" A ~T

J
OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD NCb 2369.0f2003

NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION INSTITUTE.

INN - CHILE

Seismic

design for industrial resistant

structures

and facilities andfadlities

Earthquake

design of industrial structures

First edition:

2003

Descriptors: CIN 91.080.01

structural design, industrial, facilities, requirements

seismic

design,

industrial

COPYRIGHT2003: NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION INSTITUTE- INN

Address Web Member of

"Not to be copied or sold" : Matias Cousino N 64. 6 Piso. Santiago. Chile : www.inn.c1 : ISO (Intemational Organization for Standardization). COPANT (Panamerican Standards Board)

Technical

:::::

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('

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Contents

Preamble
1 2 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Scope and field of application Regulatory references and symbols

VIII 1 1 3 3 5
provisions

Terms, definitions Terms and definitions Symbols General application Basic principles Manners

9 9 10
according to importance

and hypothesis

in which to specifY seismic action of structures and equipment

Classification Coordination

11 12 12 14

with other standards

Load combinations Seismic design project and review General provision regarding the application of this standard

14 14 14 15 16 19

5 5.1. 5.2 5.3 5.4

Seismic analysis General provisions Methods for analysis Elastic static analysis Elastic dynamic analysis

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5.5

Vertical seismic action

Solid and rigid units of equipment supported on the ground

21 21 21 22 23 24 37 37

5.6 5.7

Design by horizontal differential displacements Special analyses Structures with seismic isolation or energy dissipators
Other structures Seismic not specifically referred to in this standard

5.8 5.9 5.10

6
6.1
6.2

deformations calculation between structures seismic deformations

Deformations Separation Maximum

38
38 39 39 39 39 41

6.3

6.4 7 7.1 7.2

7.3 7.4

P-De1ta effect

Secondary elements and equipment

erected on structures

Scope Forces for seismic design Forces for anchors Automatic design systems

trip (shutdown)

42
42

8 8.1 8.2 8.3

Special provisions

for steel structures

Applicable Materials

standards

42 43
43

Braced frames

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8.4 8.5 8.6 8,7

Rigid frames Connections Anchors Horizontal bracing systems

44 45 46 48

9 9.1 9.2 9.3

Special

provisions concrete

for concrete structures structures

structures

53 53 54

Reinforced Prefabricated Industrial

concrete

premises

comprised

by projecting

columns

57

10 10.1 10.2

Provisions General

with regard to foundations for design

59 59 59

specifications foundations

Superficial

11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

Specific Industrial

structures Buildings

60 60 61 with several floors 63 63 63 63 64 64

Light steel Buildings Industrial buildings

Large suspended Piping and ducts

buildings

Large mobile equipment Elevated steel tanks, process vessels, and stacks on the ground

Vertical tanks supported

Furnaces and rotating driers

66

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11.10 11.11 11.12 11.3

Refractory Electrical

brick structures equipment and equipment

67 67 67 67

Minor structures Wood structures

Attachment Attachment frames B.1 B.2 B.3

A (regulatory) B (regulatory).

Typical details Design of beam to column joints in rigid steel

68

78 78 78 force perpendicular 82 to 83

Overview Design for the panel zone of moment joints Local flexion of the column wing due to a traction to the column Local fluence of the core due to compression the wing Crushing wing Buckling Additional Additional of the core due to compression

B.4

forces perpendicular

B.5

force perpendicular

to the

85

B.6 B.7 B.8

of the core compression requirements requirements for continuity stiffeners sheets

86 87 87 88 88 89

for reinforcement Comments

Attachment

C (for information)

C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4

Scope References Terminology and symbols provision

89 89

General application

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C.5
C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.lO C.ll C.B

Seismic analysis Seismic deformations Secondary elements and equipment for steel structures for concrete structures erected on structures

93 101 101 102 104 106 106 115 117

Special provisions Special provisions Foundations Specific structures

Design of beam to column joints in rigid steel frames References

Figures Figure 5.1 Figure 5.1 a) Seismic zoning in Regions I, II & III b) Seismic zoning Metropolitan Zone in Regions IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X & 35 36 37 Examples for width / thickness ratio of Table 8.1 52 53 Columns base 68 68 69 69 34

Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure Al Figure A2 Figure A3 Figure A4 Figure A 5

c) Seismic zoning in Regions Xl & XlI

Roof Bracing Detail of crane carrier and columns Extreme", wall bracing Column joint to brick wall

70

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Figure A 6 Figure A 7

Rigid equipment

in building equipment, seismic

70

Typical detail of large suspended connectors and anchor bolts Typical detail of large mobile equipment Rail wheel system Typical detail of large tanks Typical detail of furnaces Typical detail of industrial and rotating brickworks

71

Figure A8 Figure A 9 Figure Al 0 Figure All Figure A12 Figure A13 Figure B.1 Figure B.2 Figure B.3 Figure B.4 Figure C.1 Figure C.2 Figures Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5

73 73 74
driers

75 76 77 80 81 84 86

Typical detail of minor structures

and equipment

Reinforcement plates attached Forces in the panel zone

Response spectrum for Huachipato Design spectrum for Huachipato

97 99 107

Seismic zoning by municipality Value of maximum

for Fourth to Ninth Regions Ao

25 29 29 30 30

effective acceleration soil types

Definition of the foundation Value of parameters Absorption

that depend on the type of soil

(Damping) rates

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Table 5.6
Table 5.7 Table 7.1

Maximum Maximum

values for the response

modification

factor

31 33

values for the seismic coefficient

Maximum values for the response secondary elements and equipment Limits for the width / thickness ratio

modification

factor for 42 50

Table 8.1

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NCh2369 NCh 2369.0f2003

OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD

Seismic

design for industrial

structures

and facilities

1 Scope and field of application

1.1 This standard establishes the requirements for seismic design of industrial structures and facilities, both light as well as heavy. It applies, both to the structures themselves, as well as the ducts and piping systems and mechanical and electrical process units, and their anchors. It also applies to warehouse structures or premises with industrial applications, and constructions structured with braced columns. 1.2 This standard does not apply to other types of structures such as nuclear plants, electrical power plants and transmission lines, presses, washing/sweeping reservoirs, bridges, tunnels, gravitational jetties, containment walls, underground duct lines, etc. 1.3 Office buildings, to NCh433.0f96. canteens or those for home applications may be designed according

1.4 It is supplemented by NCh433.0f96, Seismic building design. All the requirements said standard that are not specifically modified are applicable.

of

2 Regulatory

References
in the

The following regulatory documents contain provisions that, by means of references text of the standard, constitute requirements of the standard To the date of publication of this standard the edition shown below was current.

All standards are subject to revision and it is recommended that all parties that are to reach agreements, based on this standard, investigate the possibility of applying more recent editions of the standards included below.

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NCh2369

Note: The National Standardization international standards NCh203 NCh433 NCh1159 NCh1537 NCh2745 ACI 318 ACI 350.3 AlSC 1989 AlSC 1999 AlSC 1999 AlSI 1996 API 620 AWWA-D 100 AWWA-D 110 AWWA-D 115 UBC 97

Institute

keeps

a record

of current

national

and

NZS 4203 ASTM A 36jA36M-97a ASTM A 242jA242M-97 ASTM A 325-97 ASTM A 490-97 ASTM A 500-98

ASTM A 501-98

Steel for structural use - Requirements. Seismic design for buildings. High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel for construction Structural building design - Permanent loads and overloads due to use. Analysis and design of buildings with seismic insulation Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. 1996. Practice for the Seismic Design of Liquid Containing Structures. Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable Stress Design. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings - Part I: Structural Steel Buildings Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings. Specifications for the design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. Design and Construction of Large. Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks. Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage Wire and Strand Wound Circular. Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks Circular Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with Circumferential Tendons. Uniform Building Code. 1997. Seismic Design of Storage Tanks. Recommendations of a Study Group of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, 1986. General Structural Design and Design Loadings for Buildings. 1992. Specifications for Carbon Structural Steel. Specifications for High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel. Specifications for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints. Specification for Heat-Treated Steel Structural Bolts. 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength. Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing

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NCh2369

ASTM A 502-93 ASTM A 572jAS572M-97c ASTM A 588jA588M-97a

ASTM A 913j913M-97

ASTM A 992jA 992M-98 ANSjAWSA5.1-91 ANSjAWS A5.5-96 ANSjAWSA5.17-89 ANSj AWS A5.18.93 ANSjAWS A5.20.95 ANSjAWS A5.23-90 ANSjAWSA5.29.80 (R 1989) NOTE

Specification for Steel Structural Rivets. Specifications for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium Vanadium Structural Steel Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi (345 MPs) Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. (lOOmm) Thick Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and SelfTempering Process (QST). Specification for Steel for Structural Shapes for Use in Building Framing Specification for Carbon Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc-Welding Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc-Welding Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc-Welding Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding deemed necessary may be referenced.

Foreign standards

3 Terms, definitions

and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions supplement the terminology of NCh433.0f1996: shall apply, which

3.1.1 permanent loads (CP): action of which the variation over time is negligible regards to the mean values or those for which the variation trends towards a limit. According to this definition the following shall be included under this concept:

with

Own weight of structural elements and finishings Own weight of fIXed units and facilities Normal contents of vessels, hoppers, belts and equipment. Weight of ducts without accumulations or scale. Insulation Permanent thrusts

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NCh2369

3.1.2 connection: region in which several prefabricated element and an element formed on site are joined.

elements

or one prefabricated

3.1.3 strong connection: connection that remains elastic while the predefined the plastic joint develops inelastic response under severe seismic conditions.

area of

3.1.4. humid connection: connection that uses any of the joining systems in sections 21.2.6,21.2.7 or 21.3.2.3 of ACI 318.99 to connect prefabricated elements, and use concrete or mortar poured and formed on site to fill the space of the joint. 3.1.5 dry connection: as a humid connection. 3.1.6 process engineer: equipment and operating 3.1. 7 braced frames: columns and diagonals connection between prefabricated elements that does not qualifY

engineer responsible for production processes, structures and processes of the industry. structural systems with diagonal work mostly by axial stress. braces.

general layout of

The members,

beams,

3.1.8 ductile frames with non structural dilated members: are those in which the non structural members are separated from the frame columns by a space equal to or greater than the dmaxvalues defined in section 6.3. 3.1.9 ductile frames with non structural non dilated members: are those in which the non structural members are separated from the frame columns by a space that is less than the dmax values defined in section 6.3. In these cases the non structural members are to be incorporated in the structural model avoiding in the design failure due to shearing of the beam to column joints. 3.1.10 rigid frame: structural system where the beam to column joint has the capacity to transmit the moment factor. Its lateral stability on the plane depends on the rigidity to flection of the component members. 3.1.11 fundamental vibration translational mass in the direction period: mode of the analysis. period with the greatest equivalent

3.1.12 specialist professional: acknowledged professional in authorized to practice in Chile, with proven experience in earthquake at least 5 years. 3.1.13 seismic risk: probability that a certain and within a preestablished time interval.

structures, legally resistant design of

seismic event will occur in a certain

area

3.1.14 overloading caused by use: actions static in nature, variable over time that are determined as a result of the function and use of the building and its facilities. Exhibits frequent or continued variations that are not negligible in comparison to the mean value.

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NCh2369

According to this definition, the following is to be included under this concept:

Unifonn loads corresponding to the use of floors and platfonns nonnal traffic of persons, vehicles, light duty mobile equipment materials. Scale and accumulation Lifting loads of cranes. Non pennanent Internal Tensions water or ground pressure. in vessels. of dust in ductwork, equipment and that include and build-up of

and structures.

pressures

from drive belts or similar. overloads (SO): dynamic actions produced by the nonnal use

3.1.15 special operational of the facilities. According to this definition,

the following is to be included of a dynamic origin

under this concept: although they are modeled as

Impacts and loads in general equivalent static actions. Braking action.

Actions caused by moving liquids or gases, i.e. water hammer.

3.1.16 accidental operational overloads (SA): phenomena that only occur occasionally during nonnal According to this definition, actions caused by use of the facilities. under this concept: operational

the following is to be included

Extreme impacts Short circuit loads

and explosions

Overfilling loads from tanks 3.2 Symbols

or hoppers

The symbols used in this standard Ao

Ak

have the meaning

shown below:

= maximum

effective acceleration

of the ground; to level, Ie;

=weighting = seismic

factor for the step associated for horizontal

acceleration

seismic action;

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NCh2369

Cp

= coupling = maximum

coefficient between modes i andj;

Cmax

value of the seismic coefficient;

Cv CP D

= seismic coefficient for vertical seismic action;

= permanent

loads;

= outer diameter of a circular section; tank diameter or process vessel diameter:

E
Fa Fk Fp

= elasticity
= admissible = horizontal

module; tension due to compression; stress applied in level k;

= seismic horizontal stress to design a secondary element or unit of equipment;

= vertical seismic stress;

Fv Fy
Fyf

= flow tension; = flow

tension in the wing of the metallic frame;

= height of the highest elevation over the base elevation; total height of the building over base elevation; height of door or walkway supports; = coefficient related to the importance, use and risk of failure of a structure or unit of equipment;

K
Kp

= buckling = dynamic = length = total

length coefficient; factor for the design of a secondary element or

amplification unit of equipment; of an element,

L P
Pk Pp Qo
Qp
Qmin

clearance

of a door or walkway; over the base elevation;

weight of the building weight associated of a secondary

or structure to level k;

= seismic

= weight = base = base

element or unit of equipment; or structure;

shear stress of the building

shear stress of a secondary element or unit of equipment; value of the base shear stress;

= minimum

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NCh2369

R
Rl Rp

= modification

factor of the structural factor of the structural factor of the response

response; response defined in 6.1; element or unit of

= modification
= modification equipment;

of a secondary

= factor resulting from the spectral modal superimposing; minimum length of support; separation between structures; = spectral
= moment,
design acceleration for horizontal seismic action;

Sa Sav

= spectral design acceleration for vertical seismic action;

stress or axial stress in the connection associated development of probable resistance (8 <II1II) in predefined locations of shearing to

Se

structure plastification, based on the mechanism that controls inelastic performance;

Si SA SC SO
Tl

= maximum = accidental = overload = special = vibration

value of the contribution operational overload;

of mode I with its symbol;

caused by use;

operational overload;
period of mode

j.
of the seismic analysis;

T'
T"
Zk

= parameter that depends on the type of soil;

= fundamental = height = overload

vibration

period in the direction

of the k elevation over the base elevation;

a ap ak b

reduction factor; in the support elevation of an element or equipment;

in the k elevation of a structure;

= acceleration = acceleration

= amplification or majoration factor of loads; half the width of the wing in welded or laminated T or double T and TL frames; rated width of the wing in laminated Channel and Angle frames; distance from the free edge of the wing to the beginning of the curve of the fold in cold formed frames; distance between the beginning of internal curves of the wing for Z, CA, and Q folded frames; distance from the free edge to the first line of
connectors or welds, or width between connector lines or sheet welds;

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NCh2369

bf d

= width

of the wing; seismic defonnation; total height of laminated and welded T

= horizontal frames;

ck

= horizontal seismic defonnation; reduced by the R factor; = maximum

=
defonnation

calculated

with seismic requirements

maxd

= maximum admissible value of ck;

horizontal seismic defonnation of the i structure;

d.
do

caused by non seismic service loads;

= thickness of the wing of a metal frame; thickness stacks or process vessels;

= acceleration
of gravity;

of the tank shell,

9 h

= free distance between wings of welded frames; free distance between wings subtracting the dimension of the fillet in laminated profIles; distance between the closest connectors in bolted profIles; distance in the core between the initial points of the curves of the folds in cold fonned frames; height of the structure at a certain elevation over the base elevation; height between two points of a structure located over a common vertical; = factor that influences in the limitation double T, T, Channel frames;
of the width/thickness rate of

n
'\'

= parameter

that depends

of the type of soil; quantity

of levels;

= tuming radius; coefficient between periods associated to two vibration modes; = thickness = damping = reduction = limit
of the wing of a metal profIle;

t
tw

= thickness of the core of a metal profIle;

rate; coefficient of the resistance stipulated in AISC

~
<l>b

LAFD;

Ar
Ap

of the width-thickness of the width-thickness

rate so as not to have local buckling; rate to allow complete plastification of the

= limit

section.

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NCh2369

4 Local Application
4.1 Basic principles

Provisions
and hypotheses in this standard, applicable together with the specific design are focused on meeting the objectives described below:

4.1.1 The design provisions standards for each material, a) Protection

of life in the industry of structures for earthquakes that are more severe than the

a.l) Avoid the collapse design earthquake.

a.2) Avoid fires, explosions, a.3) Protect the environment. a.4) Ensure the proper emergency. b) Continued operation

or the emission

of gases or toxic liquids.

operational

condition

of escape

routes

during

a seismic

of the industry

b.l) Maintain

essential

processes

and services. the duration of business elements. interruption.

b.2) Avoid or reduce to a minimum b.3) Expedite inspection

and repair of the damaged

4.1.2 In general, it is accepted that the seismic analysis be based on the use of linear models of the structures, but the dimensioning of the resistant members must be performed with the method specified in the standards for each material, which may be of admissible stresses or limit loads. 4.1.3 In order to meet the objective stated in 4.1.1,a.l) the structures must have an ample resistance reserve and / or be capable of absorbing great quantities of energy, exceeding the elastic limit, before failure. In order to achieve this the global structural system must meet the following requirements: a) Ensure ductile performance of the resistant members and connections, in order to avoid failure due to instability or fragility, or alternatively, ensure elastic performance.

b) Provide more than one line of resistance for seismic requirements. Seismic resistant systems must be redundant and hyperstatic. Exceptions to this rule shall be made only with the explicit approval of the professional specialist defined in 3.1.12. c) Be provided systems that are simple and clearly identifiable for the transmission of seismic stresses to the foundations, avoiding structurizations that are highly asymmetric and complex.

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NCh2369

In order to meet the industry operational continuity objectives, as well as those stated in a.2) and a.3), the structures, units of equipment and their anchorages must be designed so that for earthquakes that are more severe than the design earthquake the following requirements are met, in addition to those listed in a), b) and c): d) Limit incursions into the non elastic range, in the event that these should continued operation or the rescue operations. e) The damage must occur in visible and accessible f) locations. endanger

Those emergency and control units of equipment, the operation of which during the emergency must be guaranteed, must be duly certified according to international standards, with the approval of the process engineers or the professional specialist.

4.1.4 In order for the earthquake resistant structure to be ductile during cyclic performance, according to what is set forth in 4.1.3 a), the requirements from clauses 8, 9 and Attachment B, must be complied with. 4.1.5 The professional specialists and process engineers defined in 3.1.12 and 3.1.6 shall establish, for each project, the seismic design conditions of all structures, equipment and anchors, in order to meet the objectives listed in 4.1.1. In particular, the seismic classification must be listed for each structure and unit of equipment, as well as the methods for analysis, criteria, relevant parameters and illustrative drawings, which shall be duly recorded in the project specifications. The seismic design of the units of equipment can be performed by the engineers of the manufacturers supplying the equipment, but the approval must be done by the professional specialist defined in 4.6.2. 4.1.6 Location In order to determine the location of the industry the risks posed by other phenomena associated to seismic action must be taken into consideration, such as topographical amplification, tidal waves, displacements due to faults and landslides, liquation or densification of the soil. To address these issues, in addition to complying with what is set forth in 4.2 of the MCh433.0f96, it shall be necessary to execute the corresponding geological, topographical, tidal waves and geotechnical surveys applicable, which must be carried out by experienced professionals. 4.2 Manners in which to specify seismic action

Seismic action can be specified in one of the following ways:

a) By means of horizontal & vertical seismic coefficients, applicable to the weights of the various parts in which the seismic system has been divided for analysis, according to what is set forth in 5.3, 5.5 and 5.6.
b) By means of response spectrums of linear systems with a certain degree of freedom for horizontal and vertical translation of the foundation soil, according to what is set forth in 5.4 and 5.5.

