PS 9155 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

By
krr
Components of WECS-WECS schemes-Power obtained from wind-simple
momentum theory-Power coefficient-Sabinins theory-Aerodynamics of Wind
turbine
2
1. simple momentum theory
2. Aerodynamics of Wind turbine
3. Bernoulli Equation
4. Betz Law
5. Power coefficient
6. Sabinins theory


Padmanathan K
Research Scholar
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Padmanathan K
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Padmanathan K
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Aerodynamics-Basics
Newtons Laws of motion:
A. Law 1 A body at rest will remain at rest. A body
in motion will remain in motion
B. Law 2 F=MA Force is equal to mass times
acceleration
C. Law 3 For ever action there is an equal and
opposite reaction

Bernoullis principle of Pressure:
An increase in the speed of movement or flow
will cause a decrease in the fluids pressure.
- Example: the Venturi tube
Low Pressure
Padmanathan K
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Wind turbine farms are being
constructed all over the world to extract
kinetic energy from the wind and convert
it to electrical energy. The mass, energy,
momentum, and angular momentum
balances are utilized in the design of a
wind turbine. The Bernoulli equation is
also useful in the preliminary design
stage.
MASS, BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS
8
Objectives
Apply the conservation of mass equation to
balance the incoming and outgoing flow rates in
a flow system.
Recognize various forms of mechanical energy,
and work with energy conversion efficiencies.
Understand the use and limitations of the
Bernoulli equation, and apply it to solve a
variety of fluid flow problems.
Work with the energy equation expressed in
terms of heads, and use it to determine turbine
power output and pumping power requirements.
Momentum Theory -Overview
In this module, we will study the simplest
representation of the wind turbine as a disk across
which mass is conserved, momentum and energy are
lost.
Towards this study, we will first develop some basic
1-D equations of motion.
Streamlines
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
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Motion of fluid
energy kinetic
Pressure in fluid energy
potential
KE + PE is constant
Bernoullis Equation: derivation
Consider a volume AV of mass AM of incompressible fluid,
AKE =
1
2
Mv
2
2

1
2
Mv
1
2
=
1
2
AVv
2
2

1
2
AVv
1
2
APE = Mgy
2
Mgy
1
= AVgy
2
AVgy
1
W = F
1
Ax
1
F
2
Ax
2
= P
1
A
1
Ax
1
P
2
A
2
Ax
2
= P
1
AV P
2
AV
P
1
+ gh
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
= P
2
+ gh
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
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Consider a stream tube, i.e. a collection of streamlines
that form a tube-like shape.
Within this tube mass can not be created or destroyed.








The mass that enters the stream tube from the left (e.g.
at the rate of 1 kg/sec) must leave on the right at the
same rate (1 kg/sec).
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Area A
1

Density
1

Velocity V
1
Area A
2

Density
2

Velocity V
2
Rate at which mass enters=
1
A
1
V
1
Rate at which mass leaves=
2
A
2
V
2
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Continuity
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In compressible flow through a tube

AV= constant
In incompressible flow, does not change. Thus,

AV = constant
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AV = constant

If Area between streamlines
is high, the velocity is low
and vice versa.
High Velocity
Low Velocity
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Continuity (Continued..)
AV = constant

If Area between
streamlines
is high, the velocity is low
and vice versa.

In regions where the
streamlines squeeze
together,
velocity is high.
High Velocity
Low Velocity
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Venturi Tube is a Device for Measuring Flow Rate

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Low velocity
High velocity
Bernoullis Principle - Lift
As the velocity of a fluid increases,
its internal pressure decreases.
+From Newtons 2
nd
(F=ma)
+Shown by Venturi tube
Low Pressure
High Pressure
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
Bernoullis Principle
Air is a gas and a fluid
Air pressure is due to the motion of its
particles
Pressure in a moving stream exerts less
pressure than the air surrounding the moving
stream
Quick stream = low air pressure
Slow stream = High air pressure
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Station 1
Density
1

Velocity V
1

Area A
1
Station 2
Density
2

Velocity V
2

Area A
2
Mass Flow Rate In = Mass Flow Rate Out

1
V
1
A
1
=

2
V
2
A
2

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Momentum Equation (Contd..)
Density
velocity V
Area =A

Density +d
velocity V+dV
Area =A+dA

Momentum rate in=
Mass flow rate times velocity
= V
2
A
Momentum Rate out=
Mass flow rate times velocity
= VA (V+dV)
Rate of change of momentum within this element =
Momentum rate out - Momentum rate in
= VA (V+dV) - V
2
A = VA dV
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Momentum Equation (Contd..)
Density
velocity V
Area =A

