1

)1 :

( )


)2 :

Types of Rail System

Regional rail and rapid transit, the most common types of rail system,
has reasonably high speeds and high axle loadings.
Light rail systems are designed for lower speeds and loadings and
often have simplified specifications.
High-speed rail is a rail system designed to withstand high speed
trains.
Monorails are sometimes used instead of light rail systems for
commuter transport, etc.
Maglev is a recent development with as yet only one real
implementation.
Cog railways are used to cross steep slopes on mountain railways.

Types of Rail System

Types of Rail System (Mono Rail)

Types of Rail System (Mono Rail)

Types of Rail system (LRT)

Types of Rail system (High Speed)

Trains
A train can consist of a combination of a
locomotive and attached railroad cars,
or a self-propelled multiple unit (or
occasionally a single powered coach, called
a railcar).
Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled
by a cable, or run downhill by gravity.
10

Trains
Special kinds of trains running on corresponding
special 'railways' are
Atmospheric railways,
Monorails,
High speed railways,
Dinky trains
Maglev,
Rubber tired underground
Funicular,
Cog railways
11

Passenger Trains
A passenger train may consist of one or several
locomotives, and one or more coaches.
Alternatively, a train may consist entirely of
passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which
are powered as a "multiple unit".
In many parts of the world, particularly Japan and
Europe, high-speed rail is utilized extensively for
passenger travel.
12

Freight Trains
Freight trains comprise wagons or trucks
rather than carriages,
though some parcel and mail trains
(especially Traveling Post Offices) are
outwardly more like passenger trains.

13

Freight Trains

14

Locomotives
Classification by motive power
Classification by use

15

Locomotives
Classification by motive power

1 Steam
2 Diesel-Mechanical
3 Diesel-Electric
4 Diesel-Hydraulic
5 Gas Turbine
6 Electric
7 Electro-Diesel
8 Magnetic Levitation
16

Locomotives (steam)

Geared Steam Locomotive

Articulated Locomotive
Duplex Locomotive
Steam Turbine Locomotive
Steam Engine
Steam Dummy
17

Locomotives (steam)

18

Locomotives (Diesel Electric)

19

Locomotives (Gas Turbine)

20

Locomotives (Electric)

21

Locomotives (Magnetic Levitation)

22

Locomotives (Classification by use)

The three main categories of locomotives are often
subdivided in their usage in rail transport
operations.
There are passenger locomotives, freight
locomotives and switcher (or shunting)
locomotives.
These
categories
mainly
depend
on
maneuverability, traction power and speed.
Some locomotives are designed to work in
mountain railways.
23

Locomotives (switcher)

24

Locomotives (Cog)

25

Locomotives (Cog)

26

Locomotives (shuntter)

27

Railcars

Passenger cars
Freight cars
Non-Revenue cars
Military cars

28

Passenger cars

Heavyweight vs. lightweight

Single level vs. double level
Baggage
Coach
Combine
Diner
Dome
Lounge
Observation
Pullman
RPO
Sleeper
29

Passenger cars (sleeper)

30

Passenger cars (baggage)

1

31

Passenger cars (combine)

32

Passenger car (coach)

33

Passenger cars (dome)

34

Passenger cars (pull man)

35

Passenger cars (observation)

36

Passenger cars (bi-level)

37

Passenger cars (diner)

38

Freight cars
Auto-racks (also called auto carriers)
specialized multi-level cars designed for
transportation of un-laden automobiles

39

Freight cars
Boxcars (or vans) - box shape with roof and
side or end doors

40

Freight cars
Refrigerator cars (or, colloquially, Reefers),
a refrigerated subtype of boxcar

41

Freight cars
Flatcars (or flat) for larger loads that don't load
easily into a boxcar. Specialized types such as the
depressed-center flatcar exist for truly outsize
items or the Schnabel car for even larger and
heavier loads. With the advent of containerized
freight, special types of flatcar were built to carry
standard shipping containers and semi-trailers.
Some allow containers to be stacked two high
(double stacked).
42

Flat-cars

43

Freight cars
Gondolas with an open top but enclosed
sides and end, for bulk commodities and
other goods that might slide off

44

Freight cars
Hopper cars, a gondola (rail) with bottom
dump doors for easy unloading of things
like coal, ore, grain, cement and the like.
Two varieties; open top, and closed top.

