MAP OF THE FUELWOOD SITUATION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

at a scale of 1:25 000 000

CARTE DE LA SITUATION DU BOIS DE FEU DANS LES PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT

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MAPA DE LA SITUACION EN MATERIA DE L E f \ EN LOS PAISES EN DESARROLLO escala 1:25 000 000 TA

FOOD A ND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L 'AL IMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE Rome 1981

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T h is map wa s p re p a re d b y FAO, i n a cco rd a n ce w i t h a re co mme n d a tio n made by t h e UN T e c h n i c a l P a n e l o n Fu e lwo o d a n d C h a rc o a l , t o make a v a i l a b l e , i n t h e f o rm o f a map, t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p ro v i d e d b y a g l o b a l re c o n n a is s a n c e s u r v e y o f t h e fu e lwo o d s u p p l y / r e q u i r e m e n t s i t u a t i o n . T h e a i m o f t h i s s u r v e y wa s t h e i d e n t i f i ca t io n o f e x i s t i n g and p o t e n t i a l c r i t i c a l a re a s , a s w e l l a s a re a s w i t h s u rp lu s e s in d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . I t a l s o p ro v i d e s a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e i mp o rt a n c e o f f u e lwo o d a n d o f t h e ma g n it u d e o f t h e d r a m a t i c a l l y d e v e lo p in g s c a r c i t y p ro b l e ms . The s u r v e y wa s u n d e rt a k e n b y t h e F o r e s t r y De p a rt me n t o f FAO t h r o u g h a n u mb e r o f r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t b y r e g i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s o r te a ms o f c o n s u l t a n t s i n A f r i c a , A s i a a n d L a t i n A me ri c a . T h e s u r v e y i s a n FAO c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e p re p a ra t i o n o f t h e UN Co n f e re n ce o n New a n d Re n e wa b le S o u rce s o f E n e rg y . The f o l l o w i n g c o n s t i t u t e s o n l y a n e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e t o t h e ma p b u t i t a l s o p ro v id e s so me i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s u r v e y . A f i n a l r e p o r t o f t h e s u rv e y i s u n d e r p r e p a r a t i o n i n t h e F o r e s t r y De p a rt me n t o f FAO a n d w i l l b e i s s u e d s e p a ra t e l y . De f in it io n s The d e f i n i t i o n s g i v e n b e lo w r e f e r t o t e r m s a n d c a t e g o r i e s u s e d i n c a rry in g o u t t h e s u r v e y o f t h e f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n a n d w h i c h a p p e a r i n t h e l e g e n d o f t h e ma p . Fuelwood: W o o d i n t h e ro u g h f r o m t r u n k s , b ra n c h e s a n d o t h e r p a r t s sh ru b s t o b e u s e d a s f u e l f o r s u c h p u rp o se s a s c o o k i n g , h e a t i n g o r t i o n t h ro u g h d i r e c t c o mb u s t io n , n o t o n l y i n h o u se h o ld s b u t a l s o i n ( c u r i n g , s mo k i n g , e t c . ) . W o o d f o r c h a r c o a l i s i n c l u d e d . L i g n e o u s re s id u e s we re a l s o c o n s i d e re d . o f t re e s and p o we r genera ru ra l in d u st rie s a g ricu lt u ra l

