VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1.Define SAMA. Spread Aloha Multiple Access is a combination of CDMA and TDMA. The CDMA better suits for connection oriented services only and not for connection less bursty data traffic because it requires to program both sender and receiver to access different users with different codes. 2.Define CDMA. Code Division Multiple Access systems use codes with certain characteristics to separate different users. To enable access to the shared medium without interference. The users use the same frequency and time to transmit data. The main problem is to find good codes and to separate this signal from noise. The good code can be found the following 2 characteristic 1.Orthogonal. 2.AutoCorrelation. 3.What are the several versions in CSMA? There are several versions in CSMA, they are as follows a) non-persistent CSMA b) p-persistent CSMA c) 1-persistent CSMA 4.What is meant by non-persistent CSMA? In, non-persistent CSMA, stations sense the carrier and start sending immediately if the medium is idle., if the medium is busy, the station pauses a random amount of time before sensing the medium again and repeating this pattern. 5. What is meant by p-persistent CSMA? In p-persistent CSMA system nodes also sense the medium, but only transmit with a probability of p. With the station deferring to the next slot with the probability 1-p, i.e. access is slotted in addition. 6. What is SDMA? Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating separated spaces to users in wireless networks. The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by cells and sectorized antennas which constitute the infrastructure implementing space division multiplexing (SDM)

7. What is FDD? In FDMA, the base station and the mobile station establish a duplex channel. The two directions, mobile station to base station and vice versa are separated using different frequencies. This Scheme is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 8.What are the 2 sub layers in DLC? Logical Link Control(LLC) Media Access Control(MAC) 9) What is EY-NMPA? Elimination yield Non Pre-emptive Multiple Access (EY-NMPA) is a scheme which uses several phases to sense the medium. Access the medium and for contention resolution... Priority schemes can also be included. This is actually used in HIPERLAN1 specification. 10) What do you mean by Polling? Polling is a strictly centralized scheme with one master and several slave stations. The master can collect the list of stations during the contention phase and can poll these slaves according to many schemes like round robin, random access, reservation scheme etc. 11) What are the four types of handover available in GSM? 1. Intra cell Handover 2.Inter cell Intra BSC Handover 3.Inter BSC Intra MSC handover 4.Inter MSC Handover 12) what is TETRA? TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) systems use different radio carrier frequencies, but they assign a specific carrier frequencies for a short period of time according to demand. TETRAs are highly reliable and extremely cheap. 13) What are the categories of Mobile services? Bearer services Tele services Supplementary services 14) what are the services provided by supplementary services? User identification Call redirection Call forwarding

 Closed user groups Multiparty Communication 15) What are types of Handover? Intra-cell handover Inter-cell ,intra- BSC handover Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover Inter MSC handover 16.What is meant by GPRS? The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applications that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes. 17) What are subsystems in GSM system? Radio subsystem (RSS) Network & Switching subsystem(NSS) Operation subsystem(OSS) 18)What are the information in SIM? card type, serial no, list of subscribed services Personal Identity Number (PIN) Pin Unlocking Key (PUK) An Authentication Key (KI) 19)Define Normal Burst? The frame used for normal data transmission within a time slot is called Normal Burst. 20) What are the logical channels in GSM? Traffic channel (TCH) Control channel (CCH) 22) What is the function of Medium Access Control Layer? The function of Medium Access Control Layer is responsible for establishes, maintains, and releases channels for higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels. 23) What is meant by GEO? GEO means Geostationary or Geosynchronous earth orbit. GEO satellites have a distance of almost 36000 km to the earth. Examples are almost all TV and radio broadcast satellites, many weather satellites and satellites operating as backbone for the telephone network.

24) What are the advantages of GEO? Three GEO satellites are enough for a complete coverage of almost any spot on earth, senders and receivers can use fixed antennas positions, and no adjusting is needed. Therefore GEOs are ideal for T.V and radio broadcasting 25)What is Handover? The satellite is the base station in satellite communication systems and that it self is moving. So, additional instance of handover are necessary due to the movement of the satellite 1.Intra Satellite handover: 2.Inter Satellite handover. 3. Gateway handover. 4. Inter System handover. 26) What are the registers maintained by the gateway of satellite? 1. Home Location Register (HLR). 2. Visitor Location Register (VLR). 3. Satellite User Mapping Register (SUMR). 27) Advantages of MEO Using Orbits around 10,000Km, the system only requires a dozen satellites which is more than the GEO system, but much less than a LEO system. Further more these satellites move slower relative to the earths rotation allowing a simpler system design. Depending on the inclination a MEO can cover larger populations, thus requiring lesshandovers. 28) Applications of Satellite? Satellites can be used in the Following Areas Weather Forecasting Radio and TV broadcast Satellites Military Satellites Satellites for Navigation 29) what are the applications in satellites? Weather forecasting satellites Radio & TV broadcast satellites Military satellites Satellites for navigation Mobile communication

