Malawi

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Contents
Articles
Overview
Malawi History of Malawi Economy of Malawi National Anthem Flag of Malawi Chewa language Nyasaland 1 1 15 21 26 27 29 31 35 35 37 40 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 48 53 57 65 66 70 73 73 75 77 85 86

Geography
Geography of Malawi Demographics of Malawi Agriculture in Malawi Regions of Malawi Northern Region, Malawi Central Region, Malawi Southern Region, Malawi Districts of Malawi Salima District Lilongwe District Lilongwe Great Rift Valley Lake Malawi Shire River Monkey Bay Mulanje Massif

Politics
Politics of Malawi Malawian general election, 2004 Malawian general election, 2009 United Democratic Front Democratic Progressive Party

Malawi Congress Party List of heads of state of Malawi List of heads of government of Malawi

87 88 90 91 91 96 102 102 103

Transport
Air Malawi MV Chauncy Maples

Healthcare
Jacaranda Foundation HIV/AIDS in Malawi

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 105 108

Article Licenses
License 110

Overview
Malawi
Republic of Malawi Chalo cha Malawi, Dziko la Malai

Flag
[1]

Motto:Unity and Freedom

Anthem:Mulungu dalitsa Malai(Chichewa) [2] "Oh God Bless Our Land of Malawi"

Capital Largest city Official language(s) Demonym Government - - President Vice President Independence - from the United Kingdom Area

Lilongwe 1357S 3342E Blantyre English, Chichewa Malawian Multi-party democracy Bingu wa Mutharika Joyce Banda
[3]

July 6, 1964

Malawi

2
Total

118,484km2(99th) 45,747sqmi 20.6% Population

Water(%)

- - -

2010estimate 1998census Density

14,901,000 9,933,868

[4]

(64)

[5]

128.8/km2(86th) 333.6/sqmi 2010estimate

GDP(PPP) - - GDP (nominal) - - Gini(2008) HDI(2008) Currency Time zone - Summer(DST) Drives on the ISO3166code Internet TLD Calling code
1

Total Per capita

$12.980 billion $827

[6]

[6]

2010estimate Total Per capita $5.053 billion $322 38 0.493

[7] [6] [6]

(low)(160th)

Kwacha (D) (MWK) CAT (UTC+2) not observed(UTC+2) left MW .mw

[3] [3]

+265

Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. 2 Information is drawn from the CIA Factbook unless otherwise noted.

The Republic of Malawi ( /mlwi/; Chichewa [malai]) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over 118000 km2 (45560 sqmi) with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third largest city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed, "The Warm Heart of Africa".[8] The area of Africa now known as Malawi was colonized by migrating tribes of Bantu around the 10th century. In 1891 the area was colonized again, this time by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, became part of the semi-independent Central African Federation (CAF). The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and in 1964, Nyasaland gained full independence and was renamed Malawi. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Bingu Mutharika, elected in 2004, is the current president. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government.

Malawi Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations. Malawi is among the world's least developed countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, health care, environmental protection, and becoming financially independent. Malawi has several programs developed since 2005 that focus on these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving, with improvements in economic growth, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. There is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which is a drain on the labor force and government expenditures, and is expected to have a significant impact on gross domestic product (GDP) by 2010. There is a diverse population of native peoples, Asians and Europeans, with several languages spoken and an array of religious beliefs. Although there was tribal conflict in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had begun to form. Malawi has a culture combining native and colonial aspects, including sports, art, dance and music.

History
The area of Africa now known as Malawi had a very small population of hunter gatherers before waves of Bantus began emigrating from the north around the 10th century. Although most of the Bantus continued south, some remained permanently and founded tribes based on common ancestry.[9] By 1500AD, the tribes had established a kingdom that reached from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia.[10] Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with Portuguese traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual tribes, which was noted by the Portuguese in their information gathering.[11] David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859,[12] when Malawi was originally known as Nyasaland under the rule of the British.[13] In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of 10,000 per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy Punjab Sikhs, and eighty-five Zanzibar porters. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000square kilometers with between one and two million people.[14]

Malawi

4 In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government.[15] In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was known as the Central African Federation (CAF),[13] for mainly political reasons.[16] Even though the Federation was semi-independent the linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, a European-trained doctor working in Ghana who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilize nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Counsel.[9]

1897 British Central Africa stamp issued by the United Kingdom

In 1961, Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) gained the majority in the Legislative Council elections and Banda became Prime Minister in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a single-party state under MCP rule in 1966, and in 1970 Banda declared himself president-for-life. For almost 30 years, Banda ruled firmly, suppressing opposition to his party and ensuring that he had no personal opposition.[17] Despite his political severity, however, Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development.[18] While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce.[19] Under pressure for increased political freedom, Banda agreed to a referendum in 1993, where the populace voted for a multi-party democracy. In late 1993 a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule.[17] In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held in Malawi, and Bakili Muluzi became president. Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika was elected. Although the political environment is described as "challenging", as of 2009, the multi-party system still exists in Malawi.[20] Multiparty parliamentary and presidential elections were held for the fourth time in Malawi in May 2009, and President Mutharika was successfully re-elected, despite charges of election fraud from his rival.[21] President Mutharika is seen by some as increasingly autocratic and dismissive of human rights,[22] and in July 2011 protests over high costs of living, devolving foreign relations, poor governance and a lack of foreign exchange reserves erupted.[23] . The protests left 18 people dead and at least 44 others suffering from gun shot wounds.[24]

Malawi

Politics
Malawi is a democratic, multi-party government, currently under the leadership of President Bingu wa Mutharika.[17] The current constitution was put into place on May 18, 1995. The branches of the government consist of executive, legislative and judicial. The executive includes a president who is both chief of state and head of government, first and second vice presidents and a cabinet. The president is elected every five years, and the vice president is elected with the president. A second vice president may be appointed by the president if he so chooses, although they must be from a different party. The members of the cabinet are appointed by the president and can be from either inside or outside of the legislature.[10]

President Bingu wa Mutharika.

The legislative branch consists of a unicameral National Assembly of 193members who are elected every five years, and although the Malawian constitution provides for a Senate of 80seats, one does not exist in practice. If created, the Senate would provide representation for traditional leaders and a variety of geographic districts, as well as special interest groups including the disabled, youth and women. The independent judicial branch is based upon the English model and consists of a constitutional court, a High Court, a Supreme Court of Appeal and subordinate Magistrate Courts. There are currently nine political parties, with the Democratic Progressive Party acting as the ruling party and the Malawi Congress Party and the United Democratic Front acting as the main opposition parties in the National Assembly. Suffrage is universal at 18 years of age, and the central government budget for 2009/2010 is $1.7billion.[10] Malawi is composed of three regions (the Northern, Central and Southern regions),[5] which are divided into 28districts,[25] and further into approximately 250traditional authorities and 110administrative wards.[5] Local government is administered by central government-appointed regional administrators and district commissioners. For the first time in the multi-party era, local elections took place on November 21, 2000, with the UDF party winning 70% of the available seats. There was scheduled to be a second round of constitutionally mandated local elections in May 2005, but these were canceled by the government.[10] In February 2005, President Mutharika split with the United Democratic Front and began his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party, which has attracted reform-minded officials from other parties and is winning elections across the country as of 2006. As of 2008, President Mutharika has implemented reforms to address the country's major corruption problem, with at least five senior UDF party members facing criminal charges.[26] In 2008, Malawi was ranked 11th of all countries in sub-Saharan Africa in the 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, an index that measures several variables to provide a comprehensive view of the governance of African countries.[27] The military of Malawi consists of an army, a navy and an air wing, all considered to form different sections of the Malawian Army. Between the three forces there are approximately 5,500military personnel, 1,500paramilitary police and 80aircraft, none of which are combat aircraft. The navy division is based out of Monkey Bay on Lake Malawi.[28]

Malawi

Administrative divisions
Malawi is divided into 28 districts within three regions:

The districts of Malawi, with the capital Lilongwe marked in red.

Central Region 1 Dedza 2 Dowa 3 Kasungu 4 Lilongwe 5 Mchinji 6 Nkhotakota 7 Ntcheu 8 Ntchisi 9 Salima

Northern Region 10 Chitipa 11 Karonga 12 Likoma 13 Mzimba 14 Nkhata Bay 15 Rumphi

Southern Region 16 Balaka 17 Blantyre 18 Chikwawa 19 Chiradzulu 20 Machinga 21 Mangochi 22 Mulanje 23 Mwanza 24 Nsanje 25 Thyolo 26 Phalombe 27 Zomba 28 Neno

Malawi

Foreign relations
Former President Banda established a pro-Western foreign policy that continued into early 2011. It included good diplomatic relationships with many Western countries. The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy strengthened Malawian ties with the United States. Significant numbers of students from Malawi travel to the US for schooling, and the US has active branches of the Peace Corps, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Agency for International Development in Malawi. Malawi maintained close relations with South Africa throughout the Apartheid era, which strained Malawi's relationships with other African countries. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, diplomatic relationships were made and maintained into 2011 between Malawi and all other African countries. In 2010, however, Malawi's relationship with Mozambique became strained, partially due to disputes over the use of the Zambezi River and an inter-country electrical grid.[10] In 2007, Malawi established diplomatic ties with China, and Chinese investment in the country has continued to increase since then, despite concerns regarding treatment of workers by Chinese countries and competition of Chinese business with local companies.[29] In 2011, relations between Malawi and the United Kingdom was damaged when a document was released in which the British ambassador to Malawi criticized President Mutharika. Mutharika expelled the ambassador from Malawi, and in July 2011, the UK announced that it was suspending all budgetary aid because of Mutharika's lack of response to criticisms of his government and economic mismanagement.[30] On July 26, 2011, the United States followed suit, freezing a US$350 million grant, citing concerns regarding the government's suppression and intimidation of demonstrators and civic groups, as well as restriction of the press and police violence.[31] Malawi has been seen as a haven for refugees from other African countries, including Mozambique and Rwanda, since 1985. These influxes of refugees have placed a strain on the Malawian economy but have also drawn significant inflows of aid from other countries. Donors to Malawi include the United States, Canada, Germany, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland and the UK, as well as international institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Development Bank and UN organizations.

Locations of Malawian diplomatic embassies or high commissions as of 2009

Malawi is a member of several international organizations including the UN and some of its child agencies, the IMF, the World Bank, the African Union and the World Health Organization. Malawi tends to view economic and political stability in southern Africa as a necessity, and advocates peaceful solutions through negotiation. The country was the first in southern Africa to receive peacekeeping training under the African Crisis Response Initiative.[10]

Human rights
As of 2010, international observers noted issues in several human rights areas. Excessive force was seen to be used by police forces, security forces were able to act with impunity, mob violence was occasionally seen, and prison conditions continued to be harsh and sometimes life threatening. However, the government was seen to make some effort to prosecute security forces who used excessive force. Other legal issues included limits on free speech and freedom of the press, lengthy pretrial detentions, and arbitrary arrests and detentions. Societal issues found included violence against women, human trafficking and child labor. Corruption within the government is seen as a major issue, despite the Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau's (ACB) attempts to reduce it. The ACB appears to be successful at finding and prosecuting low level corruption, but higher level officials appear to be able to act with impunity. Corruption within security forces is also an issue.[32] As of 2010, homosexuality was illegal in Malawi, and in one recent case, a couple perceived as homosexual faced extensive jail time when convicted.[33] The convicted pair, sentenced to the maximum of 14 years of hard labor each,

Malawi were pardoned two weeks later following the intervention of United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.[34] .

Geography
Malawi is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa, bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique to the south, southwest and southeast. It lies between latitudes 9 and 18S, and longitudes 32 and 36E. The Great Rift Valley runs through the country from north to south, and to the east of the valley lies Lake Malawi (also called Lake Nyasa), making up over three-quarters of Malawi's eastern boundary.[9] Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about 365 miles (587km) long and 52 miles (84km) wide.[35] The Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River 250 miles (400km) farther south in Mozambique. The surface of Lake Malawi is located at 1500 feet (457m) above sea level, with a maximum depth of 2300 feet (701m), which means the lake bottom is over 700 feet (213m) below sea level at some points. In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally 3000 to 4000 feet (914 to 1219 m) above sea The Golomoti escarpment level, although some rise as high as 8000 feet (2438m) in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lie the Shire Highlands, gently rolling land at approximately 3000 feet (914m) above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and Mlanje mountain peaks rise to respective heights of 7000 feet (2134m) and 10000 feet (3048m).[9] Malawi's capital is Lilongwe, and its commercial center and largest city is Blantyre with a population of over 500,000people.[9] Malawi has two sites listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lake Malawi National Park was first listed in 1984 and the Chongoni Rock Art Area was listed in 2006.[36]

Climate
Malawi's climate is hot in the low-lying areas in the south of the country and temperate in the northern highlands. The altitude moderates what would be an otherwise equatorial climate. Between November and April the temperature is warm with equatorial rains and thunderstorms, with the storms reaching their peak severity in late March. After March, the rainfall rapidly diminishes and from May to September wet mists float from the highlands into the plateaus, with almost no rainfall during these months.[9]

Malawi

Economy
Malawi is among the world's least developed and most densely populated countries. Around 85% of the population live in rural areas. The economy is based on agriculture, and more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from this. In the past the economy has been dependent on substantial economic aid from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other countries.[25] In December 2000, the IMF stopped aid disbursements due to corruption concerns, and many individual donors followed suit, resulting in an almost 80% drop in Malawi's development budget.[26] Crafts market in Lilongwe However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575million in aid. The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing HIV/AIDS problem, improving the education system and satisfying its foreign donors that it is working to become financially independent. Improved financial discipline had been seen since 2005 under the leadership of President Mutharika and Financial Minister Gondwe. This discipline has since evaporated as shown by the purchase in 2009 of a private presidential jet followed almost immediately by a nationwide fuel shortage which was officially blamed on logistical problems, but was more likely due to the hard currency shortage caused by the jet purchase.[37] [38] [39] The overall cost to the economy (and healthcare system) is unknown. In addition, some setbacks have been experienced, and Malawi has lost some of its ability to pay for imports due to a general shortage of foreign exchange, as investment fell 23% in 2009. There are many investment barriers in Malawi, which the government has failed to address, including high service costs and poor infrastructure for power, water and telecommunications. As of 2009, it was estimated that Malawi had a GDP (purchasing power parity) of $12.81billion, with a per capita GDP of $900, and inflation estimated at around 8.5% in 2009.[25] Agriculture accounts for 35% of GDP, industry for 19% and services for the remaining 46%.[20] Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,[26] although economic growth was estimated at 9.7% in 2008 and strong growth is predicted by the International Monetary Fund for 2009.[40] The poverty rate in Malawi is decreasing through the work of the government and supporting organizations, with people living under the poverty line decreasing from 54% in 1990 to 40% in 2006, and the percentage of "ultra-poor" decreasing from 24% in 1990 to 15% in 2007.[41] Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.[42]

Agriculture
The main agricultural products of Malawi include tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, sorghum, cattle and goats. The main industries are tobacco, tea and sugar processing, sawmill products, cement and consumer goods. The industrial production growth rate is estimated at 10% (2009). The country makes no significant use of natural gas. As of 2008, Malawi does not import or export any electricity, but does import all its petroleum, with no production in country.[25] Beginning in 2006, the country began mixing unleaded petrol with 10% ethanol, produced in-country at two plants, to reduce

Harvesting groundnuts at an agricultural research station in Malawi

Malawi dependence on imported fuel. In 2008, Malawi began testing cars that ran solely on ethanol, and initial results are promising, and the country is continuing to increase its use of ethanol.[43] As of 2009, Malawi exports an estimated US$945million in goods per year. The country's heavy reliance on tobacco (it accounts for about 70% of export revenues) places a heavy burden on the economy as world prices decline and the international community increases pressure to limit tobacco production. The country also relies heavily on tea, sugar and coffee, with these three plus tobacco making up more than 90% of Malawi's export revenue. Malawi's dependence on tobacco is growing, with the product jumping from 53% to 70% of export revenues between 2007 and 2008.[25] [26] Other exported goods are cotton, peanuts, wood products and apparel. The main destination locations for the country's exports are South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, the United States, Russia and the Netherlands. Malawi currently imports an estimated US$1.625billion in goods per year, with the main commodities being food, petroleum products, consumer goods and transportation equipment. The main countries that Malawi imports from are South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, the US and China.[25] In 2006, in response to disastrously low agricultural harvests, Malawi began a program of fertilizer subsidies that were designed to re-energize the land and boost crop production. It has been reported that this program, championed by the country's president, is radically improving Malawi's agriculture, and causing Malawi to become a net exporter of food to nearby countries.[44] Also in 2006, international superstar Madonna started Raising Malawi, a foundation that focuses on raising money and building infrastructure to help AIDS orphans in Malawi, and also financed a documentary about the hardships experienced by Malawian orphans.[45] Raising Malawi also works with the Millennium Villages Project to improve education, health care, infrastructure and agriculture in Malawi.[46]

10

Infrastructure
As of 2009, Malawi has 32airports, 6 with paved runways and 26 with unpaved runways. The country has 495 miles (797km) of railways, all narrow-gauge, and 9601 miles (15451km) of roadways, 4322 miles (6956km) paved and 5279 miles (8496km) unpaved. Malawi also has 435 miles (700km) of waterways on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.[25] As of 2008, there were 236,000land line telephones in Malawi, and 1.781million cell phones, which is almost 15 cell phones per 100 people. There were 316,100Internet users as of 2008, and 741Internet hosts as of 2009. As of 2001 there were 14radio stations and 1TV station.[25] In the past, Malawi's telecommunications system has been named as some of the poorest in Africa, but conditions are improving, with 130,000 land line telephones being connected between 2000 and 2007. Telephones are much more accessible in urban areas, with less than a quarter of land lines being in rural areas.[47]

Demographics
Malawi has a population of over 15 million, with a growth rate of 2.75%, according to 2009 estimates.[25] Malawi's population is made up of the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni and Ngonde native ethnic groups, as well as populations of Asians and Europeans. Major languages include Chichewa, an official language spoken by over 57% of the population, Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (10.1%) and Chitumbuka (9.5%).[25] Other native languages are Malawian Lomwe, spoken by around 250,000 in the southeast of the country; Kokola, spoken by around
Population of Malawi from 1961 to 2003 (in thousands)

Malawi 200,000 people also in the southeast; Lambya, spoken by around 45,000 in the northwestern tip; Ndali, spoken by around 70,000; Nyakyusa-Ngonde, spoken by around 300,000 in northern Malawi; Malawian Sena, spoken by around 270,000 in southern Malawi; and Tonga, spoken by around 170,000 in the north.[48]

11

Religion
Further information: Roman Catholicism in MalawiandIslam in Malawi According to 2007 estimates, approximately 80% of the population is Christian, with the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian making up the largest Christian groups. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists. Around 13% of the population is Muslim, with most of the Muslim population being Sunni, of either the Qadriya or Sukkutu groups. Other religious groups within the country include Jews, Rastafarians, Hindus and Baha'is. Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number includes people who practice traditional African religions.[49]

Health
Infant mortality rates are high, and life expectancy at birth is 50.03years. There is a high adult prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 930,000adults (or 11.9% of the population) living with the disease in 2007. There are approximately 68,000deaths a year from HIV/AIDS (2007).[25] Approximately 250new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labor force dying of the disease, and HIV/AIDS is expected to lower the country's GDP by at least 10% by 2010. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.[26] There is a very high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria, plague, schistosomiasis and rabies.[25] Malawi has been making progress on decreasing child mortality and reducing the incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; however, the country has been "[performing] dismally" on reducing maternal mortality and promoting gender equality.[41]

Education
In Malawi, primary education is not compulsory, but the Constitution requires that all people be entitled to at least five years of primary education. In 1994, free primary education for all children was established by the government, which increased attendance rates. Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys,[50] attributed to security problems during the long travel to school, as girls face a higher prevalence of gender-based violence. However, attendance rates for all children are improving, with enrollment rates for primary schools increased from 58% in 1992 to 75% in 2007, while the number of students who begin in grade one and complete grade five has increased from 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006. Youth literacy has also increased, moving from 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007. This increase is primarily attributed to improved learning materials in schools, better infrastructure and feeding programs that have been implemented throughout the school system.[41]

Malawi

12

Culture
The name "Malawi" comes from the Maravi, a Bantu people who immigrated from the southern Congo around 1400AD. Upon reaching northern Lake Malawi, the group divided, with one group moving south down the west bank of the lake to become the group known as the Chewa, while the other group, the ancestors of today's Nyanja, moved along the east side of the lake to the southern section of Malawi. Ethnic conflict and continuing migration prevented the formation of a society that was uniquely and cohesively Malawian until the dawn of the 20thcentury. Over the past century, ethnic distinctions have diminished to the point where there is no significant inter-ethnic friction, although regional divisions still occur. The concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to form around a predominantly rural people who are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent.[10] From 19642010, the Flag of Malawi was made up of three equal horizontal A Malawi man playing a xylophone stripes of black, red and green with a red rising sun superimposed in the center of the black stripe. The black stripe represented the African people, the red represented the blood of martyrs for African freedom, green represented Malawi's ever-green nature and the rising sun represented the dawn of freedom and hope for Africa.[1] In 2010, the flag was changed, removing the red rising sun and adding a full white sun in the center as a symbol of Malawi's economic progress.[51] A strong part of Malawi's culture are its dances, and the National Dance Troupe (formerly the Kwacha Cultural Troupe) was formed in November 1987 by the government.[36] Traditional music and dances can be seen at initiation rites, rituals, marriage ceremonies and celebrations. Soccer is the most common sport in Malawi, introduced there during British colonial rule. Basketball is also growing in popularity.[52] The indigenous ethnic groups of Malawi have a rich tradition of basketry and mask carving, and some of these goods are used in traditional ceremonies still performed by native peoples. Wood carving and oil painting are also popular in more urban centers, with many of the items produced being sold to tourists. There are several internationally recognized literary figures from Malawi, including poet Jack Mapanje, history and fiction writer Paul Zeleza and authors Legson Kayira, Felix Mnthali, Frank Chipasula and David Rubadiri.[52]

Notes
[1] Berry, Bruce (February 6, 2005). "Malawi" (http:/ / www. fotw. us/ flags/ mw. html). Flags of the World Website. Flags of the World. . Retrieved 2010-09-22. [2] "Malawi National Anthem Lyrics" (http:/ / www. lyricsondemand. com/ miscellaneouslyrics/ nationalanthemslyrics/ malawinationalanthemlyrics. html). National Anthem Lyrics. Lyrics on Demand. . Retrieved 2008-08-24. [3] "Country profile: Malawi" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ africa/ country_profiles/ 1068913. stm). BBC News Online. BBC. March 13, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-17. [4] http:/ / esa. un. org/ UNPP UN estimate for year 2010 [5] Benson, Todd. "Chapter 1: An Introduction" (http:/ / www. ifpri. org/ publication/ malawi) (PDF). Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics. National Statistical Office, Government of Malawi. p. 2. . Retrieved 2008-08-24. [6] "Malawi" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2011/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2008& ey=2011& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=676& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=& pr. x=52& pr. y=3). International Monetary Fund. . Retrieved 2011-04-30. [7] "2008 Statistical Update: Malawi" (http:/ / hdrstats. undp. org/ 2008/ countries/ country_fact_sheets/ cty_fs_MWI. html). United Nations Development Programme. . Retrieved 2009-04-19. [8] "Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa" (http:/ / www. novocmalawi. org/ index. php/ about/ malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ ). Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children. . Retrieved 2011-01-26. [9] Cutter, Africa 2006, p. 142 [10] "Background Note: Malawi" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 7231. htm). Bureau of African Affairs. U.S. Department of State. January 11, 2011. . Retrieved 2011-07-20.

Malawi
[11] Davidson, Africa in History, pp. 164165 [12] Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p.821 [13] Murphy, Central Africa, p. xxvii [14] Reader, Africa, p. 579 [15] Murphy, Central Africa, p. 28 [16] Murphy, Central Africa, p. li [17] Cutter, Africa 2006, p. 143 [18] Meredith, The Fate of Africa, p. 285 [19] Meredith, The Fate of Africa, p. 380 [20] "Country Brief Malawi" (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ AFRICAEXT/ MALAWIEXTN/ 0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00. html). The World Bank. September 2008. . Retrieved 2009-01-03. [21] "Malawi president wins re-election" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ 8062740. stm). BBC News. May 22, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-08-06. [22] Sevenzo, Farai (May 3, 2011). "African viewpoint: Is Malawi reverting to dictatorship?" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-africa-13266263). BBC. . Retrieved 2011-07-21. [23] "Malawi riots erupt in Lilongwe and Mzuzu" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-africa-14217148). BBC. July 20, 2011. . Retrieved 2011-07-21. [24] "U.S. Condemns Crackdown on Protests in Malawi That Left 18 Dead" (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ g/ a/ 2011/ 07/ 22/ bloomberg1376-LOQ5DN0YHQ0X01-0ANVG1ICK99E0RFSS5FMJGURHM. DTL). San Francisco Chronicle. July 22, 2011. . Retrieved 2011-07-27. [25] "Malawi" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ mi. html). The World Factbook. CIA. . Retrieved 2010-02-06. [26] Dickovick, Africa 2008, p. 278 [27] "2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance" (http:/ / www. moibrahimfoundation. org/ en/ media/ get/ 20091002_061008-index-global-press-release. pdf). Mo Ibrahim Foundation. 2008-10-06. . Retrieved 2010-09-23. [28] Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p. 822 [29] Ngozo, Claire (May 7, 2011). "China puts its mark on Malawi" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ global-development/ 2011/ may/ 07/ china-puts-mark-malawi-presence). The Guardian. . Retrieved 2011-07-20. [30] Nsehe, Mfonobong (July 17, 2011). "U.K. Stops Budgetary Aid To Malawi" (http:/ / blogs. forbes. com/ mfonobongnsehe/ 2011/ 07/ 17/ u-k-stops-budgetary-aid-to-malawi/ ). Forbes. . Retrieved 2011-07-20. [31] Dugger, Celia W. (July 26, 2011). "U.S. Freezes Grant to Malawi Over Handling of Protests" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 07/ 27/ world/ africa/ 27malawi. html). New York Times. . Retrieved 2011-07-27. [32] "2010 Human Rights Report: Malawi" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ hrrpt/ 2010/ af/ 154356. htm). US Department of State. April 8, 2011. . Retrieved 2011-07-21. [33] Tenthani, Rafael (May 18, 2010). "Gay couple convicted in Malawi faces 14-year term" (http:/ / www. aegis. org/ default. asp?req=http:/ / www. aegis. org/ news/ ap/ 2010/ AP100509. html). Associated Press. Aegis. . Retrieved 2010-09-22. [34] "Malawi pardons jailed gay couple" (http:/ / www. irishtimes. com/ newspaper/ breaking/ 2010/ 0529/ breaking26. html). Irish Times. May 29, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-05-29. [35] Douglas, John (Summer 1998). "Malawi: The Lake of Stars" (http:/ / www. travelafricamag. com/ content/ view/ 231/ 56/ ). Travel Africa (4). . Retrieved 2008-08-22. [36] Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p. 824 [37] "Britain reduces aid to Malawi over presidential jet" (http:/ / af. reuters. com/ article/ malawiNews/ idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1& virtualBrandChannel=0). Reuters. 10 March 2010. . [38] "Malawi: Fuel shortage deepens" (http:/ / www. africanews. com/ site/ Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/ list_messages/ 27986). Africa News. 11 November 2009. . [39] "Forex shortage crimps Malawi ministers foreign trips" (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ national/ forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips. html). Nyasa Times. 19 November 2009. . [40] Banda, Mabvuto (April 1, 2009). "Malawi economy grew by around 9.7 pct in 2008: IMF" (http:/ / af. reuters. com/ article/ investingNews/ idAFJOE53008220090401). Reuters Africa. . Retrieved 2009-04-07. [41] "Malawi releases the 2008 MDGs Report" (http:/ / www. undp. org. mw/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report& catid=1:latest-news& Itemid=50). United Nations Development Programme Malawi. December 23, 2008. . Retrieved 2009-01-03. [42] "Euromoney Country Risk" (http:/ / www. euromoneycountryrisk. com/ ). Euromoney Country Risk. Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [43] Chimwala, Marcel (October 10, 2008). "Malawi's ethanol-fuel tests show promise" (http:/ / www. engineeringnews. co. za/ article/ malawis-ethanolfuel-tests-show-promise-2008-10-10). Engineering News. . Retrieved 2009-01-03. [44] Dugger, Celia W. (December 2, 2007). "Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 12/ 02/ world/ africa/ 02malawi. html). New York Times. . Retrieved 2008-08-05.

