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H IU HNH LINUX (H thng tp tin & thit b)

Phm Nguyn Khang, Thanh Ngh Email: pnkhang,dtnghi@cit.ctu.edu.vn

Ni dung
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H thng tp tin Thit b ngoi vi Tr gip Cc lnh thao tc trn file v th mc

H thng tp tin
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Cu trc cy ng dn Cc h thng tp tin trn linux H thng tp tin EXT2 Quyn truy cp

H thng tp tin
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Cu trc cy
Nt: th mc (directory, folder) L: tp tin (file) im bt u: gc (root), k hiu /

H thng tp tin
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ng dn (path)
Dng ch nh mt phn t (nt) trn cy th mc: th mc hoc tp tin ng dn tuyt i: bt u t gc (/) i qua cc nt trung gian v sau cng n phn t quan tm (s dng du / phn cch cc nt trn ng dn)
V d: /home/pnkhang/cours/linux/chuong1.ppt

ng dn tng ti: bt u t th mc hin hnh i n phn t quan tm (c th i ngc ln th mc cha)

V d: gi s th mc hin hnh l /home/pnkhang, ta c th s dng ng dn tng i: cours/linux/chuong1.ppt

Ch : / c 2 ngha
ng u ng dn tuyt i: gc, hay th mc gc Xut hin ch khc: phn cch cc th mc

H thng tp tin
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Mt s th mc chun:
/bin, /sbin: cha cc lnh cn thit cho h thng /dev: tp tin thit b hoc cc file c bit /etc: cha cc file cu hnh ca Linux /lib: kernel modules, th vin chia s cho cc lnh nm trong /bin, /sbin /mnt, /media: (mount point) dng nh x cc phn vng a /proc: nhng thng s ca kernel /boot: Linux kernel, system map cho bc 2 ca bootloader /home: th mc ngi dng /root: th mc ca root (admin, ngi qun tr) /tmp: th mc tm /usr: ti nguyn (tnh, chia s) cho ngi dng /usr/local, /opt: phn mm, th vin chia s /var: d liu thay i, th mc spool (my in), tp tin nht k (logs), th mc chia s v khng chia s

Cc kiu h thng tp tin

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ext2 (Linux native) ext3 = ext2 + nht k

Khi phc nhanh h thng file khi c s c

ext4:
K tha t ext3, ra i t phin bn 2.6.28 ca nhn Linux (25/12/2008 ) Kch thc file ti a ln n 16TB, kch thc a ti a n 1 EB (exabytes, 1018B)

swap: h thng file dng lm vng m cho b nh chnh

Cng c to h thng file

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Cng c to h thng file: mkfs, mke2fs

C php: mkfs -t <kiu h thng file> /dev/<tn file thit b>
V d: mkfs -t ext2 /dev/hda1

C php: mke2fs /dev/<tn file thit b>

V d: mke2fs /dev/hda1 (mkfs -t ext2 /dev/hda1)

Ch :
c th s dng c lnh, ta phi m mt terminal v g lnh tng ng (xem phn hng dn ci t)

Tnh nht qun ca h thng file

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H thng file b li
Do cp in, tt my bt bnh thng khng s dng shutdown

Kim tra v khi phc li tnh nht qun ca h thng file

S dng: fsck -t <kiu h thng file> /dev/<tn file thit b> V d: fsck t ext2 /dev/hda1

Cc kiu h thng tp tin

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H thng file ext2 (Linux native)

Chia thnh Blocks c kch thc 1KB (2KB, 4KB hoc 8KB ty h thng) v nhm li thnh block group Super Block: cha thng tin v kch thc 1 block, cc inodes rng, thi im mount va qua, etc.

H thng Ext2
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File system ext2 with 1 KB blocksize File Size Limit 16448 MB (~ 16 GB) File system Size Limit 2048 GB (= 2 TB)

ext2 with 2 KB blocksize

256 GB

8192 GB (= 8 TB)

ext2 with 4 KB blocksize

2048 GB (= 2 TB)

16384 GB (= 16 TB)

ext2 with 8 KB blocksize

65568 GB (~ 64 TB)

32768 GB (= 32 TB)

H thng Ext2
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H thng file ext2 qun l 3 loi phn t

Th mc Tp tin bnh thng
Chui tun t bytes

Tp tin c bit
Thit b ngoi vi v cc cng c giao tip

Tt c u c qun l bng inode

C php, lnh,quyn truy cp u c qun l ging nhau

Inode
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Inode
Khi c bn Mi file hay th mc c m t bng mt v ch mt inode.

