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1
2
2
-
r D r
D
pLD
P
and a horizontal stress of
LD
P
t
2
where, P is the compressive load on the cylinder
L is the length of cylinder
D is its diameter and r and (D r) are the distances of the elements from
the two loads respectively.
The loading condition produces a high compressive stress immediately below the
two generators to which the load is applied. But the larger portion corresponding
to depth is subjected to a uniform tensile stress acting horizontally. It is estimated
that the compressive stress is acting for about 1/6 depth and the remaining 5/6
depth is subjected to tension.
In order to reduce the magnitude of the high compression stresses near the
points of application of the load, narrow packing strips of suitable material such as
plywood are placed between the specimen and loading platens of the testing
machine. The packing strips should be soft enough to allow distribution of load
over a reasonable area, yet narrow and thin enough to prevent large contact area.
Normally, a plywood strip of 25 mm wide, 3 mm thick and 30 cm long is used.
The main advantage of this method is that the same type of specimen and the
same testing machine as are used for the compression test can be employed for this
test. That is why this test is gaining popularity. The splitting test is simple to
perform and gives more uniform results than other tension tests. Strength
determined in the splitting test is believed to be closer to the true tensile strength of
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concrete, than the modulus of rupture. Splitting strength gives about 5 to 12%
higher value than the direct tensile strength.
DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH:(According to IS:516-1959)
Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is
difficult. Neither specimens nor testing apparatus have been designed which
assure uniform distribution of the pull applied to the concrete. While a number
of investigations involving the direct measurement of tensile strength have been
made, beam tests are found to be dependable to measure flexural strength property
of concrete.
The value of the modulus of rupture (extreme fibre stress in bending)
depends on the dimension of the beam and manner of loading. The systems of
loading used in finding out the flexural tension are central point loading and third
point loading. In the central point loading, maximum fiber stress will come below
the point of loading where the bending moment is maximum. In case of
symmetrical two point loading, the critical crack may appear at any section, not
strong enough to resist the stress within the middle third, where the bending
moment is maximum. It can be expected that the two point loading will yield a
lower value of the modulus of rupture than the centre point loading. Figure 10.4
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shows the modulus of rupture of beams of different sizes subjected to centre point
and third point loading. I.S. 516-1959, specifies two point loading. The details of
the specimen and procedure are described in the succeeding paragraphs.
The standard size of the specimens are 15 x 15 x 70 cm. Alternatively, if the
largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 20 mm, specimens 10 x 10 x
50 cm may be used.
The mould should be of metal, preferably steel or cast iron and the metal
should be of sufficient thickness to prevent spreading or warping. The mould
should be constructed with the longer dimension horizontal and in such a manner
as to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimens without damage.
The tamping bar should be a steel bar weighing 2 kg. 40 cm long and should
have a ramming face 25 mm square.
The testing machine may be of any reliable type of sufficient capacity for the
tests and capable of applying the load at the rate specified. The permissible errors
should not be greater that 1.5 per cent of the applied load for commercial type of
use. The bed of the testing machine should be provided with two steel rollers. 38
mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers should
be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is 60 mm for 15 cm specimen
or 40 cm for 10.0 cm specimens. The load is applied through two similar rollers
mounted at the third points of the supporting span, that is spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm
centre to centre. The load is divided equally between the two loading rollers, and
all rollers are mounted in such a manner that the load is applied axially and without
subjecting specimen to any torsional stresses or restrains. The loading set up is
shown in Fig. 10.5.
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Procedure:
Test specimens are stored in water for 28 days before testing. They are tested
immediately on removal from the water whilst they are still in a wet condition.
The dimensions of each specimen should be noted before testing. No preparation
of the surfaces is required.
Placing the Specimen in the Testing Machine :
The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers are wiped clean, and
any loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where
they are to make contact with the rollers. The specimen is then placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load is applied to the uppermost surface as cast
in the mould, along two lines spaced 20.0 or 13.3 cm apart. The axis of the
specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device. No packing is
used between the bearing surfaces of the specimen and the rollers. The load is
applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme
fibre stress increases at approximately 0.7 kg/sq.cm/min that is, at a rate of loading
of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0
cm specimens. The load is increased until the specimen fails, and the maximum
load applied to the specimen during the test is recorded. The appearance of the
fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure is noted.
The flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the modulus of rupture f
b
which if a equals the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support,
measured on the centre line of the tensile side of the specimen, in cm, is calculated
to the nearest 0.05 MPa as follows:
2
d b
l P
f
b
=
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When a is greater than 20.0 cm for 15.0 cm specimen or greater than 13.3
cm for a 10.0 cm specimen, or
2
3
d b
a p
f
b
=
when a is less than 20.0 cm but greater than 17.0 cm
for 15.0 specimen, or less than 13.3 cm but greater than 11.0 cm for a 10.0 cm
specimen where
b = measured width in cm of the specimen.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE :
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working
environment during its anticipated exposure conditions during service. The
materials and mix proportions specified and used should be such as to maintain its
integrity and if applicable, to protect embedded metal from corrosion. One of the
main characteristics influencing the durability of concrete is its permeability to the
ingress of the water , oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride , sulphate constituents and
workmanship in making the concrete with normal-weight aggregates a suitably,
low permeability is achieved by having an adequate cement content , sufficiently
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low, free w/c ratio, by ensuring complete compaction of concrete and adequate
curing. The factors influencing durability include
1.Environment.
2. Cover to embedded steel.
3. The type and quality of constituent materials .
4. Cement content and w/c ratio of concrete.
5. Workmanship, to obtain full compaction and efficient curing.
6. Shape and size of member.
The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete during its service
life together with other relevant factors relating to mix composition, workmanship,
design and detailing should be considered . All relevant requirements for durability
of concrete as specified in IS456-2000.
In the present , investigation carried out to study the durability
characteristics of concrete specimens of size150x150x150 mm subjected to acid
attack.
Acid attack on concrete:
First of all , concrete containing Portland cement , being
highly alkaline, is not resistant to attack by strong acids or compounds which may
convert to acids .Chemical attack of concrete occurs by way of decomposition of
the products of hydration and formation of new compound , which, if soluble , may
be leached out and if not soluble, may be disruptive insitu. The attacking
compounds must be in solution. The most vulnerable cement hydrate is
Ca(OH)
2
,but C-S-H can also be attacked calcareous aggregate are also vulnerable.
Concrete can be attacked by liquids with Ph value below 6.5 but the attack is
severe only at Ph below 5.5, If below4.5 , the attack is very severe.
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Acids first react with free lime of concrete forming calcium salts
and later on attack the hydro silicates and hydro aluminates forming. The
corresponding calcium salts, whose solubility will govern the extent of
deterioration caused to the concrete. In the present investigation , concrete
specimens of size 150x150x150 mm are immersed in 5% H
2
SO
4
solution. The
deterioration of concrete specimens is presented in the form of % reduction in
weight of concrete specimens.
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5. Experimental results and discussions:
Observed Specific gravities of fine and coarse aggregates:
S.no Material Specific gravity
1 Natural sand 2.66
2 Manufactured sand 2.55
3 Coarse aggregate 2.78
Comparison of tests results of natural sand with artificial sand:
Specific gravity:
The specific gravity values from the table indicates
that the specific gravity of natural sand is more than that of artificial
sand. Since the specific gravity of natural sand is more, corresponding
weight of cubes of size 150x150x150 mm made from this sand is also
more than weights of cubes made of robo sand .weights of cubes made
of both sands can be observed in table .For the given volume of concrete
quantity of manufactured sand required is more compared to
requirement of natural sand.
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Bulking of fine aggregate ( Both for natural sand and Manufactured
sand)
% of water Bulking of natural sand Bulking of manufactured
sand
0 21.3 20.3
1 23.9 23.5
2 24.8 26.6
3 25.3 27.6
4 25.6 27.8
5 25.7 27.2
6 25.8 27
7 25 26.9
8 24 26.8
From the above table up to 4% the bulking is observed to be increased. The
bulking values from the table shows that the bulking of artificial sand is more than
natural sand. Thereby, Mix design by volume batching is difficult with artificial
sand.
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MIX DESIGN ACCORDING TO IS 10262-2009
(For natural sand)
DESIGN STIPULATIONS :
1.Grade designation. M30 fck 30.000 Mpa
2.Type of cement. OPC
3.Maximum nominal size of the
aggregate . 40mm
4.Minimun cement content.