13

Malawi
[45] Luscombe, Belinda (August 6, 2006). "Madonna Finds a Cause" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1223372,00. html). Time. . Retrieved 2008-10-24. [46] Hutton, Punch (July 2007). "Raising Malawi" (http:/ / www. vanityfair. com/ culture/ features/ 2007/ 07/ madonna200707). Vanity Fair. . Retrieved 2008-10-24. [47] "Malawi" (http:/ / www. uneca. org/ aisi/ NICI/ country_profiles/ malawi/ malab. htm). NICI in Africa. Economic Commission for Africa. . Retrieved 2008-11-06. [48] "Languages of Malawi" (http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_country. asp?name=Malawi). Ethnologue. SIL International. . Retrieved 2008-11-21. [49] "Malawi" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2007/ 90107. htm). International Religious Freedom Report 2007. U.S. Department of State. 2007-09-14. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [50] "Malawi" (http:/ / www. dol. gov/ ilab/ media/ reports/ iclp/ tda2001/ Malawi. htm). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, US Dept. of Labor. . Retrieved 2008-10-06. [51] "Govt imports samples of proposed new Malawi flag" (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ national/ govt-import-samples-of-proposed-new-malawi-flag. html). Nyasa Times. March 2, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-08-07. [52] Gall, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, pp. 101102

14

References
Cutter, Charles H. (2006). Africa 2006 (41st ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN1887985727. Davidson, Basil (1991). Africa in History: Themes and Outlines (Revised and Expanded ed.). New York, NY: Collier Books, MacMillan Publishing Company. ISBN0020427913. Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). Africa 2008 (43rd ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN9781887985901. Gall, Timothy L. (ed.) (1998). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 1 Africa. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development Inc.. ISBN0787605530. Meredith, Martin (2005). The Fate of Africa From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence. New York, NY: Public Affairs. ISBN1586482467. Murphy, Philip (editor) (2005). Central Africa: Closer Association 19451958. London, UK: The Stationary Office. ISBN0112905862. Reader, John (1999). Africa: A Biography of the Continent (First Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN067973869X. Turner, Barry (ed.) (2008). The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Macmillan Publishers Ltd.. ISBN1403992789.

External links
Government of the Republic of Malawi (http://www.malawi.gov.mw/) Official website Malawi Democrat Newspaper (http://www.malawidemocrat.com/) Lilongwe based Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ world-leaders-m/malawi.html) Malawi (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html) entry at The World Factbook Malawi (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/malawi.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs Malawi (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Malawi/) at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of Malawi Nation Malawi (http://www.nationmw.net/) daily Blantyre-based newspaper Nyasa Times Online (http://www.nyasatimes.com/) based in United Kingdom and Blantyre The Daily Times (http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog& id=4&Itemid=120) daily Blantyre-based newspaper Malawi travel guide from Wikitravel

Malawi Human Development Report 2007/2008 (http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_MWI. html) Maravi Post (http://www.maravipost.com/) Global Lives Project video recording of 24 hours of daily life of Edith Kaphuka in Ngwale Village, Malawi (http:/ /globallives.org/wiki/edith-ngwale-village-zomba-district-malawi/)

15

History of Malawi
The History of Malawi covers the area of present-day Malawi. The region was once part of the Maravi Empire. In colonial times it was known as British Central Africa and Nyasaland and was at one time part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The country reached full independence, as Malawi, in 1964. Oil was first found there in the late 19th century.

Prehistory
Hominid remains and stone implements have been identified in Malawi dating back more than one million years, and early humans inhabited the vicinity of Lake Malawi 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. Human remains at a site dated about 8000 BC show physical characteristics similar to peoples living today in the Horn of Africa. At another site, dated 1500 BC, the remains possess features resembling Bushmen people. These short people with copper colored skin were known as the Akafula or Batwa. They are responsible for rock paintings found south of Lilongwe in Chencherere and Mphunzi.

The Maravi Empire

The name Malawi is thought to derive from the word Maravi. The people of the Maravi Empire were iron workers. Maravi is thought to mean "rays of light" and may have come from the sight of many kilns lighting up the night sky. A dynasty known as the Maravi Empire was founded by the Amaravi people in the late 15th century. The Amaravi, who eventually became known as the Chewa (a word possibly derived from a term meaning "foreigner"), migrated to Malawi from the region of the modern day Republic of Congo to escape unrest and disease. The Chewa attacked the Akafula, who settled in small family clans without a unified system of protection. Using a system of destruction they would later employ in hunting predatory animals, the Chewa hunted down and butchered the Akafula. Eventually encompassing most of modern Malawi, as well as parts of modern day Mozambique and Zambia, the Maravi Empire began on the southwestern shores of Lake Malawi. The head of the empire during its expansion was the Kalonga (also spelt Karonga). The Kalonga ruled from his headquarters in Mankhamba. Under the leadership of the Kalonga, sub-chiefs were appointed to occupy and subdue new areas. The empire began to decline during the early 18th century when fighting among the sub-chiefs and the burgeoning slave trade weakened the Maravi Empire's authority.

Trade and invasions

The Portuguese
Initially the Maravi Empire's economy was largely dependent on agriculture, the majority being the production of millet and sorghum. It was during the Maravi Empire, some time during the 16th century, that Europeans first came into contact with the people of Malawi. Under the Maravi Empire, the Chewa had access to the coast of modern day Mozambique. Through this coastal area, the Chewa traded ivory, iron, and slaves with the Portuguese and Arabs. Trade was enhanced by the common language of Chewa which was spoken throughout the Maravi Empire.

History of Malawi The Portuguese reached the area via the Mozambican port of Tete in the 16th century and gave the first written reports on the people of Malawi. The Portuguese were also responsible for the introduction of maize to the region. Maize would eventually replace sorghum as the staple of the Malawian diet. Malawian tribes traded slaves with the Portuguese. These slaves were sent mainly to work on Portuguese plantations in Mozambique or to Brazil.

16

The Angoni
The decline of the Maravi Empire resulted from the entrance of two powerful groups into the region of Malawi. In the 19th century, the Angoni or Ngoni people and their chief Zwangendaba arrived from the Natal region of modern day South Africa. The Angoni were part of a great migration, known as the mfecane, of people fleeing from the head of the Zulu Empire, Shaka Zulu. The Ngoni people settled mostly in what is modern day central Malawi; particularly Ntcheu and parts of Dedza districts. However, some groups proceeded north; entering Tanzania and settling around Lake Victoria. But splinter groups broke off and headed back south; settling in modern day northern Malawi, particularly Mzimba district where they mixed with another migrant group coming from across Lake Malawi called the Bawoloka. Clearly, the mfecane had a significant impact on Southern Africa. The Angoni adopted Shaka's military tactics to subdue the lesser tribes, including the Maravi, they found along their way. Staging from rocky areas, the Ngoni impis would raid the Chewa (also called Achewa) and plunder food, oxen and women. Young men were drawn in as new fighting forces while older men were reduced to domestic slaves and/or disposed off to Arab slave traders operating from the Lake Malawi regions.

The Ayao
The second group to take power around this time were the Ayao (or Yao). The Yao came to Malawi from northern Mozambique to escape famine and conflict with the Makua tribe. The Makua tribe had become enemies of the Yao because of the wealth the Yao were amassing through trading ivory and slaves to Arabs from Zanzibar. The Yao, upon migrating to Malawi, soon began attacking both the Achewa and Angoni people to capture prisoners who they later sold as slaves. The Yao were the first, and for a long while, the only group to use firearms in conflict with other tribes. The Yao ruling class chose in 1870 to follow Islam like their Arab trading partners rather than the traditional animism. As a benefit of their conversion, the Yao were provided with sheikhs who promoted literacy and founded mosques. The Arab traders also introduced the cultivation of rice, which became a major crop in the lake region.

The Arabs and their Swahili allies

Using their strong partnership with the Yao, the Arab traders set up several trading posts along the shore of Lake Malawi. The largest of these posts was founded in 1840 at Nkhotakota by an Arabic trader from the coast, Jumbe Salim Bin Abdalla. During the height of his power, Jumbe transported between 5,000 and 20,000 slaves through Nkhotakota annually. From Nkhotakota, the slaves were transported in caravans of no less than 500 slaves to the small island of Kilwa Kisiwani off the coast of modern day Tanzania. The founding of these various posts effectively shifted the slave trade in Malawi from the Portuguese in Mozambique to the Arabs of Zanzibar. Although the Yao and the Angoni continually clashed with each other, neither was able to win a decisive victory. The remaining members of the Maravi Empire, however, were nearly wiped out in attacks from both sides. Some Achewa chiefs saved themselves by creating alliances with the Swahili people who were allied with the Arab slave traders.

History of Malawi

17

The Lomwe of Malawi

The Lomwe of Malawi are a recent introduction having arrived as late as 1914, during the first World War. The Lomwe came from a hill in Mozambique called uLomwe, north of the Zambezi River and south east of Lake Chilwa in Malawi. Theirs was also a story of hunger largely instigated by the Portuguese settlers moving into the neighbourhoods of uLomwe.[1] To escape from the ill-treatment (including the Portuguese physically pounding to death live infants in wooden mortars to extract local allegiance), the Lomwe headed north and entered Malawi through the southern tip of lake Chilwa; settling in Phalombe and Mulanje areas. In Mulanje they found gainful employment on teas estates that various British companies were establishing on the foothills of Mount Mulanje. Later they spread into Thyolo [again getting employment on tea estates] and Chiradzulu. The Lomwe readily mixed with the local Manga'nja tribes, as there are no reported cases of tribal conflict. Indeed, the tribal network with the Manga'nja was very good so that when John Chilembwe, the revolutionary clergyman, ran foul with the British planters at Nguludi in Chiradzulu, he used this network to escape towards Mozambique. Unfortunately, the British terrirotial forces caught up with him before he could cross the border.

European explorers, missionaries and traders

After the Portuguese arrival in the area in the 16th century, the next significant Western contact was the arrival of David Livingstone along the shore of Lake Malawi in 1859. Subsequently, Scottish Presbyterian churches established missions in Malawi, such as the one in Blantyre founded in 1876. One of their objectives was to end the slave trade to the Persian Gulf that continued until the end of the 19th century. In 1878, a number of traders, mostly from Glasgow, formed the African Lakes Company to supply goods and services to the missionaries. Other missionaries, traders, hunters, and planters soon followed.

British Central Africa Protectorate

In 1883, a consul of the British Government was accredited to the "Kings and Chiefs of Central Africa" and in 1891, the British established the British Central Africa Protectorate.

Nyasaland
In 1907 the name was changed to Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate. (Nyasa is the Chiyao word for "lake").

The independence struggle

The history of Nyasaland was marked by a number of unsuccessful Malawian attempts to obtain independence. A growing European and United States-educated African elite. This included John Chilembwe; taken and educated in the USA by a missionary family. Later he returned to Nyasaland to resist the British practices of 'recruiting' African men into the Kings African Rifles (KAR) as forced labor and carriers. After John Chilembwe's tragic death other more vocal and politically active groups-first through associations-emerged. In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), inspired by the African National Congress [South Africa] Peace Charter of 1914, emerged. NAC soon spread across Southern African with powerful branches emerging among migrant Malawian workers in Salisbury (now Harare) in Rhodesia and Lusaka, in Zambia. When the cash strapped NAC Executive Council voted to send a team to London to persuade Dr. Banda to return to Malawi and lead the movement, the powerful Salisbury Branch raised the funds required for the two men, Masauko Chipembere and Harry Bwanausi, to make the boat trip to England.[2] They finally rendezvous with Dr. Banda at the Port of Liverpool (on his way from Ghana) to sort out the mess in his private life over the former Mrs. French. Banda agreed to return to Malawi whereupon the team returned to

History of Malawi Nyasaland. However, it would be months before Dr. Banda's whereabouts could be known leading to his scheduled arrival at Chileka Airport in 1958 being postponed twice; causing the local white Police to forcefully remove 'disappointed' crowds that had threatened to storm the BOAC flight, inside of which they had believed Dr. Banda was being held hostage! Finally Dr. Banda arrived in Nyasaland on 6 July 1958 and proceeded to cause a storm and a shiver among the local British settlers with his powerful speeches and demand that the 'Stupid Federation' be abandoned 'Now! Now! Now!' His trips across the country attracted large crowds of Africans and the country was in a state of turmoil. However, the British weathered some of his vociferous talk and Dr. Banda gradually settled for a long slog by opening a medical surgery in Limbe where, to thank John Kadzamira (one of the main organizers of the Harare NAC Branch), Dr. Banda dutifully took in Cecilia Kadzamira (a newly trained nurse from Salisbury Hospital) as his first nursing staff member! To control the volatile political situation Dr. Banda created, through an emotive public speech (while suffering from a rare bout of malaria): that the British intended his death,[3] the Federation Government arrested Dr. Banda and sent him to Gwelo in Rhodesia. It took a different kind of tinder to ignite the struggle for political independence in Malawi. Alec Russell says: '...for the many colorful episodes in Banda's rise to power..[one can be attributed to the] tale of 'the bruising of Miss Phombeya's toe' [Alec Russell - Big Men, Little People]. She was a young woman who came to the Ryall's Hotel in Blantyre, where Harold Macmillan was lunching on the homeward leg of his famous 'wind of change' tour in Cape Town. A junior officer in Macmillan's advance entourage owed Miss Phombeya some money for 'services rendered'. But instead of paying up, local police officers panicked and tried to get rid of Miss Phombeya (now visibly parading her anger in front of the verandah restaurant) in the process hurting her toe; whereupon a crowd soon gathered outside Ryall's Hotel and quickly the mood shifted from the 'hurting toe' to protesting the imprisonment of Banda and other local leaders by the federation government.

18

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

During the 1950s, pressure for independence increased when Nyasaland was joined with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in 1953 to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In July 1958, Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda returned to the country after a long absence in the United States (where he had obtained his medical degree at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee in 1937), the United Kingdom (where he practised medicine), and Ghana. He assumed leadership of the NAC, which later became the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1959, Banda was sent to Gwelo Prison for his political activities but was released in 1960 to participate in a constitutional conference in London. On 15 April 1961, the MCP won an overwhelming victory in elections for a new Legislative Council. It also gained an important role in the new Executive Council and ruled Nyasaland in all but name a year later. In a second constitutional conference in London in November 1962, the British Government agreed to give Nyasaland self-governing status the following year. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved on 31 December 1963.

History of Malawi

19

Self-governing status for Nyasaland

Hastings Banda became Prime Minister on 1 February 1963, although the British still controlled the country's financial, security, and judicial systems. A new constitution took effect in May 1963, providing for virtually complete internal self-government.

Malawian independence
Malawi became a fully independent member of the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth) on 6 July 1964. Two years later, Malawi adopted a republican constitution and became a one-party state with Hastings Banda as its first president.

One-party rule
In 1970 Hastings Banda was declared President for life of the MCP, and in 1971 Banda consolidated his power and was named President for life of Malawi itself. The paramilitary wing of the Malawi Congress Party, the Young Pioneers, helped keep Malawi under authoritarian control until the 1990s. Banda, who was always referred to as "His Excellency the Life President Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda", was a dictator. Allegiance to him was enforced at every level. Every business building was required to have an official picture of Banda hanging on the wall. No other poster, clock, or picture could be placed higher on the wall than the president's picture. The national anthem was played before most events - including movies, plays, and school assemblies. At the movie theaters, a video of His Excellency waving to his subjects was shown while the anthem played. When Banda visited a city, a contingent of women were expected to greet him at the airport and dance for him. A special cloth, bearing the president's picture, was the required attire for these performances. The one radio station in the country aired the president's speeches and government propaganda. People were ordered from their homes and told to lock all windows and doors, by police, at least an hour prior to President Banda passing by...we were expected to wave. Among the laws enforced by Banda, it was illegal for women to wear see-through clothes, pants of any kind or skirts which showed any part of the knee. There were two exceptions to this: if they were at a Country Club (a place where various sports were played) and if they were at a holiday resort/hotel...which meant that with the exception of the resort/hotel staff, they were not seen by the general populace. Men were not allowed to have hair below the collar; when men whose hair was too long, arrived in the country from overseas, they were given a hair cut before they could leave the airport. Churches had to be government sanctioned. Members of certain religious groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, were persecuted and kicked around the country at one time. All Malawian citizens of Indian heritage were forced to leave their homes and businesses and move into designated Indian areas in the larger cities. At one time, they were all told to leave the country, then hand-picked ones, were allowed to return. It was illegal to transfer or take privately earned funds out of the country unless approved through proper channels; proof had to be supplied to show that one had already brought in the equivalent or more, in foreign currency in the past. When some left, they gave up goods and earnings. All movies shown in theaters were first viewed by the Malawi Censorship Board. Content considered unsuitable particularly nudity or political content was edited. Mail was also monitored by the Censorship Board. Some overseas mail was opened, read, and sometimes edited. Videotapes had to be sent to the Censorship Board to be viewed by censors. Once edited, the movie was given a sticker stating that it was now suitable for viewing, and sent back to the owner. Telephone calls were monitored and disconnected if the conversation was politically critical. Items to be sold in bookstores were also edited. Pages, or parts of pages, were cut out or blacked out of magazines such as Newsweek and Time. Tourism "In global terms Africa, and Southern Africa in particular, is a small player in travel and tourism. With little over 3% of world tourist arrivals (and less than 2% if one excludes South Africa) Africa remains an undeveloped

History of Malawi market in global terms. In the year 2000 only 10 million visitors came to countries in the region of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Using the overall SADC figures as a comparative benchmark, an even smaller number came to Malawi 219,000 in 1998, 254,000 in 1999 and 222,526 in 2000. Despite these small numbers, the number of visitors has doubled over the last decade. Quoted from: http:/ / www. acdivoca. org/ acdivoca/ Amapbds. nsf/ 26e7005b12eaab498525738e006e9b90/ f671c17851ce15f385256e78004e6d20/ $FILE/ Uni. %20of%20Durham,%20Tourism%20Value%20Chain%20-%20Malawi.pdf While Malawi was the 10th poorest country in the world during much of Banda's tenure, he managed to keep peace in the country for most of the time he was in power. He was a wealthy man, like most if not all world leaders. He owned houses (and lived in a palace), businesses, private helicopters, cars and other such luxuries. Speaking out against the president was strictly prohibited. Those who did so were often deported or imprisoned. Banda and his government were criticized for human rights violations by Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. After he was deposed, Banda was put on trial for murder and attempts to destroy evidence. During his rule, Banda was one of the very few post-colonial African leaders to maintain diplomatic relations with apartheid South Africa.

20

Multi-party democracy
Increasing domestic unrest and pressure from Malawian churches and from the international community led to a referendum in which the Malawian people were asked to vote for either a multi-party democracy or the continuation of a one-party state. On June 14, 1993, the people of Malawi voted overwhelmingly in favor of multi-party democracy. Free and fair national elections were held on May 17, 1994 under a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following year. Bakili Muluzi, leader of the United Democratic Front (UDF), was elected President in those elections. The UDF won 82 of the 177 seats in the National Assembly and formed a coalition government with the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD). That coalition disbanded in June 1996, but some of its members remained in the government. The President was referred to as Dr Muluzi, having received an honorary degree at Lincoln University in Missouri in 1995. Malawi's newly written constitution (1995) eliminated special powers previously reserved for the Malawi Congress Party. Accelerated economic liberalization and structural reform accompanied the political transition. On June 15, 1999, Malawi held its second democratic elections. Bakili Muluzi was re-elected to serve a second five-year term as President, despite an MCP-AFORD Alliance that ran a joint slate against the UDF. The aftermath of elections brought the country close to the brink of civil strife. Disgruntled Tumbuka, Ngoni and Nkhonde Christian tribes dominant in the north were irritated by the election of Muluzi, a Muslim from the south. Conflict between Christians and Muslims of the Yao tribe (Muluzi tribe) begun. Property, valued at over millions of dollars, were either vandalized or stolen and 200 mosques were torched down.[4]

Malawi in the 21st century

In 2001, the UDF held 96 seats in the National Assembly, while the AFORD held 30, and the MCP 61. Six seats were held by independents who represent the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) opposition group. The NDA was not recognized as an official political party at that time. The National Assembly had 193 members, of whom 17 were women, including one of the Deputy Speakers. Malawi saw its first transition between democratically elected presidents in May 2004, when the UDF's presidential candidate Bingu wa Mutharika defeated MCP candidate John Tembo and Gwanda Chakuamba, who was backed by a grouping of opposition parties. The UDF, however, did not win a majority of seats in Parliament, as it had done in 1994 and 1999 elections. It successfully secured a majority by forming a "government of national unity" with several opposition parties. Bingu wa Mutharika left the UDF party on 5 February 2005 citing differences with the UDF,

History of Malawi particularly over his anti-corruption campaign. He won a second term outright in the 2009 election as the head of a newly founded party, the Democratic Progressive Party.

21

See Also
History of Africa

References
[1] Z. Claude Chidzero - 'The Lomwe Diaspora and Settlement on Tea Estates in Thyolo, Southern Malawi', Degree Research paper, History Department, University of Malawi, Zomba, 1981 [2] Henry M. Chipembere - Authobigraphy, 1986 [3] Masauko Chipembere, autobigraphy, [4] http:/ / www. islamonline. net/ servlet/ Satellite?c=Article_C& cid=1235628763190& pagename=Zone-English-News/ NWELayout

External links
Background Note: Malawi (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7231.htm) History of Malawi (http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/malawi.html)

Economy of Malawi
The economy of Malawi is predominantly agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. The landlocked country in south central Africa ranks among the world's least developed countries. Agriculture accounts for 37% of GDP and 85% of export revenues. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank , and individual donor nations. The government faces strong challenges: to spur exports, to improve educational and health facilities, to face up to environmental problems of deforestation and erosion, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS in Africa.

Lilongwe market.

Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings[1] .

Economy of Malawi

22

Agriculture
Agriculture represents 36% of GDP, accounts for over 80% of the labor force, and represents about 80% of all exports. Its most important export crop is tobacco, which accounts for about 70% of export revenues. In 2000 the country was the tenth largest producer in the world (See table). The United Nations Foreign Agricultural Office estimates the following production of unprocessed tobacco by country in 2000 (figures are in thousands of tonnes.)
Country China India Brazil United States European Union Zimbabwe Turkey Indonesia Production in thousands of tonnes 2,298.8 595.4 520.7 408.2 314.5 204.9 193.9 166.6

Former Soviet Union 116.8 Malawi 108.0

The country's heavy reliance on tobacco places a heavy burden on the economy as world prices decline and the international community increases pressure to limit tobacco production. Malawi's dependence on tobacco is growing, with the product jumping from 53% to 70% of export revenues between 2007 and 2008.[2] [3] The country also relies heavily on tea, sugarcane and coffee, with these three plus tobacco making up more than 90% of Malawi's export revenue. Tea was first introduced in 1878. Most of it is grown in Mulanje and Thyolo. Other crops include cotton, corn, potatoes, sorghum, cattle and goats. Tobacco and sugar processing are notable secondary industries. Traditionally Malawi has been self-sufficient in its staple food, maize (corn), and during the 1980s it exported substantial quantities to its drought-stricken neighbors. A Malawi tea estate Nearly 90% of the population engages in subsistence farming. Smallholder farmers produce a variety of crops, including maize, beans, rice, cassava, tobacco, and groundnuts (peanuts). Financial wealth is generally concentrated in the hands of a small elite. Malawi's manufacturing industries are situated around the city of Blantyre. Malawi has few exploitable mineral resources. Malawi's economic reliance on the export of agricultural commodities renders it particularly vulnerable to external shocks such as declining terms of trade and drought. High transport costs, which can comprise over 30% of its total import bill, constitute a serious impediment to economic development and trade. Malawi must import all its fuel products. Other challenges include a paucity of skilled labor, difficulty in obtaining expatriate employment permits, bureaucratic red tape, corruption, and inadequate and deteriorating road, electricity, water, and telecommunications infrastructure which hinder economic development in Malawi. However, recent government initiatives targeting improvements in the road infrastructure, together with private sector participation in railroad and telecommunications, have begun to render the investment environment more attractive.

Economy of Malawi

23

Pharmaceutical companies Malawi has four pharmaceutical companies are actively engaged in the manufacture. They manufacture a limited range of drugs, particularly those that are in great demand on the local market[4] . These are Pharmanova Ltd[5] . and its sister company SADM, Malawi Pharmacies (Pharmaceuticals Limited) and Kentam Products Limited[6] .