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NCh2369

c) By providing descriptive values of the movements of the soil, such as the maximums for soil acceleration, velocity and displacement, both in horizontal direction as well vertical or other similar, according to what is set forth in 5.8.1. d) By means of actual or synthetic accelerograms duly formulated for horizontal and vertical movements of the foundation soil, according to what is set forth in 5.8.2.
When using one of alternatives a) or followed, regarding seismic zoning of in 4.2 of said standard, with regards the topography on the characteristics b) what is set forth in 4.1 of NCh433.0f96 must be the national territory (Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1), and to the effects on foundation soil (Table 5.3) and of of seismic movement.

The use of alternatives c) or d) must be based on the results of seismic hazard surveys, that address regional and local seismic characteristics, the geological, geotechnical and topographical conditions, and the direct and indirect consequences of failures in structures and equipment. In any event it is necessary to meet what is specified in 5.8.1 and 5.8.2. If it is suspected addresses them. that close field effects exist, a special analysis must be made that

4.3 Classification 4.3.1 Classification

of structures

and units of equipment

according to importance

For all purposes pertaining to the application of this standard, structures are classified in categories according to their importance as follows: Category Cl. Critical projects, due to any of the reasons shown below:

and equipment

a) Vital, that must be kept in operation to control fires or explosions and ecological damage, and provide attention for health and first aid requirements of those affected. b) Dangerous, or waters. c) where failure involves the risk of fire, explosion or pollution of the air

Essential, where productivity.

failure

may cause

prolonged

shutdowns

and major

losses

in

Category C2. Regular projects, that can experience minor failures that can repaired quickly and do not cause prolonged shutdowns or major losses productivity, and that do not endanger other projects of category C 1.

be in

Category C3. Minor or temporary projects and equipment, where seismic failure would not cause prolonged shutdowns, and would not endanger other projects of categories Cl & C2.

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NCh2369

4.3.2

Importance

Coefficients importance coefficient I, with the following values:

Each category has a cOITesponding C1 I

= 1,20

C2I=I,00

C3 I = 0,80
4.4 Coordination 4.4.1 with other standards

Chilean standards

The provisions in this standard must be applied together with what is provided in other load or design standards for each type of material, according to what is set forth in 5.3 of NCh433.0f96. 4.4.1 Foreign standards

For each of the loads or materials not provided for in 5.2 and 5.3 of NCh433.0f96, internationally recognized standards or criteria must be used, accepted by the professional specialist approving the project (see 4.6.2). Furthermore. said standards and criteria hypotheses listed in 4.1 of this standard. 4.5 Load Combinations The combination of seismic requirements with permanent loads and the various overloads must be made using the superimposing rules listed below: a) When the design is made with the admissible i) ii)
*)

must

comply with the basic

principles

and

types of

tensions

method:

CP + aSC + SO*) + SA*J.:!:. Horizontal CP + SA*!.:!:. Horizontal

Earthquake.:!:. Vertical Earthquake")

Earthquake.:!:. Vertical Earthquake") only if for these one of the

The SO and SA loads are combined with the earthquake two following conditions is confirmed: i)

The SA action is derived from the OCCUITence of the earthquake. considered with its symbol.

and must be

ii)

It is normal to expect that when the earthquake starts the SO action is ongoing and is not interrupted during the earthquake and due to its action. If the earthquake should have an effect such that the SO or SA action is necessarily interrupted when the basal accelerations commence, this action must not be taken into consideration.

**)

The vertical earthquake 5.1.1 and the magnitude

shall be taken into considered in the cases shall be determined according to 5.5.

included

in

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NCh2369

In these combinations the admissible tensions can be increased by 33.3%.

b) When the design is made with the ultimate i) ii) In which: loads method: Earthquake:t Vertical Earthquake")

1,2 CP + aSC + SO*) + SA*) :t Horizontal 0,9 CP + SA*J:t Horizontal Earthquake

:t 0,3 Vertical Earthquake")

a=

the factor that affects the determined overload SC without considering any type of reduction. It must be taken as equal to 1,0, unless where in agreement with a process engineer. the reduction of the figure above is allowed. which must provide for the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the overload together with the seismic requirement level listed in this standard. In any case, the value of "a" shall those listed below as a minimum:

TIPE OF PREMISES Warehouses and in generallaydown platforms vertical loads (storage) areas with a low rotation rate

~ 0,50 0,25 1.00

Normal use areas, operation Diagonal braces that support Maintenance walkways

and roofs

b=

amplification factor of seismic loads, defmed as a function of the methods of analysis currently used for various materials. Takes on the following values:
or equipment

Steel structures

b=1.1 b

Concrete structures or equipment

1.4

In the combinations i) listed in a) and b) above, the + and - symbols for the vertical earthquake must be applied such that an effect is achieved that is added to that produced by loads CP and SC. In the combinations ii) listed in a) and b) above. the + and - symbols for the vertical earthquake must be applied such that the reverse effect is achieved. that is, reduce the effect of loads CP and SC.

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NCh2369

The seismic requirement is an eventual load that is not to be superimposed eventual loads. For special locations in mountainous and elevated areas, where normally be wind or snow of great magnitude and duration, special surveys performed in order to determine the values of these loads that have a coincidence with the design earthquake. If it is necessary to assess various levels of content in vessels, pipelines number of these combinations increases to cover the different situations. 4.6 Seismic design project and review

on other there can must be probable

or tanks,

the

4.6.1 The original seismic design must be carried out by professional specialists, 3.1.12). The only exception is for units of equipment designed by overseas suppliers.

(see

4.6.2 The seismic design of all structures and of their equipment and anchors, whichever the origin may be, must be approved by professional specialists, other than the designers. 4.6.3 The drawings and engineering calculations must include as a minimum the information specified in 5.11 of NCh433.0f96. The drawings and engineering calculations must be signed by the original design engineer listed in 4.6.1, and by the professional specialist listed in 4.6.2. The only exception shall be the C3 category structures and equipment, where the submittal of drawings signed by the original designer shall be sufficient, listing the dimensions and materials of the stress resistant members, weights, centers of gravity and anchoring details. 0 4.6.4 The revision and approval of the seismic designers from their full responsibility regarding specifications. design does not release the original compliance with the standards and

4.7 General provision

regarding

the application

of this standard

If the type of structure is explicitly referenced in this standard the corresponding design provisions must be used. If the structure can be associated to various classifications that imply different design provisions, the most stringent must be applied.

5 Seismic

Analysis

5.1 General provisions 5.1.1 Seismic The structures perpendicular requirement direction for seismic actions in two approximately

must be analyzed, as a minimum, horizontal directions.

- 14 -

NCh2369

The effect of vertical seismic accelerations a)

must be considered

in the cases listed below:

Suspension bars for hanging units and the support members and steel beams that are made of welded, laminated or folded materials. with or without collaborating slab, located in seismic zone, in which the permanent loads represent over 75% of the total load. and elements and anchors of precompressed and support concrete members (prestressed and posts tressed). and equipment.

b) Structure c) Foundations

of structures

d) Any other structure significantly affects members. e) Structures

or member in which the variation of the vertical seismic action their dimensioning, such as for example, braced structures or that is sensitive of horizontal to vertical effects. earthquake components

with insulation

5.1.2 Combination

of the effects

For the design of earthquake resistant structural members, in general. it is not necessary to combine the effects the effects caused by two horizontal components of the seismic action. It is possible to proceed as if those effects were not concurrent, and as a consequence, the members can be designed for the earthquake acting according to each of the directions of analysis considered separately. The exception to this simplifYing rule is structures that exhibit notorious torsional irregularities or that have, in both directions, rigid frames with common columns to two intersecting resistant lines. In such cases, the members must be designed for the stresses obtained when considering 100% of the seismic requirement that acts in one direction plus the stresses obtained from considering 30% of the seismic requirement acting in a direction that is orthogonal to the above. and vice versa. The greater stresses that are the result of the above two combinations must be considered.

5.1.3 Seismic mass for the structural model

For the calculation of the horizontal inertia stresses during operational overloads can be reduced according to the probability occurrence with the design earthquake. Notwithstanding the above, the use overloads coefficients shown below: - Roofs, platforms can be reduced an earthquake, the of their simultaneous

by multiplying

them by the :0 : 0,5

and walkways both for operation filing rooms and similar

as well as for maintenance

- Storage

warehouses.

In order to determine the effects of the vertical earthquake in the cases listed in 5. I .1, the reduction of vertical loads must not be considered, except for those listed in NCh1537 for use overloads.

- 15 -

\JCh2

5.2 Meth~ysis 5.2.1 Ovetd8'

The seisI11it8Jysis action sp~ccording shall be generally carried out using linear to 4.2a), or 4.2b), or 4.2c). methods, for a seismic

In special~,the specified ~g

analysis can be based on non linear response, for a seismic action to 4.2d).

5.2.2 LinC8lltthods Three pro~ can be used:

a) Static all@sis or of equivalent stresses, only for structures 20 m high, provided that the seis1l'itresponse can be assimilated into a system with one degree of freedom.
b) Spectr.d:&llldal analysis. c) Specialmdhods 5.8. for all types of structures. with elastic behavior, according to what is set forth in

for structures

5.2.3 Non"'"

methods
methods listed in

The methods6f::non linear analysis represent one of the special analysis 5.8 and mcd.fIie time-history analysis conditions in 5.8.2. According to the principles of the standard in 4.1, non linear controlled jn-C)Iderto guarantee the continuity of industry operation. The non linear method must appropriately model the resistive performance. of the structural members backed by laboratory tests purpose orbyDormally accepted experimental studies.

incursions

must

be

capacity and the performed for this

The ductiIiIJ demand must not exceed the limit established according to the damage allowed, but in no section shall it be greater than 2/3 of the local ductility available. The ma.xim:UPlcalculated the limits listed in 6.3. non linear displacements must not be reduced and must meet

The non Jinea1:. model may include the dynamic interaction of soil structure. but its inJ1uence sftaJI.be limited to 75% of the results obtained from the same non linear model but with a ligidbase.

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NCh2369

5.3 Elastic static analysis 5.3.1 Mathematical model of the structure

5.3.1.1 The mathematical model of the structure must be capable of adequately representing the transfer of requirements from the application points towards the supports. To meet this objective, it is necessary to include, at least. all the members of the earthquake resistant structure, the rigidity and resistance of those relevant members in the distribution of stresses and the correct spatial location of the masses.

5.3.1.2 In general, a three-dimensional model must be used, excepting cases where the performance can be predicted with flat models.
5.3.1.3 In structures without rigid horizontal diaphragms, it is necessary to defme a sufficient number of nodal degrees of freedom associated to translational masses. Wherever necessary, the rotational masses must also be taken into consideration. 5.3.1.4 In structures with rigid horizontal freedom per floor may be used. diaphragms, a model with three degrees of

5.3.1.5 In structures that support units of equipment that have an influence on their response, the mathematical model must consider the equipment-structure assembly. 5.3.1.6 For major hanging units of equipment, the mathematical model must include the suspension and interconnecting devices between the unit and the supporting structure.
5.3.1. 7 If the soil characteristics or the type of foundation make it necessary to consider the effect of soil-structure interaction. uncoupled springs may be used for translation and turning. 5.3.1.8 The effects of natural torsion and accidental torsion must only be considered in the elevations that are provided with rigid diaphragm. The effect of accidental torsion can be included considering the possible variations in the distribution of own loads and overloads. In the event that no information should be available to perform the above. what is provided in 6.2.8 of standard NCh433.0f96 must be used.

5.3.2 Horizontal
The horizontal below: Qo

baseshear stress
stress at the base must be calculated according to the expression

shear

= CIP

(5-1)

Where: Qo C

= shear = seismic

stress

at the base; defmed in 5.3.3;

coefficient,

- 17-

NCh2369

= importance

coefficient specified in 4.3.2;

P = total weight of the building over the base elevation, calculated as shown in 5.1.3. For the effects of this calculation, the base elevation is considered to be the plane which separates the foundation from the structure, excepting where the professional specialist states the opposite. 5.3.3 The seismic coefficient is determined from:

(5-2)

where:

Ao

= maximum
= parameters

effective acceleration defined in Table 5.2 according to the

in Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1; on the type of foundation soil, that are that depends

seismic zoning established T',n

determined from Tables 5.3 and 5.4; T

R

= fundamental = modification = damping

vibration

period in the direction established

of analysis; in Table 5.6;

factor of the response

~
5.3.3.1 5.3.3.2

rate established

in Table 5.5.;

The value C does not need to be greater than what is indicated In no case shall the value C be less than 0,25 Ao/g.

in Table 5.7.

5.3.4 Fundamental

vibration

period T must be calculated with a theoretic procedure or

The fundamental vibration proven empiric procedure.

period

5.3.5 Distribution at height

The seismic stresses must be distributed at height according to the formula below:

Equ.ation Equation

(5-3) (5-4)

- 18 -

NCh2369

Where:
Fk Pk,F]
Ak

= hOlizontal = seismic = number = base = height

= height
dynamic

stress in level k;

weight in levels k and); in level, k (k of levels

= parameter

= 1 in

the lower level);

n
Qo
Zk , Zk-l

shear stress; over the base of levels k and k-]; of the highest elevation over the base elevation;

5.4 Elastic

analysis model of the structure

5. ,4.1 Mathematical

Provisions 5.3.1.1 to 5.3.1.7 from the static elastic analysis must be used. 5.4.2 Design Spectrum
The spectral Equation where: modal analysis must be performed for the following design spectrum: (5-5)

= vibration

mode of the considered

period

However, the value of Sa must from Table 5.7.

not be greater

than ICmax x g, where Cmax is determined

5.4.3 Number of modes

The analysis must include sufficient vibrating modes so that the sum of the equivalent masses, in each analysis direction, is equal or greater than 90% of the total mass.

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NCh2369

5.4.4 Model superimposition The seismic stresses and deformations must be calculated superimposing the maximum modal values by the Complete Quadratic Superimposing method, according to the formulas below:

Equation Equation

(5-6) (5-7)

where: S
S;, Sj

= modal

combination; values of the contributions of modes i and j;

= maximum
= coupling

Cy

coefficient between modes i andj; rate established in Table 5.5.;

~
T;,7j

= damping = period

of modes i and j;

5.4.5 Minimum

base shear stress

If the stress in base shear Qo is less than the following value:

Equation

(5-8)

all the deformations effects.

and stresses

must be multiplied

by the quotient

Qmin/

Qo

for design

5.4.6 Accidental

torsion be considered in the elevations that are this effect can be included considering the loads and overloads. In the event that no the above, what is provided in 6.3.4 of

The effect of accidental torsion must only provided with rigid diaphragm. In such cases, possible variations in the distribution of own information should be available to perform standard NCh433.0f96 must be used.

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NCh2369

5.5 Vertical seismic analysis 5.5.1 Vertical seismic action can be considered in static manner. in the manner listed below:
a) For the cases listed in 5.1.1 a) and 5.1.1 b) an equal vertical seismic coefficient must be applied, especially elements equal to Ao/ g. In this manner the vertical seismic stress must be: Fv = .:!: (Ac/ g) /P, where P is the sum of the permanent loads and overloads. provided for in 5.1.1 c) and 5.1.1. d), the seismic coefficient must be

b) For the cases 2Ac/3g. c)

For the cases provided for in 5.1.1 e), what is set forth in 5.9 must be followed.

5.5.2 Altematively, a vertical dynamic analysis can be developed with the accelerations spectrum indicated in the expression (5-5). for R=3 and {;= 0.03. In this case, the spectral arranged does not need to be greater than lAo. Damping factors greater than 0.03 must be specially justified.

5.6 Solid and rigid units

of equipment

supported

on the ground

This provision refers to units with their own fundamental period lower or equal to 0,06 s. including the effect of the system that connects the unit to the foundation.
These units can be designed with the static analysis method, with a horizontal coefficient equal to 0,7 Ac/g and a vertical seismic coefficient equal to 0.5 Ac/g. seismic

5.7 Design by horizontal

differential

displacements

For bridges or walkways that join buildings, towers or other units it is necessary provide horizontal supports that allow actual seismic displacement between structures equipment listed in 6.2. On no account must the support length be less than S. where: (5-9)

to or

S {cm} = 20 + 0.2L + 0.5H; L ~ 60m where S L

= minimum

support

length (see Figure 5,2);

= clearance

in meters of the bridge or walkway between supports; of the bridge or walkway over the foundation

H = height in meters of the supports seal of the highest structure or the.

- 21 -

NCh2369

5.8 Special Analyses 5.8.1 Spectral analyses

5.8.1.1 Special spectrums can be developed applicable to a certain project, such that they take into consideration the characteristics and importance of the works to be executed, the site geotechnical conditions, the distance from the seismogenic sources, their characteristics, and the local amplification or reduction factors of the intensity of the movement of the ground as a function of the location topography, of the eventual effects of the direction of the waves, or of the configuration or constitution of the subsoil. To this end parameters can be defined such as the maximum values for acceleration, for soil velocity and displacement, and by means of these configure special spectrums for the viscous damping levels in Table 5.5, or define others that allow formulations similar to those contained in NCh433.0f96. 5.8.1.2 For design purposes, the definition of maximum acceleration values, velocity and displacement must take into consideration the historical background and deterministic information that can be applied or related to the study site, which can be supplemented with probabilistic figures obtained from seismic risk analyses developed for earthquakes with a return period of 100 years. In the risk analysis the attenuation formulas used shall correspond to the values expected from acceleration, velocity or displacement, that correspond to the seismogenic stresses considered in the study. 5.8.1.3 The base shear stresses obtained with the spectrum defined by means of this special analysis must not be less than 75% and do not need to be greater than 125% of those achieved with the methods listed in 5.4.

5.8.2 Time-history

analysis

5.8.2.1 For time-history analysis at least three actual records must be used, that represent the seismogenic zones considered, escalated such that the spectrum resulting from the combination of the spectrums from each record, by means of the square root of the average of the squares of the individually escalated values, is not within any point in the interest frequencies range below the design spectrum defined in 5.8.1. 5.8.2.2 Alternatively, a synthetic record can be used the spectrum of which provides values that are higher than those defined in 5.8.1, for the entire interest frequency range. 5.8.2.3 When three different records are used, the maximum values of the interest parameter shall be adopted for the design, obtained by the application of each one of these. In this definition it is understood that interest parameter is the requirement, axial stress, shear, flection moment or deformation obtained for each member in particular or for the structure considered in a global manner.

- 22 -

NCh2369

5.8.2.4 When the time-history analysis is linear the resulting stresses in the members can be divided by the R factors listed in Table 5.6, provided that the displacements calculated are compatible with the limits imposed in 6.3. 5.8.2.5 The time-history analysis must be performed considering each time movements in only one of the main structure directions, acting simultaneously with the vertical excitation. 5.8.2.6 In the time-history analyses, damping must be taken from Table 5.5 and the duration of the record must be equal to or greater than 120 s. unless a seismic risk study establishes the use of a different duration. 5.8.3 Minimum base shear stress If the base section stress determined in accordance to 5.8.1 or 5.8.2 results in a value lower than the one below:
(5-10)

Equation

all the deformations and stresses must be multiplied by the quotient effects, excepting in the event that a non linear time-history analysis.

Qrnin / Qo for design

5.9 Structures

with seismic

isolation

or energy dissipators

5.9.1 General overview 5.9.1.1 Seismic isolation and energy dissipators are understood to be any device incorporated into the resistant scheme of a structure intended to modifY the dynamic properties, either by altering its fundamental vibration period, increasing its energy dissipation capacity or modifYing the distribution of stresses, in order to improve its seismic response.

5.9.1.2 The resistant system of the structure to lateral stresses and the isolation and / or energy dissipation system must be designed to resist the deformation demand and resistance produced by the seismic movement, in accordance with what is specified in 5.9, 5.8.1 and 5.8.2 of this standard.
5.9.1.3 The mathematical model of the physical structure must represent the distribution of the masses and rigidity of the structure at a level that is appropriate for the calculation of the significant characteristics of its dynamic response. A tridimensional model of the superstructure must be used that includes vertical displacements in the isolators. For cases such as those listed in 5.1.1 e) the model must include the vertical freedom degrees in the dynamic analysis. The damping rates used must be those that correspond to the isolation or energy dissipation systems.

