Human Exposure To Carbon Monoxide and Suspended Particulate Matter in Beijing, People's Rep. of China

c m
PEP/85.11
GEMS: Global Environment Monitoring System
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN BEIJING, PEOPLE'S REP. OF CHINA
Published under the joint sponsorship f the United Nations Environment P r o g r a and m m the e World Health Org nization
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION G E N E VA , 1985
W O R L D H E A LT H O R G A N I Z AT I O N O R G A N I S AT I O N M O N D I A L E D E L A S A N T E
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 1 HUMAN EXPOSURE T O CARBON MONOXIDE AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER I N B E I J I N G , P E O P L E ' S REPUBLIC O F C H I N A CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SUMMARY 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 2 . D E S C R I P T I O N O F T H E STUDY A R E A 3. S T U D Y D E TA I L S 4. M E T H O D S , EQUIPMENT AND Q U A L I T Y CONTROL 4.1 C a r b o n m o n o x i d e (GO) 4.1.1 C a l i b r a t i o n 4 . 1 . 2 C o m p a r i s o n o f CO i n s t r u m e n t s 4 . 1 . 3 C a r b o x y h a e m o g l o b i n (COHb) m e a s u r e m e n t s 4.2 R e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r 4.2.1 Equipment 4.2.2 Calibration 4 . 2 . 3 Sample a n a l y s i s 5 . R E S U L T S A N D DISCUSSION 5.1 C a r b o n monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 5 . 1 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t CO l e v e l s 5 . 1 . 2 D y n a m i c s t u d i e s o f p e r s o n a l CO e x p o s u r e 5 . 1 . 3 CO e x p o s u r e a n d h o u s i n g t y p e s 5 . 1 . 4 C011b l e v e l s i n s u b j e c t s 5.2 R e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r (RP) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r o u t d o o r, domestic and personal exposure and their relationship 1 5.2.1 C o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t RP l e v e l s 1 5.3 D a i l y a c t i v i t y and t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s 5.4 M o n i t o r i n g o f p u b l i c areas and c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e e x p o s u r e ( WA E ) 1 5 . 4 . 1 R e s u l t s o f m o n i t o r i n g i n some p u b l i c a r e a s 5 . 4 . 2 E v a l u a t i o n o f CO e x p o s u r e o b t a i n e d b y calculating t h e t i m e weighted average exposure 5 . 4 . 3 E v a l u a t i o n o f RP exposure o b t a i n e d b y calculating t h e time weighted average exposure 6. D I S C U S S I O N 7. C O N C L U S I O N 8. R E F E R E N C E S 9. A P P E N D I C E S APPENDIX I : APPENDIX I I : APPENDIX I I I : 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 3 3 6 Page 2
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SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD 3/2 - 9 / 2 , 1985 SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD 1 0 / 7 - 2 5 / 7 , 1 9 8 5
The issue o f this document does n o t constitute formal publication. I t s h o u l d n o t b e reviewed, abstracted o r q u o t e d without t h e agreement o f the W o r l d H e a l t h Organization. A u t h o r s a l o n e are responsible f o r v i e w s e x p r e s s e d i n s i g n e d articles.
Ce d o c u m e n t n e c o n s t i t u e p a s une publication. II n e d o l t taire Pobjet d'aucun c o m p t e rendu o u resume ni d'aucune citation sans l'autorisation de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante. Les opinions exprimees d a n s l e s a r t i c l e s s i g n e s n ' e n g a g e n t que ieurs auteurs.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e d i n B e i j i n g b y t h e I n s t i t u t e o f H e a l t h , C h i n a N a t i o n a l C e n t r e f o r P r e v e n t i v e M e d i c i n e u n d e r t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f D r Wang J u n i n g , A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r Cao S h o u r e n , M r L i M e n , M i s s Z h o n g Ye a n d M i s s L i Shumin a n d w i t h t h e c o n s c i e n t i o u s c o o p e r a t i o n o f v o l u n t e e r s . The s u p p o r t a n d a s s i s t a n c e r e c e i v e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t f r o m D r H . W . de K o n i n g f r o m t h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n i n G e n e v a i s h e r e w i t h g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. D r d e K o n i n g a l s o a r r a n g e d t h e h e l p f u l w o r k s h o p a t t h e beginning o f t h e p r o j e c t w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f D r J . Spengler, S c h o o l o f Public H e a l t h , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y, B o s t o n ; M r R . E . W a l l e r , Department o f Health and S o c i a l S e c u r i t y, London; M r Bevan T h i e l e , D i v i s i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l , B r i s b a n e ; a n d D r H . M a t s u s h i t a , I n s t i t u t e o f P u b l i c H e a l t h , To k y o . SUMMARY The s t u d y c a r r i e d o u t i n B e i j i n g , C h i n a i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h h u m a n e x p o s u r e to c a r b o n monoxide (CO) a n d r e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r ( R P ) i n 1984-85. T h i s i s o n e o f t h e f o u r p i l o t s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t a s p a r t o f t h e WHO H e a l t h R e l a t e d M o n i t o r i n g P r o g r a m m e i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e UNEP/GEMS P r o g r a m m e . Tw e n t y n o n - s m o k i n g v o l u n t e e r s f r o m t h e s t a f f o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f H e a l t h were s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e s u b j e c t s f o r t h e s t u d y. T h e o u t d o o r , i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l a i r e x p o s u r e w a s m o n i t o r e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y d u r i n g o n e w e e k f o r e a c h s u b j e c t i n summer a n d i n w i n t e r , a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e , a t s o m e common p u b l i c a r e a s , s u c h a s w o r k i n g , s h o p p i n g a n d t r a f f i c areas (persons t r a v e l l i n g on bike o r by bus) were also monitored. W i t h r e s p e c t t o CO m o n i t o r i n g , t h e a v e r a g e o u t d o o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s 1 . 5 ppm i n s u m m e r a n d 3 . 9 p p m i n w i n t e r . I n d o o r s i t w a s 2 . 8 p p m i n s u m m e r a n d 20.0 ppm i n w i n t e r o n t h e a v e r a g e , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e i n g o v e r 1 0 0 p p m i n some c a s e s . P e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e f l u c t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e o u t d o o r a n d i n d o o r values. T h e l e v e l o f COHb a v e r a g e d 0 . 2 % i n summer a n d 1 . 9 % i n w i n t e r i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e m a i n s o u r c e o f CO w a s p r o b a b l y d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g . Respirable p a r t i c u l a t e measurements w e r e a l s o h i g h e r i n w i n t e r , b u t n o t as p r o n o u n c e d a s C O , a n d t h e m a i n s o u r c e i s l i k e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o u t d o o r conditions. The d i a r y t h a t w a s k e p t b y t h e v o l u n t e e r s s h o w e d t h e t i m e s p e n t a t h o m e was a b o v e 6 5 % a n d i n d o o r s o v e r 9 0 % . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n u n d e r l i n e s t h e importance o f t h e s t u d i e s o n i n d o o r p o l l u t i o n and p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g .
1.
INTRODUCTION
In t h e p a s t a i r p o l l u t i o n assessment h a s m o s t l y been based o n t h e d a t a obtained f r o m ambient a i r m o n i t o r i n g n e t w o r k s . P e o p l e however s p e n d t h e greater p a r t o f t h e i r t i m e i n d o o r s . W i t h t h e development o f new a r c h i t e c t u r a l designs a n d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s t h e a i r i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e b u i l d i n g s i s completely s e p a r a t e d . I f v e n t i l a t i o n i s i n a d e q u a t e , p o l l u t i o n m a y r e a c h f a i r l y h i g h l e v e l s i n d o o r s . P e o p l e a r e becoming more and more aware t h a t t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s measured b y o u t s i d e m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s may n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e t r u e e x p o s u r e f o r human b e i n g s .
Mention o f company names o r p r o d u c t s i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e f o r i l l u s t r a t i v e purposes o n l y a n d d o e s n o t i m p l y endorsement b y t h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n o r t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s Environment Programmes.
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 3
S e n s i t i v e m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d equipments t h a t h a v e become a v a i l a b l e i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e made t h e s t u d y i n i n d o o r p o l l u t i o n r e l a t e d t o p e r s o n a l exposure a new and r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g r e s e a r c h a r e a . WHO h a s e s t a b l i s h e d , i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h U N E P , a H e a l t h R e l a t e d Monitoring Programme, w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f p i l o t s t u d i e s i n the d i f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c i t i e s i n t h e w o r l d ; B e i j i n g , C h i n a i s o n e o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g c i t i e s . I n B e i j i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between i n d o o r a i r , o u t d o o r a i r a n d p e r s o n a l exposure was s t u d i e d f o r suspended p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r a n d carbon monoxide. 2 . D E S C R I P T I O N O F THE STUDY A R E A Located o n a s m a l l p l a i n , B e i j i n g i s s i t u a t e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 N latitude and 11 6 m illion with a n area o f 16,800 km c y a a o f 1 2 i rt e h a0 9 k m Ei t w ro sn on s /u 2 p pg l eo ik m t l u ad t e i o n 2 . T h fe o . at1 e t h a t o f a humid temperate zone; i t i s h o t and r a i n y i n p p .e uc l i lm t iis o 5 G o r The aa 2C. summer i n winter. T h e annual average temperature i s n m t e i arn d l c o l d l a n d i d r y o The ae vee r a n ge rature i n January i s being d n B i t esm p e i 8 t i4 n j 2 2 .y i n ched up t o 4 ir t e2 . 6 ge c o r d e d r e ah C t h e l o w e s t s h ., New ho u sr e s ra o n d m u l t i - s t o r i e d b u i l d i n g s a r e i n c r e a s i n g r a p i d l y i n n u m b e r, C T e T . e v hp e a p b ii ne t h iag ty e tr n e - s t o r i e d houses w i t h i n d i v i d u a l h e a t i n g stoves a r h r c e ac o x m tr a d idt i o nea l o d s u tv e s n snt i t uf t e a a l al r g e r l p r o p o r t i o n . S o u r c e s o f energy v a r y, b u t c o a l i s used 1 e a t i lall c io y a isn p: fuel, p i a ) e m a0 n r o v i d i n g 77% o f t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s . 3 p s t h eo 6 3 a 0 v , u l The n uo mber o f v e h i c l e s h a s b e e n increasing. A t t h e e n d o f 1 9 8 4 t h e r a e 0 0 t i n m r 0 nu m b e r o f v e h i c l e s w a s o v e r 2 6 0 , 0 0 0 . T h e r o a d s y s t e m h o w e v e r f a i l s t o k e e p p ace w sing number o f vehicles a n d t r a f f i c j a m s o f t e n o c c u r a ni t h t nh e i n u c r e aa o d u r i n g r u s h h o u r s . B i k e s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n C h i n a ; l l y . g f o ver 4 m i l l i o n are r e g i s t e r e d i n B e i j i n g alone. e 8 t . There a r e a b o u t 3 , 7 0 0 i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e G r e a t B e i j i n g a r e a . R o u t i n e a i r e 8 p o l l u t ion monitoring a t f i x e d locations was s t a r t e d i n 1972; t h e pollutants m m p onitored a r e s u l f u r d i o x i d e ( S O The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f SO2 d u r i n g non-heating seasons i s u s u a l l y b e l o w 1 5 0 2 e mga /m n d ) r a verage c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f S P M i s a r o u n d 5 7 0 m g / m 3 s a u s p e n d e d 3 t m i gt n a n d iai n r t h n e de o 8 0a / mg , p t o ir n c-r h u fe 7 la e t s st o t n s 3 u a r a i n g as Se O w d m e u c o nie cen of g CO i s a b o u t 3 . 5 m g / m h at r a ttio in n S h r r an a v e r a g e o f 9 m m rM 3 i n s u m m e s e a s o n s, . ,l e ( S P g/ e 3 i n 5 . 5 m g / m A i r N i ) i3 . S T U . D Y D E TA I L S u t 3 p tn O n r a o f f li c il n a s w n e r , s t . a h r ni e t a J a n d The s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e X u a n Wu d i s t r i c t i n B e i j i n g , w h e r e t h e s u n e u Id n s t i t u t e ohf H e a l t h i s l o c a t e d . A n a i r m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n o p e r a t e d i n t h e c a l IC tn s t i t u t e p r o v i d e d t h e a m b i e n t a i r q u a l i t y d a t a a s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s t u d y . y Tw O i enty n o n - s m o k i n g v o l u n t e e r s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m among t h e I n s t i t u t e s t a f f a s is u b j e c t s f o r t h e s t u d y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r e a r e 3 h n s ta ypes o f houses a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e s 1 t o 3 . g 2 v s 6 e e a a C ls , s o t o n h b s e e i h e t i n r g s a h u n e rg s v e t e s
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F i g u r e 1 . A p a r t m e n t s w i t h c e n t r a l h e a t i n g a n d g a s o r LPG f o r c o o k i n g , w h i c h i s t h e t y p e t h a t i s m o s t common a n d i s o n t h e i n c r e a s e - t y p e 1
Figure 2 . T r a d i t i o n a l o n e - s t o r i e d houses - t y p e 2
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F i g u r e 3 . B u i l d i n g s w i t h many s t o r i e s w h e r e n o c e n t r a l h e a t i n g i s a v a i l a b l e and v e n t i l a t i o n i s v e r y l i m i t e d i n w i n t e r - t y p e 3
I n t h e s t u d y t h e r e were 1 2 houses o f t h e f i r s t t y p e a n d 4 houses e a c h o f the t w o o t h e r t y p e s . There a r e t w o m a i n a p p r o a c h e s f o r m e a s u r i n g p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e t o a i r pollutants; o n e i s personal monitoring b y c a r r y i n g p o r t a b l e monitoring instruments a n d t h e o t h e r i s b a s e d o n r e c o r d i n g o f t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n d i f f e r e n t microenvironments and c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e weighted average exposures b y combining c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n e a c h m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h t h e t i m e s p e n t t h e r e . In t h e l a t t e r c a s e i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s e l e c t c e r t a i n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e microenvironments f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e e x p o s u r e , see a l s o s e c t i o n s 5 . 4 . 2 a n d 5 . 4 . 3 . The 2 0 s u b j e c t s w e r e m o n i t o r e d p e r s o n a l l y a n d a t home s i m u l t a n e o u s l y f o r one w e e k e a c h i n summer a n d i n w i n t e r . T o b e a b l e t o c a l c u l a t e t i m e w e i g h t e d average e x p o s u r e s (WAE) some common p u b l i c a r e a s s u c h a s a w o r k a r e a , a n e a r b y department s t o r e , r e p r e s e n t i n g a common p u b l i c g a t h e r i n g a r e a , a n d t r a f f i c areas i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w h e r e b i k e s a n d b u s e s w e r e r u n n i n g , w e r e a l s o m o n i t o r e d b o t h i n summer a n d w i n t e r . Each s u b j e c t w a s a s k e d t o c o m p l e t e a d a i l y t i m e s h e e t d u r i n g h i s / h e r monitoring week. I n t h e b e g i n n i n g many o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s h a d t o b e corrected a f t e r c h e c k i n g a n d e n q u i r y because some s u b j e c t s f a i l e d t o r e c o r d the d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s a s r e q u i r e d . L a t e r t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e a s k e d t o g i v e a simple b r e a k d o w n o f t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e c a t e g o r i e s : h o m e , wor k ing p l a c e , p u b l i c a r e a s i n s i d e , o u t d o o r a c t i v i t y a n d t i m e s p e n t i n t r a f f i c (by b i k e o r b y b u s s e p a r a t e l y ) . I n t h i s w a y t i m e w a s s a v e d a n d , a t t h e same time, more accurate r e s u l t s were obtained.
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4 . M E T H O D S , EQUIPMENT AND Q U A L I T Y CONTROL 4.1 C a r b o n monoxide (CO) Three t y p e s o f a n a l y z e r s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f C O concentrations i n t h i s s t u d y ; t h e N o n - D i s p e r s i v e I n f r a Red (NDIR) CO a n a l y z e r (made i n G e r m a n y ) , t h e M e r c u r y R e p l a c e m e n t (MRCA.) C O a n a l y z e r ( m a d e i n C h i n a ) , and t h e E c o l y z e r 2 0 0 0 s e r i e s C O m o n i t o r ( m a d e i n t h e U S A ) . T h e o p e r a t i o n o f the l a s t m o n i t o r i s based o n t h e e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l p r i n c i p l e . I n t h i s s t u d y t h e N D I R a n d MRCA i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e c o n t i n u o u s determination o f outdoor CO concentrations ( f i x e d outdoor monitoring). T h e E c o l y z e r CO m o n i t o r w a s u s e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l CO e x p o s u r e s . 4.1.1 C a l i b r a t i o n F o r t h e N D I R a n d MRCA i n s t r u m e n t s c a l i b r a t i o n z e r o a n d s p a n r e a d i n g s w e r e checked r o u t i n e l y b e f o r e e a c h u s e w i t h c l e a n a i r a n d g o c a l i b r a t i n g g a s (air/CO m i x t u r e o f known concentrations w i t h 5 0 p p m ( The r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e 1 . I ) C O r e s p e c t i v e l y . Ta b l e 1 . C a l i b r a t i o n o f C O a n a l y z e r s ( f i x e d m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n )
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+ 1% 1 ppm C O (1) MRCA 30 + ppb C O (2 1) % + ( 1 ) 1 p p m CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 1 . 5 ( 2 ) 1 p p b CO = 1 . 1 4 5 u e / m 3 % 3 + 1 . For t h e E c o l y z e r 2000 t h e c a l i b r a t i o n p 5r o c e d u r e w a s t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e u s e d f o r t h e N D I R CO a n a l y z e r . T h e E c o l y z e r%2 0 0 0 m o n i t o r d a i l y z e r o a n d s p a n checks showed t h e f o l l o w i n g 4 - 0.5% o f f u l l s c a l e Zero d r i f t .
NDIR
+1 % + 1 %
Span d r i f t Precision t e s t (10 times) Noise -
1% o f f u l l s c a l e 17. o f f u l l s c a l e 0.2% o f f u l l s c a l e 0.5% o f f u l l s c a l e .
Minimum d e t e c t a b l e s e n s i t i v i t y
CO s a m p l e s f o r i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e c o n c e n t r a t i o n w e r e c o l l e c t e d with polychloroethylene p l a s t i c bags. F o r a leakage t e s t 10 p l a s t i c bags were f i l l e d w i t h a n a i r / C O m i x t u r e o f k n o w n c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f CO was t h e n d e t e r m i n e d p e r i o d i c a l l y a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s d u r i n g s i x d a y s . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n b a g s r e m a i n unchanged d u r i n g s i x days, t h e r e f o r e t h e p o l y c h l o r o e t h y l e n e p l a s t i c b a g s a r e s u i t a b l e f o r u s e a s CO samplers.
PEP/85.11 page 7
4 . 1 . 2 C o m p a r i s o n o f CO i n s t r u m e n ts An a i r / C O m i x t u r e w i t h a k n o w n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f CO w a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e t h r e e t y p e s o f CO a n a l y z e r . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s c o m p a r i s o n a r e shown i n Ta b l e 2 , Ta b l e 2 . C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( p p m ) d e t e r m i n e d b y t h r e e CO a n a l y z e r s ( 1 )