International support
Malawi has undertaken economic structural adjustment Roadside vendor in Blantyre programs supported by the World Bank (IBRD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other donors since 1981. Broad reform objectives include stimulation of private sector activity and participation through the elimination of price controls and industrial licensing, liberalization of trade and foreign exchange, rationalization of taxes, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and civil service reform. Malawi qualified for Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) debt relief and is in the process of refining its Poverty Reduction Strategy. Real GDP grew by 3.6% in 1999 and 2.1% in 2000. The government's monetary policy has been expansionary, and the average annual inflation has hovered around 30% in 2000 and 2001, keeping discount and commercial bank rates high (the discount rate was 47% in December 2000). In the second half of 2001, the Kwacha strengthened sharply against the U.S. dollar, moving from 80 to 60. Malawi has bilateral trade agreements with its two major trading partners, South Africa and Zimbabwe, both of which allow duty-free entry of Malawian products into their countries. The government faces challenges such as the improvement of Malawi's educational and health facilitiesparticularly important because of the rising rates of HIV/AIDSand environmental problems including deforestation, erosion, and overworked soils.

Move towards economic independence

In 2006, in response to disastrously low agricultural harvests, Malawi, through a initiative by President Bingu Mutharika,an economist by profession, began a program of fertilizer subsidies that were designed to re-energize the land and boost crop production. It has been reported that this program, championed by the country's president, is radically improving Malawi's agriculture, and causing Malawi to become a net exporter of food to nearby countries.[7] Economic grievences though took a downward slide during Mutharikas second term. Economic grivences was a catalyst that resulted in the 2011 economic protests in Malawi in July.
President Bingu wa Mutharika of Malawi spoke about the country's recent unilateral agricultural reforms at the World Economic Forum on Africa at the United Nations, September 2008

Economic indicators
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.272 billion (2006 est.)

Economy of Malawi

24

GDP - real growth rate: 8.5% (2006 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $800 (2007 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 36.1% industry: 18.8% services: 45.1% (2006 est.) Population below poverty line: 53% (2004 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% Distribution of Family Income-Gini Index 39 (2004) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (2006 est.) Labor force: 4.5 million (2001 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and services 10% (2003 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues: $1.016 billion expenditures: $1.097 billion; expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)

Interest rates advertised by Malawi Savings Bank in Nchalo, Malawi on 30 September 2008

including

capital

Public Debt 39.4% of GDP (2006 est.) Industries: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods Industrial production growth rate: 6.4% (2006 est.) Electricity - production: 1.397 billion kWh (2005) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2.39% hydro: 97.61% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1998) Electricity - consumption: 1.299 billion kWh (2005) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2005) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2005) Oil Production 0bbl/d (0m3/d) (2003 est.) Oil Consumption 5500bbl/d (870m3/d) (2004 est.)
Reserve Bank of Malawi Mzuzu Branch under construction in Mzuzu, a fast-growing city. July 2008. Exchange rates advertised by a currency trader in Lilongwe on 7 October 2008

Agriculture - products: tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, tea, maize, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats Exports: $560.3 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) Exports - commodities: tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products, apparel

Economy of Malawi Exports - partners: South Africa 12.6%, Germany 9.7%, Egypt 9.6%, US 9.5%, Zimbabwe 8.5%, Russia 5.4%, Netherlands 4.4% (2006) Imports: $832 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) Imports - commodities: food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment Imports - partners: South Africa 34.6%, India 8.1%, Zambia 7.8%, US 6.4%, Tanzania 5.8%, Germany 4.6%, China 4.3% (2006) Current Account Balance -$209 million (2006 est.) Debt - external: $468 million (2006 est.) Economic aid - recipient: $575.3 million (2005) Currency: 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala Exchange rates: Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 145.179 (2009), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

25

References
[1] "Euromoney Country Risk" (http:/ / www. euromoneycountryrisk. com/ ). Euromoney Country Risk. Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [2] CIA World Factbook [3] J. Tyler Dickovick, Africa 2008, 43rd edition, Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. p. 278 [4] http:/ / www. who. int/ hiv/ amds/ countries/ mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs. pdf [5] http:/ / www. who. int/ hiv/ amds/ countries/ mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs. pdf [6] http:/ / www. who. int/ hiv/ amds/ countries/ mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs. pdf [7] Dugger, Celia W. (December 2, 2007). "Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the multilateral organisation 'Experts'" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 12/ 02/ world/ africa/ 02malawi. html). New York Times. . Retrieved 2008-08-05.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/the-world-factbook/index.html) of the CIA World Factbook.

Further reading
Anthony and Doreen Young, A Geography of Malawi, Second edition. Evans Brothers, Limited, London (1978) ISBN 0-237-50296-8

External links
Official site - Ministry of Finance of Malawi (http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Finance/Home Finance.htm) Economy of Malawi (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Malawi/Business_and_Economy/ Economic_Development/) at the Open Directory Project MBendi Malawi overview (http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/ma/p0005.htm) Malawi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map (http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index. aspx?proceed=true&reporter=454)

National Anthem

26

National Anthem
Mlungu dalitsani Malai
English:God Bless Malawi

Flag of Malawi inspired national anthem. National anthem of Malawi Lyrics Music Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka, 1964 Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka, 1964

Adopted 1964

Mlungu dalitsani Malai (en:God Bless Malawi) is the national anthem of Malawi. It was composed by Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka, who also wrote the words. It was adopted in 1964 as a result of a competition.
Mlungu dalitsani Malai Chichea Mlungu dalitsani Malai, Mumsunge m'mtendere. Gonjetsani adani onse, Njala, nthenda, nsanje. Lunzitsani mitima yathu, Kuti tisaope. Mdalitse Mtsogoleri nafe, Ndi Mayi Malai. Malai ndziko lokongola, La chonde ndi ufulu, Nyanja ndi mphepo ya m'mapiri, Ndithudi tadala. Zigwa, mapiri, nthaka, dzinthu, N'mphatso zaulere. Nkhalango, madambo abwino. Ngwokoma Malai. O Ufulu tigwirizane, Kukweza Malai. Ndi chikondi, khama, kumvera, Timutumikire. Pa nkhondo nkana pa mtendere, Cholinga n'chimodzi. Mayi, bambo, tidzipereke, Pokweza Malai. English translation O God bless our land of Malai, Keep it a land of peace. Put down each and every enemy, Hunger, disease, envy. Join together all our hearts as one, That we be free from fear. Bless our leader, each and every one, And Mother Malai. Our own Malai, this land so fair, Fertile and brave and free. With its lakes, refreshing mountain air, How greatly blest are we. Hills and valleys, soil so rich and rare Give us a bounty free. Wood and forest, plains so broad and fair, All - beauteous Malai. Freedom ever, let us all unite To build up Malai. With our love, our zeal and loyalty, Bringing our best to her. In time of war, or in time of peace, One purpose and one goal. Men and women serving selflessly In building Malai.

Flag of Malawi

27

Flag of Malawi
The current flag of Malawi was adopted on 29 July 2010, after the Democratic Progressive Party-led government had proposed a new flag. The stripes were altered from the previous flag to match the original Pan-African Flag layout, with the red stripe at the top, the black stripe in middle, and the green stripe at the bottom. The rising sun at the flag's top was replaced with a full, centred white sun representing the economic progress Malawi has made since becoming independent.[1] The opposition United Democratic Front is challenging the legitimacy of flag change in court.[2] The flag was endorsed by the President of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, who approved the flag change on 29 July 2010.[3] There was much public outcry about whether there was a need to change the flag, but continued despite being unwelcome to much of the public.[4]

Flag ratio: 2:3

19642010
The previous flag was adopted on 6 July 1964. The rising sun represented the dawn of hope and freedom for the continent of Africa (when the flag was created, more countries in Africa were gaining independence from European imperial rule). The black represented the indigenous people of the continent, the red symbolized the blood of their struggle, and the green represented nature. The flag resembled the Pan-African flag designed by Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, with the red and black bands reversed and a red sun in the top. It also resembled the flag of the now-defunct Republic of Biafra.

19642010 flag

Flag colours
The colours of the flag are defined using British Standard colours:[5]
Scheme Black

Pre-independence flag of colonial Nyasaland

Red

Green

British Standard Colours 0-000

0-005 0-010

Flag of Malawi

28

References
[1] The proposed new Malawi national flag (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ national/ have-your-say-the-proposed-new-malawi-national-flag. html), Nyasa Times [2] Flag change to be challenged in court (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ national/ flag-change-to-be-challenged-in-court-udf. html), Nyasa Times [3] http:/ / www. nationmw. net/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=3415:bingu-endorses-new-flag-bill& catid=1:national-news& Itemid=3 [4] www.nyasatimes.com/.../malawi-fly-new-modified-flags-despite-public-outcry.html [5] Malawi (http:/ / flagspot. net/ flags/ mw. html) at Flags of the World. Accessed 17 February 2006.

Chewa language

29

Chewa language
Chewa
Nyanja (Chichewa, Chinyanja) Spoken in Zambia Malawi Mozambique Zimbabwe 9.3 million NigerCongo AtlanticCongo BenueCongo Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Official status Official language in Malawi Zambia unknown Language codes ISO 639-1 ISO 639-2 ISO 639-3 ny nya nya Chewa

Native speakers Language family

Regulated by

Chewa, also known as Nyanja, is a language of the Bantu language family. The gender prefix chi- is used for languages, so the language is also known as Chichewa and Chinyanja.

Distribution
Chewa is the national language of Malawi. It is also one of the seven official African languages of Zambia, where it is spoken mostly in the Eastern Province and in Lusaka. It is also spoken in Mozambique, especially in the provinces of Tete and Niassa, as well as in Zimbabwe where, according to some estimates, it ranks as the third most widely used local language, after Shona and Northern Ndebele. The Nyanja spoken in Lusaka is extremely different from rural Chewa, incorporating large numbers of English-derived words, as well as showing influence from other Zambian languages such as Bemba. For example, the plural prefix a- (used for humans and other animates) is ba- (pronounced a-) in Lusaka Nyanja.

Chewa language

30

History
Chewa has its origin in the Eastern Province of Zambia from the 15th century to the 18th century. The language remained dominant despite the breakup of the empire and the Nguni invasions and was adopted by Christian missionaries at the beginning of the colonial period. In Zambia, Chewa is spoken by other peoples like the Ngoni and the Kunda, so a more neutral name Chinyanja "(language) of the lake" (referring to Lake Malawi), is used instead of Chewa. The first grammar, A grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja-English and English-Chinyanja vocabulary , was written by Alexander in 1880 and partial translations of the Bible were made at the end of 19th century. Further early grammars and vocabularies include A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa[1] and A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa,[2] by George Henry (1891). The whole Bible was translated by William Percival Johnson and published as Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu in 1912.[3] A strong historical link of the Nyanja, Bemba and Yao people to the Shona Empire, who can point their earlier origins to Mashonaland, proves linguistically evident today. The ancient Shonas who temporarily dwelt in Malambo, a place in the DRC, eventually shifted into northern Zambia, and then south and east into the highlands of Malawi.

References
[1] Woodward, M. E. 1895. [2] Henry, George. 1891. [3] The Umca in Malawi p 126 James Tengatenga - 2010 "Two important pieces of work have been accomplished during these later years. First, the completion by Archdeacon Johnson of the Bible in Chinyanja, and secondly, the completed Chinyanja prayer book in 1908 "

Bibliography
Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides Henry, George, 1891. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa. Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. Missionrios da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionrio Cinyanja-Portugus. Junta de Investigaes do Ultramar.

External links
Chewa Dictionary (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Chewa/) from Webster's Dictionary (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/) Phrasebook for the Chewa language from Wikitravel Chichewa Home Page (http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/chichewa/chichewa.html) Information on the Chichewa translation of the Holy Bible (http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/chichewa. html) Includes the Chichewa translation of John 1:1-10. PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Chewa/Nyanja (http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/ ChewaNyanja) Online EnglishChichewa Dictionary (http://translate.chichewadictionary.org) USA Foreign Service Institute Chinyanja basic course (http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content. php?page=Chinyanja) Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa (http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/021/0487/ jmmd0210487.pdf)

Nyasaland

31

Nyasaland
Nyasaland Protectorate
Protectorate ofBritish Empire

19071953 19631964

Flag of Nyasaland Protectorate

Anthem God Save the Queen

Capital Language(s) Government Monarch - 19071910 - 19521964 Governor - 19071908 - 19481953 - 19631964 History -Established -Federation -Disestablished Currency

Zomba English Constitutional monarchy

Edward VII Elizabeth II

Sir William Henry Manning Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones

6 July 1907 19531963 6 July 1964 Pound

Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate, was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Since 1964, it has been known as

Nyasaland Malawi. Nyasaland's history was marked by numerous attempts to obtain independence from the British. Growing European and US-educated African elite became increasingly vocal and politically active - first through associations, and after 1944, through the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC).

32

Population
This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. The population at the 1911 census was: natives 969,183, Europeans 766, Asians 481. In March 1920 Europeans numbered 1,015 and Asians 515. The natives were estimated (1919) at 561,600 males and 664,400 females, a total of 1,226,000. Blantyre, the chief town, had some 300 European residents.

Colonial economy
Cotton growing was the chief industry, though from 1918 onward it was being supplanted by tobacco. In 191617 the export of cotton reached 3,462,000pounds; it fell to 866,000pounds in 191718 (largely owing to shipping restrictions), rose again to 2,670,000pounds in 191819, but in 191920 dropped to 930,000pounds. Increasing attention was given to tea, while coffee was largely discarded. (The export of coffee which was 748,000pounds in 190910 had fallen to 113,000pounds in 191819.) The disfavour into which cotton fell was partly due to the neglect to use selected seed and to other errors in cultivation, but also to the fact that, where soil and climate suited both crops, tobacco growing was more profitable. After some unfortunate experiences arrangements were made in 1917 for the fumigation of the tobacco before shipment, with the result that the crop thereafter, in normal circumstances, commanded a high price in the markets of Great Britain. The export of tobacco was 4,304,000pounds in 191617, fell to 2,025,000pounds the following year, was 5,800,000pounds in 191819 and 4,340,000pounds in 191920. Both cotton and coffee were largely cultivated by native farmers as well as by the European planters.

Nyasaland

33

History of the evolution of the Nyasaland Protectorate

Evolution of the Nyasaland Protectorate

From 1953 - 1964 Nyasaland was united with Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

List of Nyasaland Governors

Sir William Henry Manning: October 1907 1 May 1908 Sir Alfred Sharpe: 1 May 1908 1 April 1910 Francis Barrow Pearce: 1 April 1910 4 July 1910 Henry Richard Wallis: 4 July 1910 6 February 1911 Sir William Henry Manning: 6 February 1911 23 September 1913 George Smith: 23 September 1913 12 April 1923 Richard Sims Donkin Rankine: 12 April 1923 27 March 1924 Sir Charles Calvert Bowring: 27 March 1924 30 May 1929 Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston: 30 May 1929 7 November 1929 Shenton Whitelegge Thomas: 7 November 1929 22 November 1932 Sir Hubert Winthrop Young: 22 November 1932 9 April 1934 Kenneth Lambert Hall: 9 April 1934 21 September 1934 Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster: 21 September 1934 20 March 1939 Sir Henry C. D. Cleveland Mackenzie-Kennedy: 20 March 1939 8 August 1942

Sir Edmund Charles Smith Richards: 8 August 1942 27 March 1947 Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby: 30 March 1948 10 April 1956 Sir Robert Perceval Armitage: 10 April 1956 10 April 1961

Nyasaland Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones: 10 April 1961 6 July 1964

34

References External links

1911 Encyclopedia - Nyasaland Protectorate (http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Nyasaland_Protectorate) The British Empire - Nyasaland (http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/nyasaland.htm)

35

Geography
Geography of Malawi
Malawi is situated in southeastern Africa. It is wholly within the tropics; from about 930S at its northernmost point to about 17S at the southernmost tip. The country occupies a thin strip of land in between Zambia and Mozambique protruding southwards into Mozambique along the valley of the Shire River. In the north and north east it also shares a border with Tanzania. Malawi is landlocked and is connected by rail to the Mozambican ports of Nacala and Beira.

Landscape
The Great Rift Valley traverses the country from north to south. In this deep trough lies Lake Malawi, the third-largest lake in Africa, comprising about 20% of Malawi's area. The Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River 400 kilometers (249mi) farther south in Mozambique. West of the Great Rift Valley, the land forms high plateaus, generally between 900 and 1200 meters (2953 and 3937 ft) above sea level. In the north, the Nyika Uplands rise as high as 2600 meters (8530ft). The area to the west of the lake in northern and central Malawi has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion. South of the lake lie the Shire Highlands, with an elevation of Malawi's cities, towns and larger villages 6001600 meters (19695249 ft), rising to elevations of 2130 and 3002 meters (6988 and 9849 ft) at the Zomba Plateau and Mulanje Massif respectively. In the extreme south, the elevation is only 6090 meters (197295 ft) above sea level. Malawi is one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most densely populated countries. The population of LilongweMalawi's capital since 1971exceeds 400,000. All government ministries and the Parliament are located in Lilongwe. Blantyre, Malawi remains Malawi's major commercial center and largest city, having grown from an estimated 109,000 inhabitants in 1966 to nearly 500,000 in 1998. Malawi's President resides in Blantyre. The Supreme Court is seated in Blantyre. Malawi has five national parks: Cape Maclear National Park Kasungu National Park Lengwe National Park Liwonde National Park

Geography of Malawi Nyika National Park

36

Climate
Malawi's climate is generally tropical. A rainy season runs from November to April. There is little to no rainfall throughout much of the country from May to October. It is hot and humid from September to April along the lake and in the lower Shire Valley, with average daytime maxima around 27 to 29 C (80.6to 84.2F). Lilongwe is also hot and humid during these months, albeit far less than in the south. The rest of the country is warm during those months with a maximum temperature during the day around 25 C (77F). From June through August, the lake areas and south are comfortably warm, with daytime maxima of around 23 C (73.4F), but the rest of Malawi can be chilly at night, with temperatures ranging from 1014 C (5057.2F). High altitude areas such as Mulanje and Nyika are often cold at night (around 68 C / 42.846.4F) during June and July. Karonga in the far north shows little variation in temperature with maximum daytime temperature remaining around 25 to 26 C (77to 78.8F) all year round but is unusual in that April and May are the wettest times of the year due to strengthening southerly winds along the lake.

Area
The total area of the country is 118,480km, but this includes 24,400km of water surface, mainly composed of Lake Malawi, but there are other sizeable lakes, such as Lake Malombe, Lake Chilwa and Lake Chiuta. The land area is 94,080km. The country is dominated by Lake Malawi, which drains into the Zambezi River through the Shire River. As a result the whole of the country, except for one eastern district is part of the Zambezi drainage system. Lake Chiuta and the surrounding plain is drained by the Lugenda river, which is part of the Ruvuma River drainage system. Lake Chilwa, about 35km south of Lake Chiuta is unusual as it has no outlet although when it overflows it flows into Lake Chiuta through a swampy plain. High rates of evaporation ensure that the lake seldom fills up much of the lake is only 1 metre deep or less. Environment current issues: Deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations
Satellite image of Malawi

Topography of Malawi

Geography of Malawi Environment international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

37

Extreme points
This is a list of the extreme points of Malawi, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Northern-most point - the tripoint with Tanzania and Zambia, Northern Region Eastern-most point - unnamed location on the border with Mozambique immediately south-west of the Mozambican village of Buena-uzi, Southern Region Southern-most point - unnamed location on the border with Mozambique immediately north-east of the Mozambican village of Jossene, Southern Region Western-most point - unnamed location on the border with Zambia immediately east of the Zambian town of Chipata, Central Region

Demographics of Malawi
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Malawi, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Malawi derives its name from the Maravi, a Bantu people who came from the southern Congo about 600 years ago. On reaching the area north of Lake Malawi, the Maravi divided. One branch, the ancestors of the present-day Chewas, moved south to the west bank of the lake. The other, the ancestors of the Nyanjas, moved down the east bank to the southern part of the country. By AD 1500, the two divisions of the tribe had established a kingdom stretching from north of the present-day city of Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River in the south, and from Lake Malawi in the east, to the Luangwa River in Zambia in the west. Migrations and tribal conflicts precluded the formation of a cohesive Malawian society until the turn of the 20th century. In more recent years, ethnic and tribal distinctions have diminished. Regional distinctions and rivalries, however, persist. Despite some clear differences, no significant friction currently exists between tribal groups, and the concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to take hold. Predominantly a rural people, Malawians are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent. The Chewas constitute 90% of the population of the central region; the Nyanja tribe predominates in the south and the Tumbuka in the north. In addition, significant numbers of the Tongas live in the north; Ngonis--an offshoot of the Zulus who came from South Africa in the early 19th centurylive in the lower northern and lower central regions; and the Yao, who are mostly Muslim, predominate in the Southern Region of the country and live in a wide band from Blantyre and Zomba north to Lake Malawi and east to the border with Mozambique. Bantus of other tribes came from Mozambique as refugees.

Demographics of Malawi

38

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population
10,385,849 (July 2000 est.) 13,931,831 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 45% (male 2,335,440; female 2,324,012)

Demographics of Malawi, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

15-64 years: 52% (male 2,671,580; female 2,766,560) 65 years and over: 3% (male 117,932; female 170,325) (2000 est.) 0-14 years: 45.4% (male 3,419,711/female 3,404,726) 15-64 years: 51.9% (male 3,889,065/female 3,915,309) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 172,679/female 227,267) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate

2.763% (2011 est.)

Birth rate
40.85 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Death rate
13.22 deaths/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Demographics of Malawi

39

Infant mortality rate

81.04 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 85.11 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 76.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Ratio of medical doctors to general population

1 Doctor/65,000 Malawians [1]

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 51.70 years male: 50.93 years female: 52.48 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.51 children born/woman (2010 est.)

Nationality
noun: Malawian(s) adjective: Malawian

Ethnic groups
Chewa people Nyanja Tumbuka Yao Lomwe Sena Tonga Ngoni Ngonde

Religions
Christian: 79.9% Muslim: 12.8% Other: 3.1% None: 4.3%

Languages
English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally

Demographics of Malawi

40

Literacy
Further information: Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 62.7% male: 76.1% female: 49.8% (2003 est.)

References
[1] von Bothmer, Eleanore (2009). "Global lack of medical doctors" (http:/ / www. inwent. org/ ez/ articles/ 087353/ index. en. shtml). Development and Cooperation (Frankfurt am Main: Societts-Verlag) 36 (3): 94. .

Agriculture in Malawi
The country of Malawi is located in southern Africa, and dealt with famines for many years. Following a bad corn harvest in 2005, almost five million of Malawi's 13 million people needed emergency food aid during the Malawian food crisis.

2007
In 2007, Malawi began actually exporting food. As of 2007, it was selling more corn to the World Food Program of the United Nations than any other southern Africa country, and was exporting hundreds of thousands of tons of corn to Zimbabwe. Occurrences of acute child hunger has fallen sharply.

Rice fields in Karonga

In October, the United Nations Childrens Fund sent three tons of powdered milk, which is used to treat severely malnourished children, to Uganda instead of Malawi, the original destination. Juan Ortiz-Iruri, Unicefs deputy representative in Malawi, said it was unneeded. Most farmers attribute Malawis new success to new government subsidies for fertilizer. This marks a major departure from World Bank receommendations. Over the past 20 years, the World Bank and several rich nations which give aid to Malawi have pressed for free market policies including to cut back or eliminate subsidies for fertilizer and other items. The 2005 harvest was the worst in a decade, and Bingu wa Mutharika, Malawis newly elected president, decided to subsidize various agricultural items such as fertilizer. Mutharika initiated reinstating and increasing fertilizer subsidies despite skepticism from the United States and Britain.

Agriculture in Malawi

41

Malawis soil is depleted, like that of other local countries. Many of its farmers cannot afford fertilizer at current market prices. Mutharika stated, "As long as Im president, I dont want to be going to other capitals begging for food", Patrick Kabambe, the senior civil servant in the Agriculture Ministry, said the president told his advisers, "Our people are poor because they lack the resources to use the soil and the water we have." The success of these subsidies is causing reexamination of the role of agriculture in helping poor in Africa, and of government investment in basic components of farming, such as fertilizer, improved seed, farmer education, credit and agricultural research. [1]
A local Malawian variety of sorghum

References
[1] Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 12/ 02/ world/ africa/ 02malawi. html) by CELIA W. DUGGER, NY Times, 12/2/07.

External links
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security of Malawi (http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Agriculture/Home Agriculture.htm)

Regions of Malawi

42

Regions of Malawi
Malawi is divided into 3 regions which comprise a combined total of 28 districts. The regions of Malawi are: Central Region (in yellow) Population: 4,814,321 (2003) Area: 35,592 km Capital: Lilongwe Northern Region (in red) Population: 1,389,475 (2003) Area: 26,931 km Capital:Mzuzu Southern Region (in green) Population: 5,345,045 (2003) Area:31,753 km Capital: Blantyre.

Northern Region, Malawi

43

Northern Region, Malawi

The Northern Region of Malawi, population 1,698,502(2008), covers an area of 26,931km. Its capital city is Mzuzu. The Northern Region borders Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north, Lake Malawi to the east, and Malawi's Central Region to its south.

Northern Districts
Of the 27 districts in Malawi, 6 of them are located within the Northern Region. Chitipa Karonga Likoma Mzimba Nkhata Bay Rumphi.

Major Cities
Prominent townships and or cities in the northern region include: Ekwendeni city, Mzimba District, Karonga city, Karonga District, Mzimba city, Mzimba District, Mzuzu whicih is also the capital city of Mzimba District, Rumphi city, Rumphi District and Nkhata Bay city in Nkhata Bay District

Northern Islands
The Northern region is also the location of Likoma District where both Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island are located.

Central Region, Malawi

44

Central Region, Malawi

The Central Region of Malawi, population 5,491,034 (2008), covers an area of 35,592 km. Its capital city is Lilongwe, which is also the national capital. The region has an outlet on Lake Malawi and borders neighbouring countries Zambia and Mozambique. Of the 27 districts in Malawi, 9 are located within the Central Region They are: Dedza, Dowa, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Mchinji, Nkhotakota, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, and Salima.

Southern Region, Malawi

The Southern Region of Malawi, population 5,876,784(2008), covers an area of 31,753km. Its capital city is Blantyre. Of the 28 districts in Malawi, 12 are located within the Southern Region They are: Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Machinga, Mangochi, Mulanje, Mwanza, Neno, Nsanje, Phalombe, Thyolo, and Zomba.