Density +d
velocity V+dV
Area =A+dA

Rate of change of momentum as fluid particles
flow through this element= VA dV

By Newtons law, this momentum change must be caused by
forces acting on this stream tube.
Forces acting on the Control Volume
Surface Forces
Pressure forces which act normal to the surface
Viscous forces which may act normal and tangential to
control volume surfaces
Body forces
These affect every particle within the control volume.
E.g. gravity, electrical and magnetic forces
Body forces are neglected in our work, but these may be
significant in hydraulic applications (e.g. water turbines)
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Forces acting on the Stream tube
Pressure
times
area=pA
(p+dp)(A+dA)
Horizontal Force = Pressure times area of the ring=(p+dp/2)dA
Area of this ring = dA
Net force = pA + (p+dp/2)dA-(p+dp)(A+dA)=- Adp - dp dA/2~-Adp
Product of two
small numbers
Momentum Equation
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From the previous slides,

Rate of change of momentum when fluid particles flow
through the stream tube = AVdV

Forces acting on the stream tube = -Adp
We have neglected all other forces - viscous, gravity, electrical
and magnetic forces.
Equating the two factors, we get: VdV+dp=0

This equation is called the Eulers Equation
Bernoullis Equation
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Euler equation: VdV + dp = 0

For incompressible flows, this equation may be integrated:


Const p V
Or
dp VdV
= +
= +
} }
2
2
1
,
0

Kinetic Energy + Pressure Energy = Constant

Bernoullis
Equation
Actuator Disk Theory: Background
Developed for marine propellers by Rankine (1865),
Froude (1885).
Used in propellers by Betz (1920)
This theory can give a first order estimate of HAWT
performance, and the maximum power that can be
extracted from a given wind turbine at a given wind
speed.
This theory may also be used with minor changes for
helicopter rotors, propellers, etc.
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Assumptions
Momentum theory concerns itself with the
global balance of mass, momentum, and
energy.
It does not concern itself with details of the
flow around the blades.
It gives a good representation of what is
happening far away from the rotor.
This theory makes a number of simplifying
assumptions.
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Assumptions (Continued)
Rotor is modeled as an actuator disk which
adds momentum and energy to the flow.
Flow is incompressible.
Flow is steady, inviscid, irrotational.
Flow is one-dimensional, and uniform through
the rotor disk, and in the far wake.
There is no swirl in the wake.
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Control Volume
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V
Disk area is A
Total area S
Station1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
V- v
2
V-v
3
Stream tube area is A
4
Velocity is V-v
4
Conservation of Mass
( )
4 4
1
4 4 4
A v
bottom at the Outflow top at the Inflow
m side he through t Ouflow
)A v (V A - S V bottom he through t Outflow
VS top he through t Inflow
=
=
=
+ =
=

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Conservation of Mass through the Rotor
Disk
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
3 2
v
v v
=
= =
V A
V A V A m

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Thus v
2
=v
3
=v

There is no velocity jump across the rotor disk
The quantity v is called velocity deficit at the rotor disk
V-v
2
V-v
3

Global Conservation of Momentum
( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
4
2
4
2
4
4 4
1
2
v v ) v ( A D
out Rate Momentum
- in rate Momentum D , rotor on the Drag
. boundaries field far the
all on c atmospheri is Pressure
v A - S
bottom through outflow Momentum
v A
V m side he through t outflow Momentum
V op through t inflow Momentum
m V
A V V
V
S

= =
=
+
=
=
=
=

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Mass flow rate through the rotor disk times
velocity loss between stations 1 and 4
Conservation of Momentum at the Rotor
Disk
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V-v
V-v
p
2
p
3
Due to conservation of mass across the
Rotor disk, there is no velocity jump.

Momentum inflow rate = Momentum outflow rate

Thus, drag D = A(p
2
-p
3
)
Conservation of Energy
( )
( ) ( )
4
4
3 2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
v
2
v
v
2
1
v
2
1
2
1
v
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ = +
+ = +

V p p
V p V p
V p V p

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Consider a particle that traverses from station 1 to
station 4

We can apply Bernoulli equation between
Stations 1 and 2, and between stations 3 and 4.
Not between 2 and 3, since energy is being removed by
body forces.
Recall assumptions that the flow is steady, irrotational,
inviscid.
1
2
3
4
V-v
V-v
4
( )
4
4
3 2
4
4
2 3
v
2
v
v
2
v
, slide previous the From
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
V A p p A D
V p p

( )
4
v v = V A D
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From an earlier slide, drag equals mass flow rate through the rotor disk
times velocity deficit between stations 1 and 4
Thus, v = v
4
/2
Induced Velocities
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V
V-v
V-2v
The velocity deficit in the
Far wake is twice the deficit
Velocity at the rotor disk.