Cc inodes ca mi Block Group c lu trong bng inode cng vi s s dng inode (inode bitmap, cho bit inode s dng, inode no cha) Hnh bn m t cu trc ca mt inode

Inode
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Mode
Cho bit inode ny biu din g: tp tin, th mc, lin kt mm, thit b khi, thit b k t hoc thit b FIFO Quyn truy cp

Owner Information Size

Ngi dng v nhm ngi dng ca file hay th mc ny Kch thc ca tp tin (tnh bng bytes),

Timestamps
Lu tr thng tin v thi gian ca inode: thi gian to ra, ln cui cng thay i,

Datablocks
Cc con tr tr n cc khi d liu m inode ny m t 12 con tr u tin tr n cc khi vt l cha d liu tht s 3 con tr k tip mi con tr n mt khi gin tip bc 1, bc 2 v bc 3. Mi khi gin tip cha B/4 con tr

Inode
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Ch :
inode c th m t cc tp tin thit b. y khng phi l cc tp tin tht s m l cc th bi chng trnh thng qua n truy cp cc thit b. Tt c cc tp tin trong /dev cho php chng trnh truy xut cc thit b ca Linux. V d chng trnh mount c mt tham s l mt tp tin thit b m t thit b ta cn nh x.

Th mc
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Danh mc cc tp tin v th mc con To ra bng lnh mkdir <tn th mc> C th xem nh th mc l mt file c bit cha danh sch cc mc (record) Mi th mc cha t nht 2 mc:
Bn thn th mc ny . Th mc cha .. Cc mc cn li (nu c) cha cc tp tin v th mc con ca th mc ny

147 . 83 .. 1568 example Th mc Ni dung ca file example

inode 1568

Mi mc ca th mc c cu trc nh hnh bn

Lin kt (link)
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Lin kt cng
ng dn truy cp n mt tp tin To mt lin kt
S dng lnh ln <file> <tn lin kt> Thm mt mc vo th mc

147 . 83 .. 1568 example Th mc D1

Mc ch: to ra mt tn cc b (hoc b dnh) ngn cho mt mt tp tin Xa mt tp tin = xa mt lin kt = gim s lin kt ca inode biu din tp tin tht s, khi s tham chiu = 0 xa tht s file ny

inode 1568

Ch : khng th to lin kt cng cho mt th mc

59 . 5 .. 1568 link Th mc D2

Lin kt (link)
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Lin kt mm (symbolic link)

file c ni dung l tn ca mt file khc hoc mt th mc To lin kt mm
ln s file <tn lin kt>

a 147 . 83 .. 1568 example inode 1568 Th mc D1

Xa mt lin kt mm khng nh hng g n file m n tr n Xa file hoc th mc m mt lin kt mm tr n s lm cho lin kt khng cn hp l na

inode 2529

59 . 5 .. 2529 link Th mc D2

Cha ng dn n file example, vd: /home/D1/example

Thit b ngoi vi
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Thit b ngoi vi
xem nh mt file cha trong th mc /dev c cc quyn truy cp ging nh file v th mc

Tuy nhin, x l bn trong s khc nhau

Hm ca h thng file i vi cc file bnh thng Trnh iu khin thit b (drivers) i vi cc thit b

Thit b hot ng hai ch

Khi (block) K t (character)

Ch khi
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Cc thit b hot ng ch khi c 4 tnh cht:

Khi: n v thng tin (d liu) c kch thc c nh (512B, 1KB, 4K, ) Truy xut ngu nhin (random access) vo mt khi n i bt k S dng vng nh m cp nhn (kernel level) C th to mt h thng file trn thit b ny Cc thit b hot ng ch khi c xem nh mt di cc khi t 0 n N 1. V d: a, bng t,