- 23-

NCh2369

e analysis and verification of the isolation and energy dissipation systems must be perfo ed by means of a spectral modal analysis or response history over time or in frequenc es. The spectral modal analysis may only be used if the device or isolator is suscepti Ie to being modeled in a validated equivalent linear manner.

5.9.1.4

D
~

he spectral analyses (see 5.4 and 5.8.1) or response history (see 5.8.2) must be performe considering the horizontal components, one at a time, acting in the plant in the most un avorable direction simultaneously with the vertical component, where necessary accordin to 5.1.1 e). he constitutive relations stress-deformation considered in the analysis evices, must be duly established and backed by laboratory tests. 5.9.1. 7 for the

5.9.1.5

structures provided with isolation and / or energy dissipation systems the base shear li itations listed in 5.3.3.2 and 5.4.5 are not applicable. Likewise, in structures with isol tors the limitation for maximum deformation listed in 6.3 is only applicable to the supe structure and not to the isolation interface.

ctures with seismic ic isolation systems of NCh2745.

isolation must be analyzed and designed in accordance with the

ctures with energy dissipators y structure with an energy dissipation system must be designed using the spectrums described in 5.4 or 5.8 and subsequently verified using three records compatib e with the level of demand implied in the design spectrum, in accordance with the meth dology listed in 5.8.2. 5.9.3.1

5.9.3.2 performe deformati

he seismic analysis of structures with energy dissipation systems must be using dynamic analysis procedures that adequately consider the stressn constitutive relationship of the devices included in the structure.

5.9.3.3 he dissipation systems to be used in a structure must have been previously subjected to experimental studies that confirm a stable cyclic behavior of the device, as well as p~ssible variations of its properties with temperature. r structures not specifically referred to in this standard for these structures results in a value less than the

If the bas~ shear stress Qo determined value bel6w:

(5-11 )

all the deformations effects.

and stresses

must be multiplied

by the quotient

Qmin/

Qo

for design

1sion does not apply to structures that are explicitly referred to in Table 5.6.

- 24 -

NCh2369

Table 5.1 - Seismic Rej!ion

Zoning by Municipalities Zone 3 Andacollo Combarbahi Coquimbo Ila pel La Higuera La Serea Los Vilos Minche Monte Patria Ovalle Paiguano Puntaqui Rio Hurtado Salamanca Vicuna Algarrobo Cabildo Calera Cartagena Casablanca Catemu Concan EI Quisco EITabo Hijuelas La Cruz La Ligua Limache Llayllay Nogales Olmue Panqueque Papudo Petorca Puchuncavi Putaendo Quillota Quilpue Quintero Rinconada San Antonio San Felipe Santa Maria Santo Domingo Valparaiso Villa Alemana Vina del Mar Zapallar

for Fourth to Ninth Regions Zone 2 Zone 1

4th

Calle Larga Los Andes San Esteban

5th

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NCh2369

Table 5.1- Seismic Region

Zoning by Municipalities Zone 3 Alhue Curacavi EI Monte Lampa Maria Pinto Melipilla San Pedro Tiltil

for Fourth to Ninth Regions Zone 1

(continued)

Metropolitan

Zone 2 Buin Calera de Tango Cerrillos Cerro Navia Colina Conchali EI Bosque Estacion Central Huechuraba Independencia Isla de Maipo La Cistera La Florida La Granja La Pintana La Reina Las Condes Lo Barnechea Lo Espejo Lo Prado Macul Maipu Nuiioa Paine Pedro Aguirre Cerda Peiiaflor Peiialolen Pirque Providencia Pudahuel Puente Alto Quilicura Quinta Nonnal Recoleta Renca San Bernardo San Joaquin San Jose de Maipo San Miguel San Ramon Santiago Talagante Vitacura

- 26-

NCh2369

Table 5.1- Seismic

Reion

Zoning by Municipalities
Zone 2 Chepica Chimbarongo Codegua Coinco Coitauco Doiiihue Graneros Machali Malloa Mostazal

for Fourth to Ninth Regions

Zone 1

(continued)

Zone 3 La Estrella Las Cabras Litueche Loiol Marchigiie Navidad Palmilla Paralillo Paredones Peumo Pichidigua Pichilemu Purranque Santa Cruz

6th

7th

Cauquenes Charico Constitucion Curepto Empedrado Hualaiie Licanten Maule Pelluhue Pencahue San Javier Talca Vichuquen

Nancagua Olivar Placilla Quinta de Tilcoco Rancagua Rengo Requinoa San Fernando San Vicente de Tagua Tagua Colbun Curico Linares Longavi Molina Parral Pelarco Rauco Retiro Rio Claro Romeral Sagrada Familia San Clemente Teno Villa Alegre Y erbas Buenas

- 27-

NCL

>9

Table 5. I-Seismic
Rei!ion

Zoning by Municipalities for Fourth to Ninth Regions (conclusion)

Zone 2 Antuco Coihueco EICannen Los Angeles Mulchen Niquen Pemuco Pinto Quilaco Qilleco San Fabian San Ignacio Santa Barbara Tucapel Yungay Zone I

8th

9th

Zone 3 Arauco Bulnes Cabrera Caiiete Chillan Cobquecura Coelemu Concepcion Contulmo Coronel Curanilahue Florida Hualqui Laja Lebu Los Alamos Lota Nacimiento Negrete Ninhue Penco Portezuelo Quillon Quirihue Ranquil San Carlos San Nicolas San Rosendo Sata Juana Talcahuano Tirua Tome Treguaco Yumbel Angol Carahue Galvarino Los Sauces Lumaco Nueva Imperial Puren Renaico Saavedra Teodoro Schmidt Tolten Traiguen

Collipulli Cunco Curacautin Ercilla Freire Gorbea Lautaro Loncoche Perquenco Pitrufquen Temuco Victoria Vilcun Villarrica

Curarrehue Lonquimay Melipeuco Pucon

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NCh2369

Table 5.2 Value of maximum Seismic Zone 1 2 3

effective

acceleration AD AD O,20R; 0.30R; 0,40~ to be used with Table 5.4)

Table 5.3 - Definition of the foundation soil t Type of Description Soil I Rock: Natural material with waves propagation

II

velocity cross section in-situ Vs equal or greater than 900 mis, or resistance of uniaxial compression of intact samples (without fissures) equal or greater than 10MPa and RQD equal or greater than 50%. a) Soil with Vs equal or greater than 400 mls in the upper 10 m and increasing with depth; or

b) Dense gravel, with dry unit weight rd equal or greater than 20 kN/m3, or density index ID(DR) (relative density) equal or greater than 75%, or degree of compaction greater than 95% of the Modified Proctor Value; or c) Dense sand, with ID(DR) greater than 75%, or Standard Penetration Index N greater than 40 (standardized to effective overload pressure of 0,10 MPa) or degree of compaction greater than 95% of the Modified Proctor Value; or d) Hard cohesive soil, with a resistance to non drained shear Su equal or greater than 0,10 Pa (resistance to simple compression qu equal or greater than 0,20 MPa) in samples with no fissures. In all cases, the conditions listed must be fulfilled independently from the position of the phreatic level. and the minimum thickness of the stratum must be 20 m. If the thickness over rock is less than 20 m, the soil does not classify as type I. III a) Permanently non saturated greater than 20 (standardized sand, with ID(DR) between 55 and 75%, or N to effective overload pressure of 0,10 MPa); or degree les than 95% of the

b) Non saturated gravel or sand, with a compaction Modified Proctor value; or

c) Cohesive soil with Su between 0,025 and 0,10 MPa (qu between MPa) independently from the phreatic level; or d) Saturated sand with N between pressure of 0,10 MPa). 20 and 40 (standardized

0,05 and 0,20

to effective overload

Minimum stratum thickness: 10m. If the thickness than 10 m, the soil will classify as type II. IV

over rock or soil is less

Saturated cohesive soil with Su equal or greater than 0,025 MPa (quequal or greater than 0,050 MPa). Minimum stratum thickness: 10m. If the thickness of the stratum over soil of

es I, II or III is less than 10m, the soil will c1assifvas tvDeIII. - 29-

NCh2369

5.4 Value of parameters

that depend on the type of soil T'(s) 0,20 0,35 0,62 1,35 n 1,00 1,33 1,80 1,80

Type of Soil
I II III IV

Table 5.5 - Damping Rates

Resistant System

Welded steel structure: stacks, silos, hoppers, pressure tanks, process to\Vers, pipUo, etc. Bolted or riveted steel structure Welded steel frames \Vith or \Vithout bracin. Steel frames \Vith bolted field ioints, \Vith or \Vithout bracin2". Reinforced concrete and brick structures (masonrv) Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures purely ravitational Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures \Vith humid joints, not from non structural members and incorporated into the expanded structural model Prefabricated reinforced concrete from non structural members Prefabricated reinforced and non expanded With bolted joints mortar. concrete structures structures \Vith humid joints \Vith dry joints, expanded expanded

0,02 0,03 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,05 0,05

0,03

and connections

by means

of bars

embedded

in fill 0,03 0,02 0,02

With \Velded connections Other structures not included NOTES

or assimilated

to those in this list

1) In the event that an analysis is used \Vith soil-structure interaction, \Vhere the resulting values of the damping rate of the first mode are greater than those sho\Vll in these tables, the increase of this rate shall not be greater than 50% of the listed values. The values for the remaining modes must be those listed in this table. 2) In the event that there should be doubts system, provision 4.7 must be applied. regardUog the classification of a resistant

- 30-

NCh2369

Table 5.6 - Maximum values of the response

modification

factor R 1 2 5 3 5 5 3 4 3 3 3

1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4. 4.1 4.2

Structures

Resistant System desiQ:ned to remain elastic

Other structures

not included or assimilated to those in this list

1)

4.3 4.4 4.5

Steel structures Buildings and structures with ductile steel frames with expanded non structural members Buildings and structures with ductile steel frames with non expanded non structural members and incorporated into the structural model BuildinQ:s and structures with braced frames, with ductile anchors Industrial single story (floor) buildings, with or without overhead boom crane and with continuous roof bracinJ;! Industrial single story (floor) buildings, without overhead boom crane and without continuous roof bracinJ;! , that fulfill 11.1.2 LiJ;!ht steel sheds that fulfill 11.2.1 Inverted pendulum structures 2) Isostatic seismic structures Steel sheeting or siding structures, were the seismic behavior will be controlled by local buckIinJ;!. Reinforced concrete structures Buildings with reinforced concrete structure ductile frames with expanded non structural members Buildings with reinforced concrete structure ductile frames with non non structural members and incorporated into the expanded structural model BuildinJ;!s and structures of reinforced concrete with isolation wall Industrial single story (floor) buildings, with or without overhead crane and with continuous roof bracinJ;! Industrial single story (floor) buildings, without overhead crane and without continuous roof bracinJ;! , that fulfill 11.1.2

5 3

5 5 3 continued

- 31 -

NCh2369

Table 5.6 - Maximum values of the response

modification

factor (continued) R 3 3 5 3 5

Resistant Svstem 4.6.Inverted pendulum structures 2) 4.7 Isostatic seismic structures 5. Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures 5.1 Purely ,gravitational prefabricated structures 5.2 Prefabricated structures with humid joints with non expanded structural members and incoroorated into the structural model 5.3 Prefabricated structures with humid joints with expanded non structural members 5.4 Prefabricated with: structures with dry joints, expanded

non

and non expanded, 4

With bolted joints fill mortar. 3)

and connections 3)

by means

of bars

embedded

in

With welded connections 5.5 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 continued

Prefabricated inverted pendulum structures 2)or braced pillars Isostatic seismic structures Buildings and structures of brickwork (masonry) Reinforced block masonry with all spaces filled Reinforced block masonry filled, and reinforced without spaces ,grill type ceramic masonry Confined masonry Tanks, vessels, stacks, silos and hoppers Stacks, silos and hoppers with continuous shell reaching the ground Silos, hoppers, tanks supported on columns, with or without bracing between columns Steel vertical axis tanks with continuous shell reaching the ground Reinforced concrete vertical axis tanks with continuous shell reachin,g the ,ground Tanks and ducts of compound synthetic materials (FRP, GFRP, HDPE and similar) Horizontal vessels supported on beds with ductile anchors

- 32 -

NCh2369

Table 5.6 - Maximum

values of the response

modification

factor (conclusion) R 3 4 3 5 4

1) Excepting where a study confinns structures with a resistant system incorporated into this classification.

that a value for R can be used other than 2, explicitly referenced in this table are not to be

2) More than 50% of the mass on the upper level. A single resistive member. 3) The value R - 4 is an upper limit. If the R value is less for the equivalent concrete structural system, this lower value must be used. 4) In the event that there should be doubts system, provision 4.7 must be applied. regarding the classification reinforced

of a resistant

Table 5.7 Maximum values for the seismic

coefficient

Cmax.

= 0,03 ( = 0,05 1 0,55 0,68 0,79 2 0,42 0,60 0,49 3 0,28 0,40 0,34 4 0,22 0,27 0,32 5 0,18 0,26 0,23 NOTE: The listed values are valid for seismic zone 3. For seismic zones 2 and 1, the values in this table must be multiplied by 0,75 and 0,50, correspondinQ:ly.
R

= 0,02

- 33 -

NCh2369

Figure 5.1

a) Seismic

zoning in Regions

I, II & III

- 34-

NCh2369

Figure

5.1

b) Seismic

zoning in Regions IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X & Metropolitan Zone

- 35 -

NCh2369

Figure 5.1

c) Seismic zoning in Regions XI & XII

- 36-

NCh2369

Fixed Support

Mobile support

Figure 5.2

6 Seismic

Deformations
of deformations requirements reduced by factor R, the

6.1 Calculation

When the analysis is made with seismic deformations must be determined from:

d=do+R]dd
where: d do
Rl

(6-1)

= seismic deformation;

= deformation

due to non seismic seIVice loads;

= factor resulting from the multiplication of the R value obtained from Table 5.6 times quotient Qo/Qmm providing Qo/Qmm is lower or equal to 1,0. However, for quotient Qo/Qmm a value lower than 0,5 should not be used. In the event that this quotient is greater than 1,0, Rl=R should be used;
= deformation methods calculated with seismic requirements reduced by the R factor.

dd

If anelastic

are used, deformation

d must be obtained

directly from the analysis.

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NCh2369
6.2 Separation between structures the separation between

6.2.1 In order to avoid adjacent structures hitting one another, these must be greater than the highest of the following values: equation equation where:
dcti, dctj'

(6-2) (6-3)

= deformations

of structures

i and} calculated

according

to 6.1; i and}; from

Rii .Rij

= modification

factors RI of the response

used to design structures of structures i and}

lu

. hj

= heights at the considered elevation, the corresponding basal elevations.

measured

6.2.2 The separation between the structure and non structural, rigid or fragile members, where it is desired to avoid impact, must be higher than the relative deformation between the elevations where the element is located, calculated with corresponding values for d, but not less than 0,005 times the height of the element. 6.3 Maximum seismic deformations

Seismic deformations must be limited to values that do not cause damage to piping, electrical systems or other elements joined to the structure that must be protected. However, below: deformations calculated with the expression (6-1) must not exceed the values

a)

Prefabricated concrete structures system based on walls connected dmax. = 0,002 h

exclusively comprised by dry joints.

by an earthquake

resistant

(6-4) brickwork (masonry) walls with rigid partitions joined to the

b) Structures structure.

with

dmax. = 0,003 h

(6-5)

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NCh2369

c) Unbraced

frames with expanded

masonry

filling (6-6)

dmax. = 0,0075 h

d) Other structures (6-7)

dmax. = 0,015 h

where: h

= height of the floor or between two points located on the same vertical.
deformation can be

The above limitations can be omitted if it is proved that a greater tolerated by the structural and non structural members. 6.4 P-Delta Effect The P-Delta effect must be considered when the seismic deformations

exceed value:

= 0,015 h
elements and equipment erected on structures

(6-8)

7 Secondary 7.1 Scope

Secondary elements are defined as partitions and other appendages attached to the resistant structure but that are not a part of it. Units of equipment anchored at various elevations of the structure must fulfill what is provided in 11.3.2.
7.2 Stresses for seismic

design

7.2.1 According to 5.3.1.5, in the event that a secondary element or unit of equipment has been included in the modeling of the structure that supports it, these must be designed with the following horizontal seismic stress, acting in any direction:

F
p

= 1,2

Rp

Qp RJ <P
p

(7 -1)

where:

Qp

shear

stress

present

in the

base

of the

secondary

element

or unit

of

equipment according to the analysis of the building with seismic requirements reduced by the R factor;
Rl

= factor

defined in 6.1;

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NCh2369

Rp

= modification factor of the response equipment, according to Table 7.1; = weight

of the secondary element

of the

secondary

element

or unit

of

Pp

or unit of equipment.

7.2.2 If the unit of equipment does not need to be included in the modeling of the structure, excepting its mass, the design of the secondary elements and units of equipment must be performed with the following seismic stresses: a) When acceleration ap is known at the level of support of the element or unit of equipment, obtained from a dynamic modal analysis of the building with seismic requirements reduced by factor R: F- - 3,Oap Kp Pp <Pp R
p p

(7 -2)

where coefficient Kp must be determined procedures: i) ii)

Kp

alternatively

by means of one of the following two

= =

2,2

(7-3)
(7 -4)

Kp

where: J3 = 1 J3 = 1,25 (Tp/T *J

13 = 0,91
(Tp/T *J

for 0,8 T*:::. Tp ~1,1 for Tp < 0,8 T * for Tp < 1,1 T *

T*

where:

Tp

own period of the fundamental

vibration

mode of the secondary

element,

including

its anchoring system, and T * is the period of the mode with greatest translational
mass equivalent to the structure in the direction in which the secondary element can enter into resonance. In order to determine J3 a value for T * of less than O,06s cannot be used.

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NCh2369

b) When a dynamic

modal analysis

of the building has not been perfonned:

p -

0,7 ak K p Pp

Rp

< Pp

(7-5)

where:
Qk

= acceleration at elevation k where the secondary erected, which is detennined according to 7.2.4.

element

or unit of equipment

is

7.2.3 When the characteristics of the building or the elevation at which the secondary element or unit of equipment is to be erected are not known, the design can be perfonned
with the seismic stress from fonnula (7-5) using Kp

= 2,2

and

Qk

=4

Ao/g.

7.2.4 The acceleration

at elevation k of the structure

must be detennined

from:

(7 -6)

ak=i(1+3; J
where:
Ao Zk

= maximum
= height

effective acceleration

defined in 5.3.3;

of elevation

k over the base elevation over the base elevation

= total

height of the building

7.2.5 The design seismic stress detennined than 0,8 Ao Pp/g.

according

to 7.2.1 or 7.2.2 must not be lower

7.3 Stresses

for anchors

design

7.3.1 All the secondary elements and units of equipment must be appropriately anchored to the resistant structure by means of bolts or other devices. Their design must be perfonned with the seismic stresses established in 7.2, with the modifications listed in 7.3.2 and 7.3.3. 7.3.2 When the anchoring system to concrete elements includes superficial anchor bolts, (those with a length/diameter rate below 8), the seismic stresses listed in 7.2 must be increased by 50%, or alternatively must be calculated with Rp equal to 1,5. The same provision applies when the anchor bolts are designed without the exposed length specified 8.6.2. 7.3.3 When the anchoring system is manufactured with non ductile materials, the seismic stresses listed in 7.2 must be amplified by 3, or alternatively must be calculated with Rp equal to 1,0.

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NCh2369

7.4 Automatic

trip (shutdown)

systems

Ducts, vessels, and equipment that contain gases or liquids at high temperature, or are explosive or toxic, must be provided with an automatic shutdown system that fulfills what is required in 8.5.4 of NCh433.0f96. Table 7.1 - Maximum values for the response modification elements and equipment factor for secondary

Secondary element or unit of equipment Rigid or flexible units or elements, with non ductile additions.

Rp materials or 1,5

Prefabricated Electrical Stacks,

secondary

elements.

Braced elements. in general.

