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12.1 Bones
1. Humerus:
• A long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to
the elbow;
• Connects the scapula and the lower arm bones; the radius and ulna.
2. Radius:
• The bone of the forearm that extends from the side of the elbow to
the thumb side of the wrist;
• Exceeds the ulna in length and size.
II. Protection:
○ The Brain is protected by the skull;
○ The Vertebrae protect the spinal cord;
○ The ribs and breastbone (sternum) protect the lungs and heart;
○ The pelvis shields the reproductive organs.
III. Movement:
○ The skeleton works with muscles which are attached to it to
produce movements and many bones of the skeleton act as
levers.
12.2 Joints
1. Joint:
• A location at which two or more bones make contact;
• Constructed to allow movement and mechanical support.
3. Fixed joint:
• A joint between bones that do not move;
• e.g. skull.
5. Hinge joint:
• Allows bones to move back and forth;
• Found in the elbow and the knee;
• Allow bones to move like a hinge in a door.
6. Ball-and-socket joint:
• Found in the hip-hone and the shoulder;
• Allows the most movement of all the joints;
• e.g. one bone (like the femur) has a ball-like knob at the end of it,
and the knob fits into a cup-like space on the other side.
7. Ligaments:
• Fibrous tissues that connects bones to other bones;
• Keep the bones together but do not stop their various movements.
1. Antagonistic muscles:
• Are limb muscles which are usually arranged in pairs having opposite
effects;
• When one of the pair of the muscle (biceps) contract, it has to be
pulled by other muscles (triceps) which work in the opposite
direction to get back into their elongated shape in order to relax.