Truy xut thng tin t cc thit b gm 2 bc:

c: Ghi:
Tng t nh c, i khi km theo cc c ch ng b ha Chuyn khi d liu t thit b sang b nh h thng (caching) Sao chp khi d liu t b nh h thng sang b nh chng trnh

Ch k t
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Cc thit khng hot ng ch khi

Trao i bt k lng thng tin no Truy xut tun t Khng s dng b nh m Khng c h thng file trn thit b

V d:
Thit b u cui (terminal), my in, socket,

Truy xut gn nh truy xut file bnh thng Hai ch c:

Theo dng (line): d liu s c truyn i khi mt k t c bit c pht ra (v d; k t xung dng)
Cho php iu khin lung d liu, ngt

Tng k t (raw): c tng k t mt

Trnh iu khin thit b

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Trnh iu khin thit b (driver)

iu khin mt loi thit b no Tp hp cc hm nh ngha sn (open, read, write, close, )

Cc hm c nhm li trong 2 bng

bdevsw (ch khi) cdevsw (ch k t)

Inode ca mt thit b c 2 mc
S hiu chnh (major number): ch s trong bng bdevsw hoc cdevsw S hiu ph (minor number): m t mt n v c th no ca loi thit b

Thit b gi lp
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Pseudo devices
c qun l nh mt thit b nhng khng gn kt vi mt thit b vt l no

Bao gm:
Thit b o:
Terminal: ca s, ni kt mng Phn vng a

/dev/null: thng rc, ghi g vo y cng mt ht /dev/tty: terminal gn kt vi chng trnh /dev/mem: nh b nh ca tin trnh

Tr gip
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Ti liu hng dn s dng c chia thanh 8 phn

Chng trnh thc thi hoc lnh ca Shell Gi h thng (hm do nhn cung cp) Gi th vin (hm do cc th vin chng trnh cung cp) Cc files c bit (trong /dev) nh dng file v cc quy c Games Khc Lnh qun tr h thng (dnh ring cho root) Hm ca nhn

S dng lnh
Man [section] <lnh> V d: man ls Hoc: man 1 ls

thot khi trang hng dn g phm q

Tr gip
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Mi trang hng dn (kt qu ca lnh man) gm nhiu phn

NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES OPTIONS FILES VERSION EXIT STATUS RETURN VALUE NOTES BUGS AUTHORS SEE ALSO Tn lnh C php M t V d minh ha Cc ty chn Cc files c lin quan Phin bn Trng thi kt thc Kt qu tr v ca lnh Ghi ch Li Tc gi Xem thm

Tr gip
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Lnh man ch hin th tr gip khi ta g ng tn lnh Nu khng nh chnh xc tn lnh ta c th s dng lnh tm kim thng tin
apropos <t kha> V d:
apropos editor apropos lock

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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ls: lit k th mc cd: i th mc hin hnh pwd: in ng dn ca th mc hin hnh mkdir: to th mc rm: xa file, th mc cp: copy file hoc th mc mv: i tn hoc di chuyn file/th mc ln: to lin kt (cng v mm) touch: to v thay i thuc tnh file find: tm kim file/th mc which, whereis v locate: tm file trong c s d liu

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Lnh lit k th mc: ls

C php: ls [options] <Path> Options
-i: lit k inode -h: in ra kch thc d c -l: lit k mi mc trn mt dng -n: lit k c UID v GID -p: hin th c cc k hiu m t (/, =, @) -R: recursive lit k c nhng th mc con -S: sp xp kt qu theo kch thc -t (-c): sp xp kt qu theo thi gian cp nht -u: hin th thi gian ca ln truy cp sau cng

Xem thm cc options khc: man ls

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Lnh chuyn i th mc hin hnh (cd)

C php: cd <thmc> V d:
cd /home/pnkhang/toto cd ../dtnghi/toto

Lnh in ra v tr th mc hin hnh (pwd)

V d:
pwd

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Nhm lnh to/xa th mc: mkdir, rm