Partitions.

and mechanical tanks, steel towers.

equipment

Other cases not specified in this table

Storage shelves 4 Secondary structures

8 Special

provisions

for steel structures

8.1 Applicable

standards and construction of steel standard must be used,

Until the new version of the Chilean standard for dimensioning structures is made official, the provisions included in this supplemented by provisions from the standards listed below.

a) Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 1998, by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC); or altematively, SpecifICations for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable Stress Design, 1989, by AISC. b) SpecifICations for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members, 1996, by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI); for the design of cold formed members not included in the AISC standards. In matters related to seismic design, the AISC standards must be supplemented with the provisions in Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, Part 1: Structural Steel Buildings, 1999, by AISC. AItematively, the provisions in clause number 8 of Attachment B of this standard may be used.

c)

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NCh2369

8.2 Materials 8.2.1 Structural steel must fulfill the requirements listed below:
Have a marked natural ductility meseta in the traction fluency limit below 0,85 of the resistance to breakage lengthening of 20% in the 50 mm sample. Guaranteed Minimum weldability tenacity according to the AWS standard. to ASTM A 6. test with a value for the and minimum breakage

of 27 Joules

at 21 in the Charpy test according

Fluency limit not over 450 MPa. 8.2.2 In addition to the conditions the following specifications: specified in 8.2.1, the materials must fulfill some of

ASTM A 36, A 242, A 572 Gr. 42 & 50, A 588 Gr. 50, A 913 and A 992 for frames; sheets, bars, common bolts and anchor bolts. DIN 17 100, qualities NCh203 A 42-27ES, St. 44.2, St. 44.3 and St. 52.3 for the same elements. A 37 -24ES and NCh 1159 A 52-34ES for the same elements. tubes.

ASTM A 500 Gr. B & C, A 501 & A 502 for structural AWS 5 for welds.

Materials that comply with specifications equivalent to the above and that are approved by the professional specialists of each project may be used. 8.2.3 Earthquake minimum tenacity 8.3 Braced frames only, resistant butt-welds must be full penetration with electrodes of 27 Joules at - 29 C in the Charpy test according to ASTM A 6. of a

8.3.1 No configurations shall be allowed with diagonal braces that work in traction except for light steel sheds that comply with the provisions in 11.2.

8.3.2 In a typical resistant line there must be diagonals that work in traction and diagonals that work in compression. The resistance provided by the tractioned diagonals, for each direction of seismic action, must be as a minimum 30% of the shear stress of the resistant line at the corresponding elevation. 8.3.3 The members of vertical earthquake resistant systems working in compression, must have width / thickness rates of less than hr, according to Table 8.1 (see Figure 8.1). The slendemess of the member must not be less than 1,5 1C ~ E / Fy .

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NCh2369

8.3.4 Diagonals in X configuration must be connected at the crossing points. Said point may be considered fixed in the perpendicular direction to the plane of the diagonals for the purpose of determining the buckling length of the piece, when one of the diagonals is continuous. 8.3.5 In industrial buildings with V or inverted V bracing, the beams must be continuous over the intersection points with the diagonals, and must be designed to resist the vertical loads assuming they are not supported on the diagonals. The diagonals must be capable of resisting loads caused by their own weight and overloads induced by the beam, plus the seismic loads from the analysis amplified by 1,5. The lower and upper wings of the beams must be designed to support a transverse load located at the intersection point with the diagonals, equal to 2% of the rated resistance of the wing, that is, Fy bj t, where:
Fy

= wing = width

fluence tension of the wing of the wing

bj t

= thickness

8.3.6 The seismic stress in the compressed diagonals, must be les than or equal to 80% of the resistant capacity defined in the steel design specification. 8.3.7 Seismic bracing may not be installed in K, where the diagonals intersect at an intermediate point of the column, unless this point is provided with a support that is a part of the bracing system. 8.3.8 The provisions in 8.3.3, 8.3.5 and 8.3.6 do not apply to bracings with stresses caused by absolute seismic loads that are less than one third of the stresses of the combination that controls the dimensioning. 8.4 Rigid Braces 8.4.1 The moment joints of earthquake resistant rigid braces must be of the TR type (totally rigid). Connections of the PR (partially rigid) type are not to be used. The joints must be designed such that the plastic (flection) joint is developed in the beam at a prudent distance from the column, which can be achieved by reinforcing the connection or weakening the beam in the desired position for the plastic joint. 8.4.2 Abrupt changes in the width of the beam wings are not allowed in areas with the potential to form plastic joints, or in their vicinity, unless it is a reduced beam section, appropriately designed to induce the joint in this position. 8.4.3 Transverse (cross) sections of the earthquake resistant rigid frame columns and beams must qualify as compact, that is, must have width-thickness ratios of less than Ap of Table 8.1.

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NCh2369

8.4.4 In structures of several stories (floors) where the entire earthquake resistance depends on rigid frames designed with Rl values greater than or equal to 3, the sum of the flection resistant capacities of the columns that concur at a knot must be greater than or equal to 1,2 times the sum of the flection resistant capacities of the connected beams.
It is not necessary to comply with this requirement in any of the cases listed below:

a)

If the seismic shear stress of all the columns in which the above provision is less than 25% of the seismic shear stress of the corresponding floor.

is not met

b) If the analysis and dimensioning of the structure is performed equal to double the values listed in clause 5 of this standard. c)

with seismic

stresses

If it is proven by means of a non linear analysis method, (see 5.2.3) that the structure is stable in the face of the deformation requirements imposed by the earthquake. of earthquake resistant

8.4.5 The design of the panel zone in the column to beam joints rigid frames must comply with the provisions in Attachment B.

8.4.6 In columns with predominant compression, the compression resistance, without considering the flector moment effect, must be higher than the axial loads obtained from the combinations in 4.5, where the seismic load condition of these combinations has been amplified by 2. Predominant compression is defined as the situation in which the axial stress obtained from the combinations in 4.5 is greater than 40% of the design compression resistance of the columns. 8.4.7 Provision 8.4.3 does not apply to rigid frame elements where the stresses coming from majored seismic loads are lower than one third of the stresses of the combination that control the dimensioning.

8.5 Connections

8.5.1 The materials

must comply with the following requirements: only, ASTM A 325 or

Earthquake resistant connection bolts must be high resistance ASTM A 490 quality or equivalent.

Arc welding electrodes and consumables must comply with specifications A 5.5, A 5.17, A 5.18, A 5.20, A 5.23 and A 5.29 or equivalent. Electrodes must have a minimum according to ASTM A 6. tenacity of 27 Joules

AWS A 5.1,

at -29C in the Charpy

test

8.5.2 The connections of seismic diagonals capacity in traction of their gross section.

must

be designed

to resist

100% of the

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NCh2369

8.5.3 Moment connections between beams and columns of earthquake resistant rigid frames must have, as a minimum, a resistance equal to that of the connected members. 8.5.4 In beam to column joints of rigid frames, the upper and lower wings of must be provided with lateral supports designed for a stress equal to 0,02 Fy bj t.

8.5.5 Butt welds in earthquake resistant joints must be full penetration.

8.5.6 High resistance bolts must be placed with the listed pre-tensioning for critical displacement joints (70% of the resistance in traction for A325 and A490 bolts). However, the design resistance of bolted joints can be calculated as that which corresponds to crush type joints. Contact surfaces must be cleaned with a mechanical roller, sand blasted or granulated; must not be painted, but galvanizing is acceptable. 8.5.7 No joints will be allowed where the resistance depends on a combination of welding with high resistance bolts or rivets. The only exception is modifications of existing riveted structures. 8.5.8 Field joints must comply with the following requirements:

a) In connections with high resistance bolts a tightening and control methodology must be applied that ensures that the bolts are provided with the pre-tensioning required in 8.5.6. b) Welds must be in the flat, vertical protected from wind and rain. and horizontal positions, provided the welder is

c) Welds must be full penetration butt controlled with ultrasound or x-rays. 8.5.9 Column junctions

welds

or fillet welds.

Butt

welds

must

be

must comply with the conditions

listed below:

a) In buildings, the distance between the column junction and the upper wing of the beam must greater than or equal to the lower value between 900 mm and half of the free height of the column. b) Junctions must be dimensioned for the design stresses obtained combinations in 4.5, where the seismic load condition of these combinations amplified by 2. 8.6 Anchors 8.6.1 Supports of structures and equipment that transmit seismic stresses to the foundations or other concrete members must be anchored with anchor bolts, shearing plates, reinforcement (steel) bar or other appropriate means. from the has been

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NCh2369

8.6.2 Anchor bolts that are subject to traction according to the analysis procedures listed in clauses 4, 5, and 7 must have seating and the stud must be visible to allow inspection and repair, the thread must be long enough to allow for retightening of the nuts (see Attachment A, Figure AI). The exposed length of the bolts must not be less than 250 mm or eight times the bolt diameter, and the length of the thread below the nut must not be less than 75 mm. Exceptions to these requirements can be made for those anchor bolts with sufficient capacity to resist load combinations where the seismic stresses are amplified in 0,5 R times, but not less than 1,5 times, with regards to the value listed in clauses 5 and 7. In major units, such as very tall process vessels, and in the structure of major suspended units, such as boilers and similar units, bolts with considerable capacity for ductile deformation must be used, easily repaired and that can eventually be replaced (see Attachment A Figure A 7). 8.6.3 Base plates of columns and equipment in general must be provided with seismic shear or butt plates designed to transmit 100% of the base shear stress (see Attachment A Figure AI). The cases listed below are excepted a) from this requirement:

Supports with shear stress of less than 50 kN; in this case it will be acceptable to take the shear with the bolts, considering that only two of them are active for this purpose and the corresponding traction-shear interaction formulas.

b) Bases of tanks and units provided with one or more bolts; in this case it will be acceptable to take 100% of the shear with the bolts; considering that one third of the total quantity of bolts are active, and the corresponding traction-shear interaction formulas with maximum traction and the shear calculated thus. c) Tanks with an aspect ratio of less than one, that do not require anchoring accordance with 11.8. In this case the shear can be taken with conicity in the base. For cases a) and b) the bolts must be embedded 8.6.4 In the design of the shear not be taken into consideration. in the foundation. of the leveling mortar (grout) must in

plate the resistance

8.6.5 The design of the anchor members to the (shear) shear must not consider friction between the base plate and the foundation.
8.6.6 The superposition taken into consideration. of resistance between shear plates and anchor bolts must not be

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NCh2369

8.6.7 When bolt holes are provided in the foundation for subsequent installation of the anchor bolts, the internal walls of the bolt holes must have a minimum inclination of 5% with regards to the vertical plane, such that the bottom area is greater than the top. Bolt holes must be filled with non retracting mortar. 8.6.8 The concrete for foundations must be designed to resist the vertical and horizontal stresses transmitted by metal anchoring members. The resistance of the concrete and reinforcements must be such that the eventual failure occurs in the metal anchor devices and not in the concrete. 8.7 Vertical bracing systems 8.7.1 The following arrangements are applicable to industrial buildings and facilities provided with a steel bracing system. on the ceiling or floor, the function of which is to transfer design seismic loads and/or provide structural redundancy to comply with the requirements of this standard for specific structures. 8.7.2 In floor or ceiling bracing systems, diagonal configurations that work in traction only shall not be allowed. excepting cases of light steel sheds that are regulated by the provisions in 11.2 8.7.3 In floor or ceiling bracing systems the function of which is to transfer and/or share seismic loads that control design. branches in one or more frames (beam cranes. major suspended equipment, etc.) to other rigid frames or adjacent or extreme bracing. the design provisions in 8.7.3.1 and 8.7.3.4 must be used. 8.7.3.1 Earthquake have width/thickness
slenderness

resistant diagonals and supports that work in compression. must ratios of less than Ar. according to Table 8.1. (see Figure 8.1). The
must not be less than 1,5 Jl:~ E / Fy .

of the member

8.7.3.2 X configuration diagonals must be connected at the cross point. Said point can be considered as fixed in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the diagonals for the purpose of determining the length of the buckling of the piece. when one of the diagonals is continuous. 8.7.3.3 Provision 8.7.3.1, does not apply to bracing where the stresses coming from the combination that include seismic loads that are less than one third of the stresses of the combination that controls the dimensioning. 8.7.3.4 Provision 8.7.3.1. also does not apply when the design of the bracing system is performed for stresses coming from the combination that include seismic loads. in which the ultimate load has been amplified by 0,7 R.

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NCh2369

8.7.4 For floor or ceiling bracing systems. the function of which is to provide structural redundancy according to what is required in specific structures, the following requirements must be complied with: 8.7.4.1 Horizontal bracing systems and connections is listed in 8.l.a) or b), whichever corresponds. must be designed according to what

8.7.4.2 The seismic loads to be considered for horizontal bracing systems must less than the seismic tributation of an intermediate frame, in eventual premature (see Figure 8.2).

not be failure

8.7.5 The height of the diagonal members and the supports in floor or ceiling bracing systems must be greater than or equal to 1/90 of the horizontal projection of the length of the member.

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NCh2369
Table 8.1 - Width/thickness ratio limits (see definitions of terms in 3.2 and in Figure 8.1)

Frames Double T, laminated,

profiles Wings, not stiffened,

Requirement Compression Ar welded or hybrid and channel laminated A

Wings. not stiffened. I & C laminated

welded.

bit bit
h/tw

reinforced and hvbrid profIles Cores, all **) ***)

-O,56E / Fy

affectinl4 the member Flection Ar An

"'x,,x,
,7/ i@)?,

O,38E / Fy O,38E / Fy

h/tw
Cores ***) in compound flection. all **) h/tw Stiffened member and cores stiffened by other any a stiffener

capable of providing effective edge support

bit
or h/tw clt

Core wing or longitudinal stiffeners Vertical core stiffeners Flat molding in compressed wings
T Frames Wings, laminated profiles

bit bit
bit bit d/tw bit h/tw

Wings, welded profiles Cores **) Rectangular. Wings Core uniform thickness:

(continued)

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NCh2369

Table 8.1 - Width/thickness ratio limits (see definitions of tenns in3.2and inFigure 8.1)

Tubular

Frames with wings

Requirement Compression Ar

affectinQ; the member Flection Ar

An

welded, Rectangular thicker than the core: Wings

bit

Core h/tw Circular D/t Supports fonned by laminated an2"1es Simple angle wings, TL profiles with bit XL profiles and non spreaders, stiffened members in Q"eneral TL profIle wings with angles in bit contact Cold folded profIles C or Z non stiffened profIle wings bit Stiffened wings of CA, ZA, Omega & bit Hat profIles Simple angle wings, TL & XL profIles bit with or without spreaders C, CA. Z, ZA, Omega & Hat Profile h/tw cores. Stiffened edges clt C, CA, Z, ZA, Omega & Hat ProfIle cores in compound flection h/tw

NOTES
NA: Non applicable

E, Fy: in MPa

E= 200 000 MPa

Ar=
Ap =

width -thickness buckling

ratio limit to avoid local

width -thickness ratio limit to allow total plastification of the section.

* (see fonnula)

but within the range of 0.35 < k... to use Fy of the wings of h i when comparing with Ap

**}in hybrid beams it is necessary ***}In members with unequal

wings use he instead

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NCh2369

Figure 8.1
(Flat widths

- Examples
hand

for width / thickness b according to terminology

ratio of Table 8.1 definitions in 3.2)

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NCh2369

Frame that fails Figure 8.2

9 Special

provisions
concrete

for concrete
structures

structures

9.1 Reinforced

9.1.1 Until the new version of NCh430 which substitutes standards NCh429.0f57 and NCh430.0f61 is made official, the provisions from the ACI 318.99 code must be used, where there is no contradiction with this standard. For the application of the provisions in chapter 21 of this code (paragraph 21.2.1), it must be considered that the entire national territory, with its three seismic zones, is a high seismic risk region. 9.1.2 Structural members that are a part of ductile frames intended to resist requirements must be dimensioned and detailed as special moment resistant according to the provisions in sections 21.1 to 21.5 of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99. seismic frames,

9.1.3 Frames belonging to structures where the seismic requirements have calculated with an Rl factor less than or equal to 2 can be designed according to the provisions for intermediate moment resistant frames, listed in section 21.10 of chapter 21 of ACI 31899. Frames with seismic deformations of less than or equal to 50% of the limit values established in 6.3 can also fall under this provision. 9.1.4 In the case of structures with a combination of reinforced concrete walls and frames, where the assembly of the walls takes on, at each elevation and each direction of analysis, a percentage of the total elevation shear stress over or equal to 75%, the design of the frames can be performed according to the provisions listed in section 21.10 of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99, provided the frame is responsible for taking on less than 10% of the total shear stress of each of the elevations.

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NCh2369

9.1.5 Frames where the seismic action does not control design, and where failure does not compromise the stability of the structure, can be designed according to the provisions listed in section 21.9 of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99. 9.1.6 The design of the walls does not need to meet the provisions of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99. 9.1. 7 In structures of several floors where the seismic resistance designed with Rl values of over or equal to 3, it is not necessary
for strong

of paragraph

21.6.6.3

depends on rigid frames to meet the requirement

one of the following

conditions

is met: is less

weak

column

(paragraph

21.4.2.

ACI 318-99),

when

a) the seismic shear stress of all the columns that do not meet the above provision than 25% of the seismic shear stress of the corresponding floor; b) if the analysis and dimensioning of the structure stresses listed in clause 5 of this standard; c) is perfonned

with double the seismic

if it is proved by means of a non linear analysis method (see 5.2.3) that the structure is stable in the face of the defonnation demands imposed by the earthquake. concrete structures systems

9.2 Prefabricated 9.2.1

Requirements

for prefabricated

9.2.1.1 Structures that include prefabricated concrete members resist seismic actions according to some of the criteria listed below: a) Gravitational systems

must

be designed

to

These systems use reinforced concrete walls or structures poured on site, confined or reinforced masonry walls or braced and non braced steel frames as the earthquake resistant system, and use prefabricated members to resist the vertical loads only. The prefabricated members and connections that do not belong resistant system must be capable of accepting seismic defonnation and resist the vertical (gravitational) loads for such defonnation. Frames that belong to the prefabricated gravitational system according to the provisions in section 21.9 of the ACI 318-99 code. to the earthquake d, of the structure

can

be designed

The connections between the prefabricated gravitational system and the earthquake resistant system are considered as part of the latter system and must be designed according to paragraphs b), c) or d)

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NCh2369

b) Prefabricated

systems

with humid connections

These systems imitate the performance of reinforced concrete structures erected on site by the use of prefabricated members joined by humid connections that meet the requirements in code ACI 318-99, especially the anchoring and bar junction requirements. c) Prefabricated systems with ductile connections

These systems use structures formed by prefabricated members joined by connections for which it has been proven, by means of cyclic non linear analyses and tests, that these have a resistance and ductility greater than or equal to the monolithic joints of structures designed according to ACI 318-99. These tests must meet the requirements of document ACI ITG ITl, 1-99 Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on Structural Testing, and may have been performed in national or foreign laboratories provided that the results have been certified by a certified laboratory approved by the Ministry oh Housing and Development.

d) Prefabricated

systems

with dry connections

These systems use structures formed by prefabricated members joined by dry connections, designed as strong connections that ensure that the possible non linear behavior during earthquakes with higher requirements than those considered in this standard will cause an incursion within the non linear response range in sections at distance from the strong joint. In these prefabricated systems an earthquake resistant system is accepted that is comprised solely of walls connected with dry joints, or one that is comprised solely of frames connected by dry joints. Structures where the earthquake resistant system is comprised solely by a prefabricated system with dry connections, may only be erected up to 4 levels with a maximum height of 18 m, measured from the base elevation. 9.2.1.2 Structures that include prefabricated gravitational systems must be designed considering the seismic requirements that correspond to the earthquake resistant system used. Prefabricated systems with humid connections and ductile connections must be deigned using the seismic requirements that correspond to a monolithic structure of reinforced concrete. 9.2.1.3 Prefabricated structures with dry connections must be designed with the values listed in Table 5.6 for reinforced concrete structures poured on site. However, the R value must not be greater than 4 and the damping rate must not be greater than 0,03 for bolted connections and connections by means of bars embedded in fill mortar, nor greater than 0,02 for welded connections.

