NNG LNG IN MT TRI V NHNG PHNG PHP NNG CAO CHT LNG V HIU SUT PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY AND

METHODS INCREASING HIS QUALITIY AND EFFICIENCY

GS.TSKH. THN NGC HON i hc Dn lp Hi phng Tm tt: Theo hip c Kyoto nhn loi cn gim tc ng ln mi trng, iu dn ti yu cu s dng nng lng sch. Nng lng in mt tri l loi nng lng ti sinh c nhiu u im: d dng l p t ti mi cc ngi nh cao tng, t tc ng ti mi trng, d tr l mt ngun v tn. Bi bo ny gii thiu v nng lng in mt tri v cc bin php nng cao cht lng v hi u sut ca n. Abstract: Under the Kyoto treaty there has been a growing awarenness of the society regarding environmental inpacts resulting from the widespread utilization of energy source derived from petroleum. Besides, the shortage of fossil fuels has led to an increasing interest in alternative ways for solving the problem of growing global energy demand, where solutions ecologically correct are highly desired. Phorovoltaic energy has the advantage of being one of of the primary sources that produces less pollution. The article presents the photovoltaic energy and methods increasing his quality and efficiency. 1.M u. Hi p c Kyoto [2] yu cu gim tc ng ln mi trng, iu t ra vi th gii cn s dng nng lng sch, hn ch s dng nng lng t nhin liu. Hin tng cn kit nng lng c ngun gc t khong sn y cc nh KH phi nghin cu cc loi nng lng mi nhm p ng v s dng nng lng ca loi ngi. Nng lng in mt tri c nhiu u im: d dng l p t ti mi cc ngi nh cao tng, t tc ng ti mi trng, d tr l mt ngun v tn. Vic s dng nng lng in mt tri ngy cng pht trin. Theo thng k ca T chc Nng lng in mt tri Quc t, ti hng nm ca nng lng in mt tri tng khong 42%. Cn c tng 75% trong nm 2005 vi hn 600MWp ca dung lng lp t[2].H thng nng lng mt tri c s dng ch yu di 2 dng: - H thng nng lng in mt tri ni trc tip vi li in quc gia. H thng lai ny khng cn b phn tch tr nng lng, n cung cp in nng c to ra trc tip cho li in v c xem nh l mt ngun in b xung cho li in quc gia. - H thng li in c lp phi s dng h thng tch nng lng, thng l cc nhm c qui. loi h thng ny ti ch c cung cp nng lng t ngun in mt tri. H thng c u im v mt sinh thi v v kinh t, to ra nng lng in xoay chiu cho cc khu dn c ho lnh cch xa li in quc gia. V cng sut c to ra gn vi im s dng nn tn hao truyn v phn phi gim, do gi thnh cho s truyn ti v pht tri n mng truyn ti gim kh nhiu.Tuy nhin trong h thng ny c qui l phn t c gi t nht ca ton h thng, chim khong 15% gi thnh l p t h thng hoc c th chim ti 46% nu tnh gi thnh khai thc bo tr. 2. Cu trc chnh ca li in mt tri Tng qut, cu trc chun ca li in mt tri c cng sut cc i gi l li in mt tri c iu kin PV PCS(Photovoltaic Power Conditioning System) gm: loi khng cch li gm mt module in mt tri PV(Photovoltaic), mt b bi n i(converter) DC/DC v mt b bi n i DC/AC, cn mng cch li c thm bi n p. H thng khng cch li do khng c bin p nn hi u sut cao hn; cn loi cch li c bin p, hiu sut thp hn. Trn hnh 1 biu din mt li in khng cch li cha b bin i DC/DC khng cch li iu chnh b ngc lu in p li n kt DC v ngc lu DC/AC ni vi li xoay chiu. Hnh 2 l b bin i khng cch li, y chnh l b ngt mch song song DC/DC dng cho li in PV PCS. S loi ny r tin v n gin trong s dng, nhng khi in p cc i ca pin ln hn 900V th lc ny in p ti ca b ngt

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mch cng sut c gi tr nh nht cng phi trn 1200V. iu ny gy kh khn cho l a chn cc thnh phn ca b ngt cng sut v kh khn thit k cun cn ca b ngt mch song song. Cn c vo cu to li in ngi ta chia ra lm: - Li mt pha c kch thc nh khong 5-6KWp. h thng ny cng sut xoay chi u b dao ng nn cn cc t in ln tch ly nng lng v gi m dao ng cng sut. Cc t in ny phi thc hin ng tc phng np ca c qui vi thi gian ln do tui th ca chng gim nn gi thnh ca h thng tng.

