaluated by applying boundary conditions at both the ends of the wall. We shall consider different cases of boundary conditions. CASE I : WALL WITH FIXED BASE AND FREE TOP This case is based on the assumption that the base joint is continuous and the footing is prevented from any rotation. Theconstants A, B,C and D can be evaluated from the following conditions. (i) At the base, deflection is zero, aEid‘CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 89 « At x=H,y=0 (i) (ii) At base, ‘slope is zero, » At x=H, Heo wa(2) (iii) At the top, B.M. is zero, i dy , atx =0,22%=0 on(3 te. at x ae (3) (iv) At the top, SF. is zero, . d atx =0,22%=0 (4 de. at x ae (4) on Tey tae" Asin axt+B 0s a2) + a eA 00s ax — Bsinarx) mae (sin ax + Dcosax) + ae~**(Ccosax — Dsinax) dy * o Tha q tae (A-B) +sinax + [((A + B) cosax] +ae[-(C+D)sinax+(C-D)cosax] - ..(3.3 a) Differentiating it further, fy. a?" [(A — B) sinax + (A + B) cosax] + a°e™* [(A — B) cos ax] — (A+ B)sin ax] - a? e*[ - (C+ D) sinax + (C - D) cosar] + abe | — (C+ D) cos ar — (C — D)sinar] dy _ 2 ex or sy =a’.e*[-2Bsinax-—2A cosax] dx + ae~** [2Dsinax —2C cosax] ...(3.3 b) Differentiating it further, we get dy gs .e* [-2Bsinax + 2A cosax] dx +a? .6*[-2Beosax—2Asinax] -a’.e"*"(2Dsinax —2Ccwsax] +a .e-* [2Deosax + 2Csinax] or ya 2e.e[- (A+B)sinax + (4 = B) cosax] + 2.7 [(C — D)sinax + (C + D) cosazx] ...(3.3c) Now, applying condition (ii) in Eq. 3.3 (6), we get 2 oS =0=a"[0+ 24] +a? [0-2¢] From which, A =C +24)