Fuelwood n e e d s: M i n i m u m f u e lwo o d re q u ire me n t s t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e s h a r e o f f u e lwo o d i n c u r r e n t e n e rg y s u p p l i e s a n d t h e min imu m e n e rg y q u a n t i t i e s n e e d e d f o r d o me st ic p u rp o s e s a n d r u r a l i n d u s t r i e s . I n some c a s e s a c t u a l f u e lwo o d c o n s u mp t io n may b e l o w e r t h a n e s t i m a t e d n e e d s, d u e t o t h e i m p a c t o f p r e v a i l i n g s h o rt a g e s , o r h i g h e r , i n a n e n v iro n me n t o f a b u n d a n t s u p p l i e s . F u e l w o o d n e e d s a r e e s t i m a t e d o n the b a s i s o f c u r r e n t c o n v e rs io n t e c h n o lo g ie s . Puelwood a v a i l a b i l i t y : Q u a n t i t i e s o f f u e lwo o d wh ic h a r e on the s i s ao f n t h e mean nual p ro d u ca tivit f a l, l p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e s o n a sus ' o r bac b a ne m dy o e t a sis aa i n a v b l ea p r o i d u lc t i o an b b l . Teh e mean a n n u a l f u e lwo o d p r o d u c t i v i t y i s c a l c u l a t e d a f t e r d e d u c t i n g f r o m t h e mean t o t a l a n n u a l p r o d u c t i v i t y t h e wo o d s u p p l i e d f o r i n d u s t r i a l u s e s , wh e n a p p l i c a b l e . A c c e s s ib le f u e l w o o d a v a i l a b i l i t y : I t i s n e c e s s a ry t o d i s t i n g u i s h a c c e s s i b l e fu e lwo o d a v a i l a b i l i t y f r o m t o t a l a p p a re n t a v a i l a b i l i t y . A c c e s s i b i l i t y i s a co r r e c t i n g f a c t o r b a se d o n p h y s i c a l a n d e co n o mic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h i c h t a k e i n t o

account f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e d i s p e r s e d n a t u r e o f t h e r e s o u r c e s , l a c k o f i n f r a s t ru c t u re f o r t h e i r e x p l o i t a t i o n , c o mp e t it io n w i t h o t h e r u se s su ch a s a g r i c u l t u r a l re s id u e s f o r f e r t i l i z e r s , a n d o t h e r s . T h e a c c e s s i b l e f u e lwo o d a v a i l a b i l i t y i s th e a mo u n t o f f u e lwo o d w h i c h c a n a c t u a l l y b e u s e d u n d e r n o rma l c o n d i t i o n s o f su p p ly a n d demand. Fuelwood b a la n c e : T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n t h e n e e d s a n d t h e a c c e s s i b l e f u e l w o o d a v a i l a b i l i t y i n d i c a t e s t h e c u r r e n t b a la n c e o r imb a la n c e o f t h e f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n . A p o s i t i v e b a la n c e i n d i c a t e s a n e x c e s s o f s u p p l y o v e r n e e d s, w h i l e a n e g a t i v e o n e shows a d e f i c i t b y Wh ich s u p p l i e s f a l l s h o r t o f c u r r e n t n e e d s . I n t h i s c a s e t h e needs a r e e i t h e r me t b y o v e r e x p l o i t a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g s u p p l i e s o r b y s h i f t i n g t o a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s wh e n a v a i l a b l e . U l t i m a t e l y , c o n s u mp t io n ma y a c t u a l l y b e w e l l b e lo w n e e d s . B e c a u s e f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s a r e ma rk e d l y l o c a t i o n s p e c