45

Freight cars
Tank cars for the carriage of liquids

46

Freight cars
Slate wagons - specialized freight-cars used
to transport slate

47

Freight Cars
Stock cars for the transport of livestock

48

Freight cars
Well cars - specialized cars designed for
carrying shipping containers. The
These have a very low bottom floor to allow
double stacking, and articulated 3- and 5-car
sets are common.

49

Freight car (well cars)

50

Maintenance of way

Ballast cleaner
Ballast gondolas and hoppers
Ballast regulator
Clearance car
Crane
Crew car
Ditcher
Dynamometer car
Flanger
Handcar
Hi-Rail truck
51

Maintenance of way

Inspection locomotive (obsolete, replaced by speeders and hi-rail trucks)

Pile driver
Rail grinder
Rotary snowplow
Scale test car
Speeder
Spiker
Spreader
Tamper
Tie inserter
Tool car
Tower car
Track geometry car
Weed sprayer
52

Maintenance of way (crane)

53

Maintenance of way (Hand car)

54

55

(
)
(
)
( )
( )

56

( )



.

.
( )
.

57



12
30
15
21.

58



.
( 1500 3000)
.
( )
.
59


.
.
:

60


.


.
.

61

62

63



.
9
.


.

64

65

: :



( )
( )
: (
)
( )
66

67

.
wheel
.sets

.
bogie truck
.


center-plate
bolster .
:
a stub,
a center-plate,
and a kingpin.
68

69

( )


center plate
.
.
.
( )kingpin .

.

70

71

 Bolster


.

()

.

72

 Bolster

73

.

.

.
.

 springs
:

74

 springs
:



()


75

76

77



:


/
78

79

80

.
81


:



.
82




.


.
83

84

85

86

87

88


:
120 km/s

89


:





90




.
.
1950
.

91


Three Piece Bogie
:
-1 Bolster
2 3 Side frames
.

92

93



:
Secondary Suspension
Articulated
Primary Suspension
Unique
94

95

.
.

.
.

.
.



.

.

96

97

98

:
99

100

:
. .
- .

101

.
.

.

102

103

104


.
H . . . . - .

105



Y25 -1
Gloucester GPS -2
British Acclamation -3
Wagon Union -4
Symington XL -5
106

 Y25
. Maxi ride .
I.
.

107

 Y25

.

108

 Y25

109

Wagon Union Bogie

-

110

.
() .
.
( )
.
H H665 .

Wagon Union Bogie

.
U . - 20 .

111

.
.
.
.

112

113

.

.

.
.
.

114

115



.

.
.

.
116

 ()

117

.
.
.

.
2/1
.

()
135mm
75mm .
()

.

118

()

.

.

119

()

120

()
.
.

.

.

 ()


.

.
.

121

122

1360
135
75
27 36

 ()

123

.
.


.

.

124


:
( )

.
( )

.

125


.


.
.

126



.
) (Rail gauge
.
( B
B .)1

127

:1

128


.
.
e = 1435 mm.
%75 %10
e= 1524 mm.
1 .

129

 ( :)1

1676 mm
1670 mm
1524 mm

Broad Gauge

1435 mm

Standard

1067 mm


760 mm

130

Narrow

:2
131


.
.



.

132




.

.
( )... .

133

134

U36
)(50 Kg/m

135

136

.