No. d a t e C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f standard g a s 1 5 / 4 2 5 / 4 3 5 / 4 4 5 / 4 5 7 / 7 6 7 / 7 7 7 / 7 8 7 / 7 9 7 / 7 10 7 / 7 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20
Mercury r e p l a c e m e n t CO a n a l y z e r 11.07 11.07 11.07 11.07 11.05 11.18 11,38 11.30 11.27 11.07
NDIR CO analyzer 11.16 11.13 11.16 11.16 11.19 11.16 11.16 11.19 11.22 11.16
Ecolyzer
11.10 11.10 11.10 11.00 11.00 11.20 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00
Average
11.20
11.11
11.17
11.05
1.145 m g / m 3 Ta b l e 2 s h o w s t h a t t h e r e s u l t s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e t h r e e t y p e s o f C O analysers a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t . 4 . 1 . 3 C a r b 2 L c y h a e m o g 1 o b i n (CORb) measurements The COM) l e v e l i s a n e f f e c t i v e i n d i c a t o r t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f CO o n h e a l t h . T h e COlib l e v e l w a s m e a s u r e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r : t h e s u b j e c t ' s a l v e o l a r gas was c o l l e c t e d i n p l a s t i c bags f o r a n a l y s i s b y t h e E c o l y z e r model 2000. T h e r e s u l t , e x p r e s s e d a s C O M b , w a s o b t a i n e d b y means o f a s t a n d a r d conversion t a b l e ( 3 ) . 4.2 R e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r 4.2.1 E q u i p m e n t Three t y p e s o f s a m p l e r s f o r c o l l e c t i o n o f r e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r were u s e d .
(1) 1 ppm CO
PEP/85.11 page 8 ( a) T h e h i g h - v o l u m e s a m p l e r w i t h a 1 0 I n i n s i z e s e l e c t i v e i n l e t , a 1.13 m 3 type o f e q u i p m e n t was u s e d f o r t h e o u t d o o r measurements. . m i n (b) T h e K C - 8 3 0 1 i n h a l a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r ( p a r t i c l e s l e s s t h a n 1 0 -ml) 1 sampler w h i c h samples a t 13 1.min e f y dw e p e n drs o a n th aero 1 l co t e e . dynamic d i a m e t e r o f t h e suspended p a r t i c u l a t e f f ilc if e n m a t t e r,t w i t h s a 50% c u t o f f a t 1 0 i n . T h i s t y p e o f e q u i p m e n t w a s u s e d f o r I o the i n d o o r measurements. s e p a r a t i o n w r (c he p ot n Pe -2 0t 0r u cm oe nn s tt s a,n t sra e u s e d f o r personal a onito m r) i nT g. WD i tuh ht es i5 ns a if rl oi w s d am wp nl e ar ts w ar minute i n t o a n y l o n c y c l o n e . T h e s e p a r a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y d e p e n d s o n t h e t r aerodynamic d i a m e t e r o f t h e p a r t i c l e s , w i t h a 5 0 % c u t o f f a t 3 . 7 I n . T h e e a tsamplers w e r e o p e r a t e d o n b a t t e r i e s w h i c h w e r e r e c h a r g e d e v e r y n i g h t a t home e oe r a t ot h ef l a b o r 2 a t o r.y f o h t 0r use t l h e i f o lt l o w ring e mo sr n i n g ( f i g u r e 4 ) . r p e r o u g h a 2 0 a 2 5 c m . g l a s s f i b r e f i l t e r . T h i s F i g u r e 4 . S u b j e c t d e m o n s t r a t i n g how t h e p e r s o n a l p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r s a m p l e r i s carried
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 9
4.2.2 C a l i b r a t i o n (a) T h e h i g h v o l u m e a i r s a m p l e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d b y means o f calibration kit. a G M W- 2 5
(b) KC-8301 i n h a l a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e s a m p l e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d b y means o f a bubble t u b e . ( c ) T h e p e r s o n a l s a m p l e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d b y means o f t h e D u p o n t c o n s t a n t flow sampler c a l i b r a t o r k i t . 4.2.3 S a m p l e analysis The o u t d o o r a n d i n d o o r s a m p l e r s w e r e c o l l e c t d o n g l a s s f i b r e f i l t e r s . The p e r s o n a l s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d o n a f l u o r o p o r e m e m b r a n e f i l t e r w i t h a 37mm d i a m e t e r a n d 1 p m p o r e s i z e . T h e f i l t e r s w e r e w e i g h e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r sampling. B e f o r e w e i g h i n g , f i l t e r s w e r e k e p t i n a d e s i c a t o r o v e r n i g h t . A semi-micro balance was u s e d f o r w e i g h i n g t h e o u t d o o r a n d i n d o o r f i l t e r s a n d a Cahn m i c r o b a l a n c e f o r t h e f l u o r o p o r e f i l t e r s . 5. R E S U L T S AND DISCUSSION Summary t a b l e s o f a l l d a t a o b t a i n e d u r i n g t h e e x p o s u r e s t u d y i n B e i j i n g are p r e s e n t e d i n t h e A p p e n d i c e s t o t h i s r e p o r t . T h e d a t a f o r t h e summer period o f 1984 (CO d a t a ) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x I . T h e w i n t e r d a t a o f 1 9 8 5 (CO a n d R P d a t a ) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 1 . F i n a l l y , t h e s u m m e r d a t a o f 1985 ( R P d a t a ) a r e g i v e n i n A p p e n d i x I I I . 5.1 C a r b o n monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 5 . 1 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t CO l e v e l s A comparison o f o u t d o o r, i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i s shown i n f i g u r e 5 f o r t h e summer a n d i n f i g u r e 6 f o r t h e w i n t e r . N o t e t h a t t h e vertical scales f o r these 2 figures are different.
8 9
1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4
1 6
1 2 1 6 1 9 2 6 21 2 2
2 4
25 26 27 22 29 30
date
F i g u r e 5 . D y n a m i c CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r o u t d o o r ( x - x ) , i n d o o r ( o - o ) a n d p e r s o n a l ( A - e x p o s u r e ( s u m m e r ) , 1 p p m CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 1 0
I n s u m m e r t h e a v e r a g e o u t d o o r CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s 1 . 5 5 p p m ( 1 . 8 m g / m rangin 3g b e t w e e n 0 . 9 - 2 . 5 p p m . I t w a s 2 . 8 p p m i n t h e i n d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t ( 1 . 5 ), o - bservations exceed t h e v a l u e o f 0 . 8 ppm f o r t h e d a i l y average w h i c h i s t h e N tional H e a l t h Standard. T h e h i g h e s t concentration w a s observed i n t h e 4a .7 indoor environment and l o w e s t under outdoor c o n d i t i o n s ; t h e personal exposure p f pe l l i n b e t w e e n t h e i n d o o r a n d o u t d o o r v a l u e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e m a j o r s mo u r c e o f C O p o l l u t i o n i s i n d o o r s . ) I n w i n t e r t h e o u t d o o r t h e a v e r a g e C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n was 3 . 9 p p m ( 4 . 9 a ppm ( 9 . 0 - 4 1 . 2 p p m ) n mgim 3 The r e l a t i o n s h i p d t h e personal exposure was 1 5 . 4 ppm (6.4-35.8 PPm). )and 2etw (b 1e e n o u t d o o r , i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l v a l u e s w a s s i m i l a r a s i n s u m m e r , b u t t h e . oncentrations were much h i g h e r i n w i n t e r. F o r t h e outdoor c o n c e n t r a t i o n i t .c was 4 - 2 . 7 times higher and f o r t h e indoor concentration i t was 7 . 8 times 3 h pi g 1 5 h .e r . A s w a s o b s e r v e d f o r t h e s u m m e r d a t a , t h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e s o u r c e o f C O p o l l u t i o n occurs i n the indoor environment. 2 m p Figure 7 shows t h a t t h e r e i s a c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n between concentrations ( p for personal exposure and t h e i n d o o r environment; i t was a l s o shown t h a t 1 m essentially no c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s between t h e outdoor and personal exposure o r ). between t h e o u t d o o r a n d i n d o o r e x p o s u r e e i t h e r d u r i n g summer o r w i n t e r . .3 T 5 . 1 . 2 D y n a m i c s t u d i e s o f p e r s o n a l CO e x p o s u r e 3 h . e Graphs o f t h e w e e k l y p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e ( f i g u r e 8 ) s h o w t h a t o f t e n h i g h i6 concentrations o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e weekend f o r some s u b j e c t s . T h i s m a y p n possibly b e due t o increased cooking a c t i v i t y , b u t n o d e f i n i t i v e p a t t e r n was p d noted f o r a l l t h e c a s e s . I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e exposure was much h i g h e r i n m o w i n t e r t h a n t h a t i n s u m m e r, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r s o m e s u b j e c t s . T h i s d e m o n s t r a t e d ) o t h a t t h e r e was g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y among i n d i v i d u a l s , e s p e c i a l l y i n w i n t e r w h i c h rf is possibly related t o the housing conditions. o c r o 5.1.3 C O exposure and housing t y p e s . p n e c F i g u r e 9 shows t h a t t h e CO e x p o s u r e f o r s u b j e c t s w h o l i v e i n a p a r t m e n t s r e or houses o f t y p e 1 i s t h e l o w e s t . T h e exposure o f t h e s u b j e c t s who l i v e i n s n o n e - s t o r i e d houses o f t y p e 2 o r i n t h e houses w i t h many s t o r i e s b u t w i t h o u t to c e n t r a l h e a t i n g i s h i g h e r. T h e most s e r i o u s p o l l u t i o n was f o u n d i n t h e houses rn of t y p e 3 . H e a t i n g a n d c o o k i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n t y p e 2 a n d 3 housing a r e a a s i m i l a r, b u t v e n t i l a t i o n i n t y p e 3 houses i s worse. tl ie Call) l e v e l s i n s u b j e c t s 5.1.4 x o p n The a v e r a g e l e v e l o f COHb o f t h e s u b j e c t s w a s 1 . 9 % i n w i n t e r a n d 0 . 2 % i n o w difference w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d among summer ( f i g u r e 1 0 ) . A significant s a i n d i v i d u a l s , i f t h e y w e r e c l a s s i f i e d according t o t h e i r h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s . u s The p e r c e n t a g e COHb f o r s o m e s u b j e c t s , s u c h a s s u b j e c t N o . X V I , c o u l d b e u p t o r1 3 . 6 % . w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n h i s h o u s e w a s 7 1 . 2 p p m . 2 e Subject N o . X V I w a s r e g a r d e d a s t y p i c a l o f t y p e 3 h o u s i n g a n d h i s C O 1 ..m o n i t o r i n g r e s u l t i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 . A 9 l l
PEP/85.11
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F i g u r e 6 . D y n a m i c CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r o u t d o o r ( x - x ) , i n d o o r ( o - o ) a n d p e r s o n a l ( A - A ) e x p o s u r e ( w i n t e r ) , 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
. k 1/\ /\ \x / / ,\ 2 8 2t9 3 0 date A m
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A 4 A 4 4 2 . A 1 1 : 1 " 1 " A .
10
10
10 2 0 3 0 4 0
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5 0
60
7 0 C OPP'
80
9 0
F i g u r e 7 . R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e , I . ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 1 2
XV
)00
XIX
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II )31 X V I I X
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IV
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100 VII XI XIV
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F i g u r e 8 . D y n a m i c CO e x p o s u r e o f s u b j e c t s i n summer ( n o n and w i n t e r ( s h a d e d ) s h a d e d )
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 1 3
50
TJ
home personal
40 PPm C O30
outdoor winter s u m m e r
20
1 0 0
Average T y p e T y p e 2 T y p e 3 F i g u r e 9 . R e l a t i o n s h i p o f CO e x p o s u r e i n 3 t y p e s o f h o u s e s
Average
Type 1
Ty p e 2
Ty p e 3
F i g u r e 1 0 . C o m p a r i s o n o f COHb l e v e l o f s u b j e c t s i n w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r
PEP/85.11 page 1 4 Ta b l e 3 . E x a m p l e o f CO p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g r e c o r d ( p p m ) XVI isn u win 1 8c / 1 t- 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 (1) f o r bt e jr , e
Date Sample T i m e 1 8 / 1 No. F r i 1 9 / 1 S a t 2 0 / 1 S u n 58.5 80,0 86.0 81.0 71.5 52.0 72.0 68.5 2 1 / 1 M o n 66.0 6.5 8.0 770 7.5 6.0 57.5 71.0 2 2 / 1 T u e s 40.0 5.0 3.0 41.0 4.0 2.5 61.0 76.0 15.0 3.0 2 3 / 1 W e d 53.0 6.0 5.5 54.0 3.0 3.2 96.0 59.0 15.0 3.1 2 4 / 1 T h u r s 40.2 7.2 5.0 14.5 5.2 2.0 12.0 16.0 13.5 2.7
1 7 : 0 0 Am 2 8 : 3 0 Am 3 1 1 : 3 0 Am 4 1 2 : 3 0 Pm 5 1 : 3 0 Pm 6 4 : 3 0 Pm 7 6 ; 3 0 Pm 8 9 . 0 0 Pm
55.0 5.0 4.5 72.0 5.0 5.0 71.0 60.0
45.5 3.0 2.8 48.0 2.5 3.0 30.5 80.5
Alveolar a i r COPlb %
19.0 4.1
15.5 3.2
71.5 13.6
21.0 4.5
and p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p . 5 . 2 . 1 Comparison o f d i f f e r e n t RP l e v e l s
( 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 1 3 5 ) . 2 R e s p i r a b l e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r ( R P ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r o u t d o o r, d o m e s t i c
F i g u r e 1 1 shows t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o u t d o o r , d o m e s t i c a n d p e r s o n a l exposure d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r . T h e o u t d o o r l e v e l s a r e h i g h e s t a n d a l s o much more v a r i a b l e t h a n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l measurements.
PEP/85.11 page 1 5
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F i g u r e 1 1 . D y n a m i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f RP f o r o u t d o o r, home a n d personal exposure ( w i n t e r , 1 9 8 5 )
I n summer t h e s i t u a t i o n i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t a n d i n d o o r a n d o u t d o o r R P l e v e l s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r . T h e d a t a o b t a i n e d a r e shown i n f i g u r e 1 2 .
50 0
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400
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300 ity 5 200
IW O
19 /7 n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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F i g u r e 1 2 . D y n a m i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f RP f o r o u t d o o r , home a n d p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e (summer, 1 9 8 5 )
PEP/85.11 page 1 6
5.3 D a i l E _ L L L A I L L j L I : J L I i l f _ s l i a L E i L L I L L E . 1 _ 2 2 I L L = . Analysis o f t h e d a i l y t i m e s h e e t s showed t h a t t h e t i m e s p e n t a t home f o r t h e 2 0 s u b j e c t s was o n t h e average 65.4% i n w i n t e r a n d 70.0% a n d 66.5% d u r i n g t h e summers o f 1 9 8 4 a n d 1 9 8 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e summer i n 1 9 8 4 w a s t h e h o t t e s t o n e i n h i s t o r y a n d w o r k i n g t i m e was reduced t o o n l y 4 h o u r s p e r d a y ; c o n s e q u e n t l y more t i m e was s p e n t a t home. Both i n w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r t h e t i m e s p e n t i n d o o r s w a s a b o u t 9 4 % . Although t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s m i g h t n o t r e f l e c t t h e p r e c i s e d a i l y a c t i v i t y breakdown o f t h o s e who g o t o w o r k b y b u s o r b i k e , i t d o e s r e f l e c t t h e t y p i c a l activity pattern and t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f those l i v i n g near t h e I n s t i t u t e . Moreover, t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s v e r y c o m m o n i n C h i n a , f o r a l l g o v e r n m e n t departments a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e t h e i r o w n r e s i d e n t i a l f a c i l i t i e s n e a r b y . Ta b l e 4 g i v e s f u r t h e r d e t a i l s o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d . Ta b l e 4 . D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e 2 0 s u b j e c t s d u r i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g w e e k i n summer a n d w i n t e r
Indoor %
Outdoor %
Season H o m e
W o r k P u b l i c place a r e a s
T o t a l
O u t d o o r
T r a f f i c A c t . To t a l Bike B u s
65.4 2 5 . 7 2 . 9 Winter (range) 5 6 . 7 - 7 1 . 4 1 9 . 3 - 3 3 . 6 0 - . 9 5 66.5 2 4 . 7 2 . 6 Summer (range) 5 3 . 0 - 7 6 . 5 1 9 . 6 - 3 1 . 2 0 - 1 2 . 2
94.0
1 . 3
0 . 6
6 . 0
1.2-7.5 0 - 6 . 3 0 - 3 . 0
93.8
0 . 6
6 . 2
2.4-17.8 0 - 3 . 0 0 - 3 . 6
5.4 M o n i t o r i n o f t h e i u b l i c a r e a s a n d c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a e exposure (WAE). 5 . 4 . 1 R e s u l t s o f m o n i t o r i n g i n some p u b l i c a r e a s The common p u b l i c m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t s s e l e c t e d w e r e m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 3. A r o o m i n t h e I n s t i t u t e w a s s e l e c t e d a s a w o r k i n g a r e a . A d e p a r t m e n t Store was s e l e c t e d a s a p u b l i c i n d o o r a r e a . F o r t r a f f i c a r e a s t w o o f t h e s t a f f members o f t h e I n s t i t u t e w e r e s e l e c t e d w h o w e n t t o w o r k b y b u s o r b i k e and w e r e m o n i t o r e d i n w i n t e r a n d summer f o r o n e week ( Ta b l e 5 ) .
PEP/85.11 page 1 7 Ta b l e 5 . R e s u l t s o f CO a n d RP measurements i n p u b l i c a r e a s
Summer Site o f Public Area
Winter
RP p g . m -3 Ave. Range
CO p p m (1) Ave. Range
Ave.
Range
RP p g . m Ave. Range 3 595 231-858
Outdoor M o n i t o r i n g 1.5 Station 0.5-3.0 192 115-252 3.9 1.0-15.2
Work Place
1.5
0.4-4.5
192
81-356
3.6
1.0-8.0
230
145-348
Indoor Public Area
4.5
0 . 5 - 11 . 0
391
242-583
6.3
2.5-18.5
1067
824-1204
Traffic: Bike Bus 3.1 4.5 0.9-28.7 0.7-16.0 152 166 5.4 10.3 2.0-12.5 3.5-43.0 238 245
( 1 ) i ppm CO 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3 5 . 4 . 2 E v a l u a t i o n o f CO e x p o s u r e o b t a i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d average e x p o s u r e . Exposure t o a i r p o l l u t a n t s c a n e i t h e r b e m e a s u r e d b y m a k i n g d e t a i l e d i n d o o r, o u t d o o r a n d p e r s o n a l measurements o r b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d average e x p o s u r e . I n t h e l a t t e r p r o c e d u r e p e r s o n s a r e a s k e d t o c a r r y a d i a r y i n w h i c h a r e n o t e d t h e p e r i o d s o f t h e d a y t h e y h a v e s p e n t a t home, a t w o r k , i n a p u b l i c p l a c e , o u t s i d e o r i n ( o r o n ) some f o r m o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( b u s , b i k e , e t c . ) . B y combining t h e t i m e s p e n t i n t h e s e microenvironments w i t h t h e corresponding a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a c o m p o s i t e e x p o s u r e n u m b e r, c a l l e d t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e e x p o s u r e ( WA E ) , c a n b e o b t a i n e d . A n e x a m p l e is given below:
PEP/85.11 page 1 8
Example o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f a t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e e x p o s u r e (WAE) Subject No. V : M i s s L i , a young l a d y Time d i s t r i b u t i o n % ( w e e k a v e r a g e ) i n w i n t e r
Sub. N o .
A t
Home W o r k
Outdoor
T r a f f i c I n d o o r By b i k e / B y b u s p u b l i c area
T o t a l
Time D i s tribution % CO Conc. (PPm)
64.0
22.6
4.5
3.8
0.9
4.2
100.0
4.9
3.6
3.9
5.4
10.3
6.3
W AE c a l c u l a t i o n 64.0% x 4 . 9 + 22.6% x 3 . 6 + 4.5% x 3 . 9 + 3.8% x 5 . 4 + 0.9% x 1 0 . 3 + 4.2% x 6 . 3 = 4 . 7 ppm Figure 1 6 shows t h a t b o t h i n w i n t e r a n d summer t h e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e C O exposure i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e l e v e l a t home e x c e p t f o r some s u b j e c t s who h a v e r a t h e r h i g h CO l e v e l s a t home d u r i n g w i n t e r . Comparison o f t h e CO e x p o s u r e b y p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g a n d b y c a l c u l a t i o n of t i m e weighted averages shows t h a t t h e personal exposure obtained f r o m calculation o f t h e t i m e weighted averages i s v e r y c l o s e t o r e a l personal monitoring data, see t a b l e 6 .
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 1 9
IV
10 CO 201 0 20 10
1 1 1 1 public
areas
home work
bike bus outdoor WAE
= = t - L 1 1 = . 1
PP 1home 11 Type
-
20 10CO PP m home Ty p e 1
XIV
20 1 0 0
XV
XVIII
X D C
30(
r 1 1 PP nl home Type 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 100 0 1 100 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) 1 Time F i g u r e 1 6 . C O e x p o s u r e o f 2 0 s u b j e c t s 0i n r e l a t i o n t o t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n