i f i c , t h e f u e lwo o d b a la n c e o v e r a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e a r e a may h i d e i m p o r t a n t l o c a l p ro b le ms between s u p p l i e s a n d n e e d s, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f m a j o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o p u la t io n . U l t i m a t e l y t h e f u e lwo c d b a la n c e i s t h e ma in i n d i c a t o r o f t h e f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n i n a g i v e n a r e a , e i t h e r a s i t sh o ws t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n c r e a s i n g f u r t h e r t h e u s e o f wo o d f o r e n e rg y o r a s i t i n d i c a t e s t h e ma g n it u d e o f t h e g a p b e t we e n f u e lwo o d a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d n e e d s t h a t p e o p le h a v e t o f i l l i f su ch b a s i c e n e rg y n e e d s a s f o r c o o k i n g a r e t o b e me t . Me th o d o lo g y A me t h o d o lo g y wa s d e s ig n e d f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s wh ich a i ms a t p r o v i d i n g a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f s i t u a t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g i n 1 9 8 0 o n th e b a s i s o f a l l a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , co mp le me n t e d b y t h e e x p e ri e n c e o f t h e r e g i o n a l r e s e a r c h e r s . T h e me t h o d o lo g y c o n s i s t e d i n s t r a t i f y i n g a n d t h e n c a t e g o ri z in g t h e f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s . F u e l w o o d b a la n c e s i n 1 9 8 0 a n d t h e i r e v o l u t i o n o n t h e b a s i s o f c u r r e n t t r e n d s we re t h e n a n a ly s e d . F i n a l l y a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a cu t e n e ss o f t h e f u e lwo o d p ro b le m wa s d e r i v e d . S t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s : T w o c a t e g o r i e s o f b a s i c p a ra me t e rs were u s e d t o s t r a t i f y t h e f u e lwo o d s u p p l y / re q u i re me n t s i t u a t i o n s : S u p p ly i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e i mp o rt a n c e a n d n a t u r e o f f o r e s t s a n d o t h e r wooded l a n d a n d b y t h e mean a n n u a l f u e lwo o d p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f wo o d y f o r m a t i o n s . T h e e x i s t i n g a re a s o f s u c h f o r m a t i o n s we re d ra wn m a i n l y f ro m t w o r e c e n t FAO s t u d i e s : " P r e s e n t a n d F u t u r e F o r e s t a n d P l a n t a t i o n A re a s i n th e T r o p i c s " ( F A 0 Fo t Re 1 re 1 s9 7 s 9o u ) rc e s A sse ssme n t P r o j e c t . T h e s e d a t a we re co mp le me n te d a s mu ch a s p i b l e db y i n f o r m a t i o n o n o t h e r f u e lwo o d r e s o u r c e s , s u c h a s r u r a l w o o d l o t s a n d a o s sn s e re d e t r e e s , l i g n e o u s A g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e s , e t c . F o r e a ch ma in c a t e g o r y o f t c a t th fu e lwo o d r e s o u r c e , a mean a c t u a l p r o d u c t i v i t y f a c t o r wa s a p p l i e d t o a r r i v e a t a w o r g l o b a l f u e l w ood a v a ila b ilit y . k i n p r o g r e s s u n d e r t