Inverter DC/DC khng cch li

B bin i

in
MT

DC/AC

SINE

Li in

PV cell

DC link

H. 1 S ngun in mt tri ni vi li quc gia

H.2 B ngt mch DC song song khng cch li.

- Li in 3 pha c cng sut AC khng i li ra, c ni trc tip vi li quc gia khng cn thit t in ln nn gi thnh h, tui th ca h thng tng v cng sut ra ca h thng cng ln c th t 10-15KWp trong trng hp s dng trn mi nh. 3. M hnh pin in mt tri [1]. Mt tm pin mt tri PV (Photovoltaic cell) gm cc lp bn dn chu tc dng ca quang hc bin i cc nng lng ph tn bc x mt tri thnh in nng.Theo quan im nng lng in t, th pin mt tri c th c coi nh nhng ngun dng biu din mi quan h phi tuyn I(V) nh trn hnh 3a, cn s tng ng trn h.3b. Hiu sut ca tm pin mt tri s ln nht khi pin mt tri cung cp cho ta cng sut cc i.Theo c tnh phi tuyn trn hnh 3a th n s xy ra khi P(V) l cc i tc l P(V)=Pmax ti im (Imax.Vmax) c gi l im cc i MPP(Maximum Point Power) . H bm im cng sut cc i MPPT(Maximum Point Power Tracking) c s dng m bo rng pin mt tri s lun lun lm vi c im MPP bt chp ti c ni vo pin. 10
100

I RS
Dng in
r 5 I SC r I max

50

Cng sut

Iph

Rp

b)

10

15
a)

20

25

Hinh 3. c tnh pin mt tri (a) v s tng ng ca pin mt tr i(b)

4. Cc phng php nng cao cht lng v hiu sut ngun in mt tri T cu to ca li in mt tri ta thy tng hiu sut v cht lng ca h thng in mt tri cn thc hin nghng ni dung sau: 4.1.iu khin bm im cng sut cc i V rng ngun nng lng in mt tri c quan h phi tuyn gia V-I, cng sut ra ca n ph thuc ch yu vo cc ti. Do khi ti ni trc tip vo PV lm hi u sut h thng gim. V rng gi mt tm pin mt tri cn t nn vic tng hiu sut pht in ca pin, ko di tui th ca n tr thnh vn ch yu. Cng sut sinh ra do tm PV ph thuc vo bc x mt tri v nhit v th tng hiu sut ca pin mt tri cn c h thng iu khin PV bm im cng sut cc i MPP nhm tm s hot ng ti u v in p ca tm PV tng hiu sut ca PV. Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 18 6/2009 74