Districts of Malawi

45

Districts of Malawi
Malawi is divided into 28[1] districts within three regions. Each District is headed by a District Commissioner[2] : Central Region 1 Dedza 2 Dowa 3 Kasungu 4 Lilongwe 5 Mchinji 6 Nkhotakota 7 Ntcheu 8 Ntchisi 9 Salima Northern Region 10 Chitipa 11 Karonga 12 Likoma 13 Mzimba 14 Nkhata Bay 15 Rumphi Southern Region 16 Balaka 17 Blantyre 18 Chikwawa 19 Chiradzulu 20 Machinga 21 Mangochi 22 Mulanje 23 Mwanza 24 Nsanje 25 Thyolo 26 Phalombe 27 Zomba 28 Neno[3]

Districts of Malawi

46

Notes
[1] Parliament of Malawi (http:/ / www. malawi. gov. mw/ gov/ parliament/ mps. php?mode=wd) [2] http:/ / training. fema. gov/ EMIWeb/ edu/ Comparative%20EM%20Book%20-%20Chapter%20-%20Emergency%20Management%20In%20Malawi. doc [3] Neno is not listed on this map. The district was created from a division of the Mwanza district

References
"Parliament of Malawi" (http:/ / www. malawi. gov. mw/ gov/ parliament/ mps. php?mode=wd). Retrieved 2008-08-01.

Salima District
Salima is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Salima. The district covers an area of 2,196km. and has a population of 248,214. The beach at Senga Bay is the weekend retreat of many from the capital, Lilongwe, and has hosted the annual Lake of Stars festival since 2008, when it was moved from Chintheche in order to be less remote. There is a range of accommodation options in the area, though most are a few km off the main road.

Salima District

47

Senga Bay beach

Lilongwe District
Lilongwe is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Lilongwe. The district covers an area of unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','sqmi) and has a population of 1,346,360. Lilongwe was officially declared a township in 1947. His Excellency the Life President Ngwazi Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda declared Lilongwe the capital city of Malawi on January 1, 1975 after a ten year building period during which many people were forcibly displaced to make way for the new government buildings. Prior to 1975, the capital was the much smaller southern city of Zomba. Lilongwe is located 1,050 meters (3,400') above sea level and has a temperature range between 65-75 degrees Fahrenheit (18-24 C). Lilongwe has developed very rapidly under first the Muluzi presidency and now the Bingu presidency. Road conditions are vastly improved over just a few years ago. Malawian style fast food restaurants are popping up. You can also find bank machines around town. The airport, while still very small, is served by Air Kenya out of Nairobi, South African Airways, Zambian Air and Ethiopian Air and is quite adequate.

Lilongwe

48

Lilongwe
Lilongwe

looking east, Area 2 Old Town

Lilongwe Location of Lilongwe Coordinates: 1359S 3347E Country Region District Elevation Population (2009) -Total Time zone 902,388 CAT (UTC+2) Malawi Central Region Lilongwe 1050m (3445ft)

Lilongwe, estimated population 902,388 as of 2009, is the capital and largest city of Malawi. It lies in the country's central region, on the Lilongwe River, near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia, and on the main north-south highway of Malawi, the M1.

Lilongwe

49

History
The city started life as a small village on the banks of the Lilongwe river, and became a British colonial administrative centre at the beginning of the 20th century. Due to its location on the main north-south route through the country and the road to Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Lilongwe became the second largest city in Malawi after Blantyre. In 1975, the capital of the country was formally moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. Lilongwe has grown immensely since then and since 2008 has been the largest city in Malawi. All parliament members are required to spend time in the capital. Although Lilongwe is the political centre of Malawi, in some respects Blantyre remains the economic capital.

Demographics
Year 1977 1987 1998 2008 2009 Population 98,718 223,318 435,964 866,272 902,388 [1]

General
Many European and South African expatriates live in Lilongwe, and many NGOs (Care International, Plan International, Concern Worldwide, , Population Services International, The UNC Project, World Camp, Baylor International AIDS Initiative, Baobab Health Trust, WaterAID), international aid organisations (Peace Corps, USAID, DFID,UNICEF, UNHCR, UNFAO, WFP), and international corporations, particularly tobacco-related firms, operate out of Lilongwe. As a result, most western visitors will find the city to be accommodating and friendly. Many coffee shops, cafes, bars, clubs, restaurants, and even a casino are located in Lilongwe. In Lilongwe, as opposed to rural Malawi, one can live, work, or vacation in a manner that most westerners would consider typical, if not luxurious. However, most of Lilongwe's Malawian citizens live on just a few dollars a day and many are unemployed. The population of Lilongwe has grown as villagers, including young orphaned children, from the surrounding rural areas have relocated to the capital in search of jobs and the unattainable quality of life enjoyed by government officials, NGO and other international workers, and expatriates. Despite the highly visible class differences, most of the city's residents go about their lives in relative harmony. During the rainy season, between November and April, Lilongwe is muddy, humid, and hot. June and July are relatively cool and windy months. During the other months of the year, Lilongwe is dry and dusty. Lilongwe is a hot-spot for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malawi. It is estimated that up to 20% of the urban population is HIV positive. The Malawi National AIDS Commission reports that professionals, especially teachers and agricultural extension agents - many of whom travel between urban centres and rural villages, are dying faster than they can be replaced. [2] Also, the central region of Malawi is experiencing extreme deforestation. It is feared that rural citizens will have no access to wood for cooking fires, heating fires, and building materials by 2015. Problems with HIV/AIDS and deforestation are interrelated to the rapid population growth the city is currently experiencing.

Lilongwe

50

Areas
The city has many districts known as Areas. Areas are numbered, and range from one to fifty or more as the city grows - City Centre not being a numbered Area. The Areas are not necessarily consecutively numbered from one area to another. Some notable areas are: City Centre is by far the most modern, developed area of Lilongwe. Many banks (Stanbic - or Standard Chartered, National Bank of Malawi, NedBank, the Reserve Bank of Malawi), diplomatic missions, exclusive hotels (Sunbird Capital Hotel), Looking northeast towards the Shoprite airline offices (including South African Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, British Airways, Kenya Airways) and international corporate offices are located in City Centre. Close to City Centre, on an elevated ground, lies Malawi's Capital Hill which is a large campus of Government Ministries. There are over a dozen office blocks on Capital Hill, including Office of President and Cabinet, Ministries of Finance, Defence, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Education, Works and Transport, Health, Home Affairs and Ministry of Economic Planning. Capital Hill is surrounded by a fence and a ring road, with a maze of streets connecting the office blocks. Area 2: Old Town (North of A1) - Closest to the city centre; thriving commercial district, frequented primarily by locals; clothing, local food, western-style groceries, car parts, building supplies, bicycles/bicycle accessories are available here; home to Lilongwe's main local market, two major mosques, and a sprawling mini-bus station. Area 3 and Area 9: Old Town (West of A1) - West bank of the Lilongwe river; large, wealthy residential neighbourhoods, expatriate bars, hotels such as Lilongwe Hotel, western style shopping and restaurants, private expatriate clinics (Moyo Wathanzi on Likuni Road - Dr. Huber of Amsterdam). Area 47: Home to African Bible College, and its dependable, inexpensive missionary clinic which is typically staffed by American doctors. There is also a small stadium (Silver stadium). Children of the Nations, a non-profit organisation dedicated to caring for orphaned and destitute children, is also headquartered in Lilongwe. Other medium to low density residential areas are Areas 6, 12, 11, 43, 10, 44. There are also areas 15, and 18 which are medium to high density. Area 15 in particular has about 250 bungalows and houses medium earners. While the areas mentioned above are quite wealthy, safe, and modern, many citizens of Lilongwe live in sub-standard/non-permanent housing in a variety of Areas, often without electricity or running water.

Transport
Lilongwe is served by Malawi Railways and Axa Bus company, and local buses and minibuses run between Old Town, City Centre, Kamuzu International Airport, and other urban centres, including Mzuzu and Blantyre. Taxis are available from hotels and a taxi rank on Presidential Way, North of City Centre Shopping Centre. Most major urban roads are severely congested. Nevertheless, recently, most of the roads have been expanded into dual carriage ways (Paul Kagame Road running from Area 15 to Lilongwe Hotel in Area 3, Capital Hill to City Centre Road. The flow of traffic has been greatly improved lately with traffic lights (called robots by locals) installed in strategic intersections, unlike a few years ago when traffic lights were a rarity in Lilongwe. Kamuzu International Airport, located about 35km north of Lilongwe in the suburb of Lumbadzi, offers local turbo-prop

Lilongwe

51

Shopping
The main western-style shopping area is around Shoprite and the Nico Centre in Area 3, on the west bank of the Lilongwe river in Old Town. A newer, similar shopping centre is located near the Mchinji round-about across from the Seven Eleven filling station - the Crossroads Shopping Centre. Lilongwe has also seen the opening of Mr. Price at this Crossroads Shopping Centre. Aside from that a new high street shopping mall is being constructed at the former Shire Bus lines premises at Old Town (next to the Nico Centre). It has been said that this will be the biggest shopping mall in Malawi. Some of the retailers who At craft market by post office confirmed as tenants of this mall include: Woolworths, Spar, Game, Mr. Price Home among several others. The Pacific Shopping Mall is located in Area 10. Several internet cafes are located in and around the Nico Centre. Gifts and crafts can be bought from the post office craft market directly opposite the Nico Centre. To get a fair deal in the craft market, you must bargain hard. Pharmacies, bureau de changes and banks (including Stanbic and Malawi National Bank) are located throughout the city. ATM's which accept VISA cards are available at the banks mentioned above in City Centre and Area 3, with National Bank branches accepting bank issued cards using the PLUS international banking network. Almost any necessity can be purchased in Lilongwe, and many back-packers and overland travellers stop in Lilongwe to stock-up and enjoy city life for a few days.

Climate
Lilongwe features a humid subtropical climate that borders on a subtropical highland climate, with pleasantly warm summers and mild winters. Due to the altitude, temperatures are lower than would be expected for a city located in the tropics. Lilongwe features a short wet season that runs from December to March and a lengthy dry season that covers much of the remainder of the year, particularly June and July which are cooler than the rest of the year. However, the city sees heavy downpours during its rainy season, seeing around 200mm of rain in a month during the wettest months.
Climate data for Lilongwe Month Record high C (F) Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Record low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Jan
32 (90) 27 (81) 17 (63) 13 (55)

Feb
31 (88) 27 (81) 17 (63) 12 (54)

Mar
32 (90) 27 (81) 16 (61) 11 (52)

Apr
30 (86) 27 (81) 14 (57) 10 (50)

May
30 (86) 25 (77) 11 (52) 4 (39)

Jun
28 (82) 23 (73) 8 (46) 2 (36)

Jul
28 (82) 23 (73) 7 (45) 1 (30)

Aug
31 (88) 25 (77) 8 (46) 1 (30)

Sep
32 (90) 27 (81) 12 (54) 4 (39)

Oct
34 (93) 30 (86) 15 (59) 9 (48)

Nov
34 (93) 29 (84) 17 (63) 12 (54)

Dec
33 (91) 28 (82) 18 (64) 13 (55)

Year
34 (93) 27

13

1 (30)

208 199 131 39 7 1 1 2 3 8 66 178 848 (8.19) (7.83) (5.16) (1.54) (0.28) (0.04) (0.04) (0.08) (0.12) (0.31) (2.6) (7.01) (33.39) Source: GHCN
[3]

Lilongwe

52

Bibliography
Gerke, W.J.C. & Viljoen, Charl J. Master Plan for Lilongwe the Capital City of Malawi (Johannesburg: Swan Publishing, 1968)

References
[1] World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population (http:/ / www. world-gazetteer. com/ wg. php?x=& men=gcis& lng=en& dat=32& srt=pnan& col=dq& geo=-150) [2] http:/ / www. aidsmalawi. org. mw/ [3] "Average Conditions Lilongwe, Malawi" (http:/ / www. worldclimate. com/ cgi-bin/ data. pl?ref=S14E033+ 2100+ 6758504G1). . Retrieved August 3, 2010.

Great Rift Valley

53

Great Rift Valley

Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley*
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Lake Nakuru in the Kenya Lake System Country Type Criteria Reference Region** Coordinates Kenya Natural vii, ix, x 1060 [1]

Africa 006S 3606E

Inscription history
Inscription 2011 (35th Session) [2]

* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List [3] ** Region as classified by UNESCO

The Great Rift Valley is a name given in the late 19th century by British explorer John Walter Gregory to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6000 kilometres (3700mi) in length, that runs from northern Syria in Southwest Asia to central Mozambique in East Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the term is most often used to refer to the valley of the East African Rift, the divergent plate boundary which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting the African Plate into two new separate plates. Geologists generally refer to these incipient plates as the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate.

Map of East Africa showing some of the historically active volcanoes (red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded, center) a triple junction where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate, and the two parts of the African Plate (the Nubian and the Somali) splitting along the East African Rift Zone (USGS).

Great Rift Valley

54

Satellite image of a graben in the Afar Depression.

Geography
The Great Rift Valley as originally described extends from Lebanon in the north to Mozambique in the south, and constitutes one of two distinct physiographic provinces of the East African mountains.

Sinai peninsula
The northernmost part of the Rift, today called the Dead Sea Transform or Rift, forms the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon separating the Lebanon Mountains and Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Further south it is known as the Hula Valley separating the Galilee mountains and the Golan Heights. The River Jordan begins here and flows southward through Lake Hula into the Sea of Galilee in Israel, then continues south through the Jordan Rift Valley into the Dead Sea on the Israeli-Jordanian border. From the Dead Sea southwards, the Rift is occupied by the Wadi Arabah, then the Gulf of Aqaba, and then the Red Sea. Off the southern tip of Sinai in the Red Sea, the Dead Sea Transform meets the Red Sea Rift which runs the length of the Red Sea. The Red Sea Rift comes ashore to meet the East African Rift and the Aden Ridge in the Afar Depression of East Africa. The junction of these three rifts is called the Afar Triple Junction.

Diagram of the Great Rift Valley's future evolution into a sea.

Africa
In eastern Africa, the valley divides into two, the Western Rift Valley and the Eastern Rift Valley. The Western Rift, also called the Albertine Rift, is edged by some of the highest mountains in Africa, including the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and Ruwenzori Range. It contains the Rift Valley lakes, which include some of the deepest

Great Rift Valley

55

lakes in the world (up to 1,470 metres(4,800 ft) deep at Lake Tanganyika). Much of this area lies within the boundaries of national parks such as Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwenzori National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda, and Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Lake Victoria, the second largest area freshwater lake in the world, is considered part of the Rift Valley system although it actually lies between the two branches. All of the African Great Lakes were formed as the result of the rift, and most lie within its rift valley. In Kenya, the valley is deepest to the north of Nairobi. As the lakes in the Eastern Rift have no outlet to the sea and tend to be shallow, they have a high mineral content as the evaporation of water leaves the salts behind. For example, Lake Magadi has high concentrations of soda (sodium carbonate) and Lake Elmenteita, Lake Bogoria, and Lake Nakuru are all strongly alkaline, while the freshwater springs supplying Lake Naivasha are essential to support its current biological variety.

The Sinai Peninsula at center and the Dead Sea and Jordan Valley above.

Discoveries in human evolution

The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of fossils[4] that allow study of human evolution. Because the rapidly eroding highlands have filled the valley with sediments, a favorable environment for the preservation of remains has been created. The bones of several hominids ancestors of modern humans have been found there, including those of "Lucy",[5] a partial, yet eye-opening australopithecine skeleton, which was discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson dating back over 3 million years. Richard and Mary Leakey have also done significant work in this region. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered there: a 10 million year-old ape called Chororapithecus abyssinicus, found in the Afar rift, in eastern Ethiopia,[6] and the Nakalipithecus nakayamai, which is also 10 million years old.[6]

The Rift Valley from space.

Great Rift Valley

56

Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 1060 http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region "Great Rift Valley Ecosystem - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ tentativelists/ 1580/ ). whc.unesco.org. . Retrieved 2008-03-14. [5] Gibbons, A. (2002). "PROFILE: MICHEL BRUNET: One Scientist's Quest for the Origin of Our Species". Science 298 (5599): 17081711. doi:10.1126/science.298.5599.1708. PMID12459568. [6] Seward, Liz (2007-08-22). "Fossils belong to new great ape" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 6958313. stm). BBC News. London. . Retrieved 2008-03-14.

Further reading
Africa's Great Rift Valley, 2001, ISBN 0810906023 Tribes of the Great Rift Valley, 2007, ISBN 9780810994119 East African Rift Valley lakes, 2006, OCLC 76876862 Photographic atlas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rift Valley, 1977, ISBN 0387902473 Rift Valley fever : an emerging human and animal problem, 1982, ISBN 9241700637

External links
Small simple-coloured map (http://anthro.palomar.edu/hominid/images/map_of_great_rift_valley.gif)

Lake Malawi

57

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi

View from orbit Coordinates Lake type Primary inflows Primary outflows Catchment area Basin countries Max. length Max. width Surface area 1211S 3422E Rift lake Ruhuhu River Shire River k Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania 560 km 75 km
[1] [1]

[1]

to 580

[2]

[1]

unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: [1] u'strong'unknown operator: u','sqmi) 292 m 706 m
[3] [3] [3]

Average depth Max. depth Water volume Surface elevation Islands References

8,400 km

500 meters above sea level

Likoma and Chizumulu islets

[1] [3]

Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa in most countries, or Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, or Lago Niassa in Mozambique), is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the Great Rift Valley system of East Africa. This lake, the third largest in Africa and the eighth largest lake in the world, is located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. It is the second deepest lake in Africa, although its placid northern shore gives no hint of its depth. This great lake's tropical waters are reportedly the habitat of more species of fish than those of any other body of freshwater on Earth, including more than 1000 species of cichlids.[4] Lake Malawi was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10th 2011 in an effort to protect one of the largest and bio-diverse freshwater lakes in the world[5]

Lake Malawi

58

Geography
Lake Malawi or Lake Nyaza is between 560[1] and 580 kilometres long,[2] and about 75 kilometres wide at its widest point. The total surface area of this lake is about unknown operator: u',' square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','sqmi).[1] This lake has shorelines on western Mozambique, eastern Malawi, and southern Tanzania. The largest river flowing into this lake is the Ruhuhu River. This large freshwater lake has an outlet at its southern end, which is the Shire River, a tributary that flows into the very large Zambezi River in Mozambique.[2] Lake Malawi lies in the Great Rift Valley that was formed by the opening of the East African Rift, where the African tectonic plate is being split into two pieces. This is called a divergent plate tectonics boundary. Lake Malawi or Nyaza itself is variously estimated at about 40,000 years old.[1] or about one to two million years.[6] In addition, Lake Malawi or Nyaza is located about 350 kilometers southeast of Lake Tanganyika, another of the huge lakes of the Great Rift Valley.

European discovery and colonization

The Portuguese trader Candido Jos da Costa Cardoso was the first European to visit the lake in 1846.[7] David Livingstone reached the lake in 1859, and naming it "Lake Nyasa".[2] Much of the African region surrounding this lake was soon claimed by the British Empire and formed into the colony of Nyasaland. Although the Portuguese took control of the eastern shore of this lake, the island of Likoma was used as a mission station by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and as a result, Likoma and the nearby islet of Chizumulu were incorporated into Nyasaland rather than to Mozambique. Today, these islets form lacustrine exclaves: Malawian land surrounded by Mozambiquian waters. On August 16, 1914, Lake Malawi or Nyaza was the scene of a brief naval battle when the British gunboat Guendolen, commanded by a Captain Rhoades, heard that World War I had broken out, and he received orders from the British Empire's high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only gunboat on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew located the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Guendolen disabled the German boat with a single cannon shot from a range of about 2000 yards (1800m). This very brief gunboat conflict was hailed by The Times in England as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.[8] [9] Up until that time, the lakeshore that is now in Tanzania had been a part of German East Africa.

Lake Malawi

59

The borders of the Lake

The largest portion of the area of Lake Malawi or Nyaza is in Malawi. However, about a quarter of the area belongs to Mozambique. This area includes the waters surrounding the Malawian islets of Likoma and Chizumulu, which are this lake's only two inhabited islets. The islet of Likoma is dominated by a large stone and brick Anglican cathedral that was built by missionaries in the early 20th century. A notable feature of both islets is their significant number of baobab trees. The islets support a population of several thousand people, who in addition to being fishermen, grow plants such as cassavas, bananas, and mangoes for food.

A view of the lake from Likoma Island

Lake Nyasa or Lake Malawi

The geographic name of the lake itself is also disputed. Malawi claims that this lake is named "Lake Malawi", whereas most other countries (most notably Tanzania) and internationally-made maps state that the name of the lake is "Lake Nyasa". The origin of the dispute over the name of the lake has its background in geopolitical disputes that began before the independence of Malawi was achieved in 1964, when the territory had been known as "Nyasaland". Further complications emerged for various political reasons during the 1960s, when President Hastings Banda of Malawi became the only African leader to establish diplomatic relations with the white-ruled country of South Africa. This recognition of the South African regime was fiercely repudiated by almost all other African leaders, including President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania. This contrasting in policies toward South Africa gave some more impetus to disputes between the Malawi and Tanzania, especially concerning the name of the Lake itself, and also the water boundary between the two countries. For this same lake, the name "Lac Maravi" had been used on the map of "Afrique sud" by J. B. B. d'Anville, which was published in France in 1749. David Livingstone's name for the lake was based on his colleague's misunderstanding of African languages of the area. When Livingstone asked his staff members, who were not from the area of the lake, to state its name for him, they said the word "nyasa", not realizing that this was the local word for any large body of water (such as a lake). In effect, "Lake Nyasa" literally means "Lake Lake". This name could also be spelled "niassa", "nyanja", or "nyanza", based on the other languages of the region. Presently the dispute between the two governments over the lake's name is mostly dormant. Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Tanzania, and the relationships between their wildlife police forces and other associations, are largely cordial.

TanzaniaMalawi dispute
The partition of Lake Nyasa's surface area between Malawi and Tanzania is under dispute. Tanzania claims that the international border runs through the middle of the lake.[10] This is along the lines of the border that were set out between the German and British territories before 1914. On the other hand, Malawi claims the whole of the surface of this lake that is not in Mozambique, including the waters that are next to the shoreline of Tanzania. The foundations of this dispute were laid when the British colonial government, which had recently captured Tanganyika from Germany, placed all of the water under the jurisdiction of the territory of Nyasaland, without a separate administration for the Tanganyikan portion of the surface. This dispute has led to conflicts in the past, though in recent years, Malawi has declined to attempt to enforce any claims to the disputed portion.

Lake Malawi Occasional flare-ups of conflict during the 1990s, and also sometimes in the 21st Century, have impacted fishing rights, particularly those of Tanzanian fishermen who reside on the lakeshore, and who have occasionally been accused of fishing in Malawian waters.

60

Lake of Stars
'The Lake of Stars' is the nickname for Lake Malawi coined by David Livingstone.[11] This name came about due to lights from the lanterns of the fishermen in Malawi on their boats, that resemble, from a distance, stars in the sky.[12] The lake is also known as the Lake of Storms, for the unpredictable and extremely violent gales that sweep through the area.[12]

Transport on the Lake

Large-scale transport between villages on the shores of Lake Malawi or Nyaza, and also between the lakeshore and the inhabited islets is provided by steamboats or motor ships on the lake, or else by air transport. MVChauncy Maples began service on the lake in 1901 as the SS Chauncy Maples: a floating clinic and church for the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. She later served as a ferry and is currently laid up at Monkey Bay awaiting restoration. MVMpasa entered service in 1935.[13]
A jetty juts into the lake at Nkhata Bay

The ferry MVIlala entered service in 1951. In recent years she has often been out of service, but when operational she runs between Monkey Bay at the southern end of the lake to Karonga on the northern end, and occasionally to the Iringa Region of Tanzania. The ferry MVMtendere entered service in 1980.[13] By 1982 she was carrying 100,000 passengers per year.[13] She normally serves the southern part of the lake but if Ilala is out of service she operates the route to Karonga. The Tanzanian ferry MVSongea was built in 1988.[14] Her operator was the Tanzania Railway Corporation Marine Division until 1997, when it became the Marine Services Company Limited.[15] Songea plies weekly between Liuli and Nkhata Bay via Itungi and Mbamba Bay.[14] Vessels travel about twice a week from Nkhata Bay on the lakeshore to the Likoma and Chizumulu islets, taking several hours to make the crossing. Neither of the islets has a usable port, and larger boats anchor offshore before transferring their passengers and cargoes to the islets in small watercraft.

Lake Malawi

61

Wildlife
Lake Malawi or Nyasa has for millennia provided a major food source to the residents of its shores since its waters are rich in fish such as the chambo, consisting of any one of four species of the cichlid genus Nyasalapia, and the kampango, a large catfish (Bagrus meridionalis). Some of the fish that are caught are exported from Malawi, but the wild population of fish is increasingly threatened by overfishing and water pollution. The painted hunting dog was believed to be extinct in Malawi, however recent research in Kasungu National park near the western boundary of Malawi has found a pack of 17 Painted dogs. An aquarium with fish species from Lake Malawi (Lincoln Park Zoo, Researcher Duncan Yearly has begun a project Chicago) called Carnivore Conservation Malawi and is trying to raise awareness and funding to further the protection of these endangered mammals in Malawi. It is believed that these painted dogs seasonally move across the border from Malawi into Zambia to hunt in The South Luangwa Valley but seemingly they have plenty of success within Malawi as the pack consists of 7 adults and 10 pups.[16] Other wildlife that is found in and around Lake Malawi or Nyasa include crocodiles, hippopotamus, monkeys, and a significant population of African fish eagles that feed off fish from the lake.

Cichlids
Lake Malawi is noted for being the site of evolutionary radiations among several groups of animals, most notably cichlid fish. Several hundred endemic species are found in the lake, many of which have become popular among aquarium owners due to their bright colors. Recreating a Lake Malawi biotope[17] to host cichlids became quite popular in the aquarium hobby. The cichlids of the lake are divided Lake Malawi is home to numerous cichlid species into two basic groups, loosely referred to as the haplochromines and including Livingston's cichlid (Nimbochromis the tilapiines. Within the first group, Haplochrominae, there are two livingstonii). subgroups. The first one consists of open water and sand dwelling species whose males display bright colors and whose females show a silvery coloration with sometimes irregular black bars or other markings. The second subgroup is known both locally and popularly as mbuna, which means "rockdwellers". The Mbuna species tend to be smaller, often specialized aufwuchs feeders, and often both sexes are brightly colored with males having several egg shaped gold spots on their anal fin. All haplochromines from Lake Malawi are mouthbrooders. The second group, the tilapiines, comprises the only substrate-spawning species in the lake (Tilapia rendalli), in addition to the four mouthbrooding species of chambo (Nyasalapia).