CO d i ff e r e n t microenvironments and time weighted average exposure 1 p p m CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3 s
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 2 0
Figure 16 Continued
20100
Co
II
XII
XVI
I -
60
ppm home Ty p e 2
50 40 30 20 10
L 2
XVI
C PPm
home 5 0 Ty p e
3 4 0
1 100 0
100 0
100 0
100
Figure 16. C O exposure o f 20 subjects i n r e l a t i o n t o time d i s t r i b u t i o n i n d i ff e r e n t microenvironments and time weighted average exposure, 1 p p m CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 page 2 1
Ta b l e 6 . Comparison o f CO e x p o s u r e b y c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e exposure (WAE) a n d b y p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g
CO ppm, ( 1 ) W i n t Subject's e r Number I n d o o r s P e r s o n a l
W A
C O ppm, ( 1 ) S u m I n d o o r s Personal m e r 1 2 5 2 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 7 4 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 3 1 9 7 5 1 8 2 4 5 3 6 5 8 7 6 3 9 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 5 0 9 7 6 1 9 5 8 0 3 7 6 7 2 5 2 5 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1
W A E
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX
5 . 2 1 . 5 0 . 4 . 4 . 3 . 8 . 1 2 . 3 4 . 5 9 . 4 6 . 2 3 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 5 6 . 3 3 . 8 . 5 . 7 .
1 5 5 2 9 7 1 7 7 9 5 4 9 2 5 6 3 8 7 9
4 1 3 3 5 3 7 1 2 3 3 1 4 5 4 3 2 6 5 6
. 9 5 . 2 0 . 7 . 9 . 1 . 5 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 8 5 . 8 4 . 5 4 . 3 . 6 . 1 . 5 5 . 3 2 . 1 . 8 . 5 . 4
4 1 3 4 4 3 7 9 2 4 3 1 4 4 4 3 2 7 4 6
. 5 6 . . . . . 1 2 1 5 . . . 7 4 . . . . . . . . . . .
8 9 9 2 7 8 0 6 8 4 6 1 6 7 4 4 3 0 9 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 0 4 0 8 7 5 7 1 6 7 1 4 6 6 3 7 7 4 9
Average -+ S D 1
2 0 . 1 9 . 6
1 1
3 1
. .
9 8
1 1
4 3
. .
6 1
2 1
. .
8 7
2 1
. .
4 1
2 1
. .
5 6
Range 3 . 7 - 5 6 . 5
3.5-35.8
3 . 8 - 4 2 . 4
1 . 3 - 5 . 3
1 . 2 - 4 . 7
1 . 4 - 5 . 3
( I 5 ) . 4 . 3 E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e RP e x p o s u r e b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d average e x p o s u r e (WAE). 1 p The p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s p is much c l o s e r t o t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t home t h a n t o t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n m personal monitoring, see t a b l e 7 . C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 2 2
Ta b l e 7 . C o m p a r i s o n o f RP e x p o s u r e b y c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e exposure (WAE) a n d b y p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g
Winter
Summer
Subject's Number
Indoors P e r s o n a l W A E
I n d o o r s
Personal WAE 69 2 1 1 . 0 80 1 9 5 . 0 49 1 7 1 . 7 121 2 3 2 . 3 52 1 8 6 . 2 91 1 7 2 . 0 44 1 7 7 . 2 66 2 0 3 . 0 62 1 9 2 . 1 72 1 7 7 . 3 67 2 1 5 . 9 70 1 8 0 . 0 68 1 6 3 . 5 77 1 8 3 . 1 70 1 7 5 . 7 54 1 4 8 . 9 54 1 6 0 . 9 51 1 6 6 . 1 55 1 6 0 . 9 77 1 9 4 . 1
457
II LII IV V
218 190 129 169 146 115 168 247 131 209 378 182 184 224 234 167 282 115 204 121
448.7 352.7 365.1 376.7 259.6 286.2 280.2 358.2 286.2 525.5 384.7 301.2 326.8 377.3 382.1 375.2 482.6 292.6 372.0 328.0
193 195 166 243 176 129 171 205 191 171 192 171 144 176 166 126 148 124 144 197
375 410 324 195 267 265 269 311 623 406 251 337 416 414 361 568 227 444 357
VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII

XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX
XX
Average + SD
363.9 +109.2
190.7 +64.2
358.1 +68.8
171.4 67.5 1 8 3 . 4 +29.9 +17.4 + 2 0 . 0
Note: f o r p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e t h e a e r o d y n a m i c d i a m e t e r o f t h e p a r t i c l e s w i t h 5070 c u t o f f i s a t 3 . 7 pm
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 2 3
6. D I S C U S S I O N In recent years health-related studies o n indoor a i r p o l l u t i o n have been carried o u t i n China i n a number o f c i t i e s b y medical c o l l e g e s o r research institutes. S e v e r a l papers have been published a s follows: "The e ff e c t o f smoking o n i n d o o r a i r p o l l u t i o n " ( 9 ) , " R e s e a r c h o n t h e e f f e c t o f s m o k i n g o n human C O H b a n d b o d y f l u i d i m m u n e l e v e l " ( 8 ) , M u t a g e n i c i t y t e s t o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s f r o m indoor and outdoor" ( 4 ) , " T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l u n g cancer and i n d o o r a i r p o l l u t i o n i n h i g h i n c i d e n c e l u n g c a n c e r a r e a s , X i a n W e i C o u n t y " (1), a n d " T h e p r i m a r y measurement o f i n d o o r a i r p o l l u t i o n i n t h e s u b u r b s o f Xining where d r y manure i s u e d a s f u e l " ( 2 ) . S o m e surveys i n t h i s f i e l d a r e also undertaken b y l o c a l a n t i - e p i d e m i c s t a t i o n s . T h e p o l l u t a n t s s t u d i e d a r e SPM, C O , S O 2 , N O x , e tThe c .r e s u l t s o f t h e s e s t u d i e s s h o w t h a t a i r p o l l u t i o n i n m o s t c i t i e s i n northern China i s due t o l o n g h e a t i n g periods w h i c h l a s t f o r 5 - 6 months a y e a r. A i r p o l l u t i o n b y S P M , C O a n d S O c n s ,o o n 2o n c i en stratio m s t th e o t h e r h a n d , a r e q u i t e l o w a n d r a r e l y e x c e e d t h e N iona rd ( s ate rl S itan o d au s1 ) . T h i s a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t a i r p Bo l l u t i o n u pattern t s may o c c u r i n d e v e l o p i n g and developed c o u n t r i e s . N O Smoking c o u l d c a u s e h i g h i n d o o r C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . A s o n e o f t h e a b o v e mentioned s t u d i e s s h o w s , i n t h e s m o k e r ' s home t h e C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a n b e above 1 5 p p m ( 1 7 m g / m h ai g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o b s e r v e d r e a c h e s 1 0 0 p p m ( 1 1 5 m g / m h 3 ) ,o u s e h o l d s w h e r e h e a t i n g a n d c o o k i n g s t o v e s a r e o p e r a t e d w i t h o u t c h i m n e y s ( 1 ) , in CO ce ra o n sa c a ln g o o v e r 3 0 0 p p m ( 3 4 4 m g / m ) .d n r tn tiu r c oo o nIr s t c i ot n u nt i g 3 7 4 7 . As f o ). o f r suspended p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r p o l l u t i o n i n u r b a n a r e a s , i n d o o r l e v e l s i n houses w i t h o u t c e n t r a l h e a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e u s u a l l y i n t h e o r d e r a o f 2 0 0 3 0 0 pg d a y/ m 3 i es n sw i t h o u t c h i m n e y s a n d w h e r e s o f t c o a l i s u s e d , t h e p a r t i c u l a t e l e v e l s 's t o v m e e up p r t .o o 1 0 mg/m w e i gih t nxb t s t u d i e s m e n t i o n e d 3 I n s u r e above a r e n o t d i r e c t l y comparable because t h e methods a n d i n sX tru m ea n trs used are n o t standardized. .r u n u , W el i a a C o u n i l o t s ty T h r e e p u d i e s w e r e i n i t i a t e d b y WHO. T h e f i r s t s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d a r n u t i n Z a g r e b , Y u g o s l a v i a , w h e r e SPM a n d CO w e r e m e a s u r e d u s i n g 1 8 s u b j e c t s , 8 io s e a d o f w h o m w e r e e x p o s e d t o b o t h p o l l u t a n t s a n d 1 0 o f whom w e r e exposed t o e i t h e r a s t e thw o to p p o l li u t a n t s ( 5 ) . T h e s e c o n d s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t i n T o r o n t o , wf t h y h Canada, c a rw h e l r e t h e e f f e c t o f SPM, NO2 a n d S O e e p e na t ss i n a c ris i t hd t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f n o n - a s t h m a t i c s u b j e c t s ( 6 ) . I n 2 a t iw so m t pa u do ni we e x m e t d se t u d y d;o n e i n 9 B o m b a y, I n d i a , 1 5 s u b j e c t s w e r e e x a m i n e d w i t h r e g a r d oh e t h li r no p h to t h re t o a se i r t exp ho s um a S PtM a n i d s cu l f a t e ( 7 ) . R P w a s s t u d i e d i n a l l t h e t h r e e b u s p o j e c t s , b u t CO was s t u d i e d o n l y i n Z a g r e b . T h e r e s u l t s a r e compared u e i l o t p rs tw a ith those o f the study carried out i n Beijing, China i n table 8. a r le lh e a t (1) H y g i e n i c standards f o r t h e d e s i g n o f i n d u s t r i e s and e n t e r p r i s e s , e Published b y t h e Government o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a , 1 9 8 0 . d b y
PEP/85.11 page 2 4 Ta b l e 8 . C o m p a r i s o n o f m o n i t o r i n g r e s u l t s b e t w e e n t h e p i l o t s t u d i e s
Season
Yu g o s l a v i a C a n a d a Zagreb T o r o n t o
I n d i a C h i n a B o m b a y B e i j i n g
RP(pg/m 3 4 9 - 1 0 1 1 3 - 3 2 7 1 2 4 - 2 4 3 )range 8 7 - 1 4 0 Summer 1 1 CO(ug/m 8 3 7 range 0 - 3 . 1 1 . 6 - 9 . 8 ) 1 1 . 6 6 RP(pg/m 5 3 1 3 range 1 3 1 - 2 0 4 6 6 - 1 0 9 2 4 - 2 2 5 1 1 0 - 8 7 0 ) 7 . Winter 1 8 5 E0(pg/m 6 3 9 range 0 - 1 1 . 2 4 . 6 - 7 0 . 6 ) 0 4 . 1 7 1 8 Althou g h t h e r e a r e many d i f f e r e n c e s i n s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c , g e o g r a p h i c a n d - n d i t i o n s i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e comparable climatic co 3 2n t i c a l methods a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e u s e d . R P a n d CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s because i d e 6 5 are u s u a l l0 y h i g h i n w i n t e r, b u t t h e i r exceptional h i g h concentrations i n winter i n . C h i n a d o e s r e f l e c t t h e s p e c i f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e n e r g y consumption 1 i n t h i s c o u n t r y where c o a l i s used a s t h e main f u e l . 7. CONCLUSION The m a i n s o u r c e o f CO p o l l u t i o n i n a i r i n B e i j i n g i s d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g a n d cooking. T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o b t a i n e d f r o m f i x e d m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s o u t d o o r s do n o t r e p r e s e n t v e r y a c c u r a t e l y t h e p e r s o n a l e x p o s u r e . F o r C O a c l o s e correlation w a s observed between p e r s o n a l exposure a n d t h e d o m e s t i c environment. T h e m a i n s o u r c e o f R P i s f r o m o u t d o o r s , b u t i s i n f l u e n c e d b y seasonal d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e l e v e l o f RP m o n i t o r e d o u t s i d e a l s o d o e s n o t r e f l e c t the p e r s o n a l exposure. People i n B e i j i n g s p e n d m o r e t h a n 90% o f t i m e i n d o o r s w h e t h e r i n w i n t e r o r i n s u m m e r. T h i s u n d e r s c o r e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s t u d i e s o n i n d o o r a i r pollution and personal monitoring. P e r s o n a l exposure t o a i r pollutants calculated f r o m t i m e weighted averages i s q u i t e a c c u r a t e i f r e l i a b l e a n d representative monitoring d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c areas. T h i s approach i s f o u n d t o be a s i m p l e and u s e f u l approach t o c a l c u l a t e personal exposure.
P E P / 8 5 . 11 page 2 5
8. REFERENCES 1. C a o S h o u r e n , e t a l , J . H l t h . R e s . 1 4 ( 4 ) : 2 2 - 2 5 , 1 9 8 5 . 2. C a o S h o u r e n , e t a l , u n p u b l . R e p t . 3. J o n e s , J . Lab. C h i n . Med. 1 : 5 5 3 , 1958.
4. W a n g X i a n - Z h e n , e t a l , P r o c . 2 n d C o n f . E n v i r o n . H l t h . A s s o c . , C h i n a : 2 8 , 1984. 5. W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n , Human e x p o s u r e t o c a r b o n monoxide a n d suspended p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r i n Z a g r e b , Y u g o s l a v i a . W H O I n t . D o c , EFP/82.33, Geneva, 1982, 6. W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n , Human e x p o s u r e t o SO2, NO2 a n d s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r i n To r o n t o , C a n a d a . W H O I n t . D o c . E F P / 8 2 . 3 8 , G e n e v a , 1982. 7. W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n , 'Human e x p o s u r e t o s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r and s u l f a t e i n B o m b a y, I n d i a . W H O I n t . D o c . E F P / 8 4 . 6 6 , G e n e v a , 1 9 8 4 . 8, Y a u g Z h e n g - Ya n , e t a l , P r o c . 2 n d C o n f . E n v i r o n . H l t h . A s s o c . , C h i n a : 3 0 , 1984, 9. Z o u J i e - Z h i , 1984. 9. A P P E N D I C E S Three s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s w e r e u s e d i n t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n e x p o s u r e s t u d y i n Beijing as follows: e t a l , Proc. 2nd Conf. Environ. H l t h . Assoc., China: 28,
1984 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 5 summer w i n t e r s u m m e r 31/7-30/8 1 8 / 1 - 9 / 2 1 0 / 7
CO personal indoors outdoors RP personal indoors outdoors Daily time distribution
x X
Appendices
Appendix I A p p e n d i x I I A p p e n d i x
The d a t a f o r t h e s e 3 s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s h a v e b e e n l i s t e d Appendices, I , I I and I I I .
i n
3 separate
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE- SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 2 1 9 8 4 Subject I Item T i m e
31/7 Tuesday
1/8 Wednesday
2/8 Thursday
3/8 Friday
4/8 Saturday
5/8 Sunday
6/8 Monday
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
2.0 1.5 1.2 2.8 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.1
2.1 1.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2
1.5 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2
1.0 1.8 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.5
1.0 2.2 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.0 1.0
3.0 2.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 3.4 3.2 4.8
1.7 2.0 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.9
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.5 0
3.8 0
5.1 0.3
4.8 0.2
4.2 0
6.2 0.6
4.0 0
C O (ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range
1.7 1.8 1.0 0.5-2.0
1.4 1.3 1.3 0.5-3.0
1.3 1.4 1.2 0.9-1.5
1.4 1.4 1.3 0.7-1.8
1.4 1.2 1.8 1.1-2.0
2.6 2.6 1.2 1.0-2.5
2.2 2.1 1.2 0.5-1.8
RP ( m g / m Personal 3 Indoors ) Outdoors
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n (Z) Work 6.0 Home 17.5 Outdoors 0.5 Public area Traffic Other 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 16.0 2.0 24.0 4.0 19.5 5 0.5
( 1 ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 2 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject I I Item Ti m e 3 1 / 7 1 / 8 2 / 8 3 / 8 4 / 8 5 / 8 6 / 8 Tuesday W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y
C O (ppm)( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
1.5 1.3 1.4 2.2 0.3 0.3 2.5 2.0
1.9 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.8 1.7 3.5 1.5
1.0 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8
1.4 2.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.1
1.5 2.5 1.5 1.2 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.4
3.1 2.2 2.0 1.1 2.2 2.8 7.0 3.0
1.7 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.3 7.5 6.0 3.0
9 (9;00) COHb%
6.0 0.6
3.8 0
4.0 0
5.9 0.5
5.0 0.2
6.2 0.6
5.0 0.2
C O(ppm) (1) Personal Indoors Outdoors Range
1.4 1.5 1.0 0.5-2.0
1.8 1.9 1.3 0.5-3.0
1.6 1.8 1.2 0.9-1.5
1.7 1.7 1.3 0.7-1.8
2.0 2.0 1.8 1.0-2.0
2.9 2.9 1.2 0.8-2.5
3.0 3.4 1.2 0.5-1.8
RP ( m g / m Personal 3 Indoors ) Range D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 12.5 5.5 6.0 12.5 5.5 6.0 12.0 5.5 0.5 4.0 12.5 5.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 12.5 5.5 1.5 1.5 20.0 4.0
-
4.0 16.5 3.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix 1 page 3 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject I I I
Item T i m e
3 1 / 7 1 / 8 2 / 8 3 / 8 4 / 8 5 / 8 6 / 8 Tuesday W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
3.9 1.2 1.7 6.0 7.0 19.0 7.5 15.0
5.0 1.2 1.1 8.5 4.5 4.8 3.2 6.5
2.2 1.2 1.0 4.2 2.5 5.0 2.5 8.2
7.5 1.0 1.0 3.9 2.8 2.2 3.5 7.8
5.9 2.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 7.0 3.2 4.0
3.0 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.9 6.8 6.0 23.0
2.8 1.5 6.0 2.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 2.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
5.0 0.2+
8.0 1.1
9.7 1.6
7.0 0.8+
7.0 0.8+
15.2 3.1
6.8 0.8
C O (ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Rang
7.7 9.7 1.0 0.5-2.0
4.4 5.4 1.3 0.5-3.0
3.1 3.8 1.2 0.9-1.5
3.7 4.6 1.3 0.7-1.8
3.6 4.1 1.8 1.0-2-0
6.0 6.0 1.2 0.8-2.5
3.3 3.2 1.2 0.5-1.8
RP ( m g / m 3 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 6.0 17.0 1.0 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 1.0 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 0.5 23.0 1.0 4.0 19.5 0.5 -
( 1) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 4 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject I V Item T i m e 31/7 Tuesday 1/8 2 / 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y 3/8 Friday 4/8 Saturday 5/8 Sunday 6/8 Monday
C O ppm ( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
1.2 1.2 1.5 4.0 2.5 2.6 1.5 2.0
2.7 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 3.2 1.0 1.2
1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3
0.7 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.6
1.3 2.3 1.8 3.1 2.0 3.2 1.5 1.5
2.7 2.6 2.4 6.2 2.5 3.5 3.1 2.2
1.1 1.9 2.2 3.0 1.7 4.6 4.0 4.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
5.0 0.2
3.5 0
4.5 0.1
4.0 0
4.0 0
7.0 0.8
4.8 0.2
2.1 2.3 1.0 0.5-2.0
1.6 1.7 1.3 0.5-3.0
1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9-1.5
1.4 1.5 1.3 0.7-1.8
2.1 2.1 1.8 1.0-2-0
3.2 3.2 1.2 0.8-2.5
2.8 3.1 1.2 0.5-1.8
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n ( z ) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 17.5 1.0 6.0 17.0 1.0 6.0 17.0 1.0 4.5 15.5 1.0 3.0 6.0 17.0 1.0 23.0 1.0 4.0 16.5 3.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 5

APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING P E R I O D : 3 1 / 7 - 6 / 8 2 1 9 8 4 Subject V
Item T i m e
3 1 / 7 1 / 8 2 / 8 3 / 8 4 / 8 5 / 8 6 / 8 Tuesday W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00) 9 (9:00) COHb%
1.1
1.1 1.8 6.2 2.2 2.5 3.2 2.3
1.8 1.7 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.6
0.8 0.8 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5
0.8 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
1.3 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.0 3.3 1.5 2.0
3.0 1.5 1.9 1.4 2.0 5.5 2.9 2.8
1.1 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.9
4.8 0.2
5.0 0.2
5.1 0.2
5.8 0.5
4.8 0.2
6.2 0.6
4.7 0.2
2.6 2.9 1.0 0.5-2.0
1.5 1.6 1.3 0.5-3.0
1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9-1.5
1.4 1.5 1.3 0.7-1.8
2.0 2.0 1.8 1.0-2.0
2.6 2.6 1.2 0.8-2.5
1.9 1.9 1.2 0.5-1.8
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 6.0 17.0 0.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 0.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 0.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 0.5 0.5 6.0 17.0 0.5 0.5 22.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 4.5 18.5 0.5 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 6 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 8 / 8 - 1 4 / 8 ; 1 9 8 4 Subject V I Item T i m e 8/8 9 / 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y 10/8 Friday 11 /8 Saturday 12/8 Sunday 13/8 Monday 14/8 Tuesday
C O ppm ( 1 ) 1 (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00) 3.0 1.6 1.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 3.0 1.5 1.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 1.3 2.1 3.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.4 2.1 3.0
9 (9:00) COHb %
2.8 0
4.5 0.1
4.9 0.2
5.0 0.2
5.8 0.5
5.4 0.4
3.8 0
1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8-1.5
2.0 2.0 2.3 1.0-3.5
1.5 1.6 1.6 0.8-2.3
1.7 1.9 1.6 1.0-1.6
2.2 2.2 1.5 0.8-2.0
1.2 1.1 1.8 0.5-2.5
1.6 1.8 1.7 0.4-4.0
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 4 19.50 0.50 4 19.15 1.0 6 17.15 1.0 6 17 1 23 1 4 19.50 0.50 8 15.15 1.0
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 7 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 8 / 8 - 1 4 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject V I I Item T i m e
8/8 9 / 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y
10/8 Friday
11 /8 Saturday
12/8 Sunday
13/8 Monday
14/8 Tuesday
C O ppm ( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
2.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.8
2.5 2.2 2.8 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.7
0.6 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.8 2.3
1.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 2.0 1.9 1.5
1.5 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0
3.2 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.6
1.5 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 3.1
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.1 0
3.2 0
3.2 0
4.0 0
3.1 0
2.7 0
4.0 0
1.4 1.5 1.1 0.8-1.5
2.0 1.9 2.3 1.0-3.5
1.3 1.0 1.6 0.8-2.3
1.5 1.5 1.6 1.0-1.6
1.7 1.7 1.5 0.8-2.0
1.2 1.1 1.8 0.5-2.5
2.0 1.7 1.7 0.4-4.0
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n ( Z ) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 4 19 1 4 18 2 4 19 1 4 19 1 20.5 1 2.5 4 19 1 8 14 2 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 8 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 8 / 8 . 1 4 / 8 3 1 9 8 4 Subject V I I I Item T i m e 8 / 8 9 / 8 1 0 / 8 1 1 / 8 1 2 / 8 1 3 / 8 1 4 1 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
3.2 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.6 3,7 3.1 3.9
3.0 3.6 5.7 5.2 4.4 5.0 4.0 3.5
2.1 2.6 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.0
2.9 3.0 3.2 3.9 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.0
2.6 3.6 2.7 2.9 3.2 2.0 3.3 2.8
4.2 3.4 2.2 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5
2.2 2.1 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.2 3.8
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.1 0
3.5 0
3.0 0
3.0 0
3.8 0
2.1 0
3.8 0
3.3 3.4 1.1 0.8-1.5
4.3 4.2 2.3 1.0-3-5
2.7 2.8 1.6 0.8-2.3
3.3 3.4 1.6 1.0-1.6
2.9 2.9 1.5 0.8-2.0
2.4 2.2 1.8 0.5-2.5
2.6 2.7 1.7 0.4-4.0
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 4.0 19.5 0.5 1.0 18.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 17.5 1.5 4.0 19.0 0.5 0.5 3.5 19.5 1.0 7.5 15.5 1.0 10? 9.0 14.0 1.0 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 9 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 8 / 8 - 1 4 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject I X Item T i m e 8 / 8 9 / 8 1 0 / 8 1 1 / 8 1 2 / 8 1 3 / 8 1 4 / 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
6.7 1.4 0.6 1.2 1.2 7.5 5.8 2.1
16.2 2.2 1.9 2.2 11 . 2 12.3 2.1 3.8
1.1 1.1 0.8 2.1 1.7 3.0 2.8 3.0
1.9 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.0 4.0 4.1
3.3 14.8 4.1 3.2 4.5 19.8 3.2 8.0
7.2 2.0 0.6 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.5 0.8
2.8 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.2 1.5 16.2 6.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
5.5 0.4
7.0 0.8
5.1 0.3
6.7 0.8
9.5 1.6
3.0 0
11 . 0 2.0
C O (ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range RP ( m g / m 3 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors
3.3 4.1 1.1 0.8-1.5
6.5 8.0 2.3 1.0-3.5
2.0 2.3 1.6 0.8-2.3
2.1 2.3 1.6 1.0-1.6
7.6 7.6 1.5 0.8-2.0
2.2 2.5 1.8 0.5-2.5
3.7 6.5 1.7 0.4-4.0
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.0 16.0 1.0 3.5 20.0 0.5 4 19.5 0.5 3.5 20.0 0.5 24.0 3.5 17.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 0 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 8 / 8 - 1 4 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X Item T i m e 8 / 8 9 / 8 1 0 / 8 1 1 / 8 1 2 / 8 1 3 / 8 1 4 / 8 Wednesday T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y
C Oppm (1) 1 (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
6.2 1.3 0.8 2.2 2.2 3.6 4.5 4.2
3.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 4.5 4.6 4.2
0.9 1.0 0.6 1.3 2.1 4.2 4.0 10.8
5.5 1.2 1.2 3.0 2.5 10.0 4.1 5.7
4.0 7.5 4.4 2.0 5.2 7.5 4.5 7.0
6.0 2.0 0.5 1.7 5.2 1.5 1.2 0.7
1.5 1.8 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.2 6.2 9.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
6.8 0.8
9.0 1.4
9.2 1.5
8.9 1.4
9.5 1.6
4.2 0
8.1 1.2
3.1 3.8 1.1 0.8-1.5
3.1 3.5 2.3 1.0-3.5
3.1 3.9 1.6 0.8-2.3
4.2 5.3 1.6 1.0-1.6
5.3 5.3 1.5 0.8-2.0
2.5 2.9 1.8 0.5-2.5
2.9 4.5 1.7 0.4-4.0
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 4.0 19.0 1.0 4.0 19.0 1.0 4.0 19.5 0.5 4.0 19,5 0.5 22.5 1.5 4.0 19.0 1.0 8.0 15.5 0.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 1 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 6 / 8 - 2 2 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X I Item T i m e 1 6 / 8 1 7 / 8 1 8 / 8 1 9 / 8 2 0 / 8 2 1 / 8 2 2 / 8 Thursday F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
4.4 2.6 1.5 1.5 0.2 2.1 2.0 3.0
4.7 1.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.5 2.7 4.3
4.5 2.8 1.2 1.2 3.0 1.6 2.2 3.0
5.3 7.8 3.2 6.0 1.9 2.2 6.0 3.8
2.6 2.2 1.4 2.1 2.2 1.5 6.5 5.5
4.8 1.2 2.2 1.8 1.2 0.7 6.4 3.0
2.2 2.2 4.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 7.8 1.8
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.5 0
4.0 0
4.6 0.1
6.2 0.6
4.0 0
3.9 0
4.0 0
2.2 2.6 1.5 0.6-2.9
2.1 2.7 0.9 0.4-1.2
2.4 2.5 2.5 1.0-4.5
4.5 4.5 1.1 0.5-2.2
3.0 4.2 1.8 1.5-2.2
2.7 4.0 1.8 0.8-2.8
2.8 3.4 1.6 0.8-2.2
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 16.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 6.0 16.5 0.5 1.0 5.5 14.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 22.0 1.0 _ 1.0 7.0 14.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 8.0 14.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 14.0 1.0 1.0
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 2 APPENDIX S U M M A R Y TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 6 / 8 - 2 2 / 8 2 1 9 8 4 Subject X I I Item T i m e 1 6 / 8 1 7 / 8 1 8 / 8 1 9 / 8 2 0 / 8 2 1 / 8 2 2 / 8 Thursday F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y
C Oppm (1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
4.8 2.2 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.2
2.8 1.2 0.9 1.7 0.6 0.8 1.9 1.8
2.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.9 3.9 2.5
2.8 2.1 4.0 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.7 3.2
3.5 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.9 3.0 3.5
5.0 1.5 1.7 2.1 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.2
3.7 2.1 3.3 3.0 1.8 1.5 3.2 4.3
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.6 0
1.2 0
1.9 0
3.7 0
3.2 0
2.8 0
3.1 0
C O(ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range
1.7 2.0 1.5 0.6-2.9
1.5 1.8 0.9 0.4-1.2
1.7 2.2 2.5 1.0-4.5
2.3 2.3 1.1 0.5-2.2
2.4 2.8 1.8 1.5-2.2
2.1 2.8 1.8 0.8-2.8
2.9 3.6 1.6 0.8-2.2
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 13.5 4.5 6.0 15.5 2.5 6.0 14.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 20.5 2.5 1.0 8.0 13.5 2.5 8.0 13.0 3.0 8.0 13.0 3.0 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 3 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 6 / 8 - 2 2 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X I I I
Item T i m e
1 6 / 8 1 7 / 8 1 8 / 8 1 9 / 8 2 0 / 8 2 1 / 8 2 2 / 8 Thursday F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
1.9 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.2
1.5 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.8
2.6 2.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.8 1.0
2.0 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.6
2.0 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.7 1.7
1.8 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1
2.0 2.1 3.3 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.6 0
1.8 0
1.4 0
3.2 0
3.8 0
3,0 0
4.0 0
0.9 0.8 1.5 0.6-2.9
0.7 0.7 0.9 0.4-1.2
1.3 1.2 2.5 1.0-4.5
1.6 1.6 1.1 0.5-2.2
1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5-2.2
1.1 1.3 1.8 0.8-2.8
1.8 1.7 1.6 0.8-2.2
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) 6.0 Work 17.5 Home Outdoors 0.5 Public area Traffic Other 6.0 17.5 0.5 6.0 15.5 2.5 24.0 8.0 15.0 1.0 8.0 15.5 0.5 _ 8.0 15.5 0.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 4 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 6 / 8 - 2 2 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X I V Item T i m e 1 6 / 8 1 7 / 8 1 8 / 8 1 9 / 8 2 0 / 8 2 1 / 8 2 2 / 8 Thursday F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
2.8 3.3 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.9 2.0 2.8
2.5 2.8 2.1 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8
3.5 2.5 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7
1.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.6
2.1 3.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.3
3.0 2.2 3.5 1.2 2.3 1.0 0.8 1.6
9 (9:00) COHb%
3.0 0
0.4 0
2.5 0
2.3 0
3.5 0
2.9 0
4.2 0
2.3 2.4 1.5 0.6-2.9
1.5 1.1 0.9 0.4-1.2
1.5 1.5 2.5 1.0-4.5
1.3 1.3 1.1 0.5-2.2
1.9 1.7 1.8 1.5-2.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 0.8-2.8
2.0 1.8 1.6 0.8-2.2
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 15.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 6.0 15.5 1.0 6.0 15.5 1.0 24.0 8.0 13.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 8.0 13.5 1.0 8.0 13.5 1.0 1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
(1 ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 5 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 6 / 8 - 2 2 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X V
Item T i m e
1 6 / 8 1 7 / 8 1 8 / 8 1 9 / 8 2 0 / 8 2 1 / 8 2 2 / 8 Thursday F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
1.6 2.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.6 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.0 1.3
2.3 2.7 2.1 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.8
1.3 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.0
1.8 5.3 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5
2.0 1.3 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1,1
2.8 2.2 2.9 1.7 1.2 1.7 3.3 4.1
9 (9:00) COHb7.
3.0 0
3.8 0
1.6 0
3.8 0
3.2 0
3.8 0
3.8
1.3 1.4 1.5 0.6-2.9
0.9 1.1 0.9 0.4-1.2
1.4 0.9 2.5 1.0-4.5
1.5 1.5 1.1 0.5-2.2
2.1 1.5 1.8 1.5-2.2
1.3 1.4 1.8 0.8-2.8
2.5 3.4 1.6 0.8-2,2
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (7.) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.0 15.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 6.0 15.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 6.0 15.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 19.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 8.0 13.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 8.0 13.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 8.0 13.5 0.5 0.5 1.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 6 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 4 / 8 - 3 0 1 8 2 1 9 8 4 Subject X V I Item T i m e 2 4 / 8 2 5 / 8 2 6 / 8 2 7 / 8 2 8 / 8 2 9 / 8 3 0 / 8 Friday S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y Thursday
C Oppm (1) 1 (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5.00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
3.8 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 15.5 19.7
2.2 1.7 2.0 7.2 1.2 0.7 12.3 9.5
3.2 2.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.0 7.5 6.2
1.3 4.0 0.7 69.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
2.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.9 21.5 9.0
4.9 2.3 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5 4.9 7.2
2.8 1.5 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 8.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
4.0 0
5.0 0.2
4.3 0.1
2.8 0
2.8
4.0 0
3.2 0
5.7 10.1 1.3 0.8-2.1
4.6 7.8 2.4 1.1-4.5
3.1 3.1 1.1 0.8-2.0
9.8 18.0 1.0 0.8-1.1
4.6 8.4 1.2 0.8-1.9
2.8 4.5 1.4 0.8-2.1
2.0 3.0 1.2 0.6-2.0
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n ( z ) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 8.0 14.0 2.0 7.0 15.0 1.5 0.5 14.5 2.5 7.0 8.0 14.5 1.5 8.0 14.5 1.5 _ 8.0 14.0 1.5 0.5 8.0 14.0 1.5 -
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 7

APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 4 / 8 - 3 0 / 8 9 1 9 8 4
Subject X V I I
Item T i m e
2 4 / 8 2 5 / 8 2 6 / 8 2 7 / 8 2 8 / 8 2 9 / 8 3 0 / 8 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
2.8 1.7 1.0 7.3 0.8 1.6 7.0 5.7
2.7 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.0 3.4 5.2 5.3
4.2 4.7 3.7 8.1 10.0 6.5 1.2 1.5
2.8 1.3 0.6 3.0 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.6
1.3 1.2 1.3 2.8 0.9 2.0 5.9 5.6
3.8 2.2 1.5 10.1 0.8 0.8 5.0 1.1
3.9 1.1 1.0 14.2 0.5 0.5 7.2 3.8
9 (9:00) COHb%
4.9 0.2
4.7 0.15
7.5 1.0
3.8 0
2.8 0
3.0 0
2.2
3.5 5.7 1.3 0.8-2.1
2.8 3.6 2.4 1.1-4.5
5.0 5.0 1.1 0.8-2.0
1.7 2.4 1.0 0.8-1.1
2.3 3.9 1.2 0.8-1.9
3.2 5.0 1.4 0.8-2-1
4.0 7.3 1.2 0.6-2.0
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work 8.0 Home 15.0 Outdoors 1.0 Public area Traffic Other 7.0 16.0 1.0 22.5 1.5 8.0 15.5 0.5 8.0 15.5 0.5 8.0 15.5 0.5 8.0 15.0 1.0
(1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 8 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 4 / 8 - 3 0 / 8 9 1 9 8 4 Subject X V I I I Item T i m e 2 4 / 8 2 5 / 8 2 6 / 8 2 7 / 8 2 8 / 8 2 9 / 8 3 0 1 8 Friday S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y Thursday
C Oppm (1) 1 (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
2.1 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 2.5
1.8 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 3.4 1.5 3.2
2.5 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1
1.1 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.7
1.0 1.0 1.0 2.2 0.9 1.1 1.7 2.1
2.9 2.0 1.2 2.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 2.0
1.6 2.0 2.2 2.0 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.2
9 (9:00) COMb%
5.3 0.3
3.8 0
3.7 0
3.5 0
3.8 0
3.0 0
3.2 0
1.3 1.7 1.3 0.8-2.1
1.9 1.9 2.4 1.1-4.5
1.6 1.6 1.1 0.8-2.0
0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8-1.1
1.4 1.8 1.2 0.8-1.9
1.7 2.2 1.4 0.8-2-1
1.4 1.5 1.2 0.6-2.0
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 5.0 14.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 14.0 2.0 21.0 2.5 0.5 2.0 16.0 6.0 4.0 14.0 6.0 8.0 15.0 1.0 10.0 13.0 1.0
(1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 1 9 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 4 / 8 - 3 0 / 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject X I X
Item T i m e
2 4 / 8 2 5 / 8 2 6 / 8 2 7 / 8 2 8 / 8 2 9 / 8 3 0 / 8 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.8
1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.2 4.5
1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9
1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.9
1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.7 2.0
1.2 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.3 1.0
1.9 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.4
9 (9:00) COHb%
4.2 0
4.2 0
4.0 0
3.5 0
2.9 0
3.5 0
3.8 0
1.3 1.4 1.3 0.8-2.1
1.8 1.9 2.4 1.1-4.5
1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8-2.0
1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8-1.1
1.2 1.4 1.2 0.8-1.9
1.0 1.1 1.4 0.8-2.1
1.0 1.2 1.2 0.6-2.0
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.0 13.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 7.0 15.0 0.5 1.5 23.0 1.0 8.0 15.0 0.5 0.5 8.0 15.0 0.5 0.5 7.5 15.0 0.5 1.0 8.0 14.0 0.5 1.5 -
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I page 2 0 APPENDIX I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 4 / 8 - 3 0 1 8 , 1 9 8 4 Subject XX Item T i m e 2 4 / 8 2 5 / 8 2 6 / 8 2 7 / 8 2 8 / 8 2 9 / 8 3 0 / 8 Friday S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y Thursday
C O ppm( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)
3.1 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.0
4.2 1.6 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.0 4.8 2.8
2.8 2.8 1.3 2.8 1,1 1.0 0.9 0.9
2.8 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 0,8 1.0
2.0 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.6
2.2 2.0 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.1
2.1 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 3.0 1.0
9 (9:00) COHb%
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.2
o. 1 5
1.7 2.0 1.3 0.8-2.1 2.6 3.7 2.4 1.1-4.5 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.8-2.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.8-1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.8-1.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.8-2.1 1.2 1.7 1.7 0.6-2.0
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n ( Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 8.0 14.5 0.5 1.0 6.5 15.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 24.0 8.0 15.0 1.0 -
% )
6.5 15.0 1.5 1.0 8.0 14.5 1.5 7.0 14.5 1.0 1.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1
Subject I Item T i m e
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 2 1 9 8 5
3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C Oppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
4.0 8.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 4.3
8.0 8.0 3.0 2.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 5.0
10.5 11 .5 8.0 5.0 4.5 2.8 3.5 3.0
2.5 3.0 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.0 4.5 4.2
3.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 7.0 6.0
4.5 6.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.2 8.0
4.5 3.8 6.0 5.9 5.5 4.0 16.3 3.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
6.0 0.5
7.0 0.9
7.0 0.9
4.5 0.1
6.0 0.5
7.0 0.9
6.0 0.5
C O(ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range RP ( m g / m 3 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors
3.9 3.9 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.4 4.8 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
6.1 5.5 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.2 3.8
4.3 4.8
5.5 5.7
6.1 7.4
0.11 0.38 0.69
0.50
0.19 0.44
0.38
0.31 0.39 -
0.54 -
_ 0.56 -
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 23.25 0.75 4 16.5 1.0 2.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.0 16.5 0.5 3.5 16.0 1.5 3.0 7.5 16.0 0.5 3.5 16.0 1.5 3.0 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 2 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject I I Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
>100.0 2.5 3.2 9.0 2.2 2.8 13.0 16.5
4.0 5.0 45.0 8.0 8.5 6.0 5.0 6.5
104.0 4.5 3.0 8.0 2.0 2.5 12.0 7.5
4.2 2.5 2.0 5.0 1.5 2.0 4.2 1.0
8.5 4.8 3.2 6.2 2.2 2.2 10.0 18.5
100.0 8.0 6.0 10.0 2.5 2.0 1.8 8.8
192.0 5.5 3.0 17.0 2.0 1.0 12.5 10.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
20.0 4.3
11 . 0 2.0
17.0 3.5
7.0 0.9
3.0 1.1
20.0 4.3
25.0 5.5
CO ( p p m ) ( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range
17.4 '32.1 4.4 1.5-7.9
11 . 0 11 . 0 1.9 1.0-3.2
17.9 32.9 3.1 1.5-7.8
4.1 6.1 2.7 1.4-4.6
7.0 10.8 5.7 1.8-15.2
18.6 32.7 6.6 1.7-8.4
30.4 57.9 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.31 0.38 0.33
0.31 0.19
0.13 0.42 0.36
0.24 0.53
0.15 0.38 0.42
0.53 0.59
0.37 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.0 16.0 0.5 0.5 21.5 2.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 15.0 1.5 7.5 15.5 1.0 7.5 15.0 1.0 0.5 7.5 15.5 0.5 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject I I I Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
>100.0 2.0 3.2 64.0 4.0 3.0 76.5 64.0
9.5 20.0 31.0 34.5 44.0 65.0 65.0 69.5
53.0 4.0 7.5 43.0 5.5 7.0 46.5 20.0
23.0 2.5 3.0 11 . 0 5.0 2.0 47.0 55.0
62.0 14.0 5.2 72.5 14.0 3.5 130.0 65.0
44.0 11 . 5 5.5 50.0 9.0 2.0 10.0 37.5
44.0 10.8 7.0 18.0 7.0 2.0 52.0 51.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
27.5 5.9
47.5 9.8
22.0 4.5
10.0 1.7
25.8 5.6
20.0 4.1
16.0 3.3
39.6 76.1 4.4 1.5-7.9
42.3 42.3 1.9 1.0-3.2
23.3 40.6 3.1 1.5-7.8
18.6 34.0 2.7 1.4-4.6
45.8 82.4 5.7 1.3-15.2
21.2 35.4 6.6 1.7-8.4
23.9 41.3 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.47 0.33
0.13 0.32 0.19
0.43 0.36
0.15 0.21 0.53
0.60 0.42
0.11 0.49 0.59
0.35 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.5 16.0 0.5 24.0 6.5 16.0 0.5 1.0 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m c o = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 4 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject I V Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C Oppm (1) 1 (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
1.5 1.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 4.0
2.0 5.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 4.5 2.0
1.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.8
2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.8 3.5
4.5 4.6 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 5.0 7.0
5.5 6.6 6.0 5.2 4.0 2.0 5.0 4.0
4.8 4.8 3.5 2.5 2.3 4.8 4.5 3.4
9 (9:00) COHb%
7.5 1.0
5.0 0.3
5.0 0.3
4.0 0
4.0 0
4.5 0.1
6.0 0.6
2.8 3.1 4.4 1.5-7.9
6.4 6.1 1.9 1.0-3.2
3.2 2.7 3.1 1.5-7.8
2.2 3.1 2.7 1.4-4.6
3.8 4.9 5.7 1.8-15.2
4.8 4.9 6.6 1.7-8.4
4.1 4.3 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.13 0.28 0.33
0.23 0.19
0.22 0.35 0.36
0.33 0.53
0.17 0.38 0.42
0.30 0.59
0.40 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 6.5 15.5 2.0 24.0 6.0 15.0 2.0 1.0 4.5 14.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 14.5 2.0 3.0 7.5 13.5 2.5 0.5 3.5 14.5 2.0 4.0
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLINGPERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject V Item T i m e 3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
8.5 8.5 5.5 4.5 3.0 6.5 6.0
7.5 6.5 6.0 5.0 5.5 4.0 3.0 4.0
7.5 8.0 11 . 0 4.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 6.0
2.8 3.5 4.5 5.0 4.0 2.5 3.9 4.0
4.0 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.5 6.0 6.0
5.0 5.9 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.3
5.3 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.3
9 (4:30) COHb%
7.5 1.0
7.0 0.9
13.0 2.5
6.0 0.5
6.0 0.5
7.2 0.9
6.8 0.8
6.1 6.1 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.2 4.9 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
7.3 5.9 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.8 3.9
4.2 4.8
4.7 4.4
4.6 4.4
0.11 0.20 0.69
0.24 -
0.12 0.28 -
0.15
0.20 0.13
0.14
0.22
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 20.0 3.0 1.0 7.5 16.0 0.3 0.2 7.5 16.0 0.3 0.2 4.5 15.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 7.5 11 . 0 4.0 1.5 7.5 14.5 0.5 1.5 3.5 14.5 1.0 4.0 1.0
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 11 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject V I
Item T i m e
2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
1.0 2.0 4.0 3.9 3.0 3.2 7.0 6.5
3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5
5.0 4.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.0 1.9
2.2 2.2 1.3 3.1 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.5
6.0 5.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 3.7 6.8
6.5 7.0 5.8 5.2 4.0 1.8 2.2 2.5
2.5 6.9 3.2 4.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 2.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
5.5 0.4
5.0 0.3
6.5 0.7
4.5 0.1
5.5 0.4
10.0 1.7
8.0 1.1
3.8 4.6 4.4 1.5-7.9
2.6 2.6 1.9 1.0-3.2
3.2 3.1 3.1 1.5-7.8
4.1 2.9 2.7 1.4-4.6
4.4 5.0 5.7 1.8-15.2
3.8 4,1 6.6 1.7-8.4
3.5 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.31 0.33
0.27 0.19
0.12 0.29 0.36
0.12 0.53
0.26 0.42
0.45 0.59
0.18 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.75 15.50 0.75 24.0 7.5 15.25 0.75 0.5 8.5 14.5 1.0 _ 7.5 15.5 1.0 _ 5.75 17.50 0.75 3.5 16.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 8 / 1 - 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 Subject V I I Item T i m e 1 8 / 1 1 9 / 1 2 0 / 1 2 1 / 1 2 2 / 1 2 3 / 1 2 4 / 1 Friday S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C Oppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00) 9 (4:30) COHb%
2.7 3.0 3.2 5.5 3.5 4.5 7.5 5.7
6.0 2.5 2.5 6.0 2.5 2.5 10.5 13.5
7.0 10.0 36.0 35.0 5.5 5.0 7.8 7.2
7.0 6.2 12.0 27.0 25.5 9.0 2.2 12.0 8.0 1.1
2.5 1.5 4.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 12.0
5.0 5.2 4.5 3.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.2
5.8 5.8 5.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.0
6.0 0.5
5.0 0.2
21.0 4.5
4.5 0.1
4.0 0
4.0 0
4.5 5.4 -
5.8 9.0 -
14.2 14.2 -
12.6 12.1 -
5.6 7.9 4.7 2.0-12.0
4.1 4.4 3.8 1.8-6.0
3.9 3.5 3.7 1.2-7.8
0.17 0.33 -
0.24 -
0.23 0.31 -
0.23 0.37 0.55
0 . 11 0.22 0.31
0.10 0.19 0.25
0.25 0.44
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.5 15.5 1.0 7.5 16.0 0.5 23.0 0.5 0.5 5.0 16.0 1.5 1.5 -
(%) 4.0 15.5 2.0 2.5 6.0 15.5 1.0 1.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 mg/m3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 8 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 8 / 1 - 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 Subject V I I I Item T i m e 1 8 1 1 1 9 / 1 2 0 / 1 2 1 / 1 2 2 / 1 2 3 / 1 2 4 / 1 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
9.0 5.7 6.0 11 .0 6.5 6.2 5.5 8.0
8,0 5.0 4.0 10.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 8.0
14.0 15.0 17.5 19.7 89.0 27.0 20.0 19.0
13.0 9.0 13.0 24.0 12.0 12.5 12.5 15.0
9.0
6.5
5.0 5.5 4.0 4.0 10.8 1.0
13.0 8.0 9.0 15.0 5.0 9.0 6.0 14.0
10.5 6.0 7.2 7.2 5.0 4.2 5.0 3.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
6.7 0.8
6.5 0.7
19.0 4.1
19.5 4.2
5.0 0.3
5.5 0.4
5.2 0.3
7.2 8.4 -
7.4 9.5 _ _
27.7 27.7 _ _
13.9 15.5 -
7.0 9.1 4.7 2.0-12.0
9.9 12.0 3.8 1.8-6.0
6.0 6.4 3.7 1.2-7.8
0.30 0.26
0 . 11 0.33
0.36 0.32
0.38 0.39 0.55
0.09 0.15 0.31
0.15 0.17 0.25
0.35 0.21 0.44
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 8.0 11 .5 1.5 3.0 4.5 15.5 1.0 3.0 16.4 1.0 6.5 0.1 7.5 15.0 1.5 4.0 14.3 2.0 3.0 0.7 6.0 15.5 2.0 0.5 7.5 13.0 3.0 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject I X Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 . 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
28.0 4.0 3.0 25.0 6.0 2.0 35.0 47.0
11 . 0 23.0 24.0 37.5 37.5 31.0 21.5 75.0
61.0 5.0 3.8 70.0 7.0 30.5 12.0
15.0 3.2 1.2 19.0 2.5 1.0 26.5 30.5
41.0 7.0 3.0 38.0 7.0 3.0 27.0 40.0
31.0 7.8 6.0 65.0 4.0 1.0 22.0 22.8
47.0 8.0 3.0 47.0 2.2 1.0 20.5 41.5
9 (4:30) COHb%
9.0 1.5
20.0 4.1
12.0 2.1
9.0 1.5
6.0 0.6
1.0 2.0
1.0 2.0
18.8 33.8 4.4 1.5-7.9
32.6 32.6 1.9 1.0-3.2
27.0 43.4 3.1 1.5-7.8
12.3 22.8 2.7 1.4-4.6
20.8 36.5 5.7 1.8-15.2
19.9 35.0 6.6 1.7-8.4
21.0 39.0 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.12 0.55 0.33
0.30 0.19
0.10 0.33 0.36
0.18 0.53
0.16 0.30 0.42
0.32 0.59
0.20 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n CYO Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 8.5 14.5 0.5 0.5 5.0 18.0 0.5 0.5 10.5 12.0 1.0 0.5 9.5 12.5 1.0 1.0 8.5 13.5 0.5 0.5 10.0 13.5 0.25 0.25 9.5 14.0 0.25 0.25 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 0 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 8 / 1 - 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X Item T i m e 1 8 / 1 1 9 1 1 2 0 / 1 2 1 / 1 2 2 / 1 2 3 / 1 2 4 / 1 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C Oppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
57.5 5.0 4.5 67.0 9.0 5.5 41.0 64.5
54.0 6.5 3.0 88.0 6.5 3.0 55.0 56.0
61.0 59.0 37.0 42.5 22.5 21.5 25.0 50.0
85.5 6.8 6.0 59.5 11 .5 10.5 59.5 69.0
58.0 7.5 6.5 65.0 10.0 3.5 49.0 Y100.0
64.0 7.0 5.2 52.0 9.8 2.8 66.0 54.0 20.0 4.1
1100.0 17.0 6.4 76.0 2.0 3.0 24.0 32.0 22.0 4.7
9 (4:30) COHb%
16.5 3.4
15.0 3.1
31.5 6.8
25.0 5.4
18.0 3.8
31.8 57.5 -
34.0 63.3 -
45.0 45.0 _
38.5 68.4 -
137.4 168.0 4.7 2.0-12.0
32.5 59.0 3.8 1.8-6.0
31,3 58.0 3.7 1.2-7.8
0.70 -
0.23 0.63 -
0.50 0.87 -
0.10 0.56 0.55
0.09 0.55 0.31
0.12 0.54 0.25
0.20 0.51 0.44
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( %) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.0 16.0 1.0 21.0 3.0 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 14.5 1.0 1.0 6.0 16.0 0.5 1.5 7.0 16.0 0.5 0.5 -
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix page 1 1
APPENDIX S U M M A R Y TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X I Item T i m e 3 1 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
60.0 68.0 59.0 60.0 59.0 51.0 55.0 78.0
57.0 8.0 59.0 54.0 5.5 1.8 43.5 54.0
48.0 13.8 45.0 45.0 2.5 72.0 40.0 41.0
35.0 3.5 44.0 47.0 59.0 34.0 33.5 35.0
21.0 2.8 37.5 28.0 4.8 5.0 21.5 36.2
36.5 2.8 5.0 71.0 4.8 4.5 60.0 53.0
41.0 3.8 2.0 47.5 2.0 3.5 49.0 10.0
9 (4:30) C01 1b%
57.0 12.0
20.0 4.1
23.0 4.9
10.0 1.7
15.5 3.2
10.0 1.7
61.3 61.3 5.3 1.5-14.5
35.4 53.5 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
38.4 48.5 7.8 2.8-17.2
37.0 41.6
19.6 28.8 -
29.7 55.1 -
19.9 36.9 _
0.32 0.49 0.69
0.50
0.36 0.43 -
0.32 -
0.43 0.12 -
0.45 0.54
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work