 t c iu ny ta phi c mt thut gii thay i di theo im cng sut cc i ca tm PV. C rt nhiu k thut thc hin pin mt tri bm im cc i . Nhng k thut ny c th phn thnh 2 nhm chnh: K thut tm ki m v k thut t m kim da trn m hnh. K thut tm kim d thc hin nhng i hi mt s bc ln mi hi t c im MPP[1] trong khi s hi t rt nhanh im MPP vi k thut tm ki m da trn m hnh. K thut ny i hi phi bit chnh xc cc thng s ca pin mt tri v cc s o c nhit v bc x mt tri. K thut tm ki m c th gi gn trong 3 bc sau:1.Lm nhi u lon PV, 2.Quan st p ng ca pin, 3.Thc hin thay i ni cc tm pin thch hp. Nhm phng php ny khng s dng cc thng s ca pin, tnh ton t nhng cn cc cm bin o in p v dng in ca pin. Nhc im c bn ca phng php l cn mt s lng ln ng tc lp tm im MPP. Loi th 2 l tm kim da trn m hnh. phng php ny phi thc hin: hoc m hnh my pht, m hnh hoc ti t c s bm nhanh im MPP. Phng php c thi gian tm im MPP nh nht nhng cn mt my tnh c CPU vi nhy cao v cc cm bin o bc x mt tri . Nhi m v c bn y l xy dng cc thut ton tm kim v bm im cng sut cc i ca pin. c nhiu cng trnh cng b cc thut gii tm v bm im MPP, tuy nhi n phn ln cc thut gii ch ph hp vi iu kin l tng v n cng khng t c s bm chnh xc im cc i cng sut trong iu kin mt phn b bng che khut. Nu mt phn ca ma trn tm PV b cc ta nh, bng cy che khut th vic tm cc im MPP rt kh khn. Nu module vi nhng dng ti u khc nhau gy nn bi nhng vng cch li bt thng c mc ni tipsong song th im cng sut cc i a phng (MPPs) thng xut hin c tnh von-cng sut. iu ny dn n thc t l, dng ti u ca mi module PV gn nh t l vi phn cch li t ln n. Trong iu kin ny, th mt b iu chnh bm im MPPT thng thng c dng bm im cc i a phng. Tuy nhin vi c to nng lng s b gim v hiu sut c h PV s nh i. C hng lot nghin cu nhm thc hin thut gii tm MPP[1], tuy nhin phn ln cc thut gii u lin quan ti tnh ton di dng, trc tuyn gi d liu hoc phi dng mt s phc tp. 4.2.Xy dng cc b bin i c hiu xut cao 4.2.1 Cc loi b bin i dng cho li in mt tri. B bin i c th c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: ngun in p (VSI) v ngun dng in (CSI). Gn y xut hin loi bin i ngun Z kt hp gia 2 loi ny[6]. Mt b VSI vi im ni zero cn mt b lin kt dng mt chiu DC 650V cp in cho li in 3 pha 400V, khi t in kt ni dng mt chiu cn c c bin in p ln hn bin in p pha. Trong thit k thc t, khu kt ni dng mt chi u thng c in p 700-750V do c khong 10% sai s ca li v d tr iu khin. L do im trung tnh cn c ni vo khu kt ni DC chnh l ti thiu ha in p chung cc module PV. Mt CSI ni vi module PV cn in p lm vic cao hn ti MPP do dung sai ca nh sn xut module. Mt im MPP c in p cao nh vy c th thc hin c. Cn b xung mt b ngt mch dng mt chiu ni tip (BC), c th lm vic vi MPP in p thp (hnh 4).