Lake Malawi

62

Snails
The lake also supports populations of snails, some of which carry bilharzia. A survey in Monkey Bay in 1964 found two endemic species of snails of the genus Bulinus in the lake, and B. globosus and B. forskalli in lagoons separated from it. The latter species are known vectors of bilharzia, and larvae of the parasite were detected in water containing these, but in experiments C. Wright of the British Museum of Natural History was unable to infect the two species endemic to the lake with the parasites. The field workers, who spent many hours on and in the lake, did not find either B. globosus or B. forskalli in the lake itself.[18] A number of fish species in the lake specialise in preying on snails, and the lake snails show behavioural modifications that give them some protection. One lives at the bases of rosettes of the plant Vallisneria, while the other burrows in the sand. The bilharzia vector, B. globosus, crawls over the leaves of aquatic plants and so is more susceptible to predation. In the early 1960s the snail-eating fish were still abundant, and bilharzia was not a problem to people bathing in the lake but they could contract it if they paddled in streams, ponds or swamps near the lake. Infective larvae may have been carried into the lake during floods, although they would have survived only a few days. More recently there have been reports of this disease being contracted in the lake. The apparent increase in risk may be associated with heavy fishing off the beaches over the past 40 years and with declines in the populations of snail-eating fish.[19] In addition to the potential vectors of bilharzia, a number of other snail and clam species are endemic to the lake. Empty shells of large Lanistes are used as brood shelters by mbuna such as Pseudotropheus livingstonei, while a small catfish, which grows to less than 30mm in length, uses smaller shells as brood shelters.[19]

Water chemistry
The water in Lake Malawi or Nyasa is typically slightly alkaline with a pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, a carbonate hardness of 107 to 142mg L1, and a conductivity of 210 to 285 S cm1. Given its tropical latitude, the water of this lake is generally warm, having a surface temperature that ranges from 24 to 29 degrees Celsius (75 to 84 degrees Fahrenheit), with a deep water temperature of about 22 C (72 F), year round.

Recreation on the Lake

Lake Malawi (1967)

Lake Malawi is one of the main attractions in Malawi for local and international tourists because of its beaches and islands.[20] Many Malawians go to the lake for Christmas vacations and other holidays for recreational purposes. International tourists visiting Malawi also go to the lake for recreation.[21] Some of Malawi's best resorts are on Lake Malawi.[20] Resorts offer a wide range of activities like snorkeling, diving, boat riding, sailing, water skiing, camping, trips to the islands located along the lake, Beach football and other water activities.[22]

Lake Malawi

63

Literature
The Lake has been romanticised in Malawian literature and is at the center of many Malawian poetry and novels.

Religion
Traditional Malawian religion centers on the lake as an integral part of the source of life.

References
[1] "Malawi Cichlids" (http:/ / www. aquaticcommunity. com/ cichlid/ malawi. php). AC Tropical Fish. Aquaticcommunity.com. . Retrieved 2007-04-02. [2] "Lake Nyasa" (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ topic/ Lake_Nyasa. aspx#1-1E1:Nyasa-La-full). Columbia Encyclopedia Online. Columbia University Press. . Retrieved 2011-08-02. [3] "Lake Malawi" (http:/ / www. ilec. or. jp/ database/ afr/ afr-13. html). World Lakes Database. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. . Retrieved 2007-04-02. [4] "Protected Areas Programme" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080511101010/ http:/ / www. unep-wcmc. org/ protected_areas/ data/ wh/ lakemal. html). United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO. October 1995. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. unep-wcmc. org/ protected_areas/ data/ wh/ lakemal. html) on 2008-05-11. . Retrieved 2008-06-26. [5] http:/ / wwf. panda. org/ ?uNewsID=200583 [6] Wilson, Ab; Teugels, Gg; Meyer, A (Apr 2008). Moritz, Craig. ed. "Marine Incursion: The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion into West Africa" (http:/ / dx. plos. org/ 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0001979) (Free full text). PloS one 3 (4): e1979. Bibcode2008PLoSO...3.1979W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001979. PMC2292254. PMID18431469. . [7] Jeal, Tim (1973). Livingstone. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons. [8] Edward Paice, Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa (2007), ISBN 0297847090 [9] The Guendolen v Hermann Von Wissmann (http:/ / www. clash-of-steel. co. uk/ pages/ battle_details. php?battle=GUENDOLENV01) Clash of Steel [10] "Govt clarifies on Tanzania-Malawi border" (http:/ / www. kforumonline. com/ viewtopic. php?t=712& sid=6ff7f94b3f06010d9542913ba89b2ac2). KForum. 1 August 2007. . Retrieved 2009-01-26. [11] http:/ / www. wildernessjourneys. com/ adventures. php?tripID=327 [12] http:/ / world-geography. org/ lakes/ 417-lake-malawi. html [13] Sefton, John (2010-11-09). "Mtendere" (http:/ / www. shipstamps. co. uk/ forum/ viewtopic. php?f=2& t=10733). Community Forum. ShipStamps.co.uk. . [14] "MV. Songea" (http:/ / mscltz. com/ preview_019. htm). Vessels. Marine Services Company Limited. . Retrieved 26 June 2011. [15] "Home" (http:/ / mscltz. com/ ). Vessels. Marine Services Company Limited. . Retrieved 26 June 2011. [16] (www.carnivoreconservationmalawi.org) Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg (http:/ / globaltwitcher. auderis. se/ artspec_information. asp?thingid=35993) [17] Aquariumslife.com (http:/ / www. aquariumslife. com/ biotope/ lake-malawi-biotope/ ) [18] Wright, C. A.; Klein, J.; Eccles, D. H. (1967). "Endemic species of Bulinus (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in Lake Malawi (= Lake Nyasa)" (http:/ / www3. interscience. wiley. com/ journal/ 122569088/ abstract). Journal of Zoology 151 (1): 199209. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02873.x. . Retrieved 2010-05-22. [19] Personal observations by David Eccles when Senior Fisheries Research Officer in Malawi [20] http:/ / www. destination-malawi. com/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=62& Itemid=11 [21] http:/ / www. thesafaricompany. co. za/ Lodge_Hotel_Islands_Malawi. htm [22] http:/ / www. sunbirdmalawi. com/ livingstonia/ recreation. htm

Lake Malawi

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Further reading
Mayall, James (December 1973). "The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute". The Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (4): 611628. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00008776. Recent study on Lake Malawi water levels reveals drought 100,000 years ago (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ tol/news/world/africa/article2617296.ece)

External links
Index of Lake Malawi Cichlids (http://www.cichlidexplorer.com/category/lake-malawi-cichlids/)

Shire River

65

Shire River
Shire River
River

The Shire near Nsanje, Malawi Countries Source -elevation -coordinates Mouth -coordinates Length Malawi, Mozambique Lake Malawi 474 m (1555 ft) 142525S 351410E Zambezi 174136S 351855E 402 km (250 mi)

The Shire is a river in Malawi and Mozambique. The river has been known as the Shir or Chire River. It is the outlet of Lake Malawi and flows into the Zambezi. Its length is 402km; including Lake Malawi and the Ruhuhu, its headstream, it has a length of about 1200km. The upper Shire River connects Lake Malawi with Lake Malombe. The river's valley is part of the Great Rift Valley system.[1]

References
[1] Live Search Maps (http:/ / mappoint. msn. com/ (rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/ map. aspx?C=0,0& A=100000& L=WLD0409)

Ferry crossing the Shire in Mozambique

Monkey Bay

66

Monkey Bay
Monkey Bay Lusumbwe

Beach at Cape Maclear near Monkey Bay

Monkey Bay Location in Malawi Coordinates: 140500S 345500E Country Region District Elevation Population (2008) -Total Time zone [1] 14,591 +2 Malawi Southern Region Mangochi District 1630ft (497m)

Monkey Bay

67

Monkey Bay or Lusumbwe is a town in Mangochi whichi is in the Mangochi District in the Southern Region of Malawi. The town is on the shore of Lake Malawi and is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi.[2] The population of Monkey Bay is estimated to be 14,591 as of 2008.[1] Monkey Bay is 206 kilometres (128mi) from Lilongwe, Malawis capital city, and 253 kilometres (157mi) from Blantyre. With a population of about 500,000, Lilongwe is Malawis largest city.[3] Monkey Bay is a tourist resort and is often travelled through on the road to Cape Maclear.[4]

History
Monkey Bay was ruled by the Muslim Yao chief and slave trader, Mponda, during the 1880s.[5] In the late 19th century, the first Bishop of Likoma, Chauncy Maples, drowned near Monkey Bay in Lake Malawi.[6] In the 1960s, there was a Fisheries Research Laboratory in Monkey Bay, funded by the then-Nyasaland colonial government.[7]

Geography
Monkey Bay is on the shore of Lake Malawi and is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi.[2] It is at an elevation of 1630 feet (500m). Monkey Bay is situated 4 miles (6.4km) away from Chimpamba, 2 miles (3.2km) away from Zambo, 1 mile (1.6km) away from Msumbi and 0.5 miles (0.80km) away from Mbalamanja.[8]

Living standards
In March 2003, the then-Malawian President Bakili Muluzi held a rally in Monkey Bay, and promised to help reduce poverty.[9] The charity Save the Children are active in the Monkey Bay area.[10] According to a German development volunteer working with the Back to School Foundation, the residents of Monkey Bay are not living at the poverty line, but at the existence line. Houses are simple clay cottages, and few households can afford electricity, as the connection costs alone are three times the average monthly wage.[11]

Facilities
Amenities
There is a supermarket and a market in Monkey Bay, although there are no banks, bureaux de change or automatic teller machines. There is an internet caf and several guesthouses.[12] The nearest ATM is in the town of Mangochi. On 22 February 2010, a first bank opened its doors. Malawi Savings Bank Agency which was operating from the Post Office building moved into their own convenience, a refurblished and spacious building at the Trading centre.

Transport
Monkey Bay is connected to Lilongwe and Blantyre by bus services.[12] The nearest airport is at Ulongwe, 49 miles (79km) away.[8] Two passenger ferries make weekly sailings along Lake Malawi between Monkey Bay and Chilumba; the MV Ilala and the Mtendere.[13] The Ilala is 350-passenger steamship that has served the route since

Monkey Bay 1951.[14] In March 2003, the European Union funded improvements to the road linking Monkey Bay with Masasa and Golomiti.[15] In February 2006, the Malawian government announced plans to build a road from Monkey Bay to Cape Maclear.[16] In March 2006, there was no road access to Monkey Bay, after the worst floods since 1978 had washed away several miles of road and a bridge.[17] The rainfall measured around 158 millimetres (6.2in) and several thousand people in the Mangochi District were made homeless.[18]

68

Education
In June 2008, Nankhwala Catholic School in Monkey Bay received a gift of 1,110 from a partner school, St Bernadettes Primary School in Tullibody, Scotland. The relationship between the two schools was established after a priest from Monkey Bay visited St Bernadettes.[19]

Medical
Monkey Bay has a hospital, but medical services are not extensive; surgery and diagnostics are however available in Monkey Bay.[20]

Law and military

Monkey Bay has a police station. It is also the headquarters of the 220-strong marine force of the Army of Malawi.[21] [22]

Tourism
Monkey Bay has been described as "the country's best known resort" by Agence France-Presse,[17] and Factiva refers to Monkey Bay as the "best known resort-area" in Malawi.[23] The area has "sandy beaches and tropical fish",[18] and is popular with tourists.[21] There are diving schools in Monkey Bay, however, according the Daily Telegraph, the schools are considered poor by tourists.[24] The town is also a transit point to Cape Maclear.

Demographics
Year 1987 1998 Population 5 649 8 793 [1]

2008 (estimate) 14 591

References
[1] "World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population" (http:/ / www. world-gazetteer. com/ wg. php?x=& men=gcis& lng=en& dat=32& srt=pnan& col=dq& geo=-150). World Gazetteer. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [2] "Malawi: Transportation" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-43952/ Malawi). Encyclopaedia Britannica. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [3] "Malawi distance table" (http:/ / www. wildmalawi. com/ distance-table/ distance-table/ malawi-distance-table. html). . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [4] Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Firestone, Matthew D.; Fitzpatrick, Mary (2007). Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC& printsec=frontcover#PPA200,M1). Lonely Planet. p.200. ISBN1740597451. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [5] Good, Charles M. (2004). The Steamer Parish: The Rise and Fall of Missionary Medicine on an African (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=8y8XSs9xIEIC& printsec=frontcover#PPA88,M1). University of Chicago Press. p.88. ISBN0226302814. . Retrieved 2008-06-22. [6] Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Firestone, Matthew D.; Fitzpatrick, Mary (2007). Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC& printsec=frontcover#PPA193,M1). Lonely Planet. p.193. ISBN1740597451. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [7] Bulletin - Malawi Geological Survey Department (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=k706AAAAIAAJ& pgis=1). Malawi Geographical Survey Department. 1963. . Retrieved 2008-06-20.

Monkey Bay
[8] "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Monkey Bay, Malawi" (http:/ / www. fallingrain. com/ world/ MI/ 0/ Monkey_Bay. html). FallingRain Genomics. . Retrieved 2008-06-21. [9] "Malawi: Muluzi Outlines Priority" (http:/ / allafrica. com/ stories/ 200303080008. html). AllAfrica. 2008-03-08. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [10] Itano, Nicole (2002-06-11). "AIDS adds to African food crisis" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 2002/ 0611/ p01s03-woaf. htm). CS Monitor. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [11] Kleinebrahm, Tobias (2007-08-23). "Eine Zukunft fr die Kinder von Malawi" (http:/ / www. rp-online. de/ public/ article/ kempen/ 471650/ Eine-Zukunft-fuer-die-Kinder-von-Malawi. html) (in German). Rheinische Post. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [12] Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Firestone, Matthew D.; Fitzpatrick, Mary (2007). Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC& printsec=frontcover#PPA201,M1). Lonely Planet. p.201. ISBN1740597451. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [13] Rogers, Douglas (2001-02-05). "Malawi: On a mission in Africa" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ travel/ africaandindianocean/ malawi/ 720923/ Malawi-On-a-mission-in-Africa. html). The Daily Telegraph. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [14] "Lake placid" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ travel/ 2001/ apr/ 18/ netjetters2000sam. netjetters1?page=2). The Guardian. 2001-04-18. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [15] Chimwala, Marcel (2003-03-28). "EU approves funding for Malawian road projects" (http:/ / www. engineeringnews. co. za/ article. php?a_id=33703). . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [16] "Malawi: Investors, Tourists Wear Smile in Cape Maclear" (http:/ / allafrica. com/ stories/ 200602280116. html). AllAfrica. 2006-02-28. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [17] "Flash floods in Malawi tourist haven leave 6,000 homeless" (http:/ / www. mywire. com/ pubs/ AFP/ 2006/ 03/ 08/ 1270868?extID=10051). Agence France Presse. 2006-03-08. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [18] "Heavy flooding causes havoc in Malawi" (http:/ / www. angolapress-angop. ao/ noticia-e. asp?ID=423875). AngolaPress. 2008-03-22. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [19] "School cash for Malawi youngsters" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ scotland/ tayside_and_central/ 7451251. stm). BBC News. 2006-06-12. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [20] Collins, Dr. Martina (2008-06-10). "Life as a GP in Malawi the warm heart of Africa" (http:/ / www. imt. ie/ news/ 2008/ 06/ life_as_a_gp_in_malawi_the_war. html). Irish Medical Times. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [21] "Divers search for bodies in Lake Malawi" (http:/ / www. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=84& art_id=nw20070410091551635C986579). Independent Online. 2008-04-10. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [22] Wertheim, Eric (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft and Systems (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=TJunjRvplU4C& printsec=frontcover#PPA452,M1). Naval Institute Press. p.452. ISBN159114955X. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [23] "Floods cause chaos in Malawi, Mozambique" (http:/ / moreresults. factiva. com/ results/ index/ index. aspx?ref=LQAF000020060310e23a000h3). Factiva. 2006-03-10. . Retrieved 2008-06-20. [24] Isaacson, Rupert (2001-02-05). "Malawi: Flying under water" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ travel/ africaandindianocean/ malawi/ 721218/ Malawi-Flying-under-water. html?pageNum=3). The Daily Telegraph. . Retrieved 2008-06-20.

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External links
MSN Map (http://maps.msn.com/(yvfab2raaeggqe45xaaqon55)/map.aspx?lats1=-14.083333&lons1=34. 916667&alts1=14&regn1=2)

Mulanje Massif

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Mulanje Massif
Mount Mulanje

Composite satellite image of Mt. Mulanje Elevation 3002 m (9849 ft)

[1]

Prominence 2319 m (7608 ft) [1] Listing Country high point Ultra Location

Mount Mulanje Location of Mount Mulanje in Malawi Location

Malawi

Coordinates 155659S 353537E[1] [2] Geology Type Inselberg

The Mulanje Massif, also known as Mount Mulanje, is a large monadnock in southern Malawi near the city of Blantyre, rising sharply from the surrounding plains of Chiradzulu, and the tea-growing Mulanje district. It measures approximately 13x16 miles (22x26 kilometres) and has a maximum elevation of 3,002m at its highest point, Sapitwa Peak. Much of the Massif consists of rolling grassland at elevations of 1800-2200m, intersected by deep forested ravines. It has many individual peaks reaching heights of over 2500m, including Chambe Peak, the West Face of which is the longest rock climb in Africa. The Massif was formed by the extrusion of magma into the Earth's crust about 130 million years ago. The surrounding rock eroded away over time, leaving behind the erosion-resistant igneous rock of the Mulanje Massif. The first European to report seeing the Massif was David Livingstone in 1859, but archeological investigation reveals evidence of human visits to the Massif from the Stone Age onwards. The elevation of the mountain is high

Mulanje Massif enough for it to disturb upper level air flow and induce rain clouds to form around it, making it an important source of rain water at the head of almost every river that runs through this part of Malawi. The forested slopes of the Massif support a sizable timber industry. At one time there was a cableway to transport timber from the edge of the plateau down to the Likhubula Forestry Station, but it fell into disrepair, and currently planks are carried down manually. The mountain itself is part of the protected Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve. The native Mulanje Cypress (Widdringtonia whytei) has been so heavily logged that it is considered endangered and the park contains the last remaining stands of this tree, as well as a number of other plant and animal speciesmany of them endemic to the area. Examples include forest butterflies, birds such as the cholo alethe and White-winged Apalis, a dwarf chameleon, geckos, skinks, the Squeaker Frog, and a rare limbless burrowing skink species. The land around the park is threatened by growing population, land use patterns such as forest clearing for farming and firewood, and invasive species such as Mexican Pine and Himalayan Raspberry. The Massif is popular for hiking and climbing, and has several mountain huts scattered across it which are maintained by the Malawi Mountain Club [3] and the Malawi Forestry Department. Sapitwa peak was first climbed in 1894, and is now the most popular climb on the plateau.

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Climate
The climate of the larger Mulanje area is strongly influenced by the equatorial low pressure area, where the north-east trades of the Northern Hemisphere converge with the south-east trades of the Southern Hemisphere. This area is known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). On satellite Images the ITCZ is mostly seen as a long band of clouds in the Equatorial region, the main effect of the ITCZ is the creation of dry- and rainy-seasons in the Equatorial area. If we focus on equatorial and central Africa, Mulanje Massif 3D we can see, that the ITCZ moves as southern as northern Zimbabwe. Therefore also the greater Mulanje area is affected by the ITCZ despite of is location, roughly 1800 kilometers south of the equator. Most affected by the ITCZ in the Mulanje Area, is the Mulanje Massif, because its unique position as a mountain island, rising up more than 2500 Meters above the plains around. This setting is responsible for the Massifs role as a rain barrier that forces the clouds to come down in the form of rain. This becomes very visible if we take a look at the annual normal rainfalls, on and around the massif. On plateau level, at around 2000 m.a.s.l., we annually experience more than 100inches of rain, however, in the low plains around the foot of the Massif, the annual rainfalls, range around 40inch. In the plains around the Mountain, it normally only rains in the rainy season, while it rains all year long, on plateau level. The rains are just more intense and frequent then in the dry season. But, there are still differences in the amounts of rain, around the Massif. The south-west face of the Mountain, is the weather side, around Likhabula, Lichenya and Mulanje Boma, which experiences the highest amounts of rain, due to the south-east trades of the southern hemisphere, that drive the moist air from Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo into the Mulanje region. Therefore the North-west face of the Massif experiences lesser rains, as it is situated in the shadows of the high Peaks of the Massif.

Mulanje Massif Temperature wise, the months of the dry season are the coolest months of the Year, and probably the nicest climate to go hiking in the massif (May-August), the wet season (November-April) is not the recommended time to hike in the Massif, as the hiker faces strong rains on the plateau and high temperatures at the ascent.

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References
[1] http:/ / www. peaklist. org/ WWlists/ ultras/ africa. html [2] http:/ / www. wikimapia. org/ #lat=-15. 966667& lon=35. 633333& z=12& l=0& m=b& show=/ 9853584/ Sapitwa-Peak-3003m [3] http:/ / www. mcm. org. mw/

"Mount Mulanje, Malawi" (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images. php3?img_id=16662). NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 2006-05-22.

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Politics
Politics of Malawi
Politics of Malawi takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Malawi is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Government of Malawi has been a multi-party democracy since 1994.

Executive branch
Main office holders Office President Name Party Since 20 May 2004 19 May 2009

Bingu wa Mutharika DPP PP

Vice-President Joyce Banda

Under the 1995 constitution, the president, who is both chief of state and head of the government, is chosen through universal direct suffrage every 5 years. Malawi has a vice president who is elected with the president. The president has the option of appointing a second vice president, who must be from a different party.It also includes a presidentially appointed cabinet. The members of the cabinet of Malawi can be drawn from either within or outside of the legislature. Bakili Muluzi was president from 21 May 1994 to May 2004, having won reelection in 2000 with 51.4% of the vote to leading challenger Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba's 44.3% for the MCP-AFORD party. In the 2004 election Bingu wa Mutharika defeated Chakuamba by a ten point margin.

Legislative branch
The National Assembly has 193 members, elected for a five year term in single-seat constituencies. The constitution also provides for a second house, a Senate of 80 seats, but to date no action has been taken to create the Senate. The Senate is intended to provide representation for traditional leaders and the different geographical districts, as well as various special interest groups, such as women, youth, and the disabled.

Political parties and elections

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Summary of the 19 May 2009 Malawian presidential election results

Candidates Bingu wa Mutharika John Tembo Kamuzu Chibambo Stanley Masauli Loveness Gondwe Parties Democratic Progressive Party Malawi Congress Party People's Transformation Party Republican Party New Rainbow Coalition Votes 2,946,103 1,370,044 35,167 33,887 32,160 27,328 20,151 % 65.98 30.69 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.61 0.45

James Mbowe Nyondo independent Dindi Gowa Nyasulu Total (turnout %) Alliance for Democracy

4,464,840 100.00 Source: mec.org.mw

[1]

Summary of the 19 May 2009 National Assembly of Malawi election results

Seats Democratic Progressive Party Malawi Congress Party United Democratic Front Alliance for Democracy Maravi People's Party Malawi Forum for Unity and Development Independents Vacant (death of candidate) Total (turnout %) Source: IPU
[2]

114 26 17 1 1 1 32 1 193

Judicial branch
The constitution provides for an independent judiciary. Malawi's judicial system, based on the English model, is made up of magisterial lower courts, a High Court, and a Supreme Court of Appeal.

Local government
Local government is carried out in 28 districts within three regions administered by regional administrators and district commissioners who are appointed by the central government. Local elections, the first in the multi-party era, took place on November 21, 2000. The UDF party won 70% of the seats in this election. The districts are Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntcheu, Ntchisi,Neno Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba

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International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

External links
Official page of the Government of Malawi [3]

References
[1] http:/ / www. mec. org. mw/ Elections/ 2009ResultsReports/ tabid/ 98/ Default. aspx [2] http:/ / www. ipu. org/ parline-e/ reports/ 2195_E. htm [3] http:/ / www. malawi. gov. mw/

Malawian general election, 2004

General elections was held in Malawi on 20 May 2004 to elect a President and the National Assembly. The election had originally been scheduled for 18 May but was postponed for two days in response to opposition complaints of irregularities in the voter roll.[1] By 22 May no results had been announced, leading to protests from the opposition and threats of disorder. On 25 May the Malawi Electoral Commission finally announced the results of the election. Bingu wa Mutharika, the candidate of the ruling United Democratic Front, was declared the winner of the presidential poll, whilst the Malawi Congress Party had won most seats in the National Assembly vote. Voter turnout was around 62%.[2]

Candidates
There were five candidates for the presidential election; Gwanda Chakuamba, aged 69, was the candidate of a seven-party opposition coalition, the Mgwirizano Coalition or Unity Coalition. Chakuamba has a colourful past, having been a senior minister and militia commander under former President-for-life Hastings Banda. In 1980 he fell out with Banda, whose assassination he was accused of plotting. He spent 12 years in prison and emerged a popular hero, then succeeded Banda as leader of his party, the Malawi Congress Party. Justin Malewezi, Vice-President of Malawi under Bakili Muluzi, stood as the candidate of the People's Progressive Movement, having been passed over by the ruling party. Brown Mpinganjira, aged 55, was the candidate of the National Democratic Alliance, a breakaway group from the ruling party. John Tembo, aged 72, was the candidate of the Malawi Congress Party. Bingu wa Mutharika, a 70-year-old economist and veteran politician who was the candidate of the ruling United Democratic Front, although he had previously run for president under the United Party banner.He was supported by the outgoing president, Bakili Muluzi.

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Results
Presidential election
Candidate Party Votes %

Bingu wa Mutharika United Democratic Front John Tembo Malawi Congress Party

1,119,738 35.9 846,457 802,386 272,172 27.1 25.7 8.7 2.5 -

Gwanda Chakuamba Mgwirizano Coalition Brown Mpinganjira Justin Malewezi Invalid/blank votes Total Source: EISA [3] National Democratic Alliance

People's Progressive Movement 78,892 86,218

3,205,863 100

National Assembly election

Party Malawi Congress Party United Democratic Front Independents Republican Party National Democratic Alliance Alliance for Democracy People's Progressive Movement Votes 785,671 801,200 766,137 231,002 256,713 114,017 98,548 % Seats

24.85 57 25.34 49 24.23 40 7.31 8.12 3.61 3.12 1.68 0.67 0.23 0.84 15 9 6 6 3 1 1 0 187

Movement for Genuine Democratic Change 53,127 People's Transformation Party Congress for National Unity Others Total Source: EISA [4] 21,153 7,410 26,609

3,161,587 100

These parties formed the Mgwirizano Coalition, which also included the Malawi Forum for Unity and Development, the National Unity Party and the Malawi Democratic Party.