Home
21.5 1.5 1.0 -
Outdoors Public area Traffic Other
7.5 15.5 1.0 -
7.0 13.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 -
7.5 15.0 0.5 1.0 -
7.5 14.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 -
6.0 14.5 0.5 2.0 1.0 -
7.5 14.5 1.0 1.0 -
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 2 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE - SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 8 / 1 - 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X I I Item T i m e 1 8 / 1 1 9 / 1 2 0 / 1 2 1 / 1 2 2 / 1 2 3 / 1 2 4 / 1 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C Oppm (1) 1 (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
38.0 12.3 16.0 11 . 0 25.0 8.5 24.0 15.5
28.0 9.5 21.5 18.5 45.0 21.0 17.5 18.0
23.0 24.5 30.0 24.0 4.0 3.5 17.0 42.0
95.0 9.5 27.5 26.0 19.5 8.0 18.0 28.5
13.0 7.0 11 . 5 16.0 13.0 7.0 12.0 25.0
30.5 6.5 9.5 5.2 4.5 3.5 20.5 24.5
12.2 7.8 16.9 31.0 16.2 6.5 27.8 18.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
15.0 3.1
10.0 1.7
12.5 2.4
13.0 2.5
17.0 3.5
6.5 0.7
7.8 1.1
C O(ppm) (i) Personal Indoors Outdoors Range
13.2 22.1 -
22.4 20.1 -
21.0 21.0 -
29.0 41.9 -
13.1 16.5 4.7 2.0-12.0
13.1 20.2 3.8 1.8-6.0
17.1 22.3 3.7 1.2-7.8
0.18 0.21
0.07 0.16
0.12 0.43
0.25 0.30
0.28 0.55
0.23 0.20 0.25
0.24 0.17 0.44
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.5 13.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 7.5 14.5 0.5 1.5 22.0 0.5 1.5 7.5 12.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 -
(%) 7.5 13.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 7.5 10.5 1.0 4.5 0.5 7.5 11 . 5 2.0 1.5 1.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I T page 1 3
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 2 1 9 8 5 Subject X I I I Item T i m e 3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C Oppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
4.0 7.5 3.5 3.0 5.0 1.5 5.0 3.0
7.5 7.8 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 5.5 6.5
9.0 9.8 5.1 3.8 3.7 2.8 3.0 3.5
3.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.5 6.0
3.0 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.9 5.5 8.0
6.1 6.2 5.5 5.5 5.0 4.5 6.5 7.8
3.5 3.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 2.0 1.5
9 (4:30) COMb%
6.5 0.7
8.0 1.1
7.0 0.9
4.8 0.2
6.8 0.8
7.5 1.0
6.2 0.6
4.1 4.1 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.8 6.5 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
5.1 5.2 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.3 4.0
4.2 5.5
5.9 6.8
3.6 2.3
0.20 0.51 0.69
0.52
0.14 0.20
0.21
0.20 0.29
0.37
0.27
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 24.0 7.5 15.0 0.5 1.0 4.0 15.0 0.5 3.5 1.0 7.5 14.5 0.5 1.5 7.5 15.5 0.5 0.5 7.5 15.5 0.5 0.5 7.5 16.0
5.0
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 4 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X I V Item T i m e 3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
6.0 7.5 6.5 5.5 5.5 7.5 4.8 8.5
6.0 7.5 6.0 5.5 4.5 3.5 4.5 5.0
7.0 11 . 8 9.0 6.0 4.2 2.0 6.5 5.0
2.5 3.2 3.5 5.0 2.2 1.5 4.0 4.0
4.0 3.0 2.8 3.5 3.0 4.2 5.2 5,3
5.7 6.8 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 5.8
4.2 3.3 4.5 5.2 5.0 4.2 5.0 5.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
7.0 0.9
5.5 0.4
5.5 0.4
4.0 0
5.0 0.3
7.0 0.9
5.3 0.3
6.5 6.5 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.3 5.2 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
6.4 6.2 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.2 3.5
3.9 4.8
5.5 5.3
4.6 4.7
0.29 0.55 0.69
0.47 -
0.15 0.33 -
0.23
0.23 0.42
0.50
0.41
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( %) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 24.0 _ 8.0 14.5 1.5 7.0 14.5 1.5 1.0 8.0 14.5 1.5 _ 8.0 14.5 1.5 8.0 14.5 1.5 _ 8.0 14.5 1.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 5
APPENDIX S U M M A R Y TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 S u b j e c t XV Item T i m e 3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 / 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C Oppm (1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
6.8 8.2 7.8 3.0 2.3 3.8 6.5 6.0
5.0 7.0 5.8 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.8 4.2
5.0 11 . 3 9.0 6.8 5.3 3.3 3.0 3.0
2.5 3.0 3.8 4.0 3.0 1.5 3.8 4.6
3.2 2.5 2.9 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.8 4.8
4.5 6.2 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.8 7.0 4.5
3.2 3.5 2.5 2.2 2.5 4.0 3.5 2.8
9 (4:30) COHb%
7.5 1. 0
8.0 1.1
11 . 5 2.1
4.5 0,1
5.2 0.3
8.0 1.1
7.0 0.9
5.6 5.6 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.0 4.6 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
5.8 4.5 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.3 3.7 -
3.5 4.0 -
5.3 5.3 -
3.0 2.9 -
0.23 0.36 0. 4 18.5 2.0 2.0 1.5
0.44
0.22 0.41
0.36 -
0.25 0.28 -
0.59
0.47
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) 7.5 15.5 1.0 6.0 15.5 1.5 1.0 7.5 15.5 _ 1.0 7.5 15.0 0.5 1.0 7.5 14.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 2.5 15.5 1.0 -
Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 6 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 8 / 1 - 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X V I Item T i m e 1 8 / 1 1 9 / 1 2 0 / 1 2 1 / 1 2 2 / 1 2 3 / 1 2 4 / 1 F r i d a y S a t u r d a y S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
C O ppm( 1 i (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
55.0 5.0 4,5 72.0 5.0 5.0 71.0 60.0
45.5 3.0 2.8 48.0 2.5 3.0 30.5 80.5
58.5 80.0 86.0 81.0 71.5 52.0 72.0 68.5
66.0 6.5 8.0 77.0 7.5 6.0 57.5 71.0
40.0 5.0 3.0 41.0 4.0 2.5 61.0 76.0
53.0 6.0 5.5 54.0 3.0 3.2 96.0 59.0
40.2 7.0 5.0 14.5 5.2 2.0 12.0 16.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
19.0 4.1
15.5 3.2
71.5 13.6
21.0 4.5
15.0 3.1
15.0 3.1
13.5 2.7
34.5 64.5 -
27.0 51.1 -
71.2 71.2 -
37.4 67.9 -
29.1 54.5 4.7 2.0-12.0
35.0 65.5 3.8 1.8-6.0
12.7 20.7 3.7 1.2-7.8
0.21 0.32
0.17
0.17
0.13 0.34
0.18 0.37 0.55
0.14 0.49 0.25
0.27 0.44
Daily time d i s t r i b u t i o n Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.5 15.0 1.5 7.5 13.0 1.0 1.5 19.0 1.0 3.5 0.5 7.5 14.0 0.5 1.0 1.0
(%) 4.5 15.5 1.0 3.0 6.0 15.0 1.5 1.5 7.5 15.0 1.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I T page 1 7
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 2 1 9 8 5 Subject X V I I Item T i m e 26/1 Saturday 27/1 Sunday 28/1 Monday 29/1 Tuesday 30/1 Wednesday 31/1 Thursday 1/2 Friday
-CO p p ( 1 ) 1 (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6.30) 8 (9:00)
15.3 3.5 3.5 26.0 3.0 4.5 45.0 46.0
11 .5 11 . 0 9.0 128.0 84.0 35.0 14.0 11 2 . 0
17.0 4.5 6.0 97.0 5.0 5.0 16.2 114.0
12.0 2.5 2.0 23.0 1.5 2.0 20.0 39.0
1.0 5.0 4.1 37.5 4.0 2.8 8.8 29.5
12.5 6.5 7.0 13.0 3.5 2.0 20.0 17.5
19.0 3.5 7.0 10.0 5.5 8.0 11 . 0 19.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
11 . 0 2.0
42.0 8.8
12.0 2.3
9.0 1.5
7.0 0.9
9.0 1.5
9.2 1.5
CO ( p p m ) ( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range
24.6 45.6 4.4 1.5-7.9
50.6 50.6 1.9 1.0-3.2
33.0 61.1 3.1 1.5-7.8
12.8 23.5 2.7 1.4-4.6
12.8 21.7 5.7 1.8-15.2
10.3 15.8 6.6 1.7-8.4
10.4 14.8 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.35 0.53 0.33
0.43 0.19
0.32 0.72 0.36
0.49 0.53
0.21 0.66 0.42
0.65 0.59
0.49 0.29
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 7.5 16.0 0.5 21.5 1.0 1.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 16.0 0.5 7.5 15.5 1.0 7.5 16.0 0.5 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O , , 1 . 1 4 5 m
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 8 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X V I I I Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
CO p p m ( 1 1 (7:00) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
4.0 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.0 17.0 9.5
3.0 3.5 6.0 7.0 19.0 2.5 5.0 5.5
5.5 5.0 4.5 8.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.8
2.8 2.7 9.5 7.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 28.0
7.2 6.0 3.0 6.5 4.0 3.0 6.9 8.0
8.5 8.3 6.5 8.0 4.0 2.5 6.0 14.0
6.2 5.5 5.5 18.0 3.5 3.0 10.0 15.5
9 (4:30) COHb%
6.0 0.7
6.0 0.7
5.0 0.3
5.0 0.3
4.5 0.1
5.0 0.3
9.0 1.5
7.3 11 . 3 4.4 1.5-7.9
6.4 6.4 1.9 1.0-3.2
4.5 5.1 3.1 1.5-7.8
6.4 10.3 2.7 1.4-4.6
5.8 7.2 5.7 1.3-15.2
7.2 4.1 6.6 1.7-8.4
8.4 12.4 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.12 0.39 0.33
0.12 0.19
0.08 0.25 0.36
0 . 11 0.53
0.13 0.28 0.42
0.29 0.59
0.15 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 7.0 15.5 1.1 0.4 17.5 3.5 3.0 7.5 11 . 5 1.0 3.0 1.0 7.5 12.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 7.5 15.5 1.0 7.0 16.0 1.0 7.0 14.5 2.5
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g /
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 1 9
APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 3 / 2 - 9 / 2 , 1 9 8 5 Subject X I X
Item T i m e
3 / 2 4 / 2 5 / 2 6 / 2 7 / 2 8 / 2 9 1 2 Sunday M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00) 9 (4:30) CONEZ
7.0 10.5 10.5 11 . 0 10.0 3.5 7.5 7.8
7.0 7.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.0 5.5 5.0
6.0 9.8 9.5 8.2 4.8 2.5 5.0 3.0 9.0 1.5
5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 3.2 3.1
9.0 3.3 3.8 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.5 5.9
6.8 5.8 5.3 7.0 4.8 4.0 7.0 5.0
6.0 3.9 4.0 4.8 6.7 4.0 4.0 3.5
8.5 1.3
8.0 1.1
5.0 0.3
6.0 0.7
8.0 1.1
6.7 0.7
7.2 7.2 5.3 1.5-14.5
5.6 5.8 6.3 3 . 0 - 11 . 1
6.1 5.6 7.8 2.8-17.2
3.8 4.3
5.0 6.1
5.7 6.5
5.0 4.6
0.21 0.54 0.69
0.35 -
0.26 0.58 -
0.30 -
0.17 0.43 -
0.52 _
0.37 -
Daily t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public area Traffic Other 1.0 20.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 11 . 0 12.0 0.5 0.5 11 .0 12.0 0.5 0.5 7.0 12.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 11 . 0 12.0 0.5 0.5 11 . 0 12.0 0.5 0.5 8.0 14.0 1.0 1.0 -
( 1 ) 1 p p m C O = 1 . 1 4 5 m g
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I page 2 0 APPENDIX I I : SUMMARY TABLE-SAMPLING PERIOD: 2 6 / 1 - 1 / 2 3 1 9 8 5 Subject XX Item T i m e 2 6 / 1 2 7 / 1 2 8 / 1 2 9 / 1 3 0 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 Saturday S u n d a y M o n d a y T u e s d a y W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y
C O ppm( 1 1 ) (7:00) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (12:30) 5 (1:30) 6 (4:30) 7 (6:30) 8 (9:00)
3.8 3.2 8.0 4.5 3.5 11 . 0 18.0
2.0 10.5 15.5 17.5 7.0 8.0 3.5 3.5
4.5 4.0 3.0 14.5 3.5 3.0 6.0 8.0
2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.3 13.5
6.0 5.0 5.0 9.0 5.5 3.5 10.0 9.5
8.0 6.5 12.5 6.0 4.0 4.0 7.5 7.0
5.0 4.9 5.0 7.5 4.0 2.0 7.0 4.0
9 (4:30) COHb%
7.0 0.9
19.0 4.1
7.0 0.9
4.0 0
7.5 1.0
9.0 1.5
7.5 1.0
C O(ppm) (1) Personal Indoors Outdoors Range RP ( m g / m 3 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors
7.4 10.2 4.4 1.5-7.9
9.7 9.7 1.9 1.0-3.2
5.8 8.3 3.1 1.5-7.8
3.6 5.2 2.7 1.4-4.6
6.6 8.6 5.7 1.8-15.2
6.9 7.1 6.6 1.7-8.4
4.9 5.9 3.2 2.0-5.0
0.25 0.43 0.33
0.38 0.19
0.07 0.57 0.36
0.21 0.53
0.08 0.27 0.42
0.32 0.59
0.33 0.29
D a i l y t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) Work Home Outdoors Public a r e a Traffic Other 7.0 15.5 1.0 0.5 24.0 7.5 15.5 _ 1.0 _ 6.0 15.5 1.5 1.0 9.0 14.0 1.0 8.5 14.5 1.0 _ _ 8.0 15.0 1.0 -
( I ) 1 ppm CO = 1 . 1 4 5 m g / m 3
P E P / 8 5 . 11 Appendix I I I page 1
APPENDIX I I I : SUMMARY TABLES F O R RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE MATTER ( m g / m 3 )
- SAMPLING PERIOD: 1 0 / 7 - 2 5 / 7 , 1 9 8 5
Date
10/7
11 / 7
12/7
13/7
14/7
15/7
16/7
Weekly A v e .
Subject I Personal .23 .25 (.23) .11 .22 .19 (.22) .22 .18 .17 (.18) .22 .04
Indoors . 0 8 ( 1 Outdoors ) Subject I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .19 -
.15 .25 (.15) .11
.23 .19
(.23) .22
.21
(.21) .22
.08
.17
Subject V I Personal Indoors Outdoors .13 .14 .25 (.14) .11 .13 .19 (.13) .22 .12 .17 (.12) .22 .09
Subject V I I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .15 .19 .25 (.19) .11 .20 .19 (.20) .22 .24 .17 .24 .22 .07
Subject X I Personal Indoors Outdoors .14 .18 .25 (.18) .11 .24 .19 (.24) .22 .19 .17 (.19) .22 .07
Subject X I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .17 .17 .25 (.17) .11 .16 .19 (.16) .22 .18 .17 (.18) .22 .07
( 1 ) V a l
PEP/85.11 Appendix I T T page 2
Date
10/7
1117
12/7
13/7
14/7
15/7
16/7
Weekly A v e .
Subject X I V Personal Indoors Outdoors .10 .14 .25 (.14) .11 .22 .19 (.22) .22 _ .20 .17 (.20) .22 .08
Subject X V I Personal Indoors Outdoors .08 .13 .25 (.13) .11 .09 .19 (.09) .22 .18 .17 (.18) .22 .05
Subject X V I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .11 .16 .25 (.16) .11 .16 .19 (.16) .22 _ .13 .17 (.13) .22 .06
S u b j e c t XX Personal Indoors Outdoors .17 .17 .25 (.17) .11 .24 .19 (.24) .22 .19 ,17 _ (.19) .22 .08
Date
19/7
20/7
21/7
22/7
23/7
24/7
25/7
Weekly A v e .
Subject I I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .10 .15 .21 .23 (.21) .21 .14 .17 _ (.14) .19 .19 .17 (.19) .21 .05
Subject I V Personal Indoors Outdoors .14 .15 .28 .23 (.28) .21 .20 .17 (.20) .19 .30 .17 (.30) .21 .12
PEP/85.11 Appendix I I I page 3
Date
19/7
20/7
21/7
22/7
23/7
24/7
25/7
Weekly A v e .
Subject V Personal Indoors Outdoors .16 .15 .19 .23 (.19) .21 .13 .17 _ (.13) .19 .21 .17 _ (.21) .21 .05
Subject V I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .08 .15 .22 .23 (.22) .21 .16 .17 (.16) .19 .21 .17 (.21) .21 .04
Subject I X Personal Indoors Outdoors .15 .15 .24 .23 (.24) .21 .18 .17 (.18) .19 .17 .17 (.17) .21 .06
Subject X Personal Indoors Outdoors .16 .15 .23 .23 (.23) .21 .17 .17 (.17) .19 .12 .17 (.12) .21 .07
Subject X I I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .09 .15 .10 .23 (.10) .21 .22 .17 (.22) .19 _ .17 .21 _ .07
S u b j e c t XV Personal Indoors Outdoors .11 .15 .19 .23 (.19) .21 .15 .17 (.15) .19 .18 .17 (.18) .21 .07
PEP/ Appendix III 85 page 4 . 11
Date
19/7
20/7
21/7
22/7
23/7
24/7
25/7
Weekly A v e .
Subject X V I I I Personal Indoors Outdoors .13 .15 .12 .23 (.12) .21 .08 .17 (.08) .19 .16 .17 (.16) .21 .05
Subject X I X Personal Indoors Outdoors .10 .15 .17 .23 (.17) .21 .10 .17 (.10) .88 .24 .17 (.24) .21 .05
..
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Human Exposure To Carbon Monoxide and Suspended Particulate Matter in Beijing, People's Rep. of China