30) what are the advantages of LEO? Data rate is 2400 bit/s Packet delay is relatively low Smaller footprints of LEO allows frequency reuse Provide high elevations 31) Define the inclination angle and perigee. The inclination angle is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the plane described by the satellite orbit. An inclination angle of 0 degrees means that the satellite is exactly above the equator. If the satellite does not have a circular orbit, the closest point to the earth is called the perigee. 32) Define the elevation angle and footprint. The elevation angle is defined as the angle between the centre of satellite beam and the plane tangential to the earths surface. The foot-print can be defined as the area on earth where the signals of the satellite can be received. 33) Define Header core. Seven bytes field contains the sizes of the header and the body, the content type of the object. Depending on this header information, the receiver may decide if it has enough resources(memory, cpu, power, display etc) available to decode and further process the object. 34) What is MSC? Main Service Channel(MSC) carries all user data. eg. Audio, multimedia data. 35) What is FIC? The Fast Information Channel(FIC) contains Fast Information Block(FIB) with 256bits each(16 bit checksum). An FIC carries all control information which is required for interpreting the configuration and content of the MSC. 36) What are the different types of disk? A flat disks Skewed disks Multi disks 37) What are the goals of DVB? The goal of DVB is to introduce digital TV broadcasting using satellite transmission (DVB-5) cable technology (DVB-c) and terrestrial transmission (DVB-7).

38) Name some of the formats supported by MOT?. Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding experts Join photographs experts group(JPEG) American standard code for information interchange(ASCII) Moving pictures expert group(MPEG) Hypertext markup language(HTML) Hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) Bitmap(BMP) Graphics interchange format(GIF) 39) Give structure MOT object. 7bytes variable size variable size Header core Header Extension Body Header core : contain the size of the header and body and the content type of the object. Header Extension : contains additional object handling data such as repetition distance to support caching, segmentation information and priority of the data. Body : contains arbitrary data to be transmitted. 40)What are different interleaving and repetition schemes applied by DAB to objects and segments? 1.Object Repetition. 2.Interleaved Objects. 3.Segment repetition. 4.Header repetition. 41) What are the advantages of DAB? 1.DAB can offer sound in CD like quality. 2.DAB can use single frequency network where all senders transmitting the same radio program can operate at the same frequency. 3.DAB use VHF and UHF frequency bands. 4.DAB uses DQPSK modulation scheme. 5.DAB user COFDM and FEC. group(MHEG)

6.DAB can transmit up to six stereo audio programmes with a data rate of 192kbit/s each. 42) What is object repetition? DAB can repeat objects several times. If an object A consists of four segments (A1, A2, A3, A4) a single repetition pattern would be A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4.. 43) What is EIT? Event Information Table (EIT) contains status information about the current transmission and some additional information for set-top boxes. 44) What are the service information sent by DVB? Digital Video Broadcast Containers are basically MPEG-2 frames. DVB sends service information. This information is, 1.Network information table(NIT). 2.Service Description Table(SDT). 3.Event Information Table(EIT). 4.Time and Date Table(TDT) 45) What are the advantages of DVB? 1. Data rates planned for users are 6-38mbit/s for the downlink and 33-100kbit/s for the uplink. 2. Transmitted along with TV programmes and doesnt require additional lines or hardware per customer. 3. Can be used in remote areas and developing countries where there is no high band width wired network. 46) what is meant by beacon? A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used for power management and roaming. e.g., identification of the base station subsystem (BSS) 47) What is Active scanning? Active scanning comprises sending a probe on each channel and waiting for response. Beacon and Probe response contain the information necessary to join the new BSS. 48) What is Passive Scanning? Passive Scanning Simply means listening into the medium to find other networks, i.e. receiving the beacon of another network issued by the synchronization function within an access point

49) what is the primary goal of IEE 802.11? The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple, robust, WLAN which offers time bounded and asynchronous services also it should be able to operate with multiple physical layers. 50) what is meant by SIFS? SIFS means Short Inter Frame Spacing. The shortest waiting time defined for short control message such as acknowledgements or polling response. 51) What are Advantages of wireless LAN? Flexibility, Planning, Design, Robustness, Quality Service, Cost, Proprietary Solution, Restriction, Safety and Security 52) What are Design Goals of Wireless LAN? Global Operation Low Power License-free Operation Robust transmission technology Simplified spontaneous co-operation Easy to use protection of investment Safety and Security Transparency for application 53)What are the three Low Power States provided by Bluetooth? PARK state HOLD state SNIFF state

54)What is SCO? SCO-stands for Synchronous Connection Oriented Link Standard telephone (voice) connection require symmetrical, circuit-switched, point-to-point connections. For this type of link, the master reserves two consecutive slots at fixed intervals. 55) What are the three phases in EY-NPMA? i. Prioritization: Determine the highest priority of a data packet ready to be sent on competing nodes. ii. Contention: Eliminate all but one of the contenders, if more than one sender hasthe highest current priority. iii. Transmission: Finally, transmit the packet of the remaining node. 56) What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared? Advantages: i. Simple and extremely cheap senders and receivers which integrated in almost all mobile devices ii. No licenses are needed for infrared technology and shielding is very simple. iii. Electrical devices do not interfere with infrared transmission. Disadvantages: i. Low bandwidth ii. Quite easily shielded iii. Cannot Penetrate 57) What are the system integration functions of MAC management? Synchronization Power management Roaming Management information base (MIB) 58) What do you meant by roaming?. Moving between access point is called roaming. Even wireless networks may require more than one access point to cover all rooms. In order to provide uninterrupted service, we require roaming when the user moves from one access point to another.

59) What is mobile routing? Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route the traffic through the network to the access point currently responsible for the wireless terminal. Each time a user moves to a new access point, the system must reroute traffic. This is known as mobile routing. 60) What are the functions which support service and connection control? >Access point control function >Call control and connection control function >Network security agent >Service control function >Mobility management function