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References
[1] Special report on general elections (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. asp?ReportID=41152& SelectRegion=Southern_Africa& SelectCountry=MALAWI) IRIN, 19 May 2004 [2] Malawi: 2004 Presidential election results (http:/ / www. eisa. org. za/ WEP/ mal2004results. htm) EISA [3] http:/ / www. eisa. org. za/ WEP/ mal2004results. htm [4] http:/ / www. eisa. org. za/ WEP/ mal2004results1. htm

Malawian general election, 2009

A general election was held in Malawi on 19 May 2009. President Bingu wa Mutharika ran for re-election; his main opponent was John Tembo, the President of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Five other candidates also ran.[1] The election was won by Mutharika, who was re-elected to the Presidency with around two-thirds of the vote.[2] Mutharika's DPP also won a strong parliamentary majority.[3]

Registration and electoral timetable

Voter registration started in August 2008 and was scheduled to end on 29 November 2008, but on 20 November (by which time 3.5 million voters had been registered) it was announced that registration would be extended into December. This extension was caused by problems related to digital cameras that were necessary to the process.[4] Between 2 February and 6 February, presidential and parliamentary candidates submitted their nomination papers.[5] The official campaigning period began on 17 March and is scheduled to conclude on 17 May. Parliament was dissolved on 20 March, in accordance with the constitution,[6] and subsequently the Malawi Electoral Commission will announce which candidates have been deemed eligible.[7]

Candidacies
On 22 October 2008, Hetherwick Ntaba, the Secretary-General of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), announced that the DPP national governing council had unanimously endorsed Mutharika as the party's presidential candidate a few days earlier.[8] However, Foreign Minister Joyce Banda said on 16 January 2009 that Mutharika felt the endorsement of the council was inadequate and that he wanted the endorsement of the party's base. Therefore he sought the backing of the delegates at a DPP convention.[9] Later, as the DPP presidential candidate, Mutharika chose Banda as his vice-presidential candidate.[10] Bakili Muluzi, who was designated as the UDF's presidential candidate, previously served two terms as President from 1994 to 2004. According to the constitution, a President is allowed to serve no more than two consecutive five-year terms. Because Muluzi had been out of office since 2004, his supporters argued that the term limit should not apply to him, as it did not restrict nonconsecutive terms if interpreted literally.[5] Speaking to Capital Radio on 22 February 2009, Muluzi accused the government of using intimidation against his candidacy and warned that such conduct could lead to "problems".[7] A few days later, he was charged by the Anti-Corruption Bureau with stealing 12 million dollars of aid money; he appeared before a court in Blantyre and was released on bail.[11] The Electoral Commission stated he was not eligible to run again, but his supporters are calling for an official court decision instead.[12] On 16 May, only three days before the election, the Constitutional Court ruled that Muluzi could not run again.[13] MCP President John Tembo was considered the main opposition candidate, and the MCP formed an electoral alliance with the UDF prior to the election.[1] Tembo's vice-presidential candidate was Brown Mpinganjira of the UDF.[14] Observing that the DPP had never participated in an election (it was founded in 2005), Tembo argued that he and the MCP had the experience to govern the country properly: "I belong to the past, I belong to the present and I also belong to the future."[15]

Malawian general election, 2009 Independent candidate James Nyondo submitted his nomination papers on 4 February and claims to have sponsored over 120 independent parliamentary candidates by paying the MK 100,000 ($700 USD) nomination fee. He is the only independent candidate in the 2009 presidential election and has campaigned on the need for a new generation of leadership, a smaller cabinet, and an end to the personal extravagance of the current and previous governments.[16]
[17] [18]

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Loveness Gondwe of the New Rainbow Coalition submitted her presidential candidacy on 3 February, becoming the first woman to run for President in Malawi. She stressed the importance of holding a free and fair election and avoiding the kind of post-election turmoil that affected Kenya and Zimbabwe in 2008.[19] Observers expected a close election between the two strongest candidates, Mutharika and Tembo. While Tembo enjoyed the united backing of the country's two most established and powerful partiesthe MCP and the UDFhe faced an incumbent President who had presided over strong economic growth of 8%, and the outcome was considered uncertain.[15] Mutharika, who was 75 years old at the time of the election, said that he would retire from politics if he lost the election and that he would retire in 2014 if he was successful in winning a second term.[15]

The election and subsequent events

On the day of the election, Joy Radio, which is owned by UDF Chairman Bakili Muluzi, was closed by the police after it broadcast a satire that lampooned Mutharika. Two of the station's presenters and a technician were arrested.[20] The Malawi Electoral Commission declared that Bingu wa Mutharika had won the presidential election on 21 May 2009, after 93% of votes had been counted.[21] Mutharika gained 2.7 million votes with John Tembo, his nearest rival, winning 1.2 million. Tembo alleged that the government had committed electoral fraud with opposition poll agents being denied access to the vote counting centres. An EU observation team also noted that state television had failed to be neutral during the election campaigns, supporting the government.[21] Partial official results for the parliamentary election showed that of the 193 seats the Democratic Progressive Party had won 78, the Malawi Congress Party had won 18, the United Democratic Front had won 12, and the Alliance for Democracy and the Malawi Forum for Unity and Development won one each. Independent candidates had won 23 seats.[21] [22] Ultimately the DPP won 114 seats (though the election of the vice president vacated one of those), obtaining a strong majority in the 193-seat National Assembly, while the MCP trailed distantly with 26 seats and the UDF won only 17.[3] Mutharika and the DPP won an overwhelming victory in northern Malawi, but also performed well in the central and southern regions, although those regions have been historically dominated by the MCP and UDF respectively. Some analysts suggested that this election marked a departure from Malawi's traditional voting patterns, which are heavily influenced by region.[23] Unlike Tembo, Muluzi accepted the official results of the election.[3] 32 independent MPs were elected, though many of those started joining the DPP after the election; one seat was won by the Maravi People's Party (MPP), the Alliance for Democracy (Aford) and the Malawi Forum for Unity and Development (MAFUNDE). In one constituency, the election was postponed.[24] Mutharika and Joyce Banda were respectively sworn in as President and Vice-President on 22 May 2009. The MCP boycotted the event, but Muluzi was present.[25] Some in the MCP called for the party to recognize Mutharika's victory and for Tembo to resign as MCP President. Tembo refused and vowed to legally challenge the results.[26]

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Results
Summary of the 19 May 2009 Malawian presidential election results
Candidates Bingu wa Mutharika John Tembo Kamuzu Chibambo Stanley Masauli Loveness Gondwe Parties Democratic Progressive Party Malawi Congress Party People's Transformation Party Republican Party New Rainbow Coalition Votes 2,946,103 1,370,044 35,167 33,887 32,160 27,328 20,151 % 65.98 30.69 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.61 0.45

James Mbowe Nyondo independent Dindi Gowa Nyasulu Total (turnout %) Alliance for Democracy

4,464,840 100.00 Source: mec.org.mw

[1]

Summary of the 19 May 2009 National Assembly of Malawi election results

Seats Democratic Progressive Party Malawi Congress Party United Democratic Front Alliance for Democracy Maravi People's Party Malawi Forum for Unity and Development Independents Vacant (death of candidate) Total (turnout %) Source: IPU
[2]

114 26 17 1 1 1 32 1 193

Parliamentarians
A partial list of elected MPs from 156 constituencies:[27]

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MP Kezzie Kasambala Msukwa Gertrude Hendrina Maseko Nicholas Harry Dausi Paul Lackson Zakaliya Chibingu Felix Njawala Jeffrey Ntelemuka Henry Mussa Margaret Roka Mauwa Eunice Kazembe George Namatumbo Clement Terence Chiwaya Fraser Nihorya Stephen Namacha Richie Bizwick Muheya Patricia Annie Kaliati Geoffrey Henock Mbuzi Albert G.M. Doza Thindwa Prof. Moses C. Chirambo Austin Jatula Mkandawire Tasokwa Caseby Msiska Olivia Anita Thundu Chimunthu Banda Daniel Liwimbi Edwin Banda Cassim Chilumpha Dr. Agnes Mandevu M. Chatipwa Chimango Chipimpha Mughogho Luwi Alinuwila Msongole Aladin Nixon Masebo Godfrey Mudulansi Munkhondya Vincent Winstone Ghambi Beatrice Kankhonde Mwangonde Cornelius Thomson Mwalwanda Khwauli Msiska Chembe Glad Munthali Peter Nelson Mwanza Goodall Edward Gondwe Catherine Gotani Hara

Party IND DPP IND DPP IND DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP UDF DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP IND DPP DPP IND IND IND IND DPP DPP IND DPP DPP IND

Constituency Chitipa East Balaka North Mwanza Central Mwanza West Blantyre Kabula Blantyre City South-East Chiradzulu East Chiradzulu North Chiradzulu South Chiradzulu West Mangochi Central Mulanje Limbuli Mulanje North Mulanje South Mulanje West Ntchisi North-East Rumphi East Rumphi Central Rumphi West Rumphi North Likoma Islands Nkhotakota North Nkhotakota North-East Nkhotakota Central Nkhotakota South Nkhotakota South East Chitipa South Chitipa Central Chitipa North Chitipa Wenya Karonga North Karonga North West Karonga Central

Region Northern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Central Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Central Central Central Central Central Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern

AFORD Karonga Nyungwe DPP DPP DPP DPP Karonga South Mzuzu City Mzimba North Mzimba North East

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IND IND DPP Mzimba West Mzimba South Mzimba Central Mzimba Hora Mzimba Luwelezi Mzimba Solora Mzimba East Mzimba South West Mzimba South East Nkhata-Bay North Nkhata-Bay Central Nkhata-Bay West Nkhata-Bay North West Nkhata-Bay South East Nkhata-Bay South Kasungu North Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Central

Billy Kaunda Paul Shawa Donton Samuel Job Mkandawire

Rev. Christopher S. Mzomera Ngwira NARC Dr Bofomo Immanuel Nyirenda Patrick Akimu Mwanza Abbie Marambika Shaba Khumbo Hastings Kachali Rabson Chihaula Shaba Ephraim Mganda Chiume Symon Vuwa Kaunda Grace Chiumia David Yohane Kaweche David Kapenyela Mphande Eta Elizabeth Banda McJones Mzondi Mandala Shaba Grenner Nkhata Otria Moyo Jere Moses Arthur Chingayipe Mtegha Vasco Mtunduwatha Chimbalu Bokosi G Khamba Grenenger K. Msulira Banda Ken Edward Kandodo Eugustine Gracewell Mtendere Victor Baudala sanjeni Songazaudzu Jermoth Ulemu Chilapondwa Herbert Josiya Bimphi Bauleni Jimmy Manna Hastings Petros Chitsamba Leckford Thotho Mwanza Ewart Cara Gawanani Jean Alfazema Nachika Kalilani Abele Ephraim Kayembe Benjamin Chikusa Yona Kamphamtengo Benjamini Benzani Mangira Uladi Mussa Killiot Kufuna Deriah Kankhwani DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP IND DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP IND IND MCP DPP MPP MCP DPP

Kasungu North North-East Central Kasungu West Kasungu North-West Kasungu South Kasungu South East Kasungu East Kasungu Central Kasungu North East Ntchisi East Ntchisi South Ntchisi North Dowa East Dowa South-East Dowa North-East Dowa Ngala Dowa Central Dowa West Dowa North Salima North Salima Central Salima South Salima South-East Salima North-West Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central

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IND MCP DPP DPP IND DPP MCP MCP MCP MCP DPP MCP MCP MCP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP MCP MCP MCP IND MCP MCP DPP IND MCP MCP MCP DPP MCP MCP IND MCP DPP Mchinji North Mchinji North-East Mchinji East Mchinji West Mchinji South Mchinji South-West Dedza North Dedza Central Dedza South-West Dedza North-West Dedza East Dedza West Dedza Central-East Dedza South Ntcheu North-East Ntcheu Bwanje North Ntcheu Bwanje South Ntcheu Central Ntcheu South Ntcheu North Ntcheu West Lilongwe Mapuyu North Lilongwe Mapuyu South Lilongwe North Lilongwe Msozi South Lilongwe Msozi North Lilongwe Kumachenga Lilongwe North-East Lilongwe City West Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central

Rachel Zulu Mazombwe Alex Chitete Ellen Thokozani Solomoni Chisale Theresa Gloria Mwale Jerome Gervazio Waluza Francis Leobin Mussa Banda Patrick Zebron Chilondola Sosten Gwengwe Clement Claude Mlombwa Wodala Alekeni Menyani Hyacinta Palingana Chikaonda Phllipo Chinkhondo McSteyn Swithin Mkomba John Zenas Ungapake Tembo Everton Herbert Chimulirenji Stevin Stafford Kamwendo Grandson Lucious Kanyumba Jones Vincent Chingola Damson Chimalira Shadreck Assan Lipande Chikumbutso John Hiwa Christina Winnie Chiwoko Joseph Njovuyalema Bazilio Lunia Titus Malipa Vitus Gonamtunda Dzoole Mwale Godfrey Kamanya Maureen Katani Bondo Lefani Maxwell Thyolera Edwin Bhagwanji Joyce A. Banda Makala Watson Ngozo Gwengwe Alfred Willard Ezakiel Peter Ching'oma Shadreck Jonasi Lobin Lowe Ishmail Fillimon Chafukira Jolly Saweta Dyson Kalelo Jean Muonaowuza Sendeza Agnes Nandau Penumlungu

Lilongwe Mpenu Nkhoma Central Lilongwe Mpenu Lilongwe South East Lilongwe East Lilongwe City Central Lilongwe Central Lilongwe North-West Lilongwe City North Lilongwe South West Lilongwe City South East Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central Central

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DPP MCP MCP MCP UDF DPP Lilongwe City South West Central Lilongwe Msinja North Lilongwe Msinja South Lilongwe South Balaka Central East Balaka West Central Central Central Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern Southern

Wells John Adam Peter Stanley Patisi Chalera Lingson Kambewa W. Belekanyama Patson Kachingwe Mthyoka Yaumi Aufi Mpaweni Nasrin Pillane George Nnensa Ibrahim Imed Matola Alfred Mkwanda Mwechumu Hassan Ailalie Ajinga Abukakar Mbaya Yusuf Billiati Matumula Asibu Shamil Mahmudu John Lali Stephen Okoma Atani Aipira Ralph Pachalo Jooma Makumba Abdallah Shabani Moffat Malisie Yakiti Atupele Muluzi Shaibu Kaliati Ernest Yahaya Kenneth Thomas Kamu Harry Fabiano Kamba Mwalone Jangiya Rev. Wilson Ndomondo Jenipher Deborah Chilunga Annie Lemani Singani Anambewe Lonie Phiri Chijere Chirwa Grace Zinenani Maseko Enock Elias Luka Joyce Banda Ted Salule Masangwi Yunus Mussa MacRonald John Table Khwepeya Peter Chizalo Mangulenje Reen Bessie Kachere Gladys Benson Tembo

Mafunde Balaka South UDF UDF UDF UDF IND UDF UDF IND DPP IND UDF UDF UDF UDF UDF UDF UDF UDF DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP DPP IND IND DPP DPP Mangochi North Mangochi North-East Mangochi Malombe Mangochi East Mangochi South Mangochi South West Mangochi Nkungulu Mangochi West Mangochi Monkey Bay Mangochi Lutende Mangochi Masongola Machinga North-East Machinga Central Machinga Central East Machinga East Machinga South Machinga Likwenu Machinga South East Zomba Nsondole Zomba Thondwe Zomba Chingale Zomba Changalume Zomba Lisanjala Zomba Malosa Zomba Ntonya Zomba Central Zomba Likangala Zomba Chisi Neno South Neno North

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References
[1] "Malawi president accuses donors of meddling in polls" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5iGz_j9HajwVTx01E-LF6m8qGRGQg), AFP, 8 May 2009. [2] "Malawi president wins re-election" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ ap/ article/ ALeqM5jPw2TNoYbBUg8ocqRVXPk-MOnhrgD98B19UG0). Associated Press / Google. . Retrieved 2009-05-22. [3] "Malawi vote gives president control" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20090525151053569C159994), Sapa-AP (IOL), 25 May 2009. [4] "Malawi to extend voter registration" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20081121142211471C858945), AFP (IOL), 21 November 2008. [5] "Constitutional crisis on Malawi candidates" (http:/ / www. thezimbabwean. co. uk/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=18795& Itemid=108), Nyasa Times (The Zimbabwean), 19 February 2009. [6] "Malawi paves way for poll" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=84& art_id=nw20090320090335236C666865), Sapa-AFP (IOL), 20 March 2009. [7] "Malawi's former president complains of 'intimidation'" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5i_iE_OdsAaIzePatS834ECpVIXeA), AFP, 22 February 2009. [8] "DPP endorses Mutharika" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20081022115850294C593714), AFP (IOL), 22 October 2008. [9] "Malawi leader seeks assurances from his party" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20090116124525714C581574), AFP (IOL), 16 January 2009. [10] "Women are ready to stand in Malawi poll" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=84& art_id=nw20090517062152198C571749), Sapa-AFP (IOL), 17 May 2009. [11] "Malawi ex-president charged with graft" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5gXeVqo6PlA-tnSKLJRrbf128zl_Q), AFP, 26 February 2009. [12] "Malawi ex-leader fights poll ban" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ 7959515. stm). BBC News. 23 March 2009. . Retrieved 12 May 2010. [13] "Malawi court dismiss ex-president's bid for office" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5gKoHs79XbUJFG_ha2awvm4Fz0IRQ), AFP, 16 May 2009. [14] Raphael Tenthani, "John Tembo: Poised for power?" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ 3198197. stm), BBC News, 14 May 2009. [15] Raphael Tenthani, "Malawians go to polls Tuesday in closest-ever polls" (http:/ / www. afriquejet. com/ news/ africa-news/ malawians-go-to-polls-tuesday-in-closest-ever-polls-2009051727821. html), Pana, 17 May 2009. [16] "Fire deputy ministers says Nyondo" (http:/ / www. dailytimes. bppmw. com/ article. asp?ArticleID=12090), The Daily Times, 10 February 2009 [17] "Nyondo slams Bingu over flashy hummers" (http:/ / www. dailytimes. bppmw. com/ article. asp?ArticleID=12753), The Daily Times, 10 February 2009 [18] "Bingu Blasts Nyondo" (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ national/ 3279. html), 20 April, 2009 [19] "First Malawi woman seeks to run for president" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5iRTl0lhNbStUIXhUj650EOCr3n8g), AFP, 3 February 2009. [20] "Malawi: "Joy Radio" station closed by police" (http:/ / en. afrik. com/ news12831. html), Afrik.com, 20 May 2009. [21] "Malawi president wins re-election" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ africa/ 8062740. stm). BBC. 22 May 2009. . Retrieved 22 May 2009. [22] "Malawi president is inaugurated" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ 8062834. stm). BBC News. 22 May 2009. . Retrieved 12 May 2010. [23] Felix Mponda, "Malawi vote marks new era: analysts" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5jRSnd7vZoTxq8zusgwDFkvX7pZqw), AFP, 21 May 2009. [24] http:/ / english. people. com. cn/ 90001/ 90777/ 90855/ 6669733. html [25] "Mutharika starts second term as Malawi president" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5jTE0bSgpcK02zKYvOI3AsFcS6gpQ), AFP, 22 May 2009. [26] "Malawi opposition leader refuses to step down" (http:/ / www. radionetherlands. nl/ news/ international/ 6312453/ Malawi-opposition-leader-refuses-to-step-down), Radio Netherlands, 24 May 2009. [27] "Malawi Election 2009 Results" (http:/ / www. africanelections. org/ malawi/ results. php). African Elections Project. . Retrieved 2011-03-04.

Malawian general election, 2009

85

External links
International academic conference on the 2009 General Elections (http://www.electionconference.org) Video Documentary on Malawi's 2009 General Elections (http://vimeo.com/10984056)

United Democratic Front

The United Democratic Front claims to be a liberal party in Malawi and is mainly strong in the southern region populated by ethnic Yao. Until 2009 the party was a member of Liberal International, which it joined at the latter's Reykjavk Congress in 1994.[1] Bakili Muluzi, who was president of Malawi from 1994 to 2004, is the chairman of the UDF. In the general election held on 20 May 2004, the UDF's candidate for president, Bingu wa Mutharika, won 35.9% of the vote and was elected. The party also won 49 out of 194 seats. After succeeding Muluzi, Mutharika came into conflict with much of the party, including Muluzi, and he left the party in February 2005 to form the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). In 2009 it was the DPP which won the election. On April 24, 2008, a UDF convention, which included 2,000 delegates, chose Muluzi as the party's 2009 presidential candidate, despite questions about his eligibility due to term limits. He received 1,950 votes at the convention against 38 for Vice-President Cassim Chilumpha.[2]

References
[1] UDF page at Liberal International website (http:/ / www. liberal-international. org/ editorial. asp?ia_id=758). [2] "Tough times ahead for Muluzi" (http:/ / www. int. iol. co. za/ index. php?set_id=1& click_id=68& art_id=nw20080425090732485C433345), Sapa-AFP (IOL), April 25, 2008.

Democratic Progressive Party

86

Democratic Progressive Party

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is the ruling political party in Malawi. The party was formed in February 2005 by Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika after a dispute with the United Democratic Front. There were allegations that members of the former governing UDF did not adequately tackle corruption. It is unclear if the party will be ideological or personalist in style. Since the UDF was a member of the Liberal International, the DPP might take a liberal position. In October 2008, the DPP's national governing council unanimously chose Mutharika as the party's candidate for the May 2009 presidential election.[1]

1 August 2011 DPP politburo

On 1 August 2011, Bingu wa Mutharika shuffled the leadership of the DPP. Bintony Kutsaira, who was secretary general of the party, was moved to the Office of the President and Cabinet and replaced by Wakuda Kamanga. Former finance minister Goodall Gondwe was named first vice president, replacing Joyce Banda who was dismissed from the party in December 2010 for "anti-party activities". The new DPP politburo after the shuffle:
Office President Vice President Secretary General Deputy Secretary General Treasurer General 1st Bingu wa Mutharika Goodall Gondwe Elias Wakuda Kamanga Isaac Nyakamera Sidik Mia Etta Banda Ralph Jooma Yunus Mussa Jean Kalirani 2nd 3rd

Bessie Chirambo Leckford Thotho Catherine Hara Rashy Gaffar John Zingale Alice Lungu

National Organising Secretary Francis Mphepo National Campaign Director Ken Zikhale Ngoma

Regional Governors: North: Ancent Nkhata Centre: Kalanzi Mbewe East: Yusuf Yusweja South: Noel Masangwi

References
[1] "Malawi's Mutharika nominated for re-election" (http:/ / afp. google. com/ article/ ALeqM5hHHat6P45nWvRFA2_1aHW4s7Lrfw), AFP, October 22, 2008.

External links
Official website (http://dppmw.org/)

Malawi Congress Party

87

Malawi Congress Party

The Malawi Congress Party (MCP) is a political party in Malawi. It was the successor to the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), which was banned in 1959. The MCP was founded by Hastings Banda and other NAC leaders in 1960. Hastings Banda became the first MCP president, and later the first president of Malawi. It won all of the seats in the legislature in the 1961 Nyasaland elections, and led the country to independence as Malawi in 1964. When Malawi became a republic in 1966, the MCP was formally declared to be the only legal party. All adult citizens were required to be party members. They had to carry "party cards" in their wallets at all times. The MCP lost its monopoly on power in a 1993 referendum, and was roundly defeated in the country's first free elections the next year. Unlike other former single parties in Africa, the MCP remains a major force in Malawi. It is strongest in the central region populated by ethnic Chewa and Nyanja people. At the last general elections, held on 19 May 2009, its candidate for president, John Tembo (a longtime confidant of Banda), won 30.7% of the vote, and the party won 26 out of 193 seats.

References

List of heads of state of Malawi

88

List of heads of state of Malawi

President of Malawi

Presidential flag

Incumbent Bingu wa Mutharika since24 May 2004 Term length Inaugural holder Formation Five years Hastings Banda 6 July 1966

List of the heads of state of Malawi

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Tenure The Dominion of Malawi 6 July 1964 to 6 July 1966 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II represented by:Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones, Governor-General Incumbent Affiliation Notes Incumbent Notes

6 July 1964 to 6 July 1966 Tenure The Republic of Malawi 6 July 1966 to 21 May 1994

Hastings Banda, President

[1]

MCP UDF UDF/DPP

21 May 1994 to 20 May 2004 Bakili Muluzi, President 20 May 2004 to Present Bingu wa Mutharika, President

List of heads of state of Malawi

89

Affiliations
MCP - Malawi Congress Party UDF - United Democratic Front DPP - Democratic Progressive Party

Latest election
Summary of the 19 May 2009 Malawian presidential election results
Candidates Bingu wa Mutharika John Tembo Kamuzu Chibambo Stanley Masauli Loveness Gondwe Parties Democratic Progressive Party Malawi Congress Party People's Transformation Party Republican Party New Rainbow Coalition Votes 2,946,103 1,370,044 35,167 33,887 32,160 27,328 20,151 % 65.98 30.69 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.61 0.45

James Mbowe Nyondo independent Dindi Gowa Nyasulu Total (turnout %) Alliance for Democracy

4,464,840 100.00 Source: mec.org.mw

[1]

References
[1] In 1971, the National Assembly of Malawi declared Banda President for Life. His official title was His Excellency the Life President of the Republic of Malai, Ngwazi Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda. The title Ngwazi means "chief of chiefs" (more literally, "great lion", or, some would say, "conqueror") in Chichea language. Banda was stripped of these titles in 1993.