.
.
UIC

 UIC
UIC
)UIC50 (50.18 Kg/m
)UIC54 (54.43 Kg/m
)UIC60 (60.34 Kg/m
)UIC71 (71.19 Kg/m
137

 UIC50 UIC54
138

 UIC60 UIC71
139


.
UIC50 UIC60
.
UIC71 .
Day Load 25000ton UIC50
25000ton Day Load 35000ton
)UIC50(wooden slabs) or UIC60(concrete slabs
Day Load 35000ton UIC60
140

141


85/0 05/1
1 .
75/0 .

. .

. .
(
).

142


( ) .
:
() .

.

.

143


65 70
30 .

.
.

144

145

.

.

.
Track
. guidance of the wheel

146


(
)
.

.
( )
.

147

148

149

150

.

.
.

.


(Lateral
) movement of wheelset .

.

.

.

151

152

153

 ( )

154




.
Klingel 1883
.
) (y
y (radius of
) circles in center position .
155



2y .

156



.
:
) r y R ( S 2

) r y R ( S 2
157


:
= r )(r = 400mm 550mm
= R
= S )(1500 mm
= )(1:20
= y
158


) (1/R y (1/R)= y

2
y
y0
rS
y = 0 :
x
y y0 sin(2 ) y
l
159


= yo = L :
rS
L 2
2

) (fwc .

160


:
r=0.5m, S=1.435m , =1/20
L=16m .
. L= 22m = 1/40
:
2

y
ym ax 4 yo 2
L
2

161



) (fwc .

yo fwc/2
.
162


yo
( yo )
) (Hunting
.

163

164

165


Propulsive Resistance

166

.
.
.
.
( )1 .


()1

167



.

.
.

168

 -1

169

) (Train Resistance
.


.
.

.

 1-1
Rolling Resistance

170

.
.

.

]r1=(1000C)/R [kgf/tf] R1= rGt [kgf


:
= c ()
( )
= r1
= R1
= Gt )(ton
= R

171

r1=(1000C)/R [kgf/tf]
R1= rGt [kgf]
172

 1-2
Bearing (Journal) Resistance

:

] [kgf tf

1000rH
r2
RG

.
) (Roller Bearing
( ) .
173

] [kgf tf
174

1000rH
r2
RG

 1-3
Track Resistance
(
) .
.

175


.
40 60
0.2 kgf/tf .

176

 1-4
Flange Resistance
.

.

177

 1-5
Air Resistance
:

178

( )

.
.

179


.
:
ra = r5 = K.A.V
][kgf/tf
= V
= A )(10-12m2
= K 2 .

180

 :2 )(K
K=0.0 (Well Streamlined) . K1

)K=(0.000036)A (Blunt

( ) .
( ) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(Cowled Diaphragmes
181

K=0.0 K2

K=(0.000061)A
)K=0.0 (Faired
K=0.00026

)K=0.0 (Faired
K=(0.00013)n

K3
K4

K=0.0 K5

K=(0.000037) Pc.n

 ( :2)
( ) .
( ) .
( ) .

)K=0.0 (No Bluge

K=(0.00032)A
K=(0.00051)A

)(Well Shroud
.
K=(0.0005)no (Open Shroud) .
K=(0.018)no (Short Shroud) .

K=0.0

K7

)K=0.0 (Helmet
() .
( ) K=0.0021 (Straight Nose) .
)K=0.0026 (Round Nose
() .

K8

K=0.0
K=0.0035

K9

() .
.

182

K6


.
rt = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5
][kgf/tf

183

 ( )
.

.

.

184

 ( )
:
-

() -

185

 ( )
)(Schmitt Tuthill Experiments

1940
5
16 km/hr (
).
( )3 .