Need i s a c o mb in a t io n o f t h e s i z e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h d e p e n d s m a i n l y o n f u e lwo o d a s a n e n e rg y s o u rc e , a n d t h e l e v e l o f i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s, w h i c h i n t u r n i s a c o mb in a t io n o f c l i m a t i c , s o c i a l , e co n o mic a n d c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s . Due t o l a c k o f r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , i t wa s assumed t h a t t h e p e o p l e wh o d e p e n d ma i n l y o n f u e lwo o d i n a r u r a l p a t t e r n o f e n e rg y u s e a r e t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n p lu s t h e p e o p l e wh o l i v e i n u rb a n c e n t r e s o f l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t i n t o wn s l a r g e r t h a n t h i s , p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y s h i f t t o a d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n o f e n e rg y co n su mp t io n . H o w e v e r , i t i s r e c o g n i s e d t h a t m a j o r u rb a n c e n t r e s d e s e rv e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n when i t i s kn o wn t h a t a l a r g e n u mb e r o f p o o re r i n h a b i t a n t s c o n t i n u e t o d e p e n d o n t r a d i t i o n a l f u e l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f u e l w o o d and c h a r c o a l . I n d i v i d u a l l e v e l s o f f u e lwo o d n e e d s i n v a r i o u s t y p i c a l s i t u a t i o n s were d e r i v e d f r o m e x i s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n e n e rg y c o n s u mp t io n . Fuelwood s i t u a t i o n s we re t h e r e a f t e r s t r a t i f i e d i n t o z o n e s , w h i c h f o r p r a c t i c a l p u rp o s e s , c o rre s p o n d e d t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o u n d a rie s a n d w h i c h p re s e n t e d a r e l a t i v e h o mo g e n e it y o f b o t h s u p p l y a n d demand p a ra me t e rs . T h e p u rp o s e o f t h e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n wa s t o i d e n t i f y zo n e s o f common f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s w i t h i n c o u n t r i e s Which p r e s e n t w i d e v a r i a t i o n s o f f u e lwo o d s u p p l y a n d n e e d s c o n d i t i o n s , m a i n l y because o f t h e s i z e a n d d i v e r s i t y o f t h e c o u n t r y . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s : F u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s w e re g ro u p e d i n t o c a t e g o r i e s c o rre s p o n d i n g t o s i m i l a r s u p p l y a n d n e e d c o n d i t i o n s ; s p e c i a l con s i d e r a t i o n wa s g i v e n t o t h e a mo u n t o f f u e lwo a d re s o u rc e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p o p u la t io n d e n s i t y a n d l e v e l o f n e e d s, a n d t o t h e p r e v a i l i n g e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n a s much a s t h e y ma y b e mo re o r l e s s f a v o u r a b l e t o t r e e g r o w i n g . A n a l y s i s o f f u e lwo o d s i t u a t i o n c a t e g o r i e s : C a t e g o r i e s o f f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s we re a n a ly s e d i n o r d e r t o re a c h ju d g e me n t o n t h e f u e l w o o d b a la n c e p re va ilin g in 1980 c u rre n t dl e v e l o f n e e d s. F u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s i n d e f i c i t i n 1 9 8 0 we re i d e n t i f i e d 1 a n and f u o n r t h e r c l a s s i f i e d i n t wo ca t e g o rie s: t h e s c a r c i t y s i t u a t i o n s : Z o n e s o r c o u n t r i e s i n n e g a t i v e wo o d e n e r g y i m p o Acute r b a la n ce wh e re e x i s t i n g f u e lwo o d re s o u rc e s h a ve b e e n d e p l e t e d t o t h e p o i n t wh e re t a n c e p o p u la t io n s c a n n o t o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t f u e lwo o d e ve n t h ro u g h o v e r c u t t i n g ; c o n s u mp t i o n o i s b e lo w min imu m n e e d s. f p o s D e f i c i t s i t u a t i o n s : Z o n e s o r c o u n t r i e s wh e re p o p u l a t i o n s a r e s t i l l a b l e s b e i r min imu m f u e lwo o d n e e d s b u t o n l y b y o v e r c u t t i n g e x i s t i n g r e s o u r c e s . t o meie t t h l e a r e a l r e a d y i n s u f f i c i e n t t o me e t p re s e n t n e e d s o n a s u s t a i n a b l e b a s i s a n d These d a re b e e in g d e p le t e d . f i c i Cu rre n t f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s we re f u r t h e r a n a ly s e d i n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i t a te t s g h e i r e v o l u t i o n o v e r t h e n e x t t w o d e ca d e s, i f p re s e n t t r e n d s o f p o p u l a t i o n a ro wt h , d e p l e t i o n o f f o r e s t r e s o u r c e s a n d l e v e l s o f p l a n t i n g p ro g ra mme s w e re e x g s tended t o y e a r 2 0 0 0 . I t i s r e a l i s e d t h a t i n ma n y c a s e s t h e s i t u a t i o n s a s t h e y appear io n 2 0 0 0 a r e i m p r o b a b l e , a s t h e re d u c e d l e v e l s o f f u e l w o o d a v a i l a b i l i t y c and t h e i m pr i mp a c t b o t h o n t h e e n e rg y s u p p l y a n d o n t h e e n v iro n me n t w i l l f o r c e p e o p l e and g o ve a r rn me n t s t o t a k e c o u n t e rb a l a n c i n g me a su re s. H o w e v e r , t h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f e d t o t h e