External links
Official page of the Office of the President of Malawi (http://www.malawi.gov.mw/OPC/Home OPC.htm)

List of heads of government of Malawi

90

List of heads of government of Malawi

List of Heads of Government of Malawi
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Tenure Incumbent Nyasaland 1 February 1963 to 31 December 1963 Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Prime Minister Malawi Congress Party Malawi 31 December 1963 to 6 July 1964 Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Prime Minister Malawi Congress Party Dominion OF Malawi 6 July 1964 to 6 July 1966 Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Prime Minister Malawi Congress Party Republic of Malawi Post abolished (6 July 1966-Present) Affiliation

91

Transport
Air Malawi
Air Malawi

IATA ICAO Callsign QM AML MALAWI Founded Hubs Focus cities March 1964 Chileka International Airport, Blantyre Lilongwe International Airport, Lilongwe

Frequent-flyer program SkyPoints Fleet size Destinations Company slogan Parent company Headquarters Key people Website 3 6 Africa's friendly airline Government of Malawi Lilongwe, Malawi Wisdom Mchungula (CEO)
http:/ / www. airmalawi. com/

Air Malawi Limited is an airline based in Blantyre, Malawi. It is the national airline of Malawi, wholly owned by the Malawi government and operates regional passenger services. Its main base is Chileka International Airport, Blantyre, with a hub at Lilongwe International Airport. The airline began operations in 1964 as a subsidiary of Central African Airways, and after the latter's dissolution, it became independent, and became the national airline of Malawi. Since its inception, the airline has concentrated on domestic and regional flights, with the exception of a short-lived long-haul flight to London in the 1970s. Since 2000, the Malawian government has attempted on two occasions to privatise the airline unsuccessfully. The first attempt in 2003 failed because of the successful bidder, in partnership with South African Airways, being unable to post a security bond. The second attempt in 2007 failed after disagreements over the terms with the bidder, Comair of South Africa. From its hub in Blantyre, Air Malawi currently operates a fleet of four aircraft on a route network of six destinations including, Lilongwe, Johannesburg, Harare, Dar es Salaam and Lusaka

Air Malawi

92

History
Formative years
Air Malawi began operations in 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Central African Airways (CAA), which had also set up Air Rhodesia and Zambia Airways. CAA supplied Air Malawi with two Douglas DC-3 and three de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers to begin services, and also provided technical assistant, equipment and personnel. On 1 August 1964, the airline began flights between Blantyre-Salima-Ndola, and to Beira in Mozambique. The Beira service was operated in conjunction with DETA. The airline began services to Mzuzu with the DC-3s, and on 18 February 1965 a Salisburg-Mauritius service was inaugurated and operated via Blantyre, Nampula and Antananarivo.[1] 1967 saw CAA being wound down, and Air Malawi became independent, giving Malawi a national airline. The airline introduced two ex-CAA Vickers Viscounts, and a Beech C55 Baron joined the fleet. By the end of 1967, the DC-3 was operating on all Air Malawi domestic services. Central African Airways was officially dissolved on 31 December 1967, and responsibility for all flights passed onto the three now independent airlines, of which Air Malawi was officially established by an Act of Parliament in 1967. Membership in the International Air Transport Association was attained on 1 January 1968.[1] The Viscount entered revenue service on 2 April 1968 on the Blantyre to Johannesburg route, and later routes included Blantyre-Salisburg, and Salisbury-Mauritius via Blantyre and Nampula. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw the fleet being modernised and standardised. Two HS-748s were ordered in May 1969, and the airline ordered two Britten-Norman BN-2A Islanders in July 1969. The HS-748s were delivered in December 1969 and January 1970, and the Islanders were delivered in November 1969 and September 1970, allowing for the sale of the Beech Barons. The airline disposed of the last of the DC-3s in March 1970, and in November 1970 it leased a BAC One-Eleven from Zambia Airways on a two year term. With the addition of the BAC One-Eleven, Nairobi and Johannesburg were added to the fleet network.[1] In February 1972, the airline leased a Vickers VC-10 from British Caledonian, and it entered service on a route from Blantyre to London. British Caledonian sold the aircraft to Air Malawi in November 1974, and the service to Gatwick Airport in London, via Nairobi, began on 3 December 1974. In 1974, the airline began flights from Blantyre to Manzini in Swaziland with the HS-748, and operated the route until October 1975. By the end of 1975, the airline operated one VC-10, two One-Elevens, two HS-748s and two Islanders, on a route network which included Amsterdam, Beira, Harare, Johannesburg, Lusaka, Manzini, Ndola, Nairobi, Salisburg and Seychelles.[1] In September 1978, the VC-10 was withdrawn from service, because of increasing operational costs which were a burden on the airline's financial stability, and the two Viscounts were sold to Air Zimbabwe in 1979 and 1980. Three Shorts Skyvans and a Beechcraft King Air were purchased in 1980. The airline moved its international flights in 1983 from Blantyre to Lilongwe with the inauguration of Kamuzu International Airport, however its maintenance bases remained at Blantyre.[1] In April 1985, the airline wet leased a Boeing 747SP from South African Airways
Air Malawi's leased Boeing 747SP at Heathrow Airport in 1985.

Air Malawi and painted the aircraft in Air Malawi livery. The aircraft was used only for the trip of President Hastings Banda to London, and remained on the civil aircraft register for only 40 days.[1] On 6 November 1987, a Shorts Skyvan was shot down by Mozambican armed forces killing all 17 people on board. The aircraft was on an internal flight, although Mozambican military claimed that the aircraft had violated Mozambique's airspace.[1] [2] In June 1989, the airline ordered two Boeing 737-500s, but before delivery the order was reduced to one Boeing 737-300, the first of which arrived in May 1991.[1] In April 1991, the airline ordered two Boeing 737-300s in a deal valued at US$65 million.[3] The HS-748 was also replaced in 1991 with an ATR 42, and a Dornier 228 was introduced into the fleet in December 1993.[1]

93

Towards privatisation
In April 2000, it was reported that Air Malawi was in financial difficulty, and that it may have had to sell assets in order to stay afloat, however the airline public relations department refused to comment on the situation.[4] The government decided to privatise Air Malawi in 2000.[5] 110 employees were laid off in March 2002 in order to help keep costs under control, with Mathews Chikaonda, the former Malawian Finance Minister noting that the airline was overstaffed and was a drain on the coffers of the government.[6] After the Malawian government approved a bid by South African Airways and Crown Aviation to take a stake in Air Malawi, in April 2003, the deal with South African Airways to support the airline fell through. The Malawi Privatisation Committee stated that the bidders wouldn't pay a US$250,000 security bond, and the government wanted South African to take an equity stake in the airline, whilst a South African Airways executive said that the airline had an interest in supporting Air Malawi, but it was more important for the airline to make its investment in Air Tanzania work.[7] [8]

Boeing 737-500 of Air Malawi in 2006.

In November 2007, it was announced that the Malawian government was in talks with Comair of South Africa over a partnership deal with Air Malawi. The deal would have seen Comair acquiring the air traffic rights of Air Malawi, some of the assets including a Boeing 737-300, and the launching of a new airline to be called Comair Malawi. It was alleged that Comair was only interested in acquiring the 737-300[9] [10] In the 2007 financial year, Air Malawi posted a profit of K135 million, an improvement on the K854 million loss it posted in 2006.[10] In early 2008, negotiations with Comair broke down in dispute over the terms of the arranged deal; the Malawian government preferring a strategic partnership, whilst Comair wished to take an 80% stake in the airline.[5] [11] In September 2008, it was announced that the Malawian government had agreed to sell a 49% stake in Air Malawi to Comair, with Roy Commsy, Malawian Deputy Transport Minister stating that the government insisted on a 49% stake as being in the best interests of the nation.[11] It was revealed that Comair would purchase the 49% shareholding in Air Malawi for K490,000 (approximately US$3,500), with an option to increase the stake to its desired 80%.[12] In August 2009, it was announced that Air Malawi was in negotiations with Zambezi Airlines for a strategic partnership.[13] In October 2009, Air Malawi started a e-commerce project to cut down costs and provide realtime access to reservations for online customers and travel agents.

Air Malawi

94

Destinations
As of October 2009, Air Malawi operates to the following destinations:[14]
City Airport Code IATA ICAO Malawi Blantyre Karonga Lilongwe Mzuzu BLZ KGJ LLW FWCL FWKA FWKI Chileka International Airport Karonga Airport Lilongwe International Airport Mzuzu Airport Airport Name

ZZU FWUU South Africa

Johannesburg

JNB

FAJS

OR Tambo International Airport Tanzania

Dar es Salaam DAR HTDA Julius Nyerere International Airport Zambia Lusaka LUN FLLS Lusaka International Airport Zimbabwe Harare HRE FVHA Harare Airport

Fleet
The Air Malawi fleet consists of the following aircraft (as at December 2010) [15]:

Air Malawi Fleet

Aircraft Total Passengers J Y Total ATR 42-320 Boeing 737-200 Total 1 2 3 0 48 8 96 48 104 Short haul routes Regional routes Routes Notes

The Air Malawi fleet previously consisted of the following aircraft:

Air Malawi Past Fleet

Aircraft BAC One-Eleven Boeing 737-300 Boeing 737-500 Boeing 747sp Vickers VC-10 Total 2 1 1 1 1 Retired In 1991 2009 2007 1985 1979

Air Malawi

95

References
[1] Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African airlines (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=KBmGpaD36cMC). Ben Guttery. pp.116119. ISBN0-7864-0495-7. . Retrieved 2009-10-14. [2] Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999). "Mozambique" (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC). Southern African political history: a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.264. ISBN0-313-30247-2. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [3] "Briefs" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1991/ 04/ 16/ business/ briefs-250191. html). The New York Times. 16 April 1991. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [4] "Air Malawi in financial difficulty" (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/ summary_0286-5746433_ITM). Airline Industry Information. 4 April 2000. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [5] Banda, Mabvuto (28 January 2008). "Malawi puts state airline privatisation on hold" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/ idUSL2861004620080128). Lilongwe: Reuters. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [6] "Air Malawi cuts 110 jobs." (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/ summary_0286-5985938_ITM). Airline Industry Information. 14 March 2002. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [7] Birns, Hilka (13 May 2003). "Air Malawi regroups after SAA bid ; Following rejection of privatisation offer, Malawi government advised to get strategic recovery plan under way." (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/ summary_0286-23318079_ITM). Cape Town: Airline Business. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [8] "SAA to increase Nigeria flights, exits Malawi" (http:/ / www. engineeringnews. co. za/ article/ saa-to-increase-nigeria-flights-exits-malawi-2003-04-15). Reuters. 15 April 2003. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [9] Chimwala, Marcel (2 November 2007). "Air Malawi in talks with Comair on possible asset sale" (http:/ / www. engineeringnews. co. za/ article/ air-malawi-in-talks-with-comair-on-possible-asset-sale-2007-11-02). Engineering News. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [10] Mchazime, Henry (2 January 2008). "Going beyond the balance sheet" (http:/ / www. dailytimes. bppmw. com/ article. asp?ArticleID=7812). The Daily Times. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [11] Banda, Mabvuto (10 September 2008). "Malawi to sell 49 pct of airline to Comair" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/ idUSLA29693620080910). Lilongwe: Reuters. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [12] "Malawi govt offers Air Malawi at K0.5 million" (http:/ / www. nationmw. net/ newsdetail. asp?article_id=2309). The Nation. 9 September 2009. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [13] "Air Malawi in partnership talks with Zambezi Airlines" (http:/ / www. nyasatimes. com/ business/ air-malawi-in-partnership-talks-with-zambezi-airlines. html). Nyasa Times. 21 August 2009. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [14] "Destinations" (http:/ / www. airmalawi. com/ destinations. php). Air Malawi. . Retrieved 2009-10-18. [15] http:/ / www. ch-aviation. ch/ aircraft. php?search=set& airline=QM& al_op=1

External links
Air Malawi official website (http://www.airmalawi.com)

MV Chauncy Maples

96

MV Chauncy Maples

SS Chauncy Maples bedecked with bunting and carrying dignitaries to celebrate fifty years of service on Lake Nyasa Career (Nyasaland, Malawi) Name: Owner: Operator: Port of registry: Ordered: Builder: Cost: Launched: Maiden voyage: In service: Out of service: Fate: SS Chauncy Maples (until 1967), MV Chauncy Maples (1967-present) Universities Mission to Central Africa (until 1953); Government of Malawi (1953 onwards) Universities Mission to Central Africa (until 1953); Government of Malawi (1953-67); Malawi Railways (1967-92) Monkey Bay 1898 Alley & McClellan, Polmadie, Scotland 13,500 1901 1901 1901 1992 laid up General characteristics Tonnage: Displacement: Length: Beam: Draught: Installed power: Propulsion: Crew: 150 tons 250 tons 126ft (38m) 20ft (6.1m) 6.5ft (2.0m) steam engine (until 1967), 330 BHP 6-cylinder Crossley diesel engine (1967 onwards) single screw 10 (as motor vessel)
[1]

MV Chauncy Maples is a motor ship and former steamship that was launched in 1901 as SS Chauncy Maples. She has spent her entire career on Lake Malawi (formerly more widely known by its Tanzanian name of Lake Nyasa) and is regarded as the oldest ship in Africa. After more than one hundred years' service she will be restored for use as a

MV Chauncy Maples floating medical clinic to support the several million lakeshore dwellers whose average life expectancy is 44 years. The Government of Malawi offered support for this in 2009 but it will depend on the results of charity fundraising.

97

Shipbuilders Alley & McLellan, Polmadie

The location of the Alley & McLellan shipyard in Polmadie, Lanarkshire, might appear perverse, as the yard was a considerable distance from the River Clyde,[2] with the expansive final approach into Glasgow Central Station posing just one of many barriers between it and the Clyde. However, the company specialised in supporting the far reaches of the British Empire[3] by building vessels that were dismantled into kit form once they had been completed. The resulting set of parts was frequently enormous and a daunting logistical task to transport. Re-assembly also depended heavily upon the availability of skilled labour at the customers premises. However, as in the case of the Chauncy Maples, this was frequently the only viable option when the ultimate destination was very far inland, away from any semblance of modern communications.

Purpose and delivery

The SS Chauncy Maples was destined to steam the extensive waters of Lake Nyasa, the most southerly lake in East Africa. At 350 miles (560km) long and 50 miles (80km) wide it is the eighth largest inland water in the World. It is also the second deepest lake in Africa and home to more fish species than any other lake on Earth, giving an easy source of food for those who live around its shores. Conceived and commissioned by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA)[4] , the 150 ton ship was one of the last designs produced by Henri Marc Brunel, son of the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[1] Once dismantled, the complex kit of almost 3,481 parts was transported by cargo ship to Portuguese East Africa, then towed by barge up the dangerous waters of the Zambezi.[1] The boiler was built by Abbott of Newark.[1] It weighed 11 tons and was transported in one piece on a special wagon fitted with Sentinel wheels, to be hauled overland by 450 Ngoni tribesmen for 350 miles (560km) through uncharted malarial land to the East African Rift.[1] The other parts of the ship were man-handled or carried on the heads of men and women over difficult terrain and across river beds: they averaged only 3 miles (5km) a day.[1]

MV Chauncy Maples

98

David Livingstone
David Livingstone, the first European to reach the lake and an evangelist for steamboat missions,[5] had made much quicker progress in 1859, claiming much of the area surrounding the lake as part of the British Empire, forming the colony of Nyasaland. Although Portugal took control of the eastern shores of the lake, the islands of Likoma and Chizumulu were colonised by Scottish missionaries and, as a result, became part of Nyasaland rather than Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique).

Reassembly
Re-assembly[6] [7] of the Chauncy Maples proved to be even more arduous than the journeyin error, the part numbers had been stamped on each section prior to the galvanising process, making the task for the African engineers even more complex. It took two years to re-assemble; the vessel was finally launched on 6 June 1901 and named after Bishop Chauncy Maples,[8] an Anglican missionary, later Bishop of Nyasaland. Tragically while on the way to take up his duties, his boat capsized during a storm on Lake Nyasa and he drowned because of the weight of his cassock.[9]

Archdeacon Chauncy Maples (left) with fellow missionary Rev. W.P. Johnson in 1895

Hospital ship, missionary school and the extinction of the slave trade
Missionaries brought to Africa far more than religion and the UMCA had a very clear vision for their 9,000 investment. The ship had three overt tasks to give the lake a hospital ship, a missionary school and an emergency refuge from Arab slave traders. In reality, the goals were of more global importance; as one of the Missions founding supporters, the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce,[10] had made clear, the prime task was "the work of civilising commerce, the extinction of the slave-trade and, if possible, the colonisation of Africa". Lake Nyasa was remote even by African standards, and initial progress with medical provision at Likoma was erratic. The programme had been introduced in 1894, during the brief stay of a UMCA physician. His replacement was the Rev John Edward Hine, who although also a medical doctor was ultimately little interested in this aspect of his duties. When Hine was appointed Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1896 he chose to concentrate on spiritual rather than health-related matters.

MV Chauncy Maples

99

It was the coincident arrival of both the Chauncy Maples and Dr. Robert Howard that produced a radical change in the level and quality of medical provision to the lakeside inhabitants. Howard quickly laid the foundation of a robust health system with the Chauncy Maples fulfilling a central role. By the 1930s many stations, including those on the periphery, had health clinics run by missionary nurses or by African assistants. With the advantage of details on SS Chauncy Maples at anchor on Lake Nyasa four years after her launch local diseases gathered by other doctors in the area, mainly from the Scottish missions, Dr. Howard adopted an anti-malaria strategy, and in conjunction with colleagues at Blantyre mission, embarked on an anti-smallpox vaccination program. For a poorly-resourced mission, the cost of maintaining the steamer required a strong focus on local provisioning. With a draught permitting access to all areas of the lake, the ship itself was largely self-sustaining, her steam engine powered by wood scavenged from the shore areas. But the matter of slave raiding was more problematic, requiring not only manpower for site security, but also an appreciation of the uneasy boundaries that lay between the worlds of evangelism, medicine and trade. Finding appropriately qualified crew prepared to accept low pay and the tribulations of life on the lake was one thing; the Missions unyielding insistence on celibacy among its European staff was an even greater recruitment challenge. Behind all this lay the tensions arising from the Missions intentional policy of overextension of its mission surrounding Lake Nyasa. The Chauncy Maples operated in the contradictory world of an evangelical mission which offered desperately needed medical support to the poor in an environment of political instability and unfettered imperial capitalism. The ship has served much longer than her name-sake. Apart from a period of service during the First World War as a troop carrier and gunboat, she served the inhabitants of Nyasaland for half a century until 1953, when she was sold and converted into a trawler.[1] In 1967 the Malawian government bought her, refitted her as a passenger and cargo ship and replaced her steam engine with a Crossley in-line diesel engine.[1] Her steam engine is preserved in the Lake Malawi Museum at Mangochi.[1] The ship is currently laid up at Monkey Bay.[1]

Controversies of European Christian missions

Although work in the field of health was conducted out of the conviction that western medicine was good for Africans, it was not an entirely altruistic programme. The missionaries were to reflect the emerging Victorian view of Africa and African peoples, that African thought and behaviour needed radical change if they were be converted to western values. Like missionary work in other parts of Africa, it was viewed as a key means to prove the power and mystery of the Christian message.[11] In retrospect there is evidence of a lack of missionary sensitivity to many aspects of African culture, the injustices of early colonial land policies, the low priority given to theological education, and the slowness to ordain African clergy.[12] But much as missionaries must be viewed as principally propagators of basic religion, their work in introducing ideas of western medicine and technology undoubtedly had a profound impact on the foundations of modern public health in the region. By 1965, churches provided around 45 per cent of all hospital beds in Malawi.[11] Some of the missionaries who spent time on the ship recognised the ironic nature of elements of their work. The Rev. George Wilson recorded in his diary:

MV Chauncy Maples "Wherever a European goes he seems to carry some subtle power of change; whether it be the government official, the missionary, the planter or the trader, each is working for change, whether he knows it or not. This is a matter of great anxiety to all who love Africans, for I cannot feel at all certain that this change must necessarily be for the better."[13] However, most commentators would have accepted that radical change was now an urgent requirement, as was made clear by the Rev. Robert Keable a missionary in Zanzibar: "We walked into the partially walled compound or court representing the slave-market a bona fide affair, not like the caravanserai which used to be fitted up and furnished by the Cairene Dragoman for the inspection of curious tourists. A wooden cage, about twenty feet square, often contained some one hundred and fifty men, women, and children, who every day were 'knocked down' to the highest bidder in the public place."[14] The personal cost was high. In the gardens of St. Michael's church at Blantyre, the city named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, is a memorial plaque to fourteen members of the Nyasaland Mission who died in the service of the Church of Scotland's African missions. The dates of death given on the plaque range from 1890 to 1919. A passage from the Gospel of Matthew reads: "He that loseth his life for my sake shall find it".[15]

100

Proposed restoration
The last formal inspection in 1992 revealed little damage to the riveted steel hull; although a single skin hull no longer complies with modern regulations, she has been granted an exemption on the grounds of historical importance. The higher quality of steel produced in 1899 no doubt also played a part-after placing the vessel in a dry dock at Monkey Bay in May 2009, inspecting marine engineer Pieter Volschenk concluded that more-recently constructed ships looked in worse condition after only twenty years at sea.[1] Landlocked Malawi is one of the World's most densely bridge is not original to the ship and will be removed to improve populated and least developed countries. Under a her stability and to return her to her original configuration. programme led by the Government of Malawi and supported by the independent Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust in Britain,[16] the restored Scottish vessel will return to the task for which she was conceived when enough funds have been raised. An onboard medical team will provide support and treatment to one of the world's poorest nations; with an average life expectancy of only 44 years, millions of lake dwellers currently have no access to health services and face high rates of malaria, HIV-AIDS and tuberculosis.[17] The Chauncy Maples has therefore outlived almost three lifetimes of the people she will continue to serve. At present the only option for lake dwellers is to travel by dug-out canoe, risking the dangerous lake currents, storms and crocodiles. Recommissioning the Chauncy Maples would offer the prospect of free treatment for common diseases, simple surgical operations and dentistry. A new diesel engine will be powered by biofuel extracted from jatropha, a non-edible indigenous tropical plant grown locally. The Government of Malawi has committed itself to match any personal donations from the UK to support the Chauncy Maples project.[18]
MV Chauncy Maples awaiting restoration in 2008. The current

MV Chauncy Maples

101

References
[1] "The Ship" (http:/ / www. chauncymaples. org/ ship/ default. php). Chauncy Maples, Lake Malawi's Clinic. Chauncy Maples Trust. 20092011. . Retrieved 28 July 2011. [2] Millar, W.J. (1888). The Clyde, From Its Source to The Sea (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ clydefromitssour00milluoft/ clydefromitssour00milluoft_djvu. txt). Glasgow & London: Blackie & Son. . [3] Marshall, P.J. (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.not cited. ISBN0521432111. [4] Universities' Mission to Central Africa (1898). Specification for Screw Steamer for Lake Nyasa. London: Waterlow & Sons. pp.not stated. [5] Reynolds, David (1997). Steam and Quinine on Africa's Great Lakes. Pretoria: Bygone Ships, Trains & Planes. pp.not stated. ISBN0620213329. The stern of MV Chauncy Maples at Monkey Bay, Lake Malawi, 2008

[6] Anderson-Morshead, A.E.M. (1903). The Building of the Chauncy Maples. Westminster: Universities Mission to Central Africa. pp.not cited. [7] Anderson-Morshead, A.E.M.; Garland, Vera (1991). Lady of the Lake: the story of Lake Malawi's M.V. Chauncy Maples: being a facsimile reprint of "The Building of the Chauncy Maples". Blantyre, Malawi: Central Africana. pp.not cited. [8] Dictionary of African Christian Biography (http:/ / www. dacb. org/ stories/ malawi/ maples_chauncy. html). . [9] Frere, Gertrude (1901). Where Black Meets White: the little history of the UMCA (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ whereblackmeets00frergoog/ whereblackmeets00frergoog_djvu. txt). Westminster: Universities' Mission to Central Africa. . [10] Oxford and Cambridge Mission to Central Africa, Meeting at Cambridge, Tuesday, November 1, 1859. London: Odhams Press. 1859. pp.not cited. [11] Good, Charles M, Jr (2004). The Steamer Parish The Rise and Fall of Missionary Medicine on an African Frontier (http:/ / kar. kent. ac. uk/ 7718/ 1/ Macola-SteamerParish-91129-1. pdf). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.not cited. . [12] Sindama, Harvey J (1992). The Legacy of Scottish Missionaries in Malawi. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. pp.not cited. [13] Wilson, George Herbert (1925). A Missionarys Life in Nyasaland (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ missionaryslifei00wilsiala/ missionaryslifei00wilsiala_djvu. txt). London: Universities' Mission to Central Africa. pp.not cited. . [14] Robert, Keable (1914). Darkness or Light: Illustrating the Theory and Practice of Missions. London: Universities' Mission to Central Africa. pp.not cited. [15] The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Chapter 10, verse 39, King James Version [16] Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (http:/ / www. chauncymaples. org/ ) [17] "Malawi" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ mi. html). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. . [18] Just Giving: Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (http:/ / www. justgiving. com/ cmmt)

102

Healthcare
Jacaranda Foundation
The Jacaranda Foundation is an American/Malawian grassroots organisation founded in 2002 by Malawian Marie Da Silva. With the foundation itself based in New York City, it maintains the Jacaranda School. Since Primary education is currently free for all students,it is Malawi's only entirely free school for both primary and secondary students. The vast majority of students of the Jacaranda School are orphaned by the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Background
In the Malawian Education system, primary education is free, but the student must supply his or her own uniform, paper, pencils, pens, other supplies, and examination fees. There are many orphans in Malawi who are unable to afford such fees or basic items such as food and clothing unless they give up school and begin working. Founder Marie Da Silva established the Jacaranda School to provide education for students funded by the Jacaranda Foundation, which pays for all the students' additional costs and supplies students with a daily nutritious meal. Secondary schooling, for which students must normally pay at Malawian schools, is also provided free at the Jacaranda School.

History
Born in Malawi, Marie Da Silva has been working as a nanny in the United States for the past sixteen years. In 2002, Marie visited her mother and met the headmaster and teachers of a school housed in a nearby church. A year later the school had to move out of its premises and had nowhere to go. Marie's late mother, Aisha Da Silva, donated for use as a school and sanctuary for orphans. The school was at first housed in Da Silva's childhood home, just outside Blantyre, outside which Da Silva placed a sign reading "Free education for AIDS orphans." Richard Makwangawala was brought in as the school's first headmaster. From 2002 to 2005, Da Silva funded the school with the money she earned working as a nanny in the United States. Marie's love for children and her personal history gave her the inspiration and sense of urgency to rescue orphans and raise awareness about their plight. Like so many Malawian families, Marie's family was struck by the AIDS pandemic. Fourteen members of her immediate family have died of AIDS: her father, brothers, nieces and nephews, leaving many children in the family orphaned. Gifts of supplies were received on 18 March 2008 from the Actie Schoenmaatjes (Active Shoemates) foundation in the Netherlands, delivered by local Malawian Pastor Milanzi. The Dutch organization donated to each student a shoebox containing school supplies and small toys such as tennis balls, stuffed animals, and balloons.[1] In 2008 Da Silva was nominated as a CNN Hero, with $25,000 donated to the Foundation.[2] In October 2008 the Foundation was able to open a new secondary school building next to the original house, providing more space for the school's 320 pupils. In June 2009 the Jacaranda School welcomed its first visiting group from abroad, a group of 19 students and four teachers from the Shanghai American School, in Shanghai, China. The Jacaranda staff and students put on a musical event for the visitors, including performances by visiting Malawian singers. The same month the school hosted a visit from Malawis Hindu Community, who delivered bread, corn flour, orange juice, sugar, chalk, and exercise books.