186

]Speed [km/hr

(
-)

187


Use up to 40 mph only)(
W=15 tons;
R=7.15+0.085V+0.00175V2
W= 20
R=6.30+0.087V+0.00126V2
W= 25
R=5.60+0.077V+0.00116V2
W= 30
R=5.02+0.066V+0.00116V2
W= 35
R=4.49+0.060V+0.00108V2
W= 40
R=4.15+0.041V+0.00134V2
W= 45
R=3.82+0.031V+0.00140V2
W= 50
R=3.56+0.024V+0.00140V2
W= 55
R=3.38+0.016V+0.00142V2
W= 60
R=3.19+0.016V+0.00132V2
W= 65
R=3.06+0.014V+0.00130V2
W= 70
R=2.92+0.021V+0.00111V2
W= 75
R=2.87+0.019V+0.00113V2
W is the weight per car in tons and V is the speed in miles per hour.
When

188


Use above 40 mph only)(
W= 20
R=2.00+0.040V+0.00500V2
W= 25
R=1.20+0.030V+0.00480V2
W= 30
R=1.20+0.020V+0.00450V2
W= 35
R=0.80+0.022V+0.00410V2
W= 40
R=1.10+0.010V+0.00380V2
W= 45
R=0.55+0.020V+0.00351V2
W= 50
R=0.60+0.010V+0.00340V2
W= 55
R=0.40+0.013V+0.00375V2
W= 60
R=0.45+0.015V+0.00310V2
W= 65
R=0.35+0.010V+0.00300V2
W= 70
R=0.59+0.002V+0.00295V2
W= 75
R=0.53+0.002V+0.00290V2
W is the weight per car in tons and V is the speed in miles per hour
When

189

 ( )
)(W.J. Davis

:
]rt =1.3+(29/W)+bV+(CAV2/Wn) [Lb/t
= W ( = n )ton
= A )(ft2
= V )(mph
C = b 4 .
190

 :4
A (ft2)

Locomotives - 50 tons

105

0.03

0.0024

Locomotives - 70 tons

110

0.03

0.0024

Locomotives 100 tons +

120

0.03

0.0024

Locomotives - Streamlined

120

0.03

0.0017

85-90

0.045

0.0005

120

0.03

0.00034

Motor Cars in Trains

80-110

0.045

0.0024

Motor cars - single

80-110

0.045

0.0024

Equipment Type

Freight Cars
Passenger Cars

If configuration is unconventional, measure actual size and add 5 to 10%

for skin friction and turbulence.

191

 ( )
)(Modified Davis

:
][lb/t

KV 2
20

rt 0.6 0.01V
W
Wn

K .
K = 0.07 K = 0.16 K
= 0.09 .
192

 ( )

:
rt = 3.5 + 0.04 (V/10)2
][kgf/tf
:
rt = 2.5 + (1/K)(V/10)2
][kgf/tf
:
K=50 K=40
K=30 .
193


Route Resistance
.

.
) ):(Grade Resistance

.

194

) )(Grade Resistance
) ( .

.

195

 )(Grade Resistance
g = 0.8%
rg= 8 kgf/tf . Gt=2500ton
:
Rg = rg(Gt) = 8(2500) = 20000 kgf

.

196

197

) )(Curve Resistance
.

.

.

198

199

200

 )(Curve Resistance
() .

201

 Rock :
rcv= 650 (R - 55) , R 350m
rcv = 530 (R - 35) , R = 250-350m
rcv = 500 (R - 30) , R 250m

.
1 %04
.
202

 )(Acceleration Resistance

.
.

.

203

 :
][tf

)Fa = R8 = m.a = (G/g).(dv/dt

)= (G/g).(vf vi)/(tf ti)= (G/g).(Vf Vi)/(3.6t

Vi Vf
:
)L = [(vf + vi) / 2].t t = (2L) / (vf + vi
] t = (7.2L) / (V f+ Vi) [sec
204

 =Vi ] =Vf [km/h ][km/h

vi =vf ] =L [m/s ] =t [m
] [sec.

:
1

] [tf

G V f Vi 7.2L

Fa
g 3.6 V f Vi
2

] [kgf / tf

205

V Vi
Fa
fa
4
Gt
L
2
f

206

207

.
( ) .

...
.

.