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NCh2369

In order to meet the behavior requirements provisions 9.2.1.4 and 9.2.1.5.

listed in 9.2.1.1

c), dry connections

must meet

9.2.1.4 In prefabricated systems connected with dry joints, the quotient between the rated resistance of the connection and that of the member connected at the connection point (Se) must be greater than or equal to 1,4. 9.2.1.5 The dry connections flection, to shear or axial
connection, a probable

of prefabricated frames must be capable of developing, to stress or a combination of these actions acting on the
Spr, determined using a value <P

resistance

1, that

is not

less

than 125% of the fluency resistance of the connection and must be capable of developing a displacement to Spr, that is not less than 4 times the fluency displacement. The anchoring of the connection of the prefabricated member in any side of the connection must be designed to develop a tension equal to 1,3 times Spr. The connection must also meet the requirements of confinement iffe is greater than 0,7 fe. The behavior established above must be guaranteed by testing that includes the cyclic nature of the action. The tested samples must represent the proposed system. The tests must meet ASTM specifications for instrumentation and execution of cyclic tests. 9.2.1.6 Steel and electrodes 8.2.2 and 8.5.1. used in welded joints must meet the requirements listed in

9.2.1.7 If the base shear stress Qo is lower than the value below:

Qmin=0,401 Ao p g

(9.1)

all the deformations purposes.

and stresses

must

be multiplied

by quotient

Qmin/ Qo for design

The above provision does not apply to prefabricated concrete structures classified in 9.2.1.1 as gravitational systems or prefabricated systems with humid connections and ductile connections, which must meet the provision with regards to minimum base shear stress established in 5.4.5. 9.2.2 Special provisions include load is completed,

9.2.2.1 The design of prefabricated members and connections must conditions and deformation, from the initial fabrication until the structure including removal of formworks, storage, transportation and erection.

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NCh2369

9.2.2.2 The design of prefabricated members and connections must include the effect of fabrication tolerances.

9.2.2.3 Additionally to the requirements for drawings and specifications of this standard, the following information must be included in the shop drawings:
a) Details of the reinforcement steel (rebar), embeds and lifting devices needed to resist the temporary stresses derived from the handling, storage, transportation and erection. resistance at the established that ages or construction are based solely phases. on friction caused by the

b) Concrete

9.2.2.4 The use of connections gravitational loads.

9.2.2.5 In order to consider a pavement slab comprised by prefabricated members as a rigid diaphragm, it is necessary to be provided with a top slab that meets the provisions in sections 21.7.2,21.7.3,21.7.4 and 21.7.5 of ACI 318-99.

9.3 Industrial

buildings/bays/sheds/shops

comprised

by projecting

columns

9.3.1 This paragraph establishes the special requirements for industrial buildings with concrete columns poured on site or prefabricated, with or without beam crane, structured with columns embedded at the base and beams connected to the columns with swiveled joints. The seismic resistance and deformation capacity of these systems stem solely from the columns. 9.3.2 Industrial buildings must be provided with a continuous connected to the columns at the upper level. roof plan bracing system

If the bracing is provided by steel frames these must comply with the provisions

in 8.7.

If the bracing is provided by a different system it must have a rigidity equivalent to that of a steel system with diagonals comprised by frames that work in traction only, that comply with 8.1 a) or b). This different system must not be comprised by members that work solely in traction. 9.3.3 Seismic design of structures 3 and a damping ratio of 0,02. that meet 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 must be performed with R

9.3.4 The base shear stress must not be less than: Qrnin=04/ Ao P / g (9-2)

In cases

where

base

stress

Qo is lower

than

the

above

values,

the

stresses

and

deformations

must be multiplied

by Qrnin/ Qo for design purposes.

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NCh2369

9.3.5 the design of the members must be performed using the provisions in 9.1 if these members are concrete poured on site and 9.2 if prefabricated concrete is used. Confinement must be provided at the column bases in a length greater or equal to twice the height of the transverse section of the column according to section 21.3.3 of ACI 31899. 9.3.6 The maximum slenderness of the columns must meet:

A =k L/ r~lOO
Unless adequately justified, the value for k must be 2.

(9-3)

9.3.7 Beams must be laterally supported to avoid them overturning due to the action of the rafters or secondary beams. Lateral bracing to the support beams must be provided for this purpose. 9.3.8 It will not be acceptable for any deck sheets that are not concrete to provide lateral bracing for any member. 9.3.9 Column heads must be connected approximately orthogonal directions. to support beams in two orthogonal or

9.3.10 The seismic loads to be considered for horizontal bracing systems must not be less than the seismic tributation of an intermediate frame, in eventual premature failure (see Figure 8.2).
9.3.11 To calculate deformations it is necessary requirements in 6.2 and 6.3 must be respected. Maximum horizontal deformations to proceed according to 6.1 and the

must be calculated

modifying formula

6-1 as follows:

= do +So

R) dd the following values for So:

(9-4)

considering

1.00 for soil I 1.25 for soil II 1.50 for soil III

9.3.12 The consideration of the P-Delta effect must meet 6.4.

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NCh2369

9.3.13 In the design of columns and foundations supported on type III soil the rotation of the foundations must be considered both for calculating the stresses as well as deformations. A geotechnical study must be performed for this purpose that indicates the maximum and minimum values for the dynamic ballast coefficient. The stress calculation must be performed with the maximum ballast coefficient and the deformations with the minimum. Supporting of foundations on type IV soil is not allowed.

10 Provisions

with regards to foundations

for design of the model used, both in the

10.1 General specifications

10.1.1 The foundations must reflect the assumptions geometry as well as the rigidity and mass characteristics.

It can be considered that massive foundations are lacking in elastic properties, but for isolated foundation systems connected by foundation beams and foundation slabs, it must be assumed that these are provided with both inertial as well as elastic properties. Foundations where the deign is performed assuming on flexible ground, must have dimensions consistent them to be infinitely rigid supported with that hypothesis. for all the

10.1.2 The dimensioning by resistance of the foundation must be performed load combinations considered in the design of the rest of the structure.

10.1.3 The verification of the foundation stresses induced to the ground, the deformation and the stability of these, must be performed for all the applicable non factored loads combinations. 10.1.4 It must be confirmed that the foundations exhibit a satisfactory behavior both for the action of static loads as well as for seismic loads, verifYing that the contact pressure between the soil and the foundation is such that the deformations induced are acceptable for the structure. 10.2 Surface foundations 10.2.1 Unless the geotechnical survey imposes are under each isolated foundation or foundation This restriction does not apply to those foundation and the ground. cases a higher restriction, at least 80% of the slab must be subjected to compression. in which anchors are used between the

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NCh2369

10.2.2 To calculate the seismic actions that develop at the base of underground foundations in level ground, the inertia forces of the structure masses below natural ground level and the seismic thrust of the ground can be dismissed, as long as the foundation has been constructed against natural ground or the backfill installed between the foundation and natural ground are adequately compacted and controlled. 10.2.3 Foundations subject to non factored load combinations that include the earthquake, that generate net tractions in the foundation, must take these tractions solely with the own weight, guaranteeing a minimum safety factor to upheaval of 1,5.

11 Specific

Structures
sheds apply to industrial buildings with or without boom crane beams.

11.1 Industrial

11.1.1 These provisions

11.1.2 Buildings with transverse beams must have a continuous bracing system in the roof. When there are trusses in the roof the continuous bracing must be placed in the lower spring line plane. Buildings without boom cranes are excepted where the permanent loads come only form the weight of the building itself (see Attachment A, Figure A-2). 11.1.3 In buildings with a boom crane the seismic analysis must be made with the most probable magnitude and height of suspended load during the design earthquake. For this purpose the frequency of the design earthquake and the operating conditions of the crane must be taken into consideration. 11.1.4 If there are several cranes, either in one building or parallel combination of seismic loads must be considered with all cranes with stationed in the most unfavorable position. buildings, a no load and

11.1.5 The lateral joint between crane support beams and columns must be flexible in the vertical direction. Furthermore, safety devices must be considered to avoid the bogey falling if it derails (see Attachment A, Figure A,3). 11.1.6 In buildings with rigid frames, the bracings of the end walls that are intended to provide lateral support to columns designed for wind, must not provide a lateral rigidity greater than that provided by the intemal frames unless these are considered in the structural model according to what is specified in 5.3.1.1 (see Attachment A, Figure A,4). 11.1.7 If the building is flexible and has non structural rigid masonry walls or of another analogue material, joints must be designed capable of providing lateral support for the walls and allow independent longitudinal displacement between them and the structure (see Attachment A, Figure A,5).

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NCh2369

11.2 Light steel buildings 11.2.1 These provisions apply to steel buildings that meet the conditions listed below: by

They are structured columns and beams,

by means of a succession of parallel frames comprised grill type, open full core profiles or closed profiles.

The free internal height of the lateral columns must less than or equal to 15 m. This requirement can be ignored if within the load combinations listed in 4.5, the seismic stresses resulting form the analysis are amplified by 2. The transverse distance between the axis of adjacent columns must less than or equal to 30 m. This requirement can be ignored if within the load combinations listed in 4.5, the seismic stresses resulting form the analysis are amplified by 2. The building may be one bay, or several parallel bays. The earthquake resistant stru'cture is comprised by rigid parallel frames or extreme and intermediate rigid or braced frames, that receive the seismic stresses horizontally by means of a roof bracing system. The structures must qualifY as category C2 or C3 according to 4.3.1.

Boom cranes must have a rated capacity of less than or equal to 100 KN, for cranes with no operator cabin, and 50 KN for cranes provided with an operator cabin. Units of equipment supported less than or equal to 100 KN. by the structure must have a weight per frame of

The horizontal seismic load that structure must not be greater than

the garrets 15 KN. supported

transmit

to each

column

of the

There are no storage shelves seismically 11.2.2 In order to determine Table 5.5 must be considered, 4.

in the structure.

the design seismic stresses, the damping rates listed in and a response modification factor of less than or equal to

11.2.3 The design of light steel bays must meet the provisions in clause 8, excepting 8.3.3, 8.3.5, 8.3.6, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, 8.4.7, 8.5.2, 8.5.4 and 8.5.9, the application of which is not mandatory. 11.2.4 Diagonal members of the bracing inspected and be provided with appropriate adjustment. system that work in traction only must be devices for initial tensioning and subsequent

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NCh2369

11.2.5 Seismic diagonal braces for roofs designed solely to resist traction stresses, must have a capacity that at least equals the sum total of initial pretension and the seismic stresses from the analysis amplified by 1,5.
11.2.6 The deck bracing system, designed to transmit horizontal stresses transverse frames, must be continuous and be comprised by diagonal supports that work both in traction as well as in compression. to the extreme members and

11.2.7 The vertical bracing system must be comprised by diagonal members and supports that work both in traction as well as in compression, and their slenderness must be les than or equal to 1,5 J[ ~E / Fy. This requirement is not mandatory for bays with a clearance between columns of less than or equal to 12 m and a shoulder height of less than or equal to 6 m. In these cases members that work in traction only may be used, provided they meet the requirements in 11.2.4 and 11.2.5 11.2.8 The seismic design of the vertical and deck bracing system connections, must be performed considering the load combinations listed in 4.5, with the seismic stresses from the analysis amplified by 1,5. 11.2.9 The seismic deformations must be determined in accordance with what is set forth in 6.1 and be limited to values that do not cause damage to piping, lifting and transportation equipment, electrical systems or other elements attached to the structure that must be protected. It is not necessary to comply with what is established in 6.3 and 6.4. 11.2.10 The separation between structures must meet what is listed in 6.2.1.

11.2.11 For light steel bays that do not use the system described in 11.2.6 and are not provided with the boom cranes and equipment described in 11.2.1, the roof panel may be considered as a rigid diaphragm capable of transmitting seismic stresses to the lateral bracing systems, provided the capacity to transmit said shear stress is certified by means of static tests with cyclic load. The safety factor with regards to the experimental value can be taken from the AISI 1996 standard listed in clause 2. The design of the diaphragm must be performed according to what is set forth in document AC43 Acceptance Criteriafor Steel Decks dated July 1996 from ICBO ES, and in the AISI standard as a supplement. The load combinations listed in 4.5 must be used, with the seismic stresses resulting from the analysis amplified by 2.

The tests must be analyzed by internationally recognized competent independent institutions, and must be performed on samples that consider the joint action of the panel and attachment system of the panel to the supporting structure (rafters), precisely how they are to be installed in the field.
The company that certifies installation of the attachment the panels, system. must also ensure the quality and proper

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NCh2369

11.3 Industrial

buildings

with several

floors

11.3.1 Insofar as it is possible, the floors should be rigid seismic diaphragms, which may be concrete, or metallic with horizontal bracing, or solid floor shell. The diaphragms must include joining devices to the structure capable of transmitting seismic stresses. 11.3.2 Rigid equipment or ducts that extend vertically more than one floor must be provided with support and joining systems that prevent them from participating in the seismic resistance or rigidity of the building (see Attachment A, Figure A6). If this is not possible, the units of equipment must be included in the earthquake resistant system model 11.4 Major suspended equipment.

11.4.1 Boilers, metallurgic fumace reactors and other major units of equipment suspended from the structure must be attached to it with connection devices that transmit the seismic stresses without restricting free thermal dilation (expansion), both vertical as well as horizontal (see Attachment A, Figure A 7). 11.4.2 For electrical suspended equipment that cannot be horizontally attached to the structure, such as electrode cages in electrostatic precipitators (precipitadores), special isolators must be specified with ample resistance capacity and provide electrical power cutoff devices in the event of a major earthquake. If the possibility exists for the cage to strike the casing of the unit with the collector plates, impact plates must be installed. 11.5 Pipes and ducts 11.5.1 In large dimension piping and duct systems expansion joints and supports be provided that ensure seismic stability and allow simultaneous thermal dilation. must

11.5.2 If the piping and ducts are light duty in comparison to the buildings and structures they connect, the seismic analysis can be performed introducing the d.<i deformations from 6.1 of the buildings or structures, at the connection points. If the contrary is true, analysis must be made of the structure and ducts as a single unit. 11.6 Major mobile equipment

11.6.1 Major mobile equipment such as bulk material loaders and off loaders, stackers, portal cranes, and similar units must be dynamically analyzed, considering the magnitude and most unfavorable position of the loads. For the analysis it may be assumed that the wheels are jointed in the rails or ground, but if there is a significant lifting, counterweights must be installed to avoid this (see Attachment A, Figure A8).

11.6.2 In order to reduce the possibility of the rail edges striking the wheels, the system must be self centering (see Attachment A, Figure A9).

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NCh2369

11.6.3 Special attention must be given to the seismic eccentricity tests that occur in these systems.
11. 7 Elevated 11.7.1 tanks, process vessels and steel stacks considering water mobility. to the joint of the

Elevated tanks must be designed

11.7.2 Process vessels must be designed paying special attention supports to the side shell when it does not reach the foundations.

11.7.3 Elevated stacks must be designed with the dynamic method. When the gas duct is not self supporting it is necessary to consider the interaction between the duct and the external steel or concrete structure. The internal concrete coating. if installed. must be taken into consideration for the rigidity calculation. but not for resistance. 11.7.4 The tank siding must be designed so that no local buckling exists considering the effect of design lateral and vertical stresses and the fabrication tolerances. To achieve this, the compression tension of the sides must not exceed the lowest of the values below:

Fa =135Fy e/ D
where:
Fa

Fa :S; 0,8 Fy

(11-1)

= admissible tension in earthquake condition

Fy e

= fluency

tension

(stress)

= thickness
= diameter
of the side
on the ground

11.8 Vertical

tanks supported

11.8.1 The following requirements apply to cylindrical or rectangular tanks. symmetric with regards to a vertical axis and with the bottom directly supported on the ground. The tanks must be fabricated in steel or reinforced concrete and may contain any type of liquid.

11.8.2 Where the provisions of these articles are not contradicted. and the tank material the use of the following tank design standards and and contents of the tank specifications is accepted: API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage. API 620 Design and construction of Large. Welded. Low Pressure Storage Tanks. Seismic Design of Storage Tanks of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering jointly with New Zealand Standard 4203. AWWA-D 100 Wire and Strand Wound Circular. Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks. AWWA-D 115. Circular and Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with Circumferential Tendons, ACI 350.3 Practicefor the Seismic

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NCh2369

Design of Liquid Containing Structures, or other internationally recognized standards and specifically accepted by the professional specialist who approves the project, according to what is listed in 4.4.2. In particular, the design base shear stress must be calculated according to clause 5, and shall not be lower than the value resulting from the application of 11.8.6, 11.8.7 and 11.8.8. Only one of the above standards may be used for the design of each tank, avoiding a mixture of provisions from different standards. It must be considered that New Zealand standards consider load and resistance factors, while the remainder of those mentioned above are of admissible tensions.
11.8.3 The analysis model must consider both the impulsive horizontal response, in which a portion of the content vibrates together with the structure, as well as the convective horizontal response, associated to the waves on the free surface. 11.8.4 For calculation purposes of the periods and masses participating in the impulsive, convective and vertical modes, it may be assumed that tank is infinitely rigid. 11.8.5 The determination of the hydrodynamic masses and the periods associated to the impulsive and convective mode responses must be done according to what is specified in the design standards mentioned in 11.8.2, correspondingly.

modification factor.

11.8.6

For steel

tanks

a maximum

value

of R

4 must

be used

of the response

11.8.7 For reinforced response modification joint between the wall must be used that the

concrete tanks a maximum value of R = 3 must be used of the factor. This value applies to normal construction of the continuous and the base. If this condition is not complied with lower R values project must justifY.

11.8.8 The design spectral acceleration or seismic coefficient of the impulsive mode for horizontal seismic action must be equal to the maximum seismic coefficient listed in Table 5.7 for ~= 0,02 for steel tanks, and ~= 0,03 for concrete tanks. The design spectral acceleration or seismic coefficient of the convective mode for horizontal seismic action must be determined according to expression (5-2) considering a damping ratio of ~ = 0,005; in no case must this value be less than 0,10 &/g. 11.8.9 In cases where the design standard used considers vertical action, seismic coefficient must be equal to 2/3 of the impulsive mode coefficient. 11.8.10 The design must consider to 4.3.2. the corresponding coefficients of importance the vertical

according

11.8.11 Where applicable, the modal stresses and deformations according to the criteria specified in the design standard used.

must be superimposed

11.8.12 In the event that design methods by load and resistance factors the stresses must be combined according to what is set forth in 4.5.

should be used

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NCh2369

11.8.13 In anchored metal tanks with flat bottom, the design of the anchor bolts must be performed so that 1/3 of the number of bolts are capable of taking on the total seismic shear stress, unless the anchoring system includes a device that guarantees that 100% of the bolts are active to take on the seismic shear. The design of the bolts must consider simultaneous occurrence of tensions due to traction and shearing. 11.8.14 In non anchored tanks a conical slope of 1% as a minimum must be given to the bottom of the tank.
11.8.15 In order to reduce the risk of spillage and avoid damages to the roof and upper portion of the tank wall, a separation (revancha) must be left between the free surface of the liquid and the roof structure greater than or equal to the wave height of the convective mode.

Smaller separations (revanchas) may be used provided that the subpressures originated by contact between the liquid and the roof are taken into consideration, with which the roof and connections with the rest of the structure must be designed.
11.8.16 In order to reduce the secondary following conditions must be met: a) damage caused by movement of the liquid, the

in metallic tanks, the roof plates must not be welded to the rafters; of the air vents in the roof must be duplicated; of the columns on the bottom.

b) the normal diameter c) in metallic tanks,

allow vertical displacement

11.8.17 Piping systems and their connection points to the tank must be designed with ample capacity for deformation in order to avoid damage due to possible rising of the tank bottom or tank displacements. 11.9 Rotating furnaces and dryers

11.9.1 The longitudinal earthquake must be resisted by wheel rims and thrust rollers arranged on each side of the rim, and placed on a single support in order to allow longitudinal expansion. A free space must be left between the thrust rollers and the wheel rim to facilitate operation. The rim and rollers must consider the possibility of longitudinal impact when this space closes. It is acceptable for the rollers and mechanisms to be designed as sacrificial elements that can fail in the event of an earthquake; in this case the manufacturer must provide detailed instructions for the repair in a short time period to avoid damage to the furnace due to cool down. 11.9.2 The transverse earthquake must be resisted by lateral wheels and rollers placed on several supports. The width of the rollers must be greater than the width of the wheel rims to prevent them falling if the thrust rollers should fail.