~ ~

~ ~

H. 4. S mch VSI+BC dng MOS pin PV

H. 5. S mch CSI dng MOS cho pin mt tri

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Mt CSI (hnh 5) c th thay cho cu trc VSI+BC do tnh nhy bc in p ca module. B CSI ni trc tip vi module PV l c trng ca tng bin i cng sut cp in cho li in v cho MPPT. Mun c h s cng sut ca CSI bng 1, th gi tr in p ca MPP c gii hn trn khong 400V. in p ny c ly t in p dy chnh lu thp nht tr i dung sai ca li. Khi thc hin so snh vi cu trc c bn ca 2 b bin i loi trn, thy thy rng mt b VSI+BC c xy dng bng IGBT c tnh cht tt hn khi lm vic vng cng sut trung bnh vi pin nhin li u[5], nhng tnh cht ny li khng c c khi lm vic vng cng sut thp vi PV. V d mt b CSI rt ph hp khi s dng MOSFET nh cc diod mc ni tip cung cp mt in p d tr khng cho dng in chy t li vo cc iod. Mt b VSI dng diod ngoi cn mt diod mc ni tip nh m t h.4. Do c 2 tng bin i v gi thnh VSI+BC ln nn ngi ta dng CSI. Gn y CSI c bit nh l ngun cng sut ln v c s dng cho mt h thng pin nhin liu c cng sut c KW. Ngi ta ngh ti thit k , s dng b bin nguc 200W cho PV. loi tr nhng nhc im ca h thng PV khng cch li, m s dng b bin i DC/DC(h.2).ngi ta xut mt s b bin i DC/DC mi. S mi ny mc ni tip 4 cu diot DC/DC i xng cch li hon ton. c bit, i n p vo PV c ni vi anod ca cu chnh lu DC/DC diod. By gi in p kt ni mt chiu(in p vo ca b bin i ) biu din bng: VDC = VC + VPH (1) trong VDC l in p ra, VC l in p ra ca b bin i, VPH l in p ca t bo pin mt tri.u im ca h thng mi nh sau: - C hi u sut s dng cao vi phm vi ti rng. - T s in p cng sut ng m thp(do mc ni tip) - Cng sut b bin i DC/DC ch cn mt phn 3 cng sut so vi b bin i DC/DC c in. B bin i ny cho php tng hiu sut trong phm vi ton ti v c xc nh nh sau[4]: C = (PB + PC . dc/dc) (2)

Trong C l hi u sut b bin i mi, PB l phn trm cng sut tn hao, PC-l phn trm cng sut ca b bin i, dc/dc l hiu sut ca cu chnh lu DC/DC i xng. 4.2.2 Pht trin cc modun 3 pha tch hp cng b bin i Nhm tng hiu sut v cht lng h thng nng lng pin mt tri ngi ta thc hi n tch hp b bin i vo module PV t o mt h thng c dng AC ra, c mt s u im. C th nh sau: - D lp t qua h thng thit k mm pin mt tri - H thng PV lm vic song song khi b bin i c s c - Khng c tn hao ca cc module b che khut hoc chng ln nhau nhng gc nht nh do c cc im MPP n l. - Khng c cp DC - C kh nng sn xut vi khi lng ln cht lng cao do s dng cu trc chun. Vic tch hp cc b bin i (MICs), tuy c nhiu l i ch, nhng trc y tch hp b bin ngc MICs ch yu da trn cc loi module PV ang tn ti v dng cho h thng mt pha cng sut nh nn tin cy km, gi thnh cao v hiu sut thit thp. khc phc nhc im trn y, th vic tch hp b bin ngc PV c thc hin vi loi 3 pha dng module c in p ln. Bng cch ni vi li 3 pha, cng sut chy li n tc t module ti li, vic tch l y nng lng mt chiu l khng cn thit, khng cn dng t in l phn t gy gim tui th nhiu nht. Mt khc do s dng module c in p cao(>200V), c th cp trc tip cho li in m khng cn bin p, iu va gim gi thnh v tn hao. t c module c in p cao, cc nh nghin cu s dng cc tm mng dng phim. Vic ni tip cc module ny c th t c in p vi trm volt. 4.2.3.Khng s dng bin p.[4]

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Vi l do an ton, phn ln cc b PV thng ni cng cch i n hn l ni vi b bin i DC-DC dng bin p tn s cao, hoc khi in p li ra l AC th dng bi n p ln, tn s thp. Do c 2 kiu lp rp u tng gi thnh v kch thc l m cho hi u sut h thng b gim. Mt h thng khng c bin p cch li, ch c b bin ngc hiu sut cao, kch thc v trng lng nh gi thnh h c p dng rng ri. Vi c khng s dng bin p c nhiu u im tuy nhin li lm cho tm PV l m vi c khng an ton do c dng chy qua t v t k sinh nh h.7