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Human Exposure To Carbon Monoxide and Suspended Particulate Matter in Beijing, People's Rep. of China

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c m

GEMS: Global Environment Monitoring System

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION G E N E VA , 1985

Mention o f company names o r p r o d u c t s i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e f o r i l l u s t r a t i v e purposes o n l y a n d d o e s n o t i m p l y endorsement b y t h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n o r t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s Environment Programmes.

Span d r i f t Precision t e s t (10 times) Noise -

1% o f f u l l s c a l e 17. o f f u l l s c a l e 0.2% o f f u l l s c a l e 0.5% o f f u l l s c a l e .

4.2.2 C a l i b r a t i o n (a) T h e h i g h v o l u m e a i r s a m p l e r s w e r e c a l i b r a t e d b y means o f calibration kit. a G M W- 2 5

. k 1/\ /\ \x / / ,\ 2 8 2t9 3 0 date A m

100 VII XI XIV

MIWT SSA MIVIT FSSA M I W I F SSA

PEP/85.11 page 1 4 Ta b l e 3 . E x a m p l e o f CO p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g r e c o r d ( p p m ) XVI isn u win 1 8c / 1 t- 2 4 / 1 , 1 9 8 5 (1) f o r bt e jr , e

55.0 5.0 4.5 72.0 5.0 5.0 71.0 60.0

45.5 3.0 2.8 48.0 2.5 3.0 30.5 80.5

0,3 0.2 N.....

F i g u r e 1 1 . D y n a m i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f RP f o r o u t d o o r, home a n d personal exposure ( w i n t e r , 1 9 8 5 )

300 ity 5 200

65.4 2 5 . 7 2 . 9 Winter (range) 5 6 . 7 - 7 1 . 4 1 9 . 3 - 3 3 . 6 0 - . 9 5 66.5 2 4 . 7 2 . 6 Summer (range) 5 3 . 0 - 7 6 . 5 1 9 . 6 - 3 1 . 2 0 - 1 2 . 2

PEP/85.11 page 1 7 Ta b l e 5 . R e s u l t s o f CO a n d RP measurements i n p u b l i c a r e a s

Summer Site o f Public Area

CO p p m (1) Ave. Range

RP p g . m Ave. Range 3 595 231-858

Outdoor M o n i t o r i n g 1.5 Station 0.5-3.0 192 115-252 3.9 1.0-15.2

Indoor Public Area

Example o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f a t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e e x p o s u r e (WAE) Subject No. V : M i s s L i , a young l a d y Time d i s t r i b u t i o n % ( w e e k a v e r a g e ) i n w i n t e r

Time D i s tribution % CO Conc. (PPm)

bike bus outdoor WAE

r 1 1 PP nl home Type 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 100 0 1 100 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 d i s t r i b u t i o n (%) 1 Time F i g u r e 1 6 . C O e x p o s u r e o f 2 0 s u b j e c t s 0i n r e l a t i o n t o t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n

Ta b l e 6 . Comparison o f CO e x p o s u r e b y c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t i m e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e exposure (WAE) a n d b y p e r s o n a l m o n i t o r i n g

CO ppm, ( 1 ) W i n t Subject's e r Number I n d o o r s P e r s o n a l

Personal WAE 69 2 1 1 . 0 80 1 9 5 . 0 49 1 7 1 . 7 121 2 3 2 . 3 52 1 8 6 . 2 91 1 7 2 . 0 44 1 7 7 . 2 66 2 0 3 . 0 62 1 9 2 . 1 72 1 7 7 . 3 67 2 1 5 . 9 70 1 8 0 . 0 68 1 6 3 . 5 77 1 8 3 . 1 70 1 7 5 . 7 54 1 4 8 . 9 54 1 6 0 . 9 51 1 6 6 . 1 55 1 6 0 . 9 77 1 9 4 . 1

VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII

171.4 67.5 1 8 3 . 4 +29.9 +17.4 + 2 0 . 0

8. REFERENCES 1. C a o S h o u r e n , e t a l , J . H l t h . R e s . 1 4 ( 4 ) : 2 2 - 2 5 , 1 9 8 5 . 2. C a o S h o u r e n , e t a l , u n p u b l . R e p t . 3. J o n e s , J . Lab. C h i n . Med. 1 : 5 5 3 , 1958.

1984 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 5 summer w i n t e r s u m m e r 31/7-30/8 1 8 / 1 - 9 / 2 1 0 / 7

CO personal indoors outdoors RP personal indoors outdoors Daily time distribution

The d a t a f o r t h e s e 3 s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s h a v e b e e n l i s t e d Appendices, I , I I and I I I .

C O ppm( 1 1 ) (6:30) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)

2.0 1.5 1.2 2.8 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

2.1 1.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2

1.5 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2

1.0 1.8 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.5

1.0 2.2 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.0 1.0

3.0 2.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 3.4 3.2 4.8

1.7 2.0 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.9

C O (ppm)( 1 Personal ) Indoors Outdoors Range

1.7 1.8 1.0 0.5-2.0

1.4 1.3 1.3 0.5-3.0

1.3 1.4 1.2 0.9-1.5

1.4 1.4 1.3 0.7-1.8

1.4 1.2 1.8 1.1-2.0

2.6 2.6 1.2 1.0-2.5

2.2 2.1 1.2 0.5-1.8

RP ( m g / m Personal 3 Indoors ) Outdoors

C O (ppm)( 1 1 (6:30) ) 2 (8:30) 3 ( 11 : 3 0 ) 4 (1:15) 5 (2:30) 6 (5:00) 7 (7:00) 8 (9:00)

1.5 1.3 1.4 2.2 0.3 0.3 2.5 2.0

1.9 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.8 1.7 3.5 1.5

1.0 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8

1.4 2.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.1

1.5 2.5 1.5 1.2 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.4

3.1 2.2 2.0 1.1 2.2 2.8 7.0 3.0

1.7 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.3 7.5 6.0 3.0

C O(ppm) (1) Personal Indoors Outdoors Range

1.4 1.5 1.0 0.5-2.0