C php ca lnh to th mc: mkdir <DirName>
V d: mkdir data

C php ca lnh xo th mc: rm -r <DirName>

V d: rm -r data

Lnh xo file: rm <FileName>

V d: rm data/toto

Option ca lnh rm:

-f: xa khng cn hi, v d: rm -f data/toto -r, hoc -R: xa quy (dng xa th mc)

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Lnh sao chp

C php: cp [OPTIONS] <ngun1> <ngun 2> <ch>
V d: cp data/toto data/tata

Options:
-r, hoc -R: quy (dng copy c th mc) -d: b qua cc lin kt khi s dng R -f: p buc phi lm (force) -I: hin du nhc khi ghi -p: duy tr thuc tnh file

V d:
cp log.txt log.dat cp log.txt /home/user1 cp -f log.txt /home/user1

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Di chuyn hoc i tn
C php: mv [options] <OldName> <NewName> mv [options] <Source> <Dest> mv [options] <Source> <DestDir>

Options
-f: p buc phi lm (force) -I: hin du nhc khi ghi

V d:
mv log.txt log.dat mv log.txt /home/user1 mv f log.txt /home/user1

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Lnh to lin kt: ln

C php: ln [option] <Source> <DestSym> Option -s: lin kt mm (soft link), c th <Source> v <DestSym> nm trn h thng file khc nhau Mc nh l lin kt cng, <Source> v <DestSym> phi nm trn cng h thng file

V d:
ln -s lilo.conf lilo.sym

S tham kho v kch thc ca 2 kiu lin kt l khc nhau

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Lnh to v thay i file: touch

C php: touch {options} <Files> Options -a: thay i thi gian truy cp file -m: thay i thi gian cp nht file -r: ly thuc tnh thi gian t file khc

V d:
touch test1.txt test2.txt testk.txt touch mytest.txt r /etc/fstab

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Nhm lnh tm kim: find, which, whereis v locate C php: find <Th mc> <Criteria> [-exec <CMD> {} \;]
V d: find /usr -name pgsql
Tm file pgsql bt u t th mc /usr

V d: find /home -user 501

Tm tt c cc file ca ch s hu l ngi dng c s hiu UID l 501 bt u t th mc /home

V d: find /home/user1 name log.txt exec rm {} \;

Tm tt c cc file tn log.txt bt u t th mc /home/user1 v xa cc file ny

Lnh xargs: chuyn hng ra ca chtrnh1 n hng vo chtrnh2

V d: find /home/user1 name log.txt | xargs rm
C chc nng tng t lnh trn

Cc lnh trn file v th mc

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Nhm lnh: which, whereis v locate

C php: Command <FileName> Lnh which: tm tr v ng dn y ca file t cc ng dn nh ngha trong bin PATH
V d: which xcalc

Lnh whereis: tm tr v ng dn y ca cc file t cc ng dn nh ngha trong bin PATH

V d: whereis xcalc

Lnh locate: tm tr v ng dn y ca cc file c cha chui FileName t cc ng dn nh ngha trong c s d liu /var/lib/slocate

Dng lnh updatedb cp nht c s d liu /var/lib/slocate

V d: locate xcalc

K t i din
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?: thay th bt k k t no *: 0 hay nhiu k t [abc]: a hoc b hoc c [^abc]: bt k k t no tr a, b, c [a-z]: a, b, c, ..., z [0-5]: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 [a-c3-8]: a, b, c, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ~: th mc ngi dng ~pnkhang: th mc ca ngi dng pnkhang

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To th mc tn data trong th mc user

mkdir data

i n th mc data
cd data

To th mc du_lieu trong user

mkdir ../du_lieu

To link cng n file hello.txt c tn h_link t trong th mc data

ln ../hello.txt h_link

To mt link mm n file hello.txt tn s_link t trong th mc du_lieu

ln -s ../hello.txt ../du_lieu/s_link

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To th mc tn data trong th mc th
mkdir data

Lit k ni dung th mc user

ls ../user

i n th mc data cd data To th mc tn du_lieu trong th mc th mkdir ../du_lieu To mt file tn hello.txt trong th mc th touch ../hello.txt To mt lin kt cng n file hello.txt c tn h_link