DC+

DC AC DC-

Li in quc gia

Hnh 7 Mch PV khng c bin p cha cc t k sinh

Cc cc ca PV c nh du DC+ v DC- xc nh in th cc cc so vi t. in p dao ng gia DC+ v DC- gy nn dng in d chy t cc ca tm ti t. Gi tr ca dng ny ph thuc vo bin v tn s ca in p dao ng cng nh gi tr ca t k sinh. Gi tr t k sinh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Cu trc tm PV, khung cu trc, mt t bo pin, khong cch gia cc t bo, iu kin thi tit, my, khi, bi ph b mt v loi b lc. Ngi ta thc hi n th nghim 3 s ni PV vi cc b bin i khng bin p gm: - B bin i ngun p c in DC/AC(3FB) - B bin i cu 3 pha ngun p vi cc t phn li(3FB-3C) - B bin i a mc 3 pha c im 0 (3xNPC) [3] T kt qu th nghim rt ra kt lun: - 2 b bin i 3FB-SC v 3xNPC do dy trung tnh ni vi i m gia ca 2 tm pin to nn 2 t in vo v dao ng in p 2 t in. B bin i 3xNPC cn gp i s l ng van cng sut iu khin v 6 diod ngoi so vi 2 s kia. Nhng s ny cc van cng sut ch cn mt na i n p nh mc so vi i n p nh mc ca cc van s kia. Do khng ni i m 0 nn khng tn ti sng bc 3, bi n dng dng ra s 3FB rt nh. Vi 3FB-SC v im gi a ca t i n c ni vi i m gi a ca h thng, nn sng bc 3 v bi s ca chng khng b loi tr lm cho bin dng dng in ra l n cn gi tr b lc ln so vi trng hp 3FB. Vi trng hp 3FB, mt s sng hi do ng ngt c i n p nhng trong trng hp cch li gia DC v AC nhng sng ny khng xut hin dng ra. Vi s 3 x NPC do c nhi u mc in p ra nn c rt t sng hi. Vn dng d chy qua cc t in k sinh. T kt qu thc nghim thy rng s 3FB khng ph hp cho trng hp khng dng bin p v vy an ton cho hot ng v ph hp vi cc thit b chun, cn thc hin ni cch i n cng thit b ny. Hai b bin i cn li ph hp cho l i khng c bi n p. Vi b 3xNPC s to ra mt module r tin dng cho 3 li ra DC, mi mt DC l mt mng PV, cn loi 3FB-SC cng l mt phng n gi r dng cho PV, do ch c 6 van so vi 12 ca 3xNPC nh ng kch thc ca b l c li ln. 4.2.4. Cng ngh mi to h thng li in mt tri [4]

