g

sarCevi
:

1. ujredi.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. ujredi...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. organizmi.............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
4. kveba........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5. sunTqva.................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
6. gamoyofa................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
7. moZraoba................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
8. gamravleba........................................................................................................................................................................... 32
9. gamravleba ........................................................................................................................................................................... 35
10. gaRizianebadoba ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
11. organizmTa mravalferovneba ............................................................................................................................. 42
12. virusebis samefo .......................................................................................................................................................... 44
13. baqteriebis samefo ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
14. sokoebis samefo .............................................................................................................................................................. 49
15. mcenareTa samefo: wyalmcenareebi, mRierebi ....................................................................................... 52
16. mcenareTa samefo: xavsebi, gvimrebi ............................................................................................................. 55
17. mcenareTa samefo: SiSvelTeslovnebi ......................................................................................................... 57
18. mcenareTa samefo: farulTeslovnebi ......................................................................................................... 59
19. cxovelTa samefo: ti pi umartivesebi; ti pi nawlavRruianebi ........................................... 62
20. cxovelTa samefo: Wiebis ti pebi; ti pi moluskebi ........................................................................ 67
21. cxovelTa samefo: ti pi fexsaxsrianebi ................................................................................................... 71
22.. cxovelTa samefo: klasi Tevzebi ................................................................................................................... 76
23. cxovelTa samefo: klasi amfibiebi .............................................................................................................. 81
24. cxovelTa samefo: klasi qvewarmavlebi .................................................................................................. 84
25. cxovelTa samefo: klasi frinvelebi ........................................................................................................ 88
26. cxovelTa samefo: klasi ZuZumwovrebi .................................................................................................... 91
27. ekosistema: abioturi komponentebi; niadagi ...................................................................................... 93
28. ekosistema: abioturi komponentebi; wyali, sinaTle, temperatura ............................... 96
29.. ekosistema: bioturi komponenti; kvebiTi jaWvi ............................................................................... 100
30. ekosistema: urTierTobani organizmebs Soris TanasazogadoebaSi .......................... 102
31. ekosistema: biomebi; mdelo; udabno ........................................................................................................... 105
32. ekosistema: tyeebi ......................................................................................................................................................... 110
33. ekosistema: zRvebi da okeaneebi......................................................................................................................... 114
34. ekosistema: tbebi da guburebi; mdinareebi da Waobebi; xelovnuri ekosis-
temebi ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 117
35. saqarTvelos ti pobrivi ekosistemebi ................................................................................................. 121
36. ekosistema: adamianis zemoqmedeba bunebriv ekosistemebze .................................................. 127
37. preistoriuli samyaro .............................................................................................................................................. 132