Ground Effect Using Single Vortex Model

What is the boundary condition at ground ( z = 0 ) and does a single horseshoe vortex satisfy it?? B.C.: solid wall

v v u n = 0 w = 0 at z = 0!

Consider from far downstream:

h b

So, to satisfy bc:

h h

b b

Image vortices

Ground Effect Using Single Vortex Model

(opposite strength) Image vortex Result: downwash is decreased due to upwash caused by ground plane (which is modified by image vortex). For our simple model:
1 wi = + b b 1 + 16( h ) 2 b

original isolated wing effect

wi = b
( )i are ( ) i true for fixed L (i.e. )

ground effect

h h 16( ) 2 16( ) 2 b b = wi h h 2 1 + 16( ) 1 + 16( ) 2 b b

wi

Di L

wi L = V bV D i
h 16( ) 2 b h 1 + 16( ) 2 b h 16( ) 2 b h 1 + 16( ) 2 b

h 16 ( ) 2 b h 1 + 16 ( ) 2 b

Di = Di

C Di = C Di

16.100 2002