B lc

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Cng ngh mi nht ca h thng li PV mini gi l 'AC-PV module' c nhi u u im so vi h thng PV thng thng. Mt AC-PV module gm mt module n PV, mt b bin i 1 pha in t n ni li thnh mt thit b in. Tuy nhi n cng ngh module AC cn ang pht tri n gi thnh cn kh cao so vi ngun nng lng c in. Qua phn tch trn y, nng cao hiu sut ca li in mt tri cn pht trin b bi n i vi cu trc n gin dng cc chi tit c gi r. T phn tch trn th mt s bin i mt mc l mt li gii c sc thu ht hn v nhng s ny c hiu sut cao, cu trc n gin, tin cy cao gi thnh r do. Lc ny li in s bao gm b bin i DC-AC, mch iu khin v khuych i dng in, in p, mch iu khin MPPT, v v tr lp t. Nu dng li in a mc vi nhiu b bin i, cn phi tch cc nhim v trn y trong tng bin i n, cc b bi n i s c thit k k cng sao cho tt c cc yu cu trn u tha mn. Tuy nhin b bin i mt bc li c nhiu nhc im, trc ht l s dao ng cng sut. Do cng sut c to bi 1 pha lm cho cho module in p v dng in PV dao ng dn ti dao ng cng sut. gim dao ng cng sut li cn mt n v tch ly gia PV module v b bin i. n v ny gi vai tr kho m nng lng gia PV v b bin i m nhim v chnh ca n l phng cng sut gia PV module dng ra. Nh vy in p li ra ca PV module s khng cn dao ng v PV module c th hot ng khp kn ti im MPP. 4.3. Kt hp phong in v in mt tri [3] Mt hng tng hiu sut v cht lng ca h thng in mt tri vi s pht trin sinh thi v kinh t l s li n kt gia PV v phong in m ngun tch ly c qui c nhiu ngi quan tm khi iu kin a phng c gi ln v bc x mt tri cao. i vi cc trm n, gi thnh cc thit b tch nng lng cao nn v mt kinh t b hn ch. Kt hp gi vi PV s l m gi m yu cu tch ly v v vy n s gim c gi thnh ca h thng. V rng bc x mt tri lc c lc khng v tc gi c nh hng ln ti vic to nng lng, v th nhim v chnh ca thit k h thng PV v my pht gi (Wind generator-WG) l cp mt cch tin cy nng lng cho h tiu th theo iu kin thay i ca khng kh vi gi thnh chung ca h thng thp, tip theo l vi c la chn s lng cc module PV/WGs v t in. Lp rp c th chng sao cho vic cung cp nng lng khng c gin on v phi t c gi thnh nh. Phng php tnh ti u t hp c qui v h thng lai PV-gi c trnh by trong [3], da trn s pht trin tnh ca cc kh nng nng lng, tc l tuyc bin gi sn sinh ra cng sut cng ging nh cc pin PV to ta cng sut c coi nh gi tr khng i ng vi mt thi hn ngn nht nh. Gn y ngi ta cng da trn c s pht tri n ng ca gi v nng lng mt tri trn m hnh thng k ca tc gi v bc x mt tri ti v tr sn xut. S pht trin ng ca th nng to nng lng ca v tr t cho php ta xy dng mt th tc ti u mi c tnh mm do hn c nhiu kh nng thc hin ti u hn. 4.4 Ci tin c qui Hi n nay c qui s dng ch yu l c qui ch, tuy mhin c qui ch c nhiu nhc im cn nghin cu ci tin gi m gi thnh, tng tui th ca cc c qui 4.5 Ci tin cc Solar cell to ngun pht in c hi u sut cao ca PV th nhim v chnh l phi to ra nhng cell PV c kh nng to in ln, gi thnh r. Hin nay ang s dng cc lai pin mt tri sau: 1. Cc PV module dng a tinh th (Photovoltaic module with multi-crystalline solar cells). 2 Module dng fim mng (Thin film). Hai module trn y ang dng rng ri, tuy nhin kh nng pht in ca cc module ny cn cha cao. Trong tng lai ngi ta ang ch i loi module PV mi ra i, l Solar nano cell. Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 18 6/2009 78

Hy vng rng s xut hin ca Solar nano cell th kh nng pht in ca PV s c bc nhy ln. 5. Kt lun in mt tri l mt ngun nng lng sch c d tr ln, ang l mc tiu nghin cu ca nhiu quc gia nhm mc ch nng cao cht lng in, gim gi thnh v c th a vo s dng ngy cng nhiu thay th c mgun nng lng c in va c nguy c cn kit, va nhim mi trng. Vi tc nghi n cu nh hin nay mt ngy khng xa nhng hy vng ca loi ngi v mt ngun nng lng sch nhiu v r s c thnh s tht. TI LIU THAM KHO: [1]. Monti A.Vitorino, Lucas V.Hartman, Antonio M.N.Lima and Mauricio B.R.Cora. Using the model of the solar cell for determining the maximum power point of photovoltaic systems. EPE 2007 [2]. Johninson Imhoff, Guilherme Franciao Rodrigues, Jose Renes Pinherio, Helio Leaes Hey A stand -Alone photovoltaic systems Based on DC-DC converters in Multi string configuration. EPE 2007 [3]. Rachid Belfkira, Omessad Hajji, Cristian Nichita and others Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid wind/PV system with battery storage . EPE 2007 [4]. T. Kerekes and others Evaluation of three -phase Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverter Topologies. EPE 2007 [5]. M.Mohr,F.W.Fruchs. Comporisation of three phase current source Inverters and voltage source inverters linked with DC to DC boost converters for fuel cell generation system, EPE 2005 [6]. Jong-PIl Lee and others A new Topology for PV DC/DC converter with High Efficiency Under Wide load Range . EPE 2007 Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS. Phm Ngc Tip

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