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Thank you very much for sending me your article concerning the meaning and etymology of zahr and hr. I
find your argument logical and convincing. As Iranian words, they need indeed an explanation. It is surprising that
.no one among the philologists has provided, as far as I know, an explanation or etymology
Your connecting the two words with kesara- in Sanskrit and its ultimate derivation from PIE *kaisaro- or with
*bhar- and *bhrsti- also appear cogent to me. However, one needs to find similar phonetic changes in other
.instances in order to make sure that this is not a single case

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About the etymology of zahr
The proposition that zahr may be composed of prefix uz- out and *hr hair does not seem plausible to me, since
now I think that Pers. zahr may not be related to E. hair, Ger. Haar. Moreover, this new suggestion does not
.establish the lacking link between Pers. and E./Ger. terms
.-For more information about prefix os-, uz- click here , under the entry ex
.I do not pretend that I have found the final response, I only present another track that seems promising
:Persian zahr may be related to the following Skt. term
-ikhar
erection of the hair of the body; the armpit, original meaning pointed, spiked, crested; a point, peak (of a
mountain), top or summit (of a tree), edge or point (of a sword), end. Also, in Hindu temples of Vishnu, the tower
.above the sanctum or shrine
This word comes from kh- top, point, summit; a sharp end, point, spike; a tuft or lock of hair on the crown of the
head, a crest, topknot, plume; a peacock's crest or comb; a pointed flame, probably from i- to sharpen + hara .bearing, wearing, taking, conveying, bringing from hr- to bear, take, bring, present
.In some Indo-Aryan dialects sihar (hair) to stand on end, siur cock's comb
a sharp end, spike, roasting spit, either as a ()Note that the first element kh- occurs in Pers. as six
.loanword [Dehxod] or as an independent cognate, since languages of the same family have very similar terms
As noted above, the second element hara- bearing, wearing, taking, conveying, bringing has no relation with hair,
more especially since it turns out that hair/Haar do not have any known cognates in Skt. Therefore, a link between
.ikhar- and Hair/Haar seems unlikely
might originally mean()I conculsion, if the comparison between zahr and Skt. kh- is justified, zahr
.may be a contraction of zahr()and hr,
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Sassanian Elite Cavalry

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> .I have never heard of such a thing
> .First, Iranians revered the horse and its prowess
> Second, Iranians did not believe in "breaking" the horse too much
> (i.e. too much discipline) and believed that battlefield discipline
> was to be cultivated through training that made man and horse
> practically one (a Scythian concept which may be the basis of the
> ...(Greek Centaur myth

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More about the etymology of zahr
I was checking the etymology of Pers. gun, gun "color; species; form, figure; manner," I went to Av. gaona- and
)realized that in addition to the meaning "color" it also denotes "body hair" (!). This led me to PIE *gur- "(animal
) .body hair." The genitive form of this PIE base is*guns (compare with Av.
:I looked up the derivatives in other IE languages
".Skt.: gun- "thread, string
".Mid. Irish: gaire "hair (of animals), bristles
".O.Norse: krr "curl of hair
".Latvian: gari (plural) "pubic hair
".Bulgarian: guna "fur coat," gunja "goat-hair cloak

:The PIE phoneme g sometimes remains unchanged in Av., but is transformed into z in Pers., some examples
".Pers. zi-, zistan "to live," Av. gay- "to live," gaya- "life;" PIE *gweie- "to live
".Pers. zan-, zadan "to strike," Av. gan- "to strike, hit, smite, kill;" PIE *gwhen- "to strike, kill
:More frequently, the transformation into [z] takes place already in (Young?) Av., as show the following examples
Pers. z-, zdan "to bring forth, give birth," Av. zan- "to bear, give birth to a child, be born," zta- "born;" PIE *gen "."to give birth, beget
".Pers. zar "gold," Av. zaranya- "gold;" Skt. hiranya-; O.E. gold; PIE base *ghel-/*ghol- "yellow, green
".Pers. zahr "bile, gall;" Av. zra-; O.E. galla/gealla; E. ; PIE *ghol-/*ghel- "yellow
Pers. zemestn, Mid.Pers. zam "winter;" Av. zim "winter;" Skt. him- "cold, frost;" PIE *ghiem- "winter," and many
.other examples
In conclusion, I tend to propose that the Pers. zahr, hr, and zr are all the variants of the
".same word which derives from the PIE base *gur- "(animal) body hair

.
Lubotsky

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,Dear Dr. Heydari
:Unfortunately, your etymology is very improbable. There are several reasons for that

Modern Persian z- corresponds either to Old Iranian (Avestan) j- or to OIr. z-. The former is the result of Indo-.1
Iranian palatalization of g- of gh-, the latter is the reflex of already Indo- European palatal g' or g'h. Let us look at
:your examples
".Pers. zi-, zistan "to live," Av. gay- "to live," gaya- "life;" PIE *gweie- "to live
In Avestan we find the present tense /juuaiti/ "he lives" (Skt. /jvati/)
".Pers. zan-, zadan "to strike," Av. gan- "to strike, hit, smite, kill;" PIE *gwhen- "to strike, kill
./In Avestan, the present tense of this verb is /jainti
.The other cases you adduce go back to PIE palatal stops

As you correctly indicate, "Pers. gun, gun "color; species; form, figure; manner." In fact this word comes from .2
Av. gaona- which in addition to "color" also denotes "body hair" (!)." In Avestan, /gaona-/ means 'animal hair, color
of the hair; quality' and this meaning is found in many Iranian languages, including Mod. Pers. On the other hand,
the words with -r- (Mid. Irish: gaire "hair (of animals), bristles"; O.Norse: krr "curl of hair"; Latvian: gari (plural,
."pubic hair"), even if they belong together, have no parallels in Iranian, nor in Sanskrit
:Even if we assume that zahr is related to these words, we still have insurmountable problems .3
Initial z- must go back to Iranian j- (a palatalized variant of g-, that is *ge-), but the "European" words reflect (1)
.*gouro
ou- cannot give Pers. -ah- (-ou- must give Pers. --)-*(2)
.the -h- remains unexplained, etc(3)
If we start with the formal side of Pers. zahr, it can go back either to Iranian *zathr(a)- or to *zafr(a)- (or with .4
j-). I know of only one Iranian word which suits these forms, namely Avestan /zafar/ 'mouth', /v-zafra-/ 'with open
.'snout
!Would it be possible that /kaid zahr/ refers to the mouth of the horses? Etymologically, it would be perfect
,Best regards
A. Lubotsky

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