330
kg/cu.m
5.Maximum water cement ratio. 0.45
from
IS456
6.Workability. 100mm slump
7.Exposure conditions. severe
8.Method of concrete placing. -
9.Degree of super vision. good
10.Type of aggregate. Angular ballast
11.maximum cement content. 450 kg/cu.m
12.Standard deviation. 5 (based on the grade of the
13.Specific gravity of cement 3.047
concrete)
14.Specific gravity of fine aggregate: 2.66
15.Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.78
16.Density of dmixture if used: 1
Procedure for mix design:
a.Target mean strength(fck'): 38.25 N/mm
2
b.w/c ratio: 0.4 (Based on experience)
c.Maximum water content: 165 lit (Extra percent of
Estimated water content: 174.9 lit water required )
d.Admixture content: 0
6.000
e.Cement content: 437.25 kg/m
3
f.Volume of coarse of aggregate per uit
volume of
total aggrgate: 0.71 (for zone- 2 from table 3 of IS10262
correction for the required water
cement ratio : 0.73 for water cement ratio of 0.5 )
percentage of reduction for pumpable
concrete: 10
% volume of coarse aggregate: 0.657
g.% Volume of fine aggregate 0.343
Mix calculations :
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Volume of concete: 1 m
3
Volume of cement: 0.143502 m
3
volume of water: 0.1749 m
3
volume of admixtures used if any: 0 m
3
volume of all in aggregate: 0.681598 m
3
mass of coarse aggregate: 1244.912 kg/m
3
mass of fine aggregate: 621.8766 kg/m
3
Materials: water cement
fine
.aggregate coarse.aggregate
Quantities: 174.9 437.25 621.877 1244.912
Ratio: 0.4 1 1.422 2.847
MIX DESIGN ACCORDING TO IS 10262-2009( For
Manufactured sand)
DESIGN STIPULATIONS :
1.Grade designation. M30 fck 30.000 Mpa
2.Type of cement. OPC
3.Maximum nominal size of the
aggregate . 40mm
4.Minimun cement content. 330 kg/cu.m
5.Maximum water cement ratio. 0.45
from
IS456
6.Workability. 100mm slump
7.Exposure conditions. severe
8.Method of concrete placing.
9.Degree of super vision. good
10.Type of aggregate. Angular ballast
11.maximum cement content. 450kg/cu.m
12.Standard deviation. 5 (based on the grade of the
13.Specific gravity of cement 3.047
concrete)
14.Specific gravity of fine aggregate: 2.5
15.Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.78
16.Density of dmixture if used: 1
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Procedure for mix design:(
a.Target mean strength(fck'): 38.25 N/mm
2
b. w/c ratio: 0.4
(Based on
experience)
c. Maximum water content: 165 lit (Extra percent of
Estimated water content: 174.9 lit water required
d.Admixture content: 0
6.000 )
e.Cement content: 437.25 kg/m
3
f.Volume of coarse of aggregate per uit volume of
total aggrgate: 0.71 (for zone- 2 from table 3 of IS10262
correction for the required water cement
ratio : 0.73 for water cement ratio of 0.5 )
percentage of reduction for pumpable
concrete: 10
% volume of coarse aggregate: 0.657
g.% Volume of fine aggregate 0.343
Mix calculations :
Volume of concrete: 1 m
3
Volume of cement: 0.143502 m
3
volume of water: 0.1749 m
3
volume of admixtures used if any: 0 m
3
volume of all in aggregate: 0.681598 m
3
mass of coarse aggregate: 1244.912 kg/m
3
mass of fine aggregate: 584.4705 kg/m
3
Materials: water cement
fine
.aggregate coarse.aggregate
Quantities: 174.9 437.25 584.470 1244.912
Ratio: 0.4 1 1.337 2.847
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Workability by Slump cone method:
W/c ratio Slump in mm for
manufactured sand
Slump in mm for natural
sand
0.4 10 10
0.425 14 17
0.45 20 40
0.5 Collapsed Collapsed
At low water/ cement ratios , the workability of concrete made of both sands is
more or less same. But , as the w/c ratio increases, the natural sand was observed to
be highly workable than artificial sand. So, where ever high workability is
required, it is better to use natural sand ( i.e congested reinforcement and pump
able concrete). And where requirement workability is low, it is always advised to
use manufactured sand as it is economical. ( i.e laying of concrete payments).
Compressive strength values of concrete made of both the sands.
Concrete
made of
Cube1 Cube2 Cube3 Average
Natural sand
At 7 days
At 28 days
930 KN
960 KN
1200KN
1200KN
820KN
1000KN
983.33KN(43.7 MPa)
1053KN(46.8MPa)
Manufactured
sand
At 7days
At 28 days
850 KN
900 KN
900 KN
1050 KN
920 KN
1300 KN
890 KN(39.56 MPa)
1083 KN(48.51 MPa)
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At the beginning, i.e at 7 days the strength of the concrete made of manufactured
sand is less than that of natural sand. But as the days of curing increases , the
strength of concrete cubes made of both sands are found more or less equal. As
compressive strength is the main property of the concrete that is considered in
design, we can replace natural sand with manufactured sand completely in making
concrete.