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NCh2369

11.10 Refractory

masonry

(brickwork) structures

11.10.1 In the design of industrial foundry furnaces or other industrial processes, comprised by steel or concrete structures combined with refractory brick masonry that operate at high temperatures, arrangements must be found where the structural resistance is provided by the conventional materials and only in exceptional cases by the masonry. (For example in Figure A.12 in Attachment A, the suspended roof must be preferred) . 11.10.2 In the event that it should not be possible to avoid the masonry being an earthquake resistant member, special analysis must be used that take into consideration the characteristics for non linear behavior of the material. 11.10.3 The design must normal operation. 11.11 Electrical equipment consider both cold furnace conditions, as well as startup and

11.11.1 The provisions in this standard are applicable to structural aspects of electrical equipment located inside industrial plant sites. They do no apply to generation and transmission equipment nr to the main substations, which must be regulated by special specifications. 11.11.2 The electrical operability of these units of equipment during an earthquake be qualified according to special standards defined by the process engineers. 11.11.3 The isolators must be designed as rupture proof with a minimum coefficient of 3,0, for load combinations that include seismic requirements. 11.12 Minor structures and equipment must

safety

All structures and equipment, independent of their size and importance, must be capable of resisting the seismic stresses specified in this standard and be appropriately anchored (see Attachment A, Figure A.13). 11.13 Wood structures Wood structures must be designed according to NChl198. The connections must have a ductile behavior and a failure resistance below that of the connected wooden members, by flection or traction. The R value for cooling towers must be equal to 4.

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NCh2369

Attachment A (Regulatory) Typical Details

Shear plate Figure A.I - Columns base

Columns

Upper spong line

Lower spong line

Figure A.2 - Roof bracing

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NCh2369

Figure A.3 - Detail of crane support and columns

Seismic clamp

Do not use

Do not use

Figure A.4 - Extreme wall bracing

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NCh2369

Figure A.5 - Column to masonry

(brick) wall joint

Lateral (side) support Rigid diaphragms Expansion joint

Space

Support

Figure A. 6- Rigid unit of equipment in building

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NCh2369

Hangers
Level 4

Seismic Displacement Level 3 Rubber or plastic Level 2

Levell

Level(Elevation)

Elevation

Casing

Tube

a) Connecting rod joint

Figure A.7

- Typical
seismic

details of major suspended equipment, connectors and anchor bolts (continued)

- 71 -

NCh2369

Thennal axis Elastomer bJButt joint

cJ Hammer head bolt

Figure A.7

- Typical

details of major suspended equipment, seismic connectors and anchor bolts (conclusion)

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NCh2369

Operational counterweight

Seismic counterweights Stacker

Figure A.S - Typical detail of major mobile equipment

Self centering

wheel

Pumped Elastomer

rail

Figure A.9 - Rail wheel system

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NCh2369

Air vent
Roof sheets breaking

Local lower buckling (elephant's foot) Lifting

Tube Elastomer Do not weld

DETAIL 1 Roof sheets

DETAIL 2 Columns support

Figure A.I0 - Typical detail of major tanks

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NCh2369

Wheel rim

Thrust

rollers

DETAIL I Longitudinal support

Wheel rim Side supports Stops Lateral rollers Ch Cv S

= Horizontal seismic coefficient = Vertical seismic coefficient

= Safety
factor> 1,20

DETAIL 2 Lateral supports

Figure A.II - Typical detail of rotating

furnaces

and driers

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NCh2369

Brace strut

a) Arc roof furnace

Hangers
Suspended roof

Initial Heatup stop

b) Suspended roof furnace masonry

Figure A.12 - Typical detail of industrial

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NCh2369

Diagonals a) Fast filter

Stops b) Transfonner

Anchor bolts c) Compact boiler

Figure A.13

- Typical

detail of minor structures

and equipment

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NCh2369

Attachment B (Regulatory)
Design of beam to column joints in rigid steel structures Bl Overview
The use of the AISC, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, design of rigid frames is subject to the following limitations: 1999, for the

a) In rigid frames with no bracing the provisions in this standard must be applied, with no additional mandatory requirements from AISC, Seismic Provisions. In particular, the Seismic Provisions for special frames (paragraph 9), and intermediate frames (paragraph 1O), are not applicable, nor are laboratory tests required for the beam to column joints. b) In frames with concentric bracing the provisions in this standard, paragraph 8.3 shall apply, with no additional mandatory requirements from AISC, Seismic Provisions. c) In frames with eccentric applied. bracing the AISC, Seismic Provisions, paragraph 15 must be

B2 Design of the panel zone of moment B.2.! The analysis

joints

can be made with elastic or plastic methods.

B.2.2 The core panels must be reinforced with plates attached or diagonal stiffeners (Figures B.l and B.2) if requirement Ru exceeds CPRv , where cP= 0,75 and Ru and Rvare determined as follows:
a) See equation where:
Mul & Mu2 :

on page 78 of the original document

(B-1)

moments of the beams in the joint due to the combination of loads described in 4.5 b), in which the condition of seismic load of these combinations has been amplified by 2, but not greater than the corresponding plastic moments; 0,95 dl and 0,95 d2, in which dl and cb are the height of the beams;

dml & dm2 :

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NCh2369

Vu

shear stress in the column at the level of the joint due to the combination of loads described in 4.5 b), in which the condition of seismic load of these combinations has been amplified by 2.

b)

lfPu ~ 0,75 Py

See equation c)

on page 79 of the original document

(B-2)

lfPu > 0,75 Py

See equation Where:

bej t:j

on page 79 of the original document

(B-3)

= width

of the column wing; of the column wing;

= thickness

de tp dp Fy Pu Py A

= height = total = highest = fluency = design = areas

of the column profile; of the panel zone including attached reinforcement plates;

thickness

value between dl and cb (see Figure B.2); tension; compression axial stress of the column;

= AF y axial

fluency stress of the column;

of the column section.

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NCh2369

a) Plates joined with butt weld

b) Double reinforcement plates, joined with butt or fillet weld

Figure B.l - Attached reinforcement plates

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NCh2369

Section

Vu Attached reinforcement plate

Continuity stiffeners

Section

VU

Diagonal stiffener

Figure B.2 - Stresses

in the panel zone

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NCh2369

B.2.3 Continuity stiffeners must always be placed in the panel zones (Figure dimensioned to resist stresses transmitted by the wings of the beam to the column.

B.2)

B.2.4 The attached plates must be joined to the wing of the columns with fIllet or butt welds with full penetration, calculated to resist design shear stresses. When they are located by the core of the column. they must be welded to it at the upper and lower edges. If they are separated. they must be placed symmetrically and welded to the continuity stiffeners. B.2.5 The thickness of the core of the column or of each attached plate must meet the following relation: 1;:::( d2 +w2 )/90
where: t
d2

(B-4)

= thickness

of the core or of each plate the continuity stiffeners

= height of the panel zone between

W2

= width of the panel zone between

the column wings

B.2.6 The joints that are welded in the field between the wings of the beam and the column must be full penetration butt welds, executed in the horizontal position on backup plates, with non destructive testing by X-ray or ultrasound. B.2.7 The backup plates and welding initiation or completion coupons must be removed. Mter the removal of the plates. the metal will be cleaned and the root reinforced with fillet welds.

B.3 Local flection

of the column wing due to a traction

stress perpendicular

to it

B.3.!
Ru

The continuity
=

stiffeners

must be designed

for a stress of Ru - cP Rn , where:

traction stress perpendicular to the wing of the column, the MJl.moment of the beam defmed in B.2.2; 0.90;
2

corresponding

to

cP

Rn

6,25 t

FYI

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NCh2369 being:
Fyf

= =

fluency tension of the wing, MPa;

thickness of the loaded column wing, mm.

tj

B.3.2 If the width of the beam wing is less than 0,15 b, where b is the total width of the column wing, it is not necessary to perform this verification. B.3.3 If stress Ru concentrated is applied at a distance of less than the column, resistance Rn above must be reduced by half. 10 tj from the end of

B.3.4 Continuity stiffeners must be welded to the core and the loaded wing, in order to transmit to the core the proportion of the load taken from the stiffeners I). B.4 Local fluency B.4.1 Stiffeners
Ru

of the core due to compression dimensioned

stresses

perpendicular

to the wing.

must be installed

for a stress of Ru - cPRn , where:

compression stress perpendicular to the wing of the column (see Figure B3) , corresponding to the Mu moment of the beam defined in B.2.2;

cP

1,0;

and Rn is determined

with the following formulas: RI1 is applied at a distance from the end of the column greater

a) If concentrated stress than its height "d"

(B-5)

1)

The sentence proportion of the load takenfrom the stiffeners refers to the difference between the load applied and the resistance indicated in this paragraph and the ones that follow for column cores. Thus, for example, if Ru is the majored load transmitted by the wing of a beam to the column and cP Rn min , is the lower resistance indicated in clauses B.3 to B.6, the stiffener in the column must be designed for Rn. st = Ru - cPRn. min , and the minimum area of stiffener required is Ast = Rn, st / cP F Yost,with cP = 0,9. Additional instructions are provided in B.7 for stiffeners design. This note is also valid for B.3, B.5 and B.6.

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NCh2369

b) If concentrated stress end of the column:

R/l is applied at a distance

of less than or equal to "d" from the

(B-6) where:
Fyw

= =
= =

minimum

fluency stress (tension) specified of the core, MPa;

thickness of the wing of the beam that compresses the core of the column, or of the beam wing connection plates, mm. If N< k it is taken as N=k; distance from the outer surface the core, mm; thickness of the wing to the foot of the fillet weld in

tw

of the column core, mm:

B.4.2 The continuity stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wing in order to transmit the proportion of the load that corresponds to the stiffener, and the weld to the core must be dimensioned to transmit the proportion of the load taken on by the stiffeners. (see B.7) B.4.3 Alternatively, if reinforcement plates attached are required, provision B.8 applies.

Figure B.3

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NCh2369

B.5 Crushing of the core by compression

stress perpendicular eventually

to the wing reinforcement plates

B.5.1 Continuity stiffeners must be installed and attached, dimensioned for a stress of Ru - cP Rn , where:
=

Ru

compression stress perpendicular to the column wing, corresponding Mu moment of the beam defined in B.2.2 0,75

to the

cP

And Rn is defined as follows:

a)

If the concentrated compression from the end of the column:

is applied at a distance

greater than or equal to dj 2

See equation

on page 85 of the original document

(B- 7)

b)

If the concentrated
of the column:

compression

is applied at a distance

less than dj2 from the end

For Njd.:S 0,2 See equation For Njd > 0,2 on page 85 of the original document (B-8)

See equation

on page 85 of the original document

(B-9)

In formulas
N d 1;[ tv = = =

(B.7), (B.8), and (B.9) the following definitions

apply:

thickness

of the beam wing or the connection

plate of the beam wing;

total height of the column profile thickness of the column wing and

thickness of the column core, or sum total of the core thicknesses attached reinforcement plates.

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NCh2369

B.5.2 The continuity stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wing and the weld to the core must be calculated to transmit the proportion of the load taken from the stiffeners (see B.7 and B.8). B.6 Compression buckling of the core

B.6.1 This section refers to a pair of concentrated opposite stresses, applied to both wings in the same section (see Figure B.4.). Continuity stiffeners and attached reinforcement plates must be installed along the entire length of the height of the core. dimensioned for a stress of Ru - cP Rn where:

R"
cP

= =

compression 0.90

stress in the column wing;

See equation

on page 86 of the original document

(B-I0)

Figure B.4 B.6.2 If the pair of concentrated opposite stresses that must be resisted are applied at a distance of less than dj 2 from the end of member Rn it must be reduced in 50%. Transverse stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wings and to the core so as to transmit the proportion of the load taken on by the stiffeners. The weld of the stiffeners to the core must be capable of transmitting the load taken on by these (see B.7). Alternatively. when attached plates are required. provision B.8. applies.

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NCh2369

B.7 Additional

requirements

for continuity

stiffeners

B.7.1 Transverse or diagonal stiffeners must also meet the following criteria:
a) The width of each stiffener plus half the column core thickness one third of the width of the column wing or the moment provides the concentrated stress. must not be less than connection plate that

b) The thickness of the stiffener must not be less than the thickness of the wing or the moment connection plate that provides the concentrated stress; nor less than its
width multiplied by

IF: /250

(Fy in MPa).

B.7.2 Continuity stiffeners that resist compression stresses applied to the column wing must be verified as axially compressed columns. with an effective buckling length of 0.75 h and a section comprised by: 2 stiffeners and a fraction of the core of 25 tv in width for intemal stiffeners and 12 tv for extemal stiffeners.

B.8 Additional

requirements plates

for reinforcement attached

plates meet the following additional

B.8.1 Reinforcement requirements:

to the core must

a) The thickness and size of the reinforcement plate must provide the necessary to equal or exceed the resistance requirements. b) The plate must be welded to transfer c) the proportion of the total load transmitted

material

to it.

Reinforcement plates attached in panel zones of earthquake resistant frames must be welded to the column wings using full penetration butt welds or fillet welds. capable of developing the total shear resistance of the attached plate. When the attached plates are installed in contact with the core of the column these must be welded in the upper and lower edges with welds that are capable of taking on the proportion of the total load transmitted to them. When the attached plates are installed separated from the core of the column. they must be arranged in pairs. symmetric with regards to the core and must be welded to the continuity stiffeners in the column core. with welds that are capable of taking on the proportion of the load corresponding to each one.

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NCh2369

Attachment C (Infonnative) Comments (Each numeral refers to the corresponding number in the standard)

C.! Scope

C.I.I The reasons that were considered to prepare a special seismic standard industrial structures, supplementary to the building standard, were the following:
a)

for

Industrial structures hardly never have the characteristics that buildings posses: discrete and fairly unifonn distribution of masses at height, rigid horizontal diaphragms at various elevations, relatively reduced eccentricity and damping of around 5%.

b) The basic philosophy of design is different, due to the great importance that industries have for the countries economies. It is necessary, therefore, to add to the basic objectives of the Building Standard (NCh433), paragraph 5.1), the reduction to a minimum of business interruptions and the facilities to perfonn inspections and swift repairs. c) A very important part of industrial structures are the earthquake resistant components of process equipment, frequently complex and with large dimensions, which are necessarily designed by manufacturers overseas: This introduces a factor that is non existent in buildings. d) The need to be provided with special standards for industries is being gradually recognized by industrialized countries, mainly the U.S.A, Russia, New Zealand and Japan. In Chile, although standards did not exist, since 1940 a fairly unifonn seismic design practice has been developed and recognized as being efficient. The standard set forth herein, is mainly based on Chilean practice (1,2) on the Chilean Building Code (3), on the North American Unifonn Building Code UBC standards (4) and the Structural Engineers Association of California SEAOC (5) as well as the New Zealand recommendations for the petrochemical industry (6). C.1.2 The standard applies to structures and equipment contained within the industry premises, the object of which is to manufacture the elements or comply with the objectives for which the facility was built. They do not apply, therefore, to elements such as those described, that are generally outside the premises, for which special standards apply.

NOTE: The references are shown in brackets comment.

and are summarized

at the end of the

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NCh2369

C.1.3 In spite of the differences noted between this standard and NCh433, there are many common elements in the design of buildings and industrial structures, in seismological aspects, related to other standards, other methods of analysis and similar. Hence the need for both standards to be supplementary. C2 References All references are included, both national as well as foreign, referred to in the standard.

C3 Terminology

& Symbols

C.3.1 Terminology

NCh433, paragraph 3.1, is supplemented by the addition of industrial structures and equipment. The separation of their loads in permanent and several classes of overloads due to use is based upon the customary design practices used in the country. The definition for professional specialist is added, responsible for the earthquake resistant design of the industrial equipment as well as for their approval, in consideration with legal conditions and customary practices, proven as effective, from projects executed in Chile and abroad. The definition standard. C.3.2 Symbols The symbols in NCh.433, paragraph symbols mentioned in the standard. 3.2, have been completed with the additional for process engineer is also added in the sense in which it is used in the

C4 General application C.4.1 Basic principles

provisions and hypothesis

C.4.1.1 The principles invoked, with minor variations, are common in the Chilean and New Zealand practices and in the North American codes (3 to 7). They are supplemented by those in NCh433, paragraph 5.1.1. C.4.1.2 Both in the Chilean and New Zealand practices as well as in the North American codes and in NCh433, paragraph 5.2, the elastic analysis is specified as a basic method. C.4.1.3 Zealand The ductility and redundancy conditions are also common practices as well as in the above North American codes. to Chilean and New

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NCh2369

C.4.1.5 It is essential that process engineers and professional specialists agree on general criteria and details of earthquake resistant design. It is suggested that the agreements be summarized in special forms. such as the one shown below. that must be included in the project specifications.

Structure

N 201 202

Title Coal hoppers Operating Stack Platform

203 204

Category Coefficient rJ Cl 1.2 C"2 1.0 Cl 1.2 C3 0,8

Analysis

8%

Dynamic Dynamic Special Static

3 4 -

3 3 -

Reference PIs. AC-502 515 BL-O 16 017 BL-023 028 AC 21001 211

Notes

Design according ASCE-75 Steel Chimney Liners

to

Temporary

Building

*) See 4.3.1 and 4.3.2

C.4.1.6 Topographic amplification is the name given to the increase of seismic accelerations that occurs in special cases, that must be analyzed by Geotechnical Engineers, between the valleys and summits of surrounding hills. (such as was observed in Villa del Mar during the earthquake of March 1985.

C.4.2 Ways in which to specify seismic action

The provisions in this standard are based on design earthquakes that have a probability of excedence of 10% during an exposure period of 50 years. The criteria for an excedence of 10% during a minimum exposure period of 50 years. is the criteria adopted by North American codes UBC and SEAOC and Chilean standard NCh433. The 50 year period corresponds to the useful life cycle of most buildings and industries. However. there are industries. mainly petrochemical and mining. in which. for reasons of technological obsolescence or exhaustion of the sources of raw materials, the useful operational life cycle is shorter. The New Zealand codes for the petrochemical industry are based on 15% excedence and 25 years (5). According to the same standards (6. Table 2.1 and Figure C.2.1). a reduction from 50 to 25 years with 10% reduces the seismic stresses in only 12%. Due to this the Chilean standard has maintained the 50 years for industries. a) For maximum effective seismic acceleration .Ao the following definition is suggested. initially proposed by the Applied Technology Council ATC. from the U.S.A. (7) and adopted by SEAOC and UBC (4 and 5): .Ao= Sa /2.5 where Sa is the mean acceleration between periods 0.1 s and 0.5 s. of the elastic response spectrum with 5% damping

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NCh2369

b) The provisions

have been taken from DBC and SEAOC (4 and 5).

c) All of the Chilean coast in the high intensity Seismic Zone 3 is subject to the risk of tidal waves, that have historically reached grade 3 in the Imamura scale, with some case of the maximum grade 4 (8). The areas with the highest risk are Tarapaca, Atacama, Concepcion and Valdivia. The risk of tidal waves depends also on the seismic conditions of the marine and topographical conditions of the coast.

C.4.3 Classification

of equipment

according to the importance

C.4.3.1 The classification is based on the Chilean practice that corresponds, terms, to the New Zealand recommendations. (6).

in general

C.4.3.2 The importance coefficients are based on the Chilean practice and information from DBC, SEAOC and the New Zealand recommendations, that are referenced below:

Catelfories Industrial Chilean practice NCh.433 BuildinJ:!:s DBC and SEAOC New Zealand

Critical 1,2 to 1,3 1,20 1,25 1,30

Normal 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

Secondary 1,00 0,60 1,00 0,83

C.4.4 Coordination

with other standards

C.4.4.1 In design of industries, however, it is necessary to use a major quantity of materials and loads that are not regulated in this country, therefore the use of recognized intemational standards is allowed. The most used in Chile are the following:
American bridges. American American American American Association of Sate highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO for

Association

of Mechanical

Engineers

ASME for boilers and pressure

vessels.