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p re se n t t r e n d s p r o v i d e s a u s e f u l b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e ma g n it u d e o f t h e f u e lwo o d p ro b le m. I n a d d i t i o n t o e v a l u a t i n g t h e e vo lu t io n o f s i t u a t i o n s a l re a d y i n d e f i c i t i n 1 9 8 0 i e d ta w on a a d d li t iy o ns a li ca 1d etn t hi f i e s t e g o rie s u o f fue p lwo o d s i t u a t i o n s : t o 2 0 0 0 P ro s p e c t iv e d e f i c i t s i t u a t i o n s : Z o n e s o r c o u n t r i e s i n wh ic h s u p p l i e s s t i l l e xce e d demand i n 1 9 8 0 b u t w h i c h w i l l mo ve i n t o d e f i c i t b y y e a r 2 0 0 0 p 1re se i fn t t r e n d s c o n t i n u e ; S a t i s f a c t o r y s i t u a t i o n s : W h e r e f o r t h e a r e a a s a wh o le t h e r e w i l l s t i l l b e a d e q u a te s u p p l i e s b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . H o w e v e r , l o c a l i s e d s u p p l y s h o rt a g e s may o c c u r , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n a n d a ro u n d m a j o r u rb a n c e n t r e s . T w o t y p e s o f s i t u a t i o n s may b e f o u n d , e i t h e r wh e re f u e I wo o d b a la n c e s w i l l b e ma in t a in e d a g a i n s t p r e s e n t and f u t u r e n e e d s, o r wh e re t h e re s o u rc e s a r e b e i n g d e p l e t e d a t a p a ce w h i c h w i l l h s o we ve r, a l l o w t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f n e e d s i n t h e f o re s e e a b l e f u t u r e . . I n a p p l y i n g t h e me t h o d o lo g y, a l l a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a t FAD a n d w i t h th e r e g i o n a l s u r v e y o r s wa s u s e d a n d re t eh d e b yn t h x pre ri e n c e a n d d i r e c t kn o wle d g e o f s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s . M a i n l c w e ev ee r e s u l t s a r e su mma n e c e s s a rize r dy i n, t h e a n n e xe s. c o m p l e m e n t IV. d C o n c l u d i n g Re ma rks e o r The re c o n n a is s a n c e s u r v e y o n w h i c h t h e map i s b a se d h a s sh o wn t h a t i n c o r 1980 a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 0 0 m i l l i o n p e o p le , i . e . t h re e q u a rt e rs o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , d e p e n d e d o n f u e lwo o d a n d o t h e r t r a d i t i o n a l f u e l s f o r t h e i r d a i l y d o me s t ic e n e rg y n e e d s. F u e l w o o d s c a r c i t y s i t u a t i o n s h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d wh ich i n v o l v e a p p ro x ima t e ly 100 m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s , u n a b le t o s a t i s f y t h e i r minimum e n e rg y n e e d s. A f u r t h e r 1 0 5 0 m i l l i o n r u r a l p e o p le l i v e i n s i t u a t i o n s o f g ro win g d e f i c i t s wh e re min imu m n e e d s a r e me t a t t h e c o s t o f d e p l e t i n g t h e e x i s t i n g re s o u rc e s . I n t h e wh o le d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d , f u e l w o o d d e f i c i t s a f f e c t r o u g h l y 1 1 5 0 m i l l i o n p e o p le f o r a n a p p ro x ima t e a mo u n t o f 4 0 0 m i l l i o n m i s o f s p e c i a l g r a v i t y i n A f r i c a and e ve n mo re s o i n A s i a . 3 1 b u t t h e s i t u a t i o n The map r e p r e s e n t s zo n e s o f r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous f u e l w o o d s i t u a t i o n s b u t c a n n o t i d e n t i f y l o c a l i z e d f u e lwo o d p ro b le ms w h i c h ma y o c c u r i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f a m a j o r c i t y o r i n a d e n s e l y p o p u la t e d r u r a l a r e a l o c a t e d i n a zo n e u n d e r g l o b a l fu e lwo o d b a la n c e . S u c h l o c a l i z e d c r i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s w o u l d t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n ; i n t h e l o n g r u n t h e y ma y h a ve a ma rke d d i s r u p t i n g i mp a c t o n th e s u p p l y a n d n e e d s b a l a n c e o f t h e wh o le z o n e , a n d t h e y u s u a l l y i n v o l v e r e l a t i v e l y la rg e n u mb e rs o f p e o p le . O n t h e c o n t r a r y some s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h we re c l a s s i f i e d as c r i t i c a l ma y i n c l u d e a re a s w i t h o u t a n y f u e lwo o d p ro b le m. The a i m o f t h e map a n d o f i t s a cco mp a n yin g E x p l a n a t o ry No t e i s t o p ro v id e a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e imp o rt a n c e o f f u e lwo o d a n d o f t h e ma g n it u d e a n d lo ca t io n o f d e ve lo p in g s c a r c i t i e s . T h i s re p re s e n t s , h o we ve r / o n l y a f i r s t

a p p ro x ima t io n i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c l o c a l p ro b l e m a re a s a n d i t sh o u ld s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o r a c o n t in u o u s a sse ssme n t o f c r i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s a n d f o r a mo re d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n i n s e l e c t e d a re a s . H o w e v e r , i t g e n e r a l l y sh o ws th a t t h e re i s s u f f i c i e n t in f o rma t io n a v a ila b le f o r an e a r l y s t a r t o f a c t io n i n i d e n t i f i e d c r i t i c a l a re a s .

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