 )(Deceleration Resistance

.
:
)
) ()

) (
.) Ft = 0.0
208

) )(Braking
(
) Ft=0.0
.


.

209

210

.
) (Air Brake
) (Vacuum Brake.
) (MU
.
.
70 110 psi.


) (emergency reservoir
.

P ( ).
Fb .

211

 W Fb (
).

212


W
( )
(
) ( ).
.

213

db = (4.17V2)/(rb+r), Fb = R.W.e.f
= R ) (Braking Ratio 9/0
65/0 .
= f
= W
= db ][m
= V ( V2
Vf2-Vi2 ) ].[km/h
= rb ].[kgf/tf
= r ].[kgf/tf
214

 e
.

215

) )(Retardation
()

r = rt + rg
) (r Ft
:
2

V Vi
2
f

L
216

fa 4

) Ft = 0.0
) (Ft = 0.0


fa = -rt

217

218

.
.
.

.

.



.
.
) (Tractive effort
:
)Ft = (270N/V).(n).(
= Ft ] = N [kgf ] = V [hp ]= n [km/h
= ( ) .

219

220



.


.

221



) (Fa=Ft-Rt
.
:
Fa = Ft - R

Fa = -R
):(Ft=0.0
Fa = Rb - R :
222

 ()
0.0%.

223

 0.0%.

224

225


) (wheelset
) (steering ) (support .

.

:

226

227


Creep
Adhesion
Wear

228

 ) (creep
) (adhesion ) (wear .

--
.
--
. :
-

229



.


.
.

230

231

.

) )Hertzs static theory .
.
) (creep or creepage
.

232


.( Carter)

(lateral) ( longitudinal)
:
actual. forward .velocity pure.rolling. forward .velocity
x
pure.rolling. forward .velocity

actual.lateral.velocity pure.rolling.lateral.velocity
y
pure.rolling. forward .velocity
233

Spin Creep
( spin creep)

.
sp

angular.velocity.of .upperbody angular.velocity.of .lowerboddy

pure.rolling. forward .velocity

( complete bodily slip)

.( sliding)

234

235

) (slip ) (adhesion
.
.
.
) (tangential forces- creep forces
.


) (strain .

.

( ) .

236

237

Simplified Theory
Exact Theory
Dynamic Theory
Quasi-Static Theory
Three Dimensional Theory
Two Dimensional Theory
238


( )

.
) (slipping
.
) (sliding
.

239

) = (F/W

= F () FT
= W

.
) (wheel treads
.
240



.
:
241


driving idling
braking.

:V
:
:W
:F )(adhesion force
) :f = (F/W V-r
slip ratio (V-r)/V.
242

243


.
)1 Vehicle factors
. 244


)2
-

)3
relative slip245


:
() average adhesion true adhesion
.

.
246

247


Muller dry rail
2. Muller wet rail
Andrews dry rail
4. Andrews wet rail
Bager and Ottoson locomotive with rod drive
Bager and Ottoson locomotive with individual axle
drive
7. Curtius and Knlffler dry rail
8. Curtius nad Kniffler wet rail, upper limit
9. Curtius and Kniffler wet rail, lower limit
10. Nouvion minimum
11. Nouvion minimum
12. Koffman
1.
3.
5.
6.

248



.

:
)1 ) (radial alignment
.
.

249

250


)2

)3
sliding friction
)4
)5
.
251

252


Adhesive wear
mild
severe .
.


.
.

253


Abrasive wear


.
.

abrasive .

254


Corrosive wear
.

Delaminating wear

255

Optical rail and wheel measurement using high speed lasers

and cameras.

256

Optical rail profile measurement system provides immediate feedback

on the profile and wear condition of the rail whilst traveling at track
speeds.

257

Cameras capture full cross-sectional rail profiles from the base/web

fillet area up to the top-of-rail surface to allow comprehensive and
accurate rail measurements.

258

Rail profile data. measuring for freight, high-speed, transit and light
rail systems.

259

260