Flexural strength of concrete:
Concrete made of Beam1 Beam2 Average
Natural sand
At 28 days
3700 kgf 3700 kgf 3700 kgf(37kN)
Manufactured sand
At 28 days
3400 kgf 2940 kgf 3170 kgf(31.7 kN)
Splitting tensile strength of concrete:
Concrete made of Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Average
Natural sand
At 28 days
230 kN 230 kN 230 kN
Manufactured sand
At28 days
164 kN 188 kN 176 kN
The values of flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete
made of natural sand were found to be slightly more than the values of concrete
made of artificial sand .In any structural member, as the tensile stresses are taken
by steel to the greater extent, very low stresses are allowed to act on the concrete.
So, artificial sand can be used in concrete.
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Durability tests made on both sands:
A1, A2, A3 are made of manufactured sand,
S1, S2, S3 are made of Natural sand
Name of the cube Initial weights Final Weights
Cube A1 8.72 kg 7.97 kg
Cube A2 8.86 kg 7.826 kg
Cube A3 8.65 kg 7.684 kg
Cube S1 8.74 kg 7.608 kg
Cube S2 8.62 kg 7.71 kg
Cube S3 8.57 kg 7.535 kg
Percentage loss of weight for natural sand after 60 days=10.48%
Percentage loss of weight for manufactured sand after 60 days=11.86%
Percentage loss is more or less equal for manufactured sand and
natural sand. So there is no durability problem with manufactured sand.
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7. Future scope of work:
- Replacing natural sand with different % of manufactured sand so that clear
variation of strength can be plotted as well as optimum amount can also be
determined.
- Conducting investigation for M
40
, M
50
and also for high strength concrete.
- Conducting chloride penetration test and water absorption tests on concrete
to ensure adequate durability.
- Suitability of manufactured sand must be ascertained for plastering.
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8. Conclusions:
- 100% replacement is reasonable where there is low workability requirement.
And where there is high workability requirement, partial replacement can be
made keeping in view the strength and economy.
- Strength criteria can be fully ascertained with 100% replacement of natural
sand with manufactured sand.
- For big projects like highways, establishing a plant leads to economy as they
require large amount of fine aggregate.
- River beds can be safeguarded by reducing the excavations for natural sand
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9. References:
- Bhanuprabha(2003).Studies on use of manufactured sand as Fine
Aggregate M. Tech dissertation, submitted to JNTU, Hyderabad, India .
- Bhikshma V. Nitturkar,K and Venkatesham,Y(2009), Investigations on
mechanical properties of high strength silica fume concrete. Asian journal
of civil engineering (building and
housing) Vol. 10, no. 3. pp.335-346.
- Dinesh Khare(2002)., Marvelous properties of Stone Crusher dust: A waste
by-product of tone crushers, National conference on Advances of
construction material, Hamirpur (H.P.), India. pp:189 to 195.
- Giridhar, V(2000)., Strength characteristics of concrete using crusher stone
dust as fine aggregate, 63
rd
Annual General meeting, Hyderabad. pp: 11-
15. Hudson, B.P.(1999), Manufactured sand for concrete, ICJ, August
1999.
- Misra, V.H(1984)., Use of Stone dust from crusher in cement and sand
Mortar ICJ, August 1984.
- Saeed Ahmad and Shahid Mahmood(2008) , Effects of crushed and Natural
Sand on the properties of freshand Hardened concrete, Our World in
Concrete & Structures.
- Srinivasa Rao, P., Seshagiri Rao, M.V. and Sravana.(2002), Effect of
crusher stone dust on some properties of concrete, National conference on
advances in construction materials, Hamirpur. pp:196-201.
- Ultratech websites.(www.vsicrushers.com www.robosilicon.com).
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10.Photo graphs taken during experiments:
CUBES IMMERSED IN ACID AT 5% CONCENTRATON(H
2
SO
4
)
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CURING OF BEAMS, CUBES AND CYLINDERS.
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TESTNIG OF CUBES FOR DETERMINING COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH.
53
POURING OF ACID TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT ACIDITY AT
REGULAAR INTERVAL OF 5 DAYS
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