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REFERATE GENERALE
REZUMAT
Hipertensiunea arterial a vrstnicului este o important cauz de morbiditate i mortalitate n lume, cu frecven n continu cretere datorit procesului de mbtrnire a populaiei i mijloacelor moderne de tratament. Intervenia rinichiului ca pivot central n etiopatogenia hipertensiunii arteriale prin secreia de renin, natriureza de presiune i jocurile volemice, ca i intervenia sistemului cardiovascular prin rezistena vascular crescut, disfuncia endotelial i hipertroa miocardic fac din aceast boal o afeciune cu adresabilitate multipl: medic de familie, cardiolog i nefrolog. Date ind comorbiditile asociate, hipertensiunea arterial a vrstnicului rmne o entitate incomplet denit i deschis speculaiilor att n ce privete mecanismele patogenice ct i posibilitile de tratament ce decurg din acestea. Cuvinte cheie: hipertensiunea arterial, vrstnic, mecanisme, patogenie
A T A T
Arterial hypertension in old age is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its frequency being on the rise due to the aging of the population and modern means of treatment. The kidneys intervention as a central pivot in the ethiopathogenesis of arterial hypertension through the secretion of renin, pressure natriuresis and volemic shock, as well as the intervention of the cardiovascular system through increased vascular resistance, endothelial disfunctions and myocardic hypertrophy allow the condition to be addressed by general physicians, cardiologists and nephrologists. Given the associated comorbidities, arterial hypertension in old age remains a poorly dened entity, open to speculations regarding both the pathogenic mechanisms involved and the possibilities of treatment. Key words: hypertension, old, mechanisms, phatogenesis
ipertensiunea arterial este cea mai frecvent cauz de morbiditate i mortalitate n societile dezvoltate (1). Date recente (2) apreciaz prevalena actual a HTA n lume n jurul valorii de 30%.
Adres de coresponden:
n ce privete incidena hipertensiunii arteriale la populaia vrstnic i n particular a hipertensiunii arteriale sistolice izolate, exist studii ce o apreciaz ca ind de 53,8% n SUA, 48% n Canada (3) i de peste 70% sau chiar mai mult n rile europene (4, 5, 6)
Dr. Mircea Lupuoru, Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila, B-dul Eroilor Sanitari, Nr. 8, Bucureti
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MECANISME GENERALE
Mecanismele prin care vrstnicii dezvolt hipertensiune sunt complexe i nc incomplet cunoscute. Reducerea elasticitii esutului conjunctiv i creterea prevalenei aterosclerozei determin creterea rezistenei vasculare periferice i a impedanei aortice. Velocitatea pulsului aortic (indice de cuanticare al rigiditii aortice) a fost amplu studiat n raport cu predicia pentru mortalitatea cardiovascular la hipertensivi. Scderea complianei aortice induce creterea rezistenei la ejecia ventriculului stng cu creterea disproporionat a tensiunii sistolice i a presiunii pulsului. Studii pe animale au artat c rspunsul brelor musculare netede la stimularea alfa-adrenergic nu se modic cu vrsta, n schimb rspunsul la stimularea betaadrenergic scade i n consecin, i relaxarea musculaturii netede vasculare. S-a dovedit astfel c, la vrstnicul hipertensiv, creterea rezistenei vasculare periferice este n parte produs de diminuarea vasodilataiei mediate de receptorii beta, n timp ce vasoconstricia mediat alfaadenergic nu este inuenat. Scleroza afecteaz anual cca 1% nefroni dup vrsta de 50 ani, astfel nct n decada a opta de via putem ntlni peste 30% glomeruli sclerozai. Aceste modicri sunt accelerate i agravate de hipertensiunea arterial dar i de tratamentul cu ageni antihipertensivi inadecvai. Rata ltrrii glomerulare nregistreaz un declin proporional cu cel al uxului plasmatic renal pn la 50% n decada a 8-a de via (9).
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CONCLUZII
Hipertensiunea arterial a vrstnicului este o important problem de sntate public, cu frecven n continu cretere datorit procesului de mbtrnire a populaiei. Date ind condiiile cardiovasculare asociate, factorii de risc suplimentari i afectrile organelor int mai serioase dect n cazul adultului
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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