To accommodate this excess
Velocity, the stream tube
has to expand.
Power Produced by the Rotor
( )
( )
( )
( ) | |
limit. Betz called is This
power. into converted be may energy inflowing the of 16/27 only best at Thus
27
16
2
1
Pmax
1/3 a : result get the We
0
a
P
set
value, maximum its reaches power when determine To
v/V a where,
1 4
2
V
A
v v
1 4
2
V
A v v 2
v v 2
2v V
2
1
V
2
1
out flow Energy - in flow Energy
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
c
c
=
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
=
=
AV
a a
V V
V A
V m
m m
P

Padmanathan K
Research Scholar
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Summary
According to momentum theory, the velocity
deficit in the far wake is twice the velocity deficit
at the rotor disk.
Momentum theory gives an expression for
velocity deficit at the rotor disk.
It also gives an expression for maximum power
produced by a rotor of specified dimensions.
Actual power produced will be lower, because
momentum theory neglected many sources of
losses- viscous effects, tip losses, swirl, non-
uniform flows, etc.
Padmanathan K
Research Scholar
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Bernoullis Principle Again
Courtesy of FAA: Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, AC 61-23B
Winds over a mountain
Below is a NASA illustration of what
surface pressure is exerted on what
surface areas of the wing.
Bernoullis Principle Again
Courtesy of FAA: Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, AC 61-23B
Bernoullis Principle Again
Courtesy of FAA: Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, AC 61-23B
Lift Vector
Courtesy of FAA: Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, AC 61-23B
Blades
Aerofoil design






Air flow over the blade develops lift force
and causes the blade to rotate
Drag
Induced drag is a by-product of
lift and is greatly affected by
changes of airspeed.
Drag Types
Induced drag is the unavoidable by-product of lift and
increases as the angle of attack increases
Parasite drag is caused by any aircraft surface that
deflects or interferes with smooth airflow around
airplane
+Skin-friction drag - between the outer surfaces of
the aircraft and the air through which it moves.
Reduced by using glossy, flat finishes on surfaces
+Form drag - resistance of air to the shape of the
aircraft. Form drag can be reduced by streamlining
the aircraft shape.
Aerodynamics - Stalls
When does an airplane stall?
When it exceeds the critical angle of attack.


Chord line=the line from the leading edge of the wing to the
trailing edge

Relative wind=perpendicular to lift, relative to the airfoil
What is angle of attack?
Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and the
relative wind

Basic airfoil terminology
Camber = distance between mean camber line (mid-point of airfoil) and
the chord line (straight line from leading edge to trailing edge)
Thickness = distance between upper and lower surfaces (measured
perpendicular to chord line)
Span = length of airfoil normal to the cross-section
Camber
Thickness
Torque / P-factor (Left-Turning Tendencies)
Newtons 3
rd
law: For
every action there is an
equal and opposite
reaction.
Propeller rotates CW when
viewed from pilots seat.
Torque reaction rotates the
airplane CCW about
longitudinal axis
P-factor (asymmetrical
thrust) caused by
descending blade taking a
greater bite of air than
ascending blade at high
angle of attack
Four Aerodynamic Forces
1.Lift 2.Thrust 3.Drag 4.Weight
The engines provide THRUST.
The wings provide LIFT.
Gravity provides the G force. (weight)
And, fluid friction provides the DRAG.
LIFT
GRAVITY
THRUST
DRAG
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Lift briefly exceeds weight.
Rearward component of the Lift adds to drag
Upward component of Thrust is called the Lift
of Thrust

Second law of motion says that a force results
whenever a mass is accelerated F = ma
Third law states for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction

Four Forces of Flight
Lift opposes Weight
Thrust opposes Drag
In straight, unaccelerated flight, L = W & T = D
Lift created by pressure differential around wing. High pressure on lower
surface and low pressure on the upper surface low pressure caused by
increased airflow velocity over top of airfoil.
Weight downward force of gravity
Drag rearward retarding force
Thrust forward force propelling airplane through air
Airfoils
What is NACA?
National Advisory
Committee for
Aeronautics
Chartered in 1915,
operational from
1917-1958
The National
Aeronautics and
Space Act of 1958
created NASA from
NACA
Airfoils - Nomenclature
Chord line - straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil
Camber line locus of all points equidistant from top and bottom of airfoil
Camber distance between chord line and camber line
Thickness maximum distance between top and bottom surfaces of wing
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
Wingspan (b)
Aspect Ratio (AR = b
2
/S)
Low p
High p
Angle of Attack
Angle between wing chord line and relative wind
The angle of attack at which airplane stalls does
not change
Aerodynamics-Basics
Because air is a fluid, it utilizes the properties
of the Coanda effect: the tendency for a fluid
to follow the object along its flow path.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvLwqRCb
GKY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-
SAQtODAQw


krr 66
The power in the wind than can be extracted by a wind turbine is proportional
to the cube of the wind speed and is given in watts by:
where represents the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor.
-air density,
A- rotor swept area,
U-wind speed
C
p
power coefficient
C
p
- Power Coefficient
C
p

POWER OUTPUT FROM THE WIND MACHINE
POWER CONTAINED IN WIND
= ________________________________________
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krr 68
Sabinins theory
The main merit of prof. G.H.Sabinin in wind power for ever remain the presence
proved to him so-called the affixed weight as a result of which the greatest
possible part of energy which can be taken from an ideal rotor makes 68,6 %
(instead of 59,3 % on A.Betz). As appeared, almost all world does not know about it
and counts aerodynamics of rotors using the formulas A.Betz. A limit of 59,3 %
name a limit and even law A.Betz