Jacaranda Foundation In August 2009 the official Facebook page was opened.[3] In September 2009 the official Twitter page was established. Da Silva currently resides in New York City and speaks to schools across the world to share her story. On December 30, 2009, Da Silva received the Television Malawi Lifetime Achievement Award from the President of Malawi, Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika. A 16-year old Jacaranda School student, Dorothy Damba, was also awarded for her determination to stay in school, against all odds.[4]

103

References
[1] "NZV Uitgevers: Uitgaven bij Edukans Schoenmaatjes" (http:/ / www. nzv. nl/ uitgaven-bij-edukans-schoenmaatjes) (in Dutch). . Retrieved 2 August 2009. [2] "CNN Heroes: Giving hope to orphans of AIDS" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2008/ WORLD/ africa/ 02/ 14/ dasilva/ index. html). CNN. 19 February 2008. . Retrieved 9 September 2009. [3] http:/ / www. new. facebook. com/ jacarandafoundation#/ jacarandafoundation?v=info& viewas=1380780156 [4] http:/ / jacarandafoundation. org/

External links
Official website (http://www.jacarandafoundation.org) Official Facebook page (http://www.facebook.com/jacarandafoundation) Official Twitter page (http://www.twitter.com/jacarandaf) CNN Heroes "Habitat for Humanity helps the Jacaranda school in Malawi :." (http://www.sasparenttalk.org/?p=1262) 10 Aug. 2009.

HIV/AIDS in Malawi
In 2005, approximately 14.1 percent of the adult population ages 15 to 49 in Malawi was living with HIV/AIDS. With one of the highest adult prevalence rates in the world, the epidemic has exacerbated social problems as diverse as food security, human resource capacity and national defense. In Malawi, women are disproportionately affected by the epidemic. In 2005, approximately 500,000 women 15 years and older were living with HIV/AIDS. The primary mode of HIV transmission is unprotected heterosexual sex. Mother-to-child HIV transmission is the second major mode of HIV transmission, accounting for approximately 83,000 pediatric HIV infections in 2005.[1]

AIDS orphans in the Biwi/Mchesi area of Lilongwe, Malawi

HIV prevalence in Malawi is significantly higher in urban areas (20.4 percent) than in semi-urban (17.0 percent) and rural areas (13.0 percent). However, there is evidence that while infection rates are slowing in urban areas, HIV prevalence continues to increase in rural areas. The Southern region of Malawi is the most densely populated and has the highest prevalence rate among pregnant women, 21.7 percent. The Northern and Central regions have prevalence rates among pregnant women of 14.0 percent and 14.3 percent respectively.[1] The scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malawi presents many challenges to treatment. One of the greatest challenges is building the capacity of Malawis health care system especially in the rural areas to cope with the enormous needs of the people. Other serious constraints include: the severe lack of trained health care professionals and para-professionals; limited access to health services, especially in rural areas and among the poor; an inefficient

HIV/AIDS in Malawi supply chain for drugs and other supplies; inadequate physical infrastructure; and limited laboratory capacity. These critical barriers make it particularly difficult to provide treatment and care. The high levels of HIV infection have resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of tuberculosis cases, which rose to over 27,000 cases annually in recent years. The disease burden is also exacerbated by endemic malaria, which affects up to four million people annually, the majority of whom are women and children.[1]

104

References
[1] "2008 Country Profile: Malawi" (http:/ / www. pepfar. gov/ pepfar/ press/ 81881. htm). U.S. Department of State (2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457872893 Contributors: *drew, -- April, 2fort5r, 40 in the North, A Macedonian, A Werewolf, A-giau, AGiorgio08, Academic Challenger, Accurizer, Acntx, Acs4b, Adrianbrodal, AdultSwim, Aetylus, Aeusoes1, Agnes Moorehead, Ahoerstemeier, Akanemoto, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, AlbertHerring, AlbertR, Aldux, AlefZet, AlexiusHoratius, Alicksambo, Alodyne, Alwang, Amakuru, Amlui89, Andonio, AndrewDressel, AndrewHowse, Andy Smith, Angoni, Angr, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Apokrif, Apollo Augustus Koo, Aqwis, Arbero, Astrotrain, AtheWeatherman, Attilios, Aude, Avala, AxG, Aymatth2, Az1568, BHC, Baa, Baked, BanyanTree, Basser g, Bastin, Bawolff, Bazonka, Bbullot, Belovedfreak, Benne, Bentley4, Berkunt, Besian durmishi, Big Adamsky, Bigfattwat45, Biker Biker, Bisco, Bkveida, Black Falcon, Bletch, Blueboy96, Bob rulz, Bombastic, Bongwarrior, BozMo, Briaboru, Brianski, Buaidh, Buchanan-Hermit, Bucksburg, Buckshot06, Burlywood, Butros, 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Jclemens, Jhendin, Jmanigold, Joavery, John Carter, Jojit fb, JonC0001, Jonkerz, Jorunn, Jose77, Jrockley, Juliancolton Alternative, Jusdafax, Jna runn, KJS77, Kablammo, Kaboom88, Kagali, Kaldari, Kaniket, Kanonkas, Karl-Henner, Karlthegreat, Kbh3rd, Keb25, Kerotan, Kgrrr123, Khoikhoi, King of the Dancehall, KingjimZA, Kintetsubuffalo, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kntrabssi, Knutux, Koavf, Korg, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kricxjo, Kst447, Kwamikagami, LS C HIST, Laisadaza, Lasithiotakis, Legis, Leithp, LiDaobing, Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Lihaas, Lilongwe1973, Limpopo123, Lincmad, Linklets, Linmhall, Lionfish0, Livajo, Logiboy123, Lord Pistachio, Loren.wilton, LouisianaFan, Lukecf, Lycaon, M.manary, MINGESELLE299, MJCdetroit, MJD86, Mabuhelwa, Macintosh User, Mahmudmasri, MalawiTourism, Malawiana, Malawiman, Malindae, Mandarax, MapsMan, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Jnior, Marixist101, Marky63, Maroux, Martin H., MartinDK, Martinwilke1980, Mav, Maximegalon, McDogm, Mdebets, MeNatty, Meaghan, 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Robin.r, Roke, Romanm, Romanski, Rosa102, Roundhouse0, Rowing88, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Rrh02, Rsamii, SHARD, SQGibbon, ST47, Saforrest, Samantha555, Sarcelles, Sarfa, SargentIV, Satyadasa, Scarian, Schmerguls, Scipius, Scopes, Scythian1, Scythian99, Sdohrn, SeanNaPiob, Seb az86556, Secfan, Seresin, Severnapark, Shadowjams, Shattered Gnome, Shorne, SidP, SimonA1986, SimonP, Simonqwerty4567890, Sincitybrant, Sinhala freedom, Skullk100, Sluzzelin, Sm8900, Smalljim, Smashville, Snowolf, Solipsist, SqueakBox, Squell, StAnselm, Stan Shebs, Stephen Burnett, Steven Walling, SubwayEater, SuperHamster, Suruena, Swedishviper, TUF-KAT, Tabletop, Tad Lincoln, Taospark, Tavix, Template namespace initialisation script, Terra Green, TexasDawg, ThaSouldeep, The Golux, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, The sock that should not be, The ugly barnancle, TheTrueSora, Thricecube, Thumperward, Tiddly Tom, Tom harrison, Toussaint, Tritonal, Tutmosis, UberScienceNerd, Ulric1313, Ultratomio, Unschool, Urhixidur, Vanderdecken, Vardion, Versus22, Vikassadal, Vishnava, VityUvieu, Vlma111, VoodooIsland, Vrenator, Vssun, Vuvuyela, Walor, Wavelength, Wayward, WereSpielChequers, Wfeidt, WhisperToMe, Whytecypress, Wifishark, WikiHendrik, WikiJedits, WikiRefundAdjuster, Wikiacc, Wikipe-tan, Wikipelli, Will Beback, Willem Tijssen, Wipsenade, Wmahan, Wolberjs1, Woohookitty, Xdamr, Ybgursey, Yom, Zania22, Zebedeezbd, Zhou Yu, Zoicon5, Zscout370, Zzuuzz, , , , 905 anonymous edits History of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458292238 Contributors: Aeusoes1, Ahanta, Akarkera, Alansohn, Aldux, AlexiusHoratius, Alro, Andreas Philopater, AndrewDressel, Anna Frodesiak, Arthena, Aymatth2, Bcnu147, Bellatores, Bentogoa, Biruitorul, Bluedenim, Bobblehead, CSWarren, CalJW, Canjth, Cbustapeck, Claude Chidzero, Colonies Chris, Conversion script, D6, Dana boomer, Danny, Darwinek, Davidcannon, Dr. Blofeld, Edward, El C, Everyking, Frymaster, Gershwinrb, Gik, Grstain, Gveret Tered, Hmains, Igiffin, Inisheer, Itsmejudith, JaGa, Jonesy1289, Kaihsu, Kernel Saunters, Kintetsubuffalo, Koyaanis Qatsi, LarryQ, Legis, Lofty, Malindae, Mattisse, Merhawie, Nedrutland, NuclearWarfare, Number 57, Petri Krohn, Poindexter Propellerhead, Quentonamos, RedRollerskate, Rexparry sydney, Rich Farmbrough, Sbrools, Shamwari, Silvonen, Snootyjim, Stevie4, Sweetalkinguy, Teh Bomb Sophist, Tobias Conradi, Toussaint, Warofdreams, We hope, WickedSideburns, 55 anonymous edits Economy of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=444978438 Contributors: Acntx, Angoni, Arj, Bdell555, Bluelemur, Bobblewik, CalJW, CarterL2011, Dana boomer, Danny, Divoc, Eastlaw, Ffirehorse, Flatterworld, Gilliam, Grafen, Green Giant, Heroeswithmetaphors, Hmains, Joao Xavier, Joolz, Kbdank71, Koyaanis Qatsi, Lightmouse, Marky63, McTrixie, Mr Accountable, Narayansg, Rd232, Rich Farmbrough, Samw, Scjessey, Shattered Gnome, SimonP, Sinissa, The Epopt, TheCatalyst31, Toby Bartels, Verne Equinox, WadeSimMiser, Wereon, 40 anonymous edits National Anthem Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=452619828 Contributors: Dimitris, Gurchzilla, Hu12, IHelpWhenICan, Ionius Mundus, Jauhienij, Lemur12, Mangoe, Ms2ger, Night w, Sardanaphalus, SeNeKa, Sebleouf, TFCforever, Yahia.barie, Zik7, Zzyzx11, 9 anonymous edits Flag of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458113895 Contributors: 2z, A2Kafir, Abigail-II, AfricanAtheism, Ahoerstemeier, AnonMoos, Arsonal, Art LaPella, Badmac21, Bevo74, Bobk, CalJW, Centauri, Chanakal, Chochopk, Conscious, DH85868993, Eranb, Fabiform, Farras Octara, FeatherPluma, Fixer88, Francish7, Francodelansburg, Fry1989, Gits (Neo), Greentubing, Grutness, HJ Mitchell, Haddiscoe, Japanese Searobin, Jauhienij, Jna runn, Mav, Morwen, Namiba, Nightstallion, Nohomers48, P3mmican, PBP, Potatoswatter, Roo72, Scanlan, ScottMainwaring, Seb az86556, SidP, Snowdog, Spitfire, Tbhotch, Template namespace initialisation script, Theurgist, Whhalbert, Whkoh, Wifishark, Zscout370, 25 anonymous edits Chewa language Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456357609 Contributors: 1549bcp, A12n, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, Angela, Angoni, Angr, Arskoul, Awiseman, Babbage, Bevinbell, Burschik, Chochopk, Circeus, Crissov, Croquant, December21st2012Freak, Dragunova, Dvyost, Edricson, Emrrans, Enni84, Ezhiki, Framhein, Hapsiainen, Hede2000, Iketsi, IkonicDeath, In ictu oculi, Japanese Searobin, Jetman, Jpatokal, Jna runn, Katharineamy, Kaushik twin, Kmoksy, Kwamikagami, Lycaon, Marijuanarchy, Mark Dingemanse, Marknen, Mentifisto, Mikenassau, Modster, Monz, Mosca, Moyogo, Musa as-Salafi, N-true, Norm mit, Nyttend, Ohnoitsjamie, Philip Stevens, Poerenstamper, QuartierLatin1968, RochelleCMN, Saforrest, Seabifar, Seksen iki yz krk be, Shizhao, Swooningdisaster, THSlone, Tabisini, The Other Saluton, The Vortext, TheExtraEditor, Thumperward, Toussaint, Vanjagenije, Varlaam, Vsmith, Wasell, Wawot1, Wonder al, Zachlipton, 58 anonymous edits Nyasaland Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454466066 Contributors: Bellatores, Big Axe, Carabs, Chris the speller, Chzz, Fratrep, Good Olfactory, Hoshie, InternetMeme, Jd2718, Ken.y, Kevlar67, Kpufferfish, Look2See1, Mimihitam, Mix321, Nnemo, Omnipaedista, Peyre, Plastikspork, RSStockdale, Rexparry sydney, Rich Farmbrough, Seb az86556, Sebleouf, Sesel, Sweetcorn, Themightyquill, Wdcf, Xufanc, Zzuuzz, 14 anonymous edits Geography of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457698396 Contributors: AssegaiAli, CUSENZA Mario, Clem23, Conversion script, Crissov, Cwolfsheep, D6, Darwinek, EmanWilm, Everyking, Graham87, Hmains, Istanbuljohnm, Jrockley, Karen Johnson, Kelisi, Koyaanis Qatsi, KoyaanisQatsi, Ladislaw, LiDaobing, PaulGarner, Peter Horn, Reedy, Robina Fox, Rui Silva, Sadalmelik, Satyadasa, Sdrawkcab, Susvolans, Tabletop, Tom Radulovich, Universalcosmos, Waltpohl, Warofdreams, Wmahan, Worldtraveller, 10 anonymous edits Demographics of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=438802100 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Altenmann, Auntof6, Bokpasa, CalJW, Conversion script, Darwinek, Debresser, FargomeD, Ffirehorse, Gits (Neo), Gugganij, Hmains, IkonicDeath, JaGa, Jurema Oliveira, Ken.y, Kobac, Koyaanis Qatsi, Leszek Jaczuk, Lilgeorgy1, Mightymights, Mvalolo, Nobunaga24, Pioneeranomoly, Sannse, Satyadasa, Sebleouf, Sietse Snel, SimonP, Steven X, The Transhumanist, Thehelpfulone, Tiddly Tom, Warofdreams, Wgswanson, , 22 anonymous edits Agriculture in Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=412244859 Contributors: Dr. Blofeld, Hmains, Icairns, Imnotminkus, Jna runn, Mr Accountable, NortyNort, Sm8900, Steven J. Anderson, Steven Walling Regions of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=390987322 Contributors: Chanheigeorge, Crusoe8181, Dr. Blofeld, Giraffedata, HappyInGeneral, Hmains, Jurema Oliveira, Woohookitty Northern Region, Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=455108927 Contributors: Acntx, Andrewrost3241981, CalJW, Grutness, Isnow, Los688, Lukecf, Mr Accountable, MsTingaK, Narayansg, Occuli, Poulpy, Sardanaphalus, Seth Ilys, Stan Shebs, Tokek, Ulanwp, 4 anonymous edits

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Central Region, Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=444447173 Contributors: Acntx, CalJW, Grutness, Isnow, Los688, Mr Accountable, Nick Number, Paradise7, Poulpy, Sardanaphalus, Seth Ilys, Stan Shebs, Stepheng3, 5 anonymous edits Southern Region, Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434224385 Contributors: Acntx, Ahoerstemeier, CalJW, Grutness, Jason Norris, Limabean, Los688, Mr Accountable, Occuli, Plasticup, Poulpy, Sangjinhwa, Sardanaphalus, Seth Ilys, Velella, 8 anonymous edits Districts of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457449556 Contributors: Acntx, Ahanta, Chanheigeorge, Crusoe8181, Denelson83, Docu, Electionworld, Gits (Neo), HappyInGeneral, Jason Norris, Joyous!, Jurema Oliveira, Kzash15, Limabean, Mr Accountable, MsTingaK, Neutrality, Pietaster, Poulpy, Roke, Roundhouse0, Sardanaphalus, Stan Shebs, 4 anonymous edits Salima District Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434556983 Contributors: Acntx, Bdell555, Dedza, Ermanon, Gits (Neo), Grutness, KnightRider, Mr Accountable, NERIUM, Poulpy, Sardanaphalus, 3 anonymous edits Lilongwe District Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=453956420 Contributors: Acntx, Avalon, Grutness, Harald Haugland, KnightRider, Mr Accountable, Poulpy, Sardanaphalus, Sdemster, Toddst1, 5 anonymous edits Lilongwe Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=450768286 Contributors: Abhijitsathe, Acntx, Alanmaher, Anniv22, Arj, Attilios, Aubadaurada, August Dominus, Baronnet, Bazonka, Bdell555, Betterusername, Bookandcoffee, Btw, Bumm13, Catinator, Chanheigeorge, Charles Matthews, Choster, ClickRick, Cmprince, D6, Deror avi, Dr. Blofeld, Dribblingscribe, Eastfrisian, Editorofthewiki, Ettrig, Floris V, G. 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Ah, Nevermind, Sonett72, Squiddy, Ssd, Stan Shebs, StaticVision, Steinsky, Sushant gupta, Swirlface, Tarquin, Tbone, Techman224, Temporaluser, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Yeti, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tmangray, Tom Radulovich, Tommy2010, TransporterMan, Tregoweth, Treisijs, Tsunaminoai, Twsx, UninvitedCompany, Unionhawk, Vanished user 39948282, Veinor, Vicki Rosenzweig, Vidocq, Vsmith, Wbfergus, Wetman, Whitepaw, Wikicalvin299, Wikieditor06, Wikipelli, WoodyWerm, Yom, Yuber, Yyy, Zyzzy, 654 anonymous edits Lake Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457069106 Contributors: 21655, Angoni, Arved, Atenyi, AtheWeatherman, Auntof6, Awiseman, Babakathy, Backspace, Bdell555, BjrnEF, BlankSpace79, Bntleeman, Brianga, C.h.kilner, Cdoc4871, Chindongo, Chl, Chzz, Cjohnsonmn, Clio the Muse, Cockovan, Completesentence, D6, DMacks, Daarznieks, Danny, Darwinek, David H Eccles, Decemberster, Dinomite, Docu, Doegi, Dr. Blofeld, Drunken Pirate, Dynamax, El C, Elb2000, Em3rald, 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Yaris678, 163 anonymous edits Shire River Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=417380045 Contributors: Bdell555, Chl, Cnineent, Darwinek, Duncanogi, Editorofthewiki, Fitzwilliam, Good Olfactory, Grutness, H0tte, Hmains, Jack Merridew, Kelisi, Llywrch, Los688, Malepheasant, Mircea cs, Mr Accountable, Skizzik, Susvolans, Urmas, Verdi1, 4 anonymous edits Monkey Bay Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=453049038 Contributors: Acntx, Bdell555, CommonsDelinker, Dr. Blofeld, EJF, Editorofthewiki, Grutness, Hchiso, Jimp, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jna runn, MilborneOne, Moongateclimber, Mr Accountable, MsTingaK, Nedrutland, Picaroon, Rjwilmsi, Scriberius, Seth Ilys, Stan Shebs, Tabletop, Welsh, Wikiacc, Zamboyami, 5 anonymous edits Mulanje Massif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454036200 Contributors: A930913, Amevoy, Asybaris01, CommonsDelinker, D6, DJGristle, Darwinek, Dbenbenn, Dr. Blofeld, Dr.1896, Droll, Greatestrowerever, Hmains, Howcheng, Ilion2, Inisheer, JamesAM, Joey80, Kmoksy, Lockley, MPF, Mindmatrix, Paul venter, R'n'B, Racerx11, RedWolf, Richard Keatinge, Scottyaz, Stan Shebs, Waltloc, Worldtraveller, 12 anonymous edits Politics of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=449535650 Contributors: Acntx, Blanchardb, CalJW, Conversion script, Crzrussian, D6, DabMachine, Dinganie, Docu, Durova, Electionworld, Epbr123, Inisheer, Jurema Oliveira, Koavf, Koyaanis Qatsi, Malawicommentator, Malawiman, Mr Accountable, MsTingaK, Number 57, Rholton, Rich Farmbrough, Ricky81682, Rmhermen, Satyadasa, Studerby, Stunetii, The Transhumanist, Tombomp, Tommy2010, Tresiden, Wandering Raleighite, Wilfried Derksen, , 18 anonymous edits Malawian general election, 2004 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=412384634 Contributors: A930913, Adam Carr, Bryan Derksen, Electionworld, Everyking, Hajor, Joy, Maximus Rex, Namiba, Nightstallion, Number 57, Sadads, Squids and Chips, Tim!, Wilfried Derksen Malawian general election, 2009 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447134242 Contributors: Aymatth2, Blamed, Brandir, Calliopejen1, Conti, Dumelow, Ericoides, Everyking, Fox, Malawiman, Namiba, Nightstallion, Tone, 6 anonymous edits United Democratic Front Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=432558382 Contributors: Acntx, Ahoerstemeier, Aranel, Electionworld, Everyking, Jeepday, KI, Lionfish0, Pearle, Rich Farmbrough, Sesel, Tiyoringo, Wilfried Derksen, YUL89YYZ, Zeno Gantner, 3 anonymous edits Democratic Progressive Party Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=449535101 Contributors: Acntx, Cybercobra, Dudeman5685, Electionworld, Everyking, Gettingtoit, MsTingaK, Pearle, Quarty, Sesel, Wilfried Derksen, 5 anonymous edits Malawi Congress Party Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=436564039 Contributors: Acntx, Aymatth2, Blueboy96, Chidzukulu cha anathini, Electionworld, Everyking, JaGa, Mike Linksvayer, MinnesotanConfederacy, Picaroon, Quarty, Sesel, Tiyoringo, Trebleharp, Wilfried Derksen, 2 anonymous edits List of heads of state of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=432965356 Contributors: (:Julien:), Academic Challenger, Anton Gutsunaev, Borgx, Crusoe8181, Cycofan1, D6, Darwinek, Electionworld, Greenshed, Grenavitar, Ivan Bogdanov, Joao Xavier, John K, JohnArmagh, Ketiltrout, Koavf, Mr Accountable, NWill, Roundhouse0, Rui Silva, Sardanaphalus, Sesel, Steadadelica, Sundostund, Topbanana, Xanzzibar, , 12 anonymous edits List of heads of government of Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=452923701 Contributors: Acntx, Borgx, CalJW, Carlaude, D6, Gzornenplatz, Hu, JohnArmagh, Ketiltrout, Koavf, RickK, Sardanaphalus, Sundostund, Toussaint, Xanzzibar, , 4 anonymous edits Air Malawi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451044495 Contributors: Airbusfan, Airodyssey, Angoni, Anthonycarrol, Ardfern, Betacommand, CalJW, Calvin08, Claverly, Funandtrvl, Jetman, Kintetsubuffalo, Kukooo, Lightmouse, MLRoach, McTrixie, Michael Devore, MilborneOne, Mr Accountable, Niteowlneils, Rich Farmbrough, Russavia, Sardanaphalus, Satyadasa, Sebleouf, SimonP, Suihkulokki, Tnuag, Tobibln, Vsmith, Walexander, Wavelength, Woohookitty, YSSYguy, 43 anonymous edits

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File:Flag of Malawi.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:EscudoMalawi.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EscudoMalawi.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Trabajo Propio File:Malawi (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Malawi_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Marcos Elias de Oliveira Jnior File:Increase2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarang File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 13 anonymous edits File:Stamp British Central Africa 1897 6p.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stamp_British_Central_Africa_1897_6p.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: made by User:Stan Shebs File:Bingu Wa Mutharika - 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Lilongwe Area 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lilongwe_Area_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Dell file:Malawi location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Malawi_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: NordNordWest File:Red pog.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie Image:Lilongwe Nico Centre area.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lilongwe_Nico_Centre_area.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Dell Bdell555 Image:Lilongwe (Malawi) - crafts market.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lilongwe_(Malawi)_-_crafts_market.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Hans Hillewaert File:Lake-Nakuru.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lake-Nakuru.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Rutere Image:EAfrica.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EAfrica.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: USGS File:Graben Afar ASTER 20020327.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Graben_Afar_ASTER_20020327.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team File:Ocean-birth.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ocean-birth.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Ocean-birth_hg.png: Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, vectorised by User:Lichtspiel derivative work: Lichtspiel (talk) Image:Greatrift.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greatrift.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA/JSC File:Great Rift Valley NASA.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Great_Rift_Valley_NASA.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Malo, Mats Halldin, Saperaud, Sven-steffen arndt, 2 anonymous edits file:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Tintazul, User:Worldtraveller Image:Mwaya Beach, Malawi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: JackyR Image:Lake Malawi, view from Likoma Island.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Dschwen, JackyR, Lumijaguaari, Rmih Image:Nkhata Bay, Malawi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: JackyR Image:Lake Malawi Aquarium.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lake_Malawi_Aquarium.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Myself File:Adult male livingstonii.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adult_male_livingstonii.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Wen2li3 at en.wikipedia Image:Lake Malawi00.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lake_Malawi00.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Paul venter at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by XcepticZP at en.wikipedia. Image: Shire fluss nsanje.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shire_fluss_nsanje.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Alex Antener File:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Dell Bdell555 File:Monoxylon_beach_Lake_Malawi_1557.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Monoxylon_beach_Lake_Malawi_1557.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: GeorgHH, H005, JackyR, Verdi Image:Monkey bay main road.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Monkey_bay_main_road.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Dell Bdell555 Image:Mulanje ETM 26may02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mulanje_ETM_26may02.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory, using Landsat data and SRTM data courtesy of the University of Marylands Global Land Cover Facility File:Red triangle with thick white border.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Anomie File:Mulanje Massif 3D.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mulanje_Massif_3D.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Asybaris01 Image:Flag of the President of Malawi.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Malawi.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Uploader File:Air Malawi Boeing 747SP Fitzgerald.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_747SP_Fitzgerald.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Steve Fitzgerald File:Air Malawi Boeing 737-500.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_737-500.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Konstantin von Wedelstaedt Image:Flag of Malawi.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp Image:Flag of South Africa.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: unknown Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15, Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 34 anonymous edits Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: unknown Contributors: User:SKopp Image:Flag of Zambia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Author: Tobias Jakobs (in the public domain) and User:Zscout370 (Return fire) Image:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Madden Image:Chauncy Maples, 1952, jubilee celebrations.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chauncy_Maples,_1952,_jubilee_celebrations.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust Image:Maples and Johnson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Universities Mission to Central Africa Image:Chauncy Maples 1905.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust Image:Chauncy Maples1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust Image:Chauncy Maples4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust File:Aids Orphans in Malawi.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: KHym54

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