)

( )
Ordinary Ray (
) Extra-
ordinary Ray (.

.Double Refraction

Light

 Calcite

.Double Refraction
Iceland
Spar .

)
(Anisotropic minerals
) (O
) (

) (E
) (.

 Calcite
)( ) (C .
) (C
.Double Refraction

. .Optical Axis

Anisotropic minerals:
.
)
) Ordinary (O
) Extra-ordinary (E
(.
.
.

 . .
. )
(
.Dimetric
)) (C
(.

E-ray
O-ray
mineral

. )
(
.Trimetric
) (.

PPL

E
lower polarizer

 Uniaxial Indicatrix

.
.
)(nE

Ellipsoid of
Rotation
) (nO

).(nE

(nE>nO) Prolate Oblate
) .(nO>nE nO nE
.

nO

)(nO

Oblate
nO>nE
Prolate
nE>nO

nO nE
.Birefringence


Principal
section
Ellipse

nE nO .
Equatorial
section Circle
.nO
Random
sections
nO 'nE
nE .nO

)(nE
)(nE

)(nE



)
(Equatorial section


.

.

.
Analyzer



.



)
(Principal section

.


.
Birefringence
.
Analyzer



.



nO ' nE nE
) .nO (Random section

.

.

Birefringence
' nE .nE
Analyzer


.

 Optical Properties in PPL

Color and
Pleochroism

Anisotropic

) Dichroic (
) Trichroic ( .


.


.Pleochroism

Biotite

Biotite

Biotite

 Twinkling
.Twinkling
nE nO .Canada Balsam
nO=1.658 .nE=1.57 nE
) ( nO
.

 Crossed Polars
Interference Colors

. :
.

.
Birefringence and path difference
.
) ( Path
) Difference (Retardation

] . =)-.[(

.

.Extinction Positions


Path difference
.

 ) (
.
.
.



.
.
nO and nE
) (n
).((n+1/2)
. nO and nE

.

 .

.
) (

) (.
.

.
nO and nE
:
- ) (n
) ((n+1/2)
.
- nO and nE
) ((n+1/2)
) (n
) (.

.
.
.

.
.

)((n+1/2)

)(n

 nO and nE
.
)
(
nO and nE
) ( .

.

 ) (



.

0.2mm
.



:
. )
(
. )
(
. )
(.

4th

3rd

2nd

1st

 Birefringence

nO and nE
.
)
Path
Difference
(
) (Retardation

] .
=)- .[(
.



.

 Extinction and
Extinction Angle

)(.

)
Cleavage (
)
(.
=
.Parallel
<
.Inclined
= 45
.Symmetrical

Parallel Extinction

Inclined Extinction

Symmetrical
Extinction

Slow

Fast Slow

.
Gypsum Plate
.



) ( ) (


.
) (
Mica Plate
.

) ( .
) (1/4
.

Fast

Slow

Fast



.
:
.
.
nO or nE

.
.
.
:
-
) ( ) (

) (

) ( )
( .
.
) (Addition

Addition

 -
) (
) (


)
( .

.
) (Substraction
)
(

Compensation .


) (Length Fast )(Length Slow

.


Length Fast
) Negative
(.


Length Slow
) .Positive
- (.


Uniaxial Minerals in Convergent Polarized Light


.Interference Figures


.
:
.
.
.

.
.

.


) (Isogyres
.(Isochromatic curves



.

 ) (
Centered Optic Axis Interference Figure

) (C


.Melatope

.
Birefringence
.
Birefringence

.
Birefringence

Diffused .

High Birefringence
OR High thickness
of the section

Low Birefringence
OR low thickness of
the section

 ) (
Off-Centered Optic Axis Interference Figure

) (C
. Melatope

)
(.

.
Melatope

.

.

 Flash Figure

) (C

.
.

.


.

a = cut perpendicular to the

optic axis

b = cut inclined to the optic axis

c = cut very inclined to the

optic axis

d = cut parallel to the plane of the

optic axis

Different optical
figures with the
variation in the
inclination of
the section

 Optic Sign Determination

> nE
nO .VE < VO

nO > nE .VO < VE



.
)
(

) (.


.


.

 :
.
)( ) ( .
)( .
.
Slow
Fast

)(Zircon

)(Quartz

 :
.
)( ) ( .
)( .
.
Slow
Fast

)(Calcite

)(Apatite

) -(.

) -(.

 :
.
) ( .
.
.
:
) (.