National Standards Petroleum Institute

Institute

ANSI/ ASME for piping. tanks.

API for petroleum

Society for Testing Materials ASTM for materials.

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NCh236~
American wttd\IDgSociety for welding.
Gennan DlNStandards, British BS Standards. French NF Standards, Standards orflUrostandards of the European Community. Japanese JIS

C.4.5 Load CoDiinations

The criteria for load combinations are those recommended by the North American Standards Soci. and the North American Civil Engineers Society ANSI/ ASCE (9). also adopted by the IPrth American Metallic Construction Institute AISC (10. 11) and the North AmericanCmcrete Institute ACI (12).

This paragraph fIDesnot include the wind loads nor the overloads caused by snow. that must be consid~ taking into consideration the design specifications for each particular case or those .renced above. In general. the wind loads can be considered as the replacing seismit~loads in the fonnulas. that do not coincide with them. Snow can be considered as altoverload. that may be nonnal or eventual.
The factor b = 1..4 for concrete structures or equipment was established taking into consideration tlti: load factor established in NCh433.0fl996 and the load and resistance factors of the ACl318.99 code, therefore the factor b = 1.4 must be used together with the resistance reduction factors listed in said edition of ACI 318. The ACI 318 co~ in the 2002 edition adopts the load factors established by ASCE, which considers a factDf of 1.0 for the amplification of seismic requirement, and the resistance reduction factor.i used in the previous editions of ACI 318 are modified to maintain equivalent safetJ factors in design. The load and resistance factors used until the 1999 edition are listed in an attachment of ACI 318-02 as an altemative procedure.

C.4.6 Seismic design project and review C.4.6.1 According to Chilean regulations. all the designs of projects that are constructed within the natiOB must be executed by professionals legally authorized to practice in Chile. Additionally. the law makes it mandatory to review the structural design of buildings of any nature. These provisions have been supplemented as follows: adding the requirement specialization; for the specialist professional to have a structural

allow design Qf equipment manufactured by foreign manufacturers, as a practical necessity. In this case, however, it is recommended that for major units such as large boilers. tall pl'Qcess vessels and similar. the manufacturer be advised by professional specialists registered in Chile.

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NCh2369

C.4.6.2 The approval of the design by other professionals is an essential condition that is contained in most of the Codes and Standards worldwide (13). In the standard the approval by peers is recommended, who must be professional specialists registered in Chile. This requirement is specially important for buildings designed outside the country.

C.4.6.3 The presentation of drawings and engineering calculations from NCh433 paragraph 5.11, has been simplified for the great number of minor equipment and structures existing in the industries, wherein the seismic factor is not determinant. C.5 Seismic analysis C.5.1 General provisions C.5.1.1 Direction of the seismic requirement
The use of seismic requirements in all seismic standards. in two perpendicular directions is sanctioned by practice

The criteria for application of the vertical earthquake are based on Chilean practice (1), the New Zealand recommendations (6), NCh433, paragraph 5.8.2 and the North American standards (3and 4). The vertical accelerations of 2/3 of the horizontals are prescribed in the referenced codes and are based on actual earthquake records.

C.5.1.3 Seismic mass for the structural

model

The design earthquake is an event that will occur once or twice during the lifetime of the industry and has a duration of a few minutes as a maximum. To select the probable overload at that moment, it is necessary to be very familiar with the operational requirements of the industry. It is recommended that the seismic overload be determined jointly by the operators or process engineers and the professional specialist, and a record be kept of this in the drawings and engineering calculation.

C.5.2. Analysis methods C.5.2.1 Overview

The majority of the seismic standards including NCh433, the North American and New Zealand ones, are based on elastic response spectrums with accelerations with 5% damping, a figure that is representative for buildings. Industrial structures, however, have a damping of 2%, and is the value that the Chilean practice has based upon. A damping of 2% was recommended by J.A. Blume and other investigators after extensive investigations carried out in the Huachipato Steel Plant after the great earthquakes in the South of Chile in May, 1960 (14).

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NCh2369

C.5.2.2 Linear methods

a) Static analysis: Static analysis is an approximate method theoretically applicable to mathematical structural models with discrete masses uniformly distributed in similar height and rigidities among the various levels. The NCh433 standard, paragraph 6.2.1, UBC and SEAOC contain criteria to determine the application limits of static analysis in buildings, that are not applicable to industrial structures. The New Zealand recommendations limit the static analysis to structures in which the mass and rigidity at any given level have differences of less than 30% with regards to adjacent levels. It is recommended that this method not be applied in buildings or structures higher than 20 m, industrial steel buildings with more than 6 levels or concrete buildings higher than 18 m or structure with an irregular plant or elevation configuration. b) Spectral modal or dynamic analysis: dynamic analysis is applied to structures, in which the basic hypothesis for linear response, ductile behavior and viscous damping are valid. Dynamic analyses can be applied in cases where static analysis is not applicable, particularly in the following cases: buildings and structures that support heavy suspended equipment, steel or concrete chimney stacks with refractory insulation and process vessels higher than 20 m or a height to least transverse dimension ratio over 5.

C.5.2.3 Non linear methods

Non linear analyses are reserved for structures that exhibit major variations with regards the basic hypothesis. Typical examples are major mobile units subject to uplift or impact in the supports, industrial masonry that do not allow traction, structures with insulation at the base and similar. The provisions are based on UBC (4)and IBC (15). It is recommended that industrial should indicate the analysis method C.4.1.5). project specifications the specialist professionals used for each structure or unit of equipment (see

C.5.3 Elastic C.5.3.1

static analysis model of the structure

Mathematical

C.5.3.1.3 In three-dimensional models each node has 6 degrees of freedom, 3 translational and 3 rotation. The assignation of discrete masses to the nodes is performed partly automatically by the analysis programs, that assign to each one half of the masses corresponding to the actual weight of the members or elements themselves that concur to the node, and partly by decision of the designer, who assigns to some or all of the nodes of the model representative masses of the extemalloads or of the units supported by the structure. The degrees of freedom of each node are associated, in this manner, to the inertial characteristics of the masses assigned to them. Generally, the

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NCh2369

effects of inertia on the rotation of masses of the structural members are disregarded when the inertial characteristics of these is established, considering only their translational inertia in the three directions in space. The global effect of the rotation inertia of the assembly of masses, on the other hand, is well represented by the spatial distribution of the total mass in a large quantity of nodes. When the assignation of masses that the designer makes to a node must represent the dynamic behavior of a body that has non disregardable inertia to rotation, it is necessary to assign to this mass a rotational inertia that corresponds to the represented body. Alternatively, the representation of that body can be made with a group of masses with purely translational characteristics, distributed and linked to each other in a manner such that the joint response of all of these reflects the inertial characteristics of the represented body. All three-dimensional analysis programs require the designer to specifY the inertial characteristics, both translational as well as rotational, of the masses incorporated into the model. C.5.3.1.4 When the structure is provided with rigid diaphragms, the masses corresponding to all the nodes linked by the rigid diaphragm, and its inertial characteristics, can be grouped in the masses center and be represented by a single resulting mass, provided with translational inertia in both directions of the diaphragm plane and of the rotational inertia on the same plane, corresponding to the distribution of the masses within the diaphragm. With this grouping the analysis is notably simplified. However, the diaphragm usually has a reduced rigidity in the perpendicular direction to its plane, therefore the effects of the vertical earthquake cannot be properly represented with the above simplification; in such a case, the vertical earthquake must be treated as an independent load case. Alternatively, normal masses distribution may be used for three-dimensional analysis, and use the link option and interdependence of degrees of freedom of the diaphragm nodes (constraint) for displacements within the plane of the diaphragm; with this option it is also reduced in computational terms and the horizontal and vertical earthquake can be analyzed simultaneously. C.5.3.1.5 When the units supported on a structure posses rigidity or inertia characteristics that may determine the response of a structure locally or globally, it becomes necessary to include elements that represent the unit into the model, linked to the structure of the node in the same fashion as the unit will be, and provided with rigidity or mass characteristics that represent those of the actual unit. This is the case, for example, of large diameter ducts that are attached to several levels of the structure, or large vessels that are supported by several frames and / or levels of the structure. Likewise, when it is desired to capture the response of a certain unit of equipment supported by the structure, although its translational and rotational inertia may be minor in comparison to those in level at which it is located, elements and masses that represent it must be included in the model, linked to the structure in the same way as the unit will be. C.5.3.2 Horizontal base shear stress (6-1) in the NCh433 and has the same format as

The formula (5-1) coincides with formula DBC and SEAOC.

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NCh2369

C.5.3.3

Horizontal

seismic

coefficient

The Chilean seismic design practice for industry is based on the empirical spectrum of elastic response proposed by J. A. Blume in 1963 (14) after analyzing 16 structures of the Huachipato Steel Plant. The structures were in general steel chimney stacks, inverted pendulum tanks and process vessels. Seven of the structures did not sustain damage in the earthquakes of May 1960 and the remaining 9 sustained simple failures, such as elongation of the anchor bolts and buckling of the siding sheets. In Figure C.l the Blume spectrum is shown, which according to the author, is reliable in the range of periods from 0,6 to 1,1 s, and has a dampening of around 1% to 2%. Based on the studies carried out by Blume and his extensive professional Professor Rodrigo Flores Alvarez proposed the following seismic coefficients (16): career,

See 3 equations

on page 96 of the original document

Standard NCh433 (3) is based on the analysis of a considerable number of records of subductive earthquakes recorded in Japan and the Chilean earthquake on May 3, 1985 (17). The elastic response spectrum proposed by NCh433, with 5% damping is the following:

See equation

on page 96 of the original document

(formula 6-1, NCh433)

See equation

on page 96 ofthe

original document

(fon-nula 6-2, NCh433)

where T' and n are parameters

that depend

on the type of soiL with a coefficient that allows

In this standard the format in formula (6-2) is proposed considering damping ratios other than 5%:

See equation

on page 96 of the original document

Figure C.l shows the previous spectrums for the Huachipato Plant, zone 3 and soil types II of Table 4.2 of NCh433. Blume's empirical spectrum is also shown as well as the one in the DBC 93 and SEAOC 92 standards. It can be noted that the coincidence is satisfactory.

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NCh2369

Figure C.1Response
(Zone

spectrum for Huachipato 3 Ao = 0,4 g Soil II I = 1,0)

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NCh2369

Soil parameters The classification and soil parameters NCh433, Tables 4.2 and 6.3. Damping values and coefficient R.
The damping values and structural coefficient R shown in Tables 5.5 and 5.6 have been determined from a study of many actual cases of structures in all types of soils and seismic zones, that have been subjected to the major earthquakes of 1960 and 1985, as well as comparative analyses with the DBC and SEAOC codes.

in Tables 5.3 and 5.4 have been taken from

In Figure C.2 there is a comparison between the design spectrums of R. Flores (RFA) and those in this standard for R = 2 and R = 3 and soil II. It can be appreciated that the standard, considering the minimum value, is safe and adequate. C.5.3.3.1 and C.5.3.3.2 Limit values of the seismic coefficient

Some maximum
several standards

and minimum
and the Chilean

values
practice,

are shown
for I

below for the seismic

coefficient

of

= 1:
Maximum 0,35 0,24 0,367 0,275 0,34 Reference 3 4,5 4,5

The values of the Chilean practice are within the range of the other codes and have been proved to be effective in 5 major earthquakes of magnitudes between 7,5 and 9,5 from 1960 to 1985.

C.5.3.5

Distribution proposed

at height are from NCh433 (3), formulas (6-4) and (6-5-)

The formulas

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NCh2369

Figure C.2

- Design

spectrum

for Huachipato

(Zone 3 Ao = 0,4 g Soil II

I = 1,0)

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NCh2369

C.5.4 Elastic dynamic analysis C..5.4.2 Design spectrum

See C.5.3.3
C.5.4.3 Number of modes
The condition of taking sufficient modes to have 90% of the total mass is contained NCh433, DBC, SEAOC and the New Zealand recommendations (3, 4, 5 and 6). in

C.5.4.4 Modal Superimposition The complete quadratic superimposition NCh433, paragraphs 6.3.6.2. and the formulas proposed are taken from

C.5.4.5 Minimum baseshear stress

See C.5.3.3.2. C.5.4.6 Torsion in plant
The recommendations are based on Chilean practice.

C.5.5 Vertical Seismic action.

The justification for the need to consider vertical seismic action is given in C.5.1.1. The provisions apply to structural provisions described in 5.1.1 a), b), c), d) and e), where the vertical stresses have a special importance and have caused damage in earthquakes.

C.5.6 Solid and rigid units of equipment

supported

on the ground
The provision is

The units, generally very rigid, are numerous in industrial facilities. based on the recommendations from SEAOC and DBC dated 1997.

C.5.8 Special Analyses

The special analyses apply to cases in which the basic analyses described in 5.2.2 are not complied with. The standard identifies two basic procedures, spectral hypothesis from the linear

and time

- history.

The spectral analysis is based on the preparation of spectrums that address non linearity of the structural response, considering the maximum values of the seismic factors in the location and type of soil.

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NCh2369

The time - history analysis is based on a step by step analysis of the structural response for a minimum of 3 historical records or one synthetic record. The provisions are based on studies made within the country considering the provisions of the New Zealand and North American, DBC and SEAC standards. C.5.9 Structures with seismic isolation or energy dissipators More

The provisions for seismic isolators are based on DBC 97 with minor modifications. information can be found in reference 19.

C.6 Seismic

Deformations

C.6.1 Calculation

of Deformations

The formula (6-1) initially proposed in ATC-3, has been adopted by DBC, SEAOC and the New Zealand recommendations (4, 5, 6, 7). This is a recognition of the fact that the reduction in stresses between an elastic response spectrum and one of design does not apply to deformations. C.6.2 The separations s = dl + d2, contained in the New Zealand recommendations (6), is conservative because dl and d2 do not generally occur at the same instant. In the Chilean

practice the following expression has been mainly used s=.Jd[

probable, but does not have a safety margin. The values 0,004 hand normal application within the country.

+d~ ' which is more

30 mm have been of

C.6.3 In the Chilean practice, in general, the horizontal seismic deformations have not been limited in industrial constructions, excepting in cases where they could damage elements joined to the structure, such as piping or ducts. The DBC, SEAOC standards contain the 0,04 h/R limitation; in the May 1960 earthquakes deformations were
observed of hi 75

= 0,0133
formula.

h in industrial

buildings

with

boom

cranes

(16), a similar

value to the proposed C.6.4 The P-Delta frame structures.

effect is rarely important

in industrial

structures

but can be in rigid

C.7 Secondary

Elements

and equipment

erected

on structures

C.7.1 Scope

Clause 8 of NCh433, based on ATC-3 (7) mainly refers to the secondary elements of buildings. In this clause the basic theory has been maintained, but minor modifications have been made to adapt the requirements to industry.

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NCh2369

C. 7.2 Stresses Formulas NCh433.

for seismic

design to an improved version of clause 8 of

(7-1) to (7-6) and Table 7.1 correspond

C. 7.3 Stresses

for anchors

design is the lack or in non seismic

One of the most frequent causes of seismic failure in minor equipment insufficiency of anchors resulting from the application of normal practices zones. In general, en units the anchor bolts are sufficient special provisions such as shear plates. C.7.4 Automatic shutdown systems 8.5.4.

and it is not necessary

to recur

to

The recommendation C.8 Special provisions

is taken from NCh433, paragraph for steel structures

C..8.1 General provisions The special provisions are based recommendations made after the introduced into their codes. on Chilean earthquakes experience and of Lorna Prieta the North American and Northridge and

The Chilean experience has been proven in six major earthquakes 1985 of magnitudes on the Richter Kanamori scale of 7,5 to 9,5.

between

1960 and

The North American recommendations have been summarized in the standards and seismic recommendations from AISC (l0, 11 and 20). The recommendations from AISI (21) were also taken into consideration for slender members not included in AISC. C.8.2. Materials The specifications of steel and welds, included in American codes (4, 5, 15) are intended to avoid failures due to fragile rupture. These are based on the numerous investigations performed after the earthquakes of Lorna Prieta and Northridge. In Chile there have been some failures due to fragile rupture of high strength steel and low tenacity in bridges, non seismic conditions. C.8.3 Braced frames The provisions on bracing are based on the Chilean experience, with some modifications taken from AISC. In general, it has been considered that the maximum seismic deformation of our standards is approximately half of that used in the United States, which reduces the risks of failure due to local buckling or anelastic.

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Provisions 8.3.2 about the use of diagonals that work in compression and traction, are taken from the Eurostandards and their objective is to increase the redundancy ( see 4.1.3.b).

Provision 8.3.4 about the crossing codes, has been used successfully Austrian specifications.

point for x diagonals, in Chile, permanently

not included in the American and was originally based, on

In the Chilean practice, taken from the North American (22), it is usual to fix as the minimum height of diagonal profiles 1/90 of its horizontal projection in order to avoid deformations due to their own weight that reduce resistance to buckling.

C.8.4 Rigid frames

Seismic structures based solely on rigid frames, habitually used in the United States, exhibited many failures in the beam joints and columns in the earthquakes of Lomas Prietas and Northridge, therefore many investigations were carried out that originated severe design requirements that were included in the main seismic codes (5, 15) and summarized in the recommendations of AISC (20). In Chile there were no failures in said joints mainly due to the lower seismic deformation and not using very thick laminated profiles (Jumbo) that has a dangerous methalography. Due to this the proposed provisions are based on our experience with very few of the recommendations from AISC. In 8.4.1 it is specified that column to beam moment joints be TR, fully rigid. PR joints, partially rigid, allowed in the United States, are not accepted for two reasons, lack of local experience and requirements for testing and surveying not available in the country. In 8.4.3 and Table 8.1 width-thickness ratios are specified taken from the AISC recommendations for seismic stresses (l0, 11 and 20), with some recommendations based on local practice. In 8.4.5 and Attachment B provisions are included for panel design of columns in the rigid beam joints, based on the non seismic recommendations of AISC (l0) with very few modifications taken from the seismic recommendations (20). In Chile no failures of the panel zone are known of. In 8.4.6. provisions are recommended for column bases, detailed in 8.6.2, that are intended to facilitate inspection and repair of anchor bolts after earthquakes.

C.8.5 Connections
The provisions are based on local practice and the recommendations from AISC. In 8.5.2. and 8.5.3 a design is specified for seismic connections so that they have a resistance greater than or equal to the connected members. In 8.5.8 requirements are included for the execution of reliable field welded joints. In column junctions (see 8.5.9) it is recommended that the junction horizontal stress of 5 kN located at the upper free end, during erection. be designed for a

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C.8.6 Anchors

Anchors to foundations exhibit failures, a certain manner, a seismic fuse.

generally

minor, in all earthquakes.

They are, in

The provisions of 8.6.2, the object of which is to allow inspection and fast repair after an earthquake, are based on local experience, that mainly takes into consideration the failures observed in 1960 and avoided in subsequent earthquakes. The use of shear plates or seismic stops indicated in 8.6.3 to 8.6.7, like the previous case, are based on failures detected in 1960 and the successful subsequent performance of the above recommendations. In 8.6.5 the consideration of friction between the base plate and the foundation is excluded, mainly due to curing contraction of the leveling mortars. In special cases, mainly for major units with many anchors, friction may be taken into consideration, by specification of non contractible mortars and pretension of the bolts, it being customary to consider only pretension for the friction. The recommendation from 8.6.8, in order to avoid failure of the anchors due to the concrete, it is a customary practice for protection against the difficulties to obtain reliable concrete mixtures and the incertitudes of the calculation theories for the resistance. In general it is recommended for the application for design of the Prestessed Concrete Institute PCI (23). C.9 Special provisions C.9.! Reinforced for concrete structures structures

concrete

The specifications are mainly based on national experience in the earthquakes from 1960 to 1985, on the provisions of NCh433 and the recommendations of the American Concrete Institute ACI-318.99, chapter 21 (12). Consideration has also been given to investigations made subsequent to the Lorna Prieta and Northridge earthquakes, published by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (24), mainly in what is related to prefabricated members in which local experience is limited. In 9.1.6 it is specified that it is not necessary to design seismic walls according to the complex provisions of ACI. Our designs, that do not apply them, have been successful in earthquakes since 1960, an internationally recognized fact. The provisions in 9.1.7 for rigid frames that eliminate the ACI requirements are justified by the lower seismic deformation of this standard and have been proven in several numerical studies.

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NCh2369

A translation exists with comments of the ACI 318 code prepared and published by the Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structural Design Commission and the Chilean Concrete and Cement Institute, which has been proposed by its author as the Reinforced Concrete Chilean Design Code.

C.9.2 Prefabricated

Concrete Structures

The provisions consider the limited Chilean experience in the seismic behavior of prefabricated structures, the requirements of ACI 318-02 and lEC 2000 and the proposals regarding the issue contained in NEHRP 2000, in order to avid the failures in these systems observed in the Lorna Prieta, Northridge and Kobe earthquakes (12 and 24). In 9.2.1.1 a) and b) the design is accepted of gravitational systems with humid seismic connections as equivalent to traditional concrete, because the prefabricated structure must have a quality higher than site mixed concrete and the joints are equivalent. Special restrictions have been added to the use of structures with dry connections, due to the lack of experience with this type of structures in the country. In 9.2.1.1 c) the height is limited for these structures to 18 m and the number of floors in buildings to 4, maximum values that have been used in local projects. In 9.2.1.1 c), 9.2.1.4 and 9.2.1.5 it is required that the design be perlormed so that the dry connections fail before the structural members and that the behavior be proven with tests when it is not linear.

In 9.2.1.6 requirements are made for the steel and welding of dry joints equal to those specified in 8.2.2 and 8.5.1 in order to avoid fragile failures.
Finally, in 9.2.1.7 conditions are specified for design when the seismic stresses are very low, similar but more stringent than those specified for non prefabricated structures in 5.4.5.

C.9.3 Industrial

Bayscomprised

by suspended

columns

In the design of columns and foundations, including stresses and deformations, it is necessary to consider the base shear stress assigned to the model, as well as the vertical seismic action. However, if the horizontal bracing system required in 9.3.2 has been disposed to provide structural redundancy, the design base shear stress must not be lower than the value that results from the multiplication of the weight that the column discharges by the greatest value between C and Cmin..

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NCh2369

C-IO Foundations

C.lO.l The specifications are based on ample Chilean experience, both in foundations for buildings according to NCh433 as well as several decades of mining and industry projects. C.IO.1.3 In this subclaause it must be understood that, the ground stresses, deformation and the stability of the foundation must be confirmed for all the applicable combinations with the admissible stresses method, that are compatible with soil studies. C.II Specific C.I1.1 C.I1.1.1 structures sheds (Mill Buildings) is the equivalent to Mill Buildings in English

Industrial

The definition

Sheds in which lateral C.I1.1.2 beams or roof trusses are the expansion of the building.

stresses are resisted by rigid frames of columns and most widely used in industries because they allow

The continuous roof bracing has the seismic advantages of rigid horizontal diaphragms. It also makes it possible to, distribute concentrated lateral loads, such as cranes, between several frames; Chilean practice, taken from the North American, is considered to be sufficiently approximate the assumption that the roof bracing transmits 50% of the lateral load to the frames adjoining the loaded frame. C.I1.1.3 The determination of the magnitude and height of suspended load that coincides with the design earthquake is a complex probabilistic problem that it is recommended should be analyzed jointly among the professional specialists and process engineers. However, if the scarce duration of the seismic stresses is considered in comparison to the life of the structure, the following recommendations can be considered as safe: In maintenance cranes, fabrication shops and the like, where the maximum load is rarely lifted, and the operation is not continuous, suspended load can be disregarded for seismic analysis. In heavy duty cranes in continuous operation with maximum load, such as metallurgy foundry cranes, it is recommended that this load be used at the highest elevation in the seismic analysis. This recommendation is based on the dynamic analysis of more than 600 cases, made in Chile (25), according to which the equivalent load at bridge level is equal to the actual for pseudo periods of 1 s or more, at 0,20 of the actual for periods of up to 0,5 s and varies linearly between both values.

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NCh2369

The following Figures summarize the conditions of the above study

pseudo period
Pl P2

= weight

of the building,

boom and crane trolley

= weight of the suspended load

load applied at upper level

mP2 = analysis suspended

K

= rigidity
m= 0,20

Ts~ 0,5 Ts= 0,5

1,0 m= 1,6 Ts-O,6

Ts= ~ 1.0

m= 1,0

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C.II.I.4 The non simultaneousness of dynamic effects of crane operation with the earthquake and the position of several cranes with no load is justified for probabilistic reasons and are a part of the North American practice recommended by the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers AlSE (22). C.II.I.5 In the May 1960 earthquakes there were systematic failures in the joints of vertical plates between crane support beams and the columns due to the superimposing of the seismic stresses with fatigue tensions. Cases were also observed of wheels falling off from the rail to the upper wing of the crane supports. The recommendations are intended to avoid these failures (I, 26, 27). C.II.I.6 The object of the provision is to avoid the formation of rigid towers in extreme facades, that have failed in Chilean earthquakes because they bear seismic stresses that they were not designed for (27). C.II.I. 7 The recommendation good results in Chilean practice C.II.2 Light steel bays is self explanatory. (I, 27). The suggested detail has produced

C.II.2.1 The characteristics of light steel bays are defined (sheds), of limited clearance and height, and light duty cranes and equipment, in which the wind stresses are generally higher than seismic stresses. In the country a great number of these bays have been built over the years, that do not meet all the requirements of this standard and that have resisted earthquakes with no damage. C.II.2.2 Defines the parameters to determine the design seismic stresses. In general, transverse and longitudinal stresses in the extreme panels due to wind are greater that seismic stresses, but in intermediate panels the longitudinal earthquake can take control. C.II.2.3 to C.II.2.7 Provisions are specified for bracing. If there are no cranes equipment of an equivalent weight, traction only diagonals are accepted. C.ll.3 Industrial buildings with several floors or

C.II.3.1 Industrial buildings with several floors, process, energy generation or similar, generally have heavy loads and valuable equipment. In Chilean practice the best results have been obtained with dual buildings, with braced or concrete shear walls, combined with rigid ductile frames as a second line of resistance (1, 26, 16). These buildings, where the seismic deformation is much lower than that of buildings with North American ductile frames, have not suffered the generalized failures in welded joints observed in the earthquake of Northridge in 1994 (28, 29, 30, 31). C.II.3.2. The recommendations are based from 1960 to 1985 (1, 16,26,27,28). on Chilean practice proven in earthquakes

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C.I1.4

Major suspended

equipment

C.I1.4.I Figure A. 7 in Attachment A shows a typical boiler, suspended with stringers in the upper portion. To control the seismic oscillations and avoid impacting the structure it is necessary to install connectors that allow thermal expansion, both vertical as well as horizontal, some of which are illustrated in the figure. The same figure shows anchor bolts of the hammer head type, with ample ductility, easily repairable and replaceable, that are recommended for major units. The units are generally projected by foreign suppliers that frequently are not provided with seismic experience. Due to this it is necessary to establish systems for early advisory services and approval of the design by professional specialists approved to practice in Chile. The above earthquakes recommendations have been in Chile since 1960 (1, 16,32). successfully proven in a great number of

C.I1.4.2 In electrostatic precipitators there are suspended electrode cages of isolators, of very high voltage, that it is not possible to secure laterally and can strike the casing in the event of an earthquake. Chilean practice has shown that these knocks are not important, but that electrical problems occur and fragile breakage of the porcelain isolators. Due to these reasons it is frequently necessary to specifY special isolators and be provided with power cut-off devices. C.I1.5. Pipes and ducts must be performed jointly by the

C.I1.5.I The arrangements of supports and joints piping specialists and professional specialists.

C.I1.5.2 In general, it is considered necessary to take seismic action into consideration in pipes or ducts with dimensions over 200 mm. In the great majority of cases the weight of the pipes is minor in comparison to buildings and structures and it is only necessary to introduce seismic deformations in the piping system analysis and in joints design. C.I1.6 Major mobile equipment

C.I1.6.I Major mobile units of equipment are especially important in an industry, both because the cost is very high as well as because a failure can mean extended shutdowns. They are frequently large and have eccentric loads. Due to this the seismic design is critical and adequate coordination and approval systems must be established between suppliers and seismic specialists during the entire project.

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NCh2369

The design, considering the actual support condition between the wheels and the rails, with possibilities of impact or uplift, posses incertitudes that in practice make it hard to achieve. Due to this, it is generally assumed that said supports are swivels for analysis purposes and precautions such as counterweights and self centering wheels are taken to avoid impacts. The above provisions have provided satisfactory results in Chilean practice. Most of the units -thus protected have not experienced failure, excepting some cases of successive impacts (hammering) that have caused repairable damage to wheels and trolleys (26, 27). For the dimensioning of the counter weights it is normal practice to a pseudostatic safety factor of around 1,0 to 1,2 in a static analysis. In dynamic analysis it is necessary to consider vertical and horizontal accelerations and determine, together with the Operators, the probable overloads during the occurrence of an earthquake. The total overturning due to seismic action is not a real possibility due to alternation of the loads and it is not necessary to consider them in the design (33, 34). In the Chilean earthquakes of May 1960 and March 1985 there were cases where cranes overturned in the ports of Puerto Montt and San Antonio, due to major settlements of the soil and not because of the horizontal seismic stresses (29, 35). C.Il. 7 Elevated tanks, process vessels and stacks

C.Il.7.1 Elevated tanks must be designed as inverted pendulums with R = 3. Water in general can be considered as a solid of 0,48 times its own weight (35). If X diagonals are used of traction only, it is necessary to apply a pretension equal to half the maximum traction of the tensed diagonal. C.Il. 7.2 The dynamic analysis of process vessels must be performed with R = 3. The connection between the columns and shell can be direct when the plate is thick, or by means of a circular support beam. The design Of these connections is complex and can be done with the methods developed by Brownel and Young (37). C.Il.7.3 Stacks may be self supporting or not self supporting, with an external metal or concrete structure. The latter are used in stacks that are very tall in thermoelectric plants. Chilean experience, up to heights of 53 m has been successful with dynamic designs according to paragraph 5.4 of this standard and R = 3. Very tall non self supporting stacks, up to 100 m have been designed with the more conservative method recommended by the North American Civil Engineers Society (27, 38). The recommendation to use the inner concrete coating projected for calculation of the rigidity but not of the resistance is based on studies carried out by Blume on the effects of the 1960 earthquakes in the Huachipato Steel Plant (14). Blume recommends for the coating a value of E 1/20 of the steel.

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C.I1.7.4 The formula (11-1) is based on the expressions of Timoshenko, corrected by Blume according to his observations of the behavior of 12 chimney stacks from 33 m to 52 m in height in the Huachipato plant, 3 of which exhibited failure due to local buckling in the earthquakes of May 1960. The recommended failure stress, that considers defects in fabrication and erection, is the following: See equation If admissible is equivalent See equation If ultimate
requirements

on page III

of the original document. value is 0,6 X 1,33 Fu = 0,8 Fu, which

stresses are applied, to the acceptable to formula (11-1). on page 111 of the original document. loads
must

are

applied,

according

to articles
Fa

4.5

and

8.1

b),

the

seismic

be multiplied

by 1,1 and accept

= 0,9 = Fu = 153

Fy ejD.

C.I1.8 C.I1.8.I

Vertical Scope

tanks supported

on the ground

Major tanks directly supported on the ground are widely used in industries. Most of these are circular steel tanks, but a few are reinforced concrete or rectangular in shape, The liquids most commonly used are petroleum, water and other special liquids such as sulfuric acid, liquid oxygen, alcohol, etc. C.I1.8.2.General principles and standards

In general North American design and construction codes are applied of the American Petroleum Institute API for hydrocarbon products and of the American Waterworks Association AWWA and the American Concrete Institute ACI for water (39, 40, 41 & 42). Recommendations of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering NZ have also been used, applicable to any liquid and material; these specifications, originally published in 1986, are very comprehensive, but were modified in the year 2000 because they were too conservative (43, 44). All the standards have two important sections, the seismic section which determines the seismic stresses considering the required location, risk and safety, and the Design section that allows the dimensioning of the tanks and the foundations. In this standard the different to those n performed according also applicable in the seismic action is specified according to our conditions, which are API, AWWA or NZ. Knowing the seismic stresses the design is to the code adopted among those listed above. This philosophy is Unites States (45).

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C.1I.8.3 to C.1I.8.5 Masses and periods

In design it is necessary to consider, for the liquid mass, two portions, the impulsive that vibrates along with the structure and the convective, over it, that has waves. The 3 standards listed in 11.8.2 have formulas to determine the masses and the periods of each one of them, that are practically coincidental.

C.1I.8.G to C.1I.8.13

Analysis and design

To determine the seismic stresses and the structural R parameters and damping S a comparative study was made of eight steel tanks and two concrete tanks, of sufficient size to cover practical requirements, and the results were compared with the values of the standards listed in 11.8.2. The relations between the seismic coefficients, for the 10 tanks, were the following: NCh2369 j API NChjAWWA NChjNZ C.l1.8.14 Anchor 1,01 to 1,17 0,80 to 0,90 0,96 to 1,00

bolts anchor bolts have been successfully applied in national projects

The provisions about over the past decades.

C.l1.8.15 to C.l1.8.18 Methods are specified to avoid tanks without anchor bolts from sliding off the foundations, top avoid damage due to compression of air or convective liquid hammer or suffer secondary problems in the structure and piping. The recommendations are based on damages observed in the 1964 Alaska earthquakes and Chile in 1960 and 1985 and the recommendations made on each occasion (1, 27, 28, 46,47.48,49 and 50).

C.l1.9 Rotating furnaces and driers C.l1.9.1 Rotating furnaces and driers are units that can have large diameters and lengths and that operate at high temperatures and low rotational speed. The foundations are massive and the own period is low, which justifies the use of the static method.
They have appreciable thermal expansions, both longitudinal as well as radial. If these units stop rotating for a period of around 20 minutes thermal distortions can occur that cause considerable damage. These limitations affect design, that requires early and continuous coordination between the suppliers and the professional specialists.

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NCh2369

The recommendations of the standard have been successfully furnaces and driers installed in Chile, since the 1940's (26).

proven in a great number

of

Experience indicates that the impact when the free space closes in the longitudinal earthquake can duplicate the seismic stress (51) and that this can be several times higher than normal operating stress. Due to this, sometimes it is necessary to accept the failure of the roller and their mechanisms, under the condition that these can be replaced over a short period with a controlled rotations procedure of the furnace in order to avoid major thermal deformations. In order to allow this operation it is necessary to install an emergency motor to rotate the furnace if electrical power supply to the furnace is interrupted in an earthquake. The indications in Figure All with operational conditions. detail 1 are intended to standardize the seismic resistance

In the seismic thrust H calculation on support supports I, 2 and 4 with a coefficient of 0,1.

3 the friction

can be subtracted

in

C.l1.9.2 Detail 2 of Figure All summarizes the design provisions for the lateral earthquake. The overturning calculation is not intended to avoid this occurrence, which is not an actual possibility, but rather to avoid uplifts and alternative impacts on both sides, a phenomenon known as hammering. When the longitudinal thrust rollers are missing, major displacements can occur (51). In order to avoid falls it is necessary to increase the width of the wheel rims as shown in Figure All, detail 2. C.l1.10 Refractory brick (masonry) structures

C.l1.10.1 Very rarely are the resistant properties of refractory bricks at high temperatures known. Mortar disappears or is transformed by high temperature and frequently the resistance depends on thermal compressions. Generally the brickworks do not behave elastically and do not have reliable resistance to traction. Due to this, it is necessary to avoid considering brickworks as structural elements or earthquake resistant. Figure A 12 shows two foundry furnaces, one with an arc roof that resists vertical and horizontal stresses, and the other with a non structural roof, hanging from a steel structure, in Chilean earthquakes the former and not the latter have failed (I, 27, 32). In industrial brickworks continued cooperation is required between process the professional specialists form the very start of the project. engineers and

C.l1.10.2 In furnaces of the type shown in Figure AI2 b), the static method is generally sufficient. In more complex furnaces, with hanging reactors or coolers such as the flash type of the copper industry, it is necessary to perform spectral dynamic analyses.

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C.I1.IO.3 Before heating up the structure has a different condition than nonnal, because spaces have been provided for expansion as shown in Figure 12 b). This condition generally takes hours or days and it is not necessary to consider it as coincidental with the design earthquake. C.II.II Electrical equipment

C.I1.11.1 Electrical equipment is essential in an industry, due to the need to be provided with electrical power and communications after the earthquake, for seismic design special specifications exist or international standards, with accepted and proven use, that exceed the scope of this standard. The best known in Chile are those of the National Electricity Company, ENDESA. General Technical Specifications 1.015 prepared by professor Arturo Arias (52). C.I1.11.2 The ENDESA standard defines as robust units those in which, due to their function, are designed for greater requirements than seismic ones and that do not have fragile components, and as rigid units those that have a fundamental frequency of 30 Hz or more. Typical examples are generators, motors, valves, pumps and similar. The recommended fonnulas for static design are based on the ones from ENDESA (52). C.I1.11.3 The recommendations specification (52). about isolators are taken from the ENDESA

In units where the conditions of robust and rigid are not complied with dynamic or empiric analyses may be required. For dynamic analysis the ENDESA specification prescribes spectrums, dampening and R values that depend on the unit; these are, in general, more severe than this standard. Empirical qualification tests consist in oscillation tests to detennine frequencies and dampening, tests under static stresses and in vibrating masses or similar. These are required in major units, such as (encapsuladas) substations. C.I1.12 Minor structure and equipment

There are a great number of minor units in industries such as pumps, motors, compact boilers, panels, shelves and similar, that in general have good structural resistance, but that can fail at the anchors, connections and other details, sometimes causing prolonged shutdowns. It is essential to verifY all these elements from the seismic viewpoint and add the necessary reinforcements, that are usually simple and can be added on site. Figure A.13 illustrates some of these cases.

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NCh2369

C.I1.13

Wood structures of SEAOC American

The provisions are based on NCh1l98 supplemented by the recommendations and DBC (4 and 5) and New Zealand standards referenced in North publications (53).

The failure of structures can occur in wood, caused by traction or flection, or in the connections. The failure in wood is fragile and in the connections can be ductile. Generally the structures are classified as ductile, non ductile or semi ductile.

Ductile structures are those that have ductile connections of a resistance lower than wood. Typical ductile structures are those that resist seismic stresses with braced walls or diaphragms connected with bolts or nails, those that have wood to wood joints with small diameter bolts or nails or those that have joints with joiner plates or steel sheets. Non ductile structures have joints with a greater resistance than wood, that fail due to traction or flection. In general they have rigid glued joints or with 20 mm bolts or larger. Semi ductile structures are an intermediate instance between the above. 1 for non ductile structures, and

The recommended R values are 4 for ductile structures, 2,5 for semi ductile structures.

C.B Column to beam joints C.B.I Overview

design in rigid steel frames

AlSC standards (10 and 11) have design provisions of the panel zone, which is the core of the beams, that face the beam moment connections, a zone that is projected to resist the shear stresses generated, that can be major. AlSC as special conditions for the seismic case of rigid frames failures due to lack of ductility observed in the earthquakes Northridge, that make it necessary to perform tests in many cases. (20) in order to avoid of Lorna Prieta and

In Chile no similar failures have occurred, because the maximum seismic deformations in our standards are around half on the North American ones. Due to this, in this standard the special provisions of AlSC are omitted, with some minor exceptions.

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NCh2369

C.B.2 Panel zone design of moment joints

Includes in detail the design provisions. If the thickness of the core is insufficient, it must be reinforced with attached plates or stiffeners in diagonals shop welded. Said reinforcements can be avoided by changing the column frame for a different one with a thicker core. The problem is economical and it is advisable to review it for each case. Below, cost information is provided published by AISC (54), with equivalent values calculated for Chile.

Costs expressed

as kg of structural

steel

One plate attached Two stiffeners welded with fillet Two stiffeners butt welded

U.S.A. 160 140 450

Chile 70 60 200

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NCh2369 REFERENCES
See original document

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