.

) (
)
( .


.
)(

Corpuscular Theory

.

) -(
Wave Theory

Electromagnetic
Waves
.


.
) Quantum Theory(
. .Quanta

 Visible Light
) (
.Prism

Visible Light )
(nm
.Prism


Monochromatic
.Light

Color

()

f (*1014 Hz)

Energy (*10-19 J)

Violet

4000 -4600

7.5 -6.5

5.0 - 4.3

Indigo

4600 -4750

6.5 -6.3

4.3 - 4.2

Blue

4750 -4900

6.3 -6.1

4.2 - 4.1

Green

4900 -5650

6.1- 5.3

4.1 - 3.5

Yellow

5650- 5750

5.3 -5.2

3.5 - 3.45

Orange

5750 -6000

5.2 -5.0

3.45 -3.3

Red

6000 -8000

5.0 -3.7

3.3 -2.5


Important Definitions

Isotropic substances


)
(.

Liquids and gases

Glass

Isotropic substances

Anisotropic substances


.

Anisotropic substances

 Light Ray

) ( Beam

)Wave length (

)Amplitude (A

 Time period

)( .
Crest Trough

.
Frequency

)
(.
= Speed of wave, v
frequency, f x
wavelength,

In-phase waves


)(

.

Out-of-phase waves

In-phase waves

)(

.
Out-of-phase waves

 Phase Difference


.
Path Difference


.
Phase Difference
Path Difference

.

 Path
) Difference (retardation

)(
..

.
Wave front


.

 Ray

Ray Surface
Velocity Surface

. Spherical
)
(Wave Front
Ellipsoid .
Wave Normal

.
)
(
)
(
.

 Wave Interference





) (

Constructive
.Interference

Resultant
wave


.



) (

Destructive
.Interference

Resultant
wave
) Amplitude
(
.

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference

Constructive and Destructive Interfered Wave on thin film

(Youngs experiment).







.Reflection

)
Specular
(regular) Reflection

.

Diffuse

Reflection

(.




.Refraction

.Refringence


).Refractive Index (n
) (n
)(
) (

.
Snell's law

)n1 / n2 =sin(1) / sin(2

 .

.

) (
.
)(
)
) (n
). ((


.Normal Dispersion
.

Abnormal
.Dispersion

+
)(n

)(
+

 Normal Dispersion
.Diamond 2.407
2.465 Total Dispersion 0.058
0.021
.
)( .Refringence
Refringence.

)n=1/V (in the mineral

)(for the light in the mineral

 Total Reflection and Critical Angle

) (
)= (1
)=) (1.5
(

.
)
(
.


.

.Critical angle

=1
=1.5

 Total reflection
.

Glass
Sin C = 1/n2
C: is the critical angle

) (
) ( .
.

velocity in air
velocity in mineral

=n

.
:
Immersion Method
Becke Line Method
Central Illumination Method
Oblique Illumination Method
.

n1
n2
n2>n1
n2
n1
n2<n1

 Immersion Method

.
.

 Relief

Relief

Canada

.Balsam
)
(
) (.

) nmin > nbalsam
(Garnet
) nbalsam > nmin
(Fluorite

)Hi relief (+
nmin > nbalsam

)Hi relief (-
nbalsam > nmin

:
High
Moderate
Low
Garnet (high relief)

Olivine (Moderate relief)

Quartz (Low relief)

plag

olivine

Olivine has high relief

Plagioclase has low relief

olivine: n=1.64-1.88
plagioclase: n=1.53-1.57
balsam: n=1.54

 Becke Line Method

) (

.Canada balsam
.

nmin > nbalsam

:
.

.nmin > nbalsam
.

.nmin < nbalsam

nmin < nbalsam

 ) (
) (.



)
( .


.


.
Plane
Polarized Circular
.Elliptical

light vibrates in
all
planes
that
contain
the light ray
(i.e., all planes
perpendicular to
the propagation
direction

propagation
direction
plane of
vibration
vibration
direction

Elliptically Polarized Light

Plane
Polarized
Light

Circularly Polarized Light

 :
. Polarization by
) Reflection (


.

.


.
Differential
Absorption
) (


.

.

Tourmaline
.Biotite

Double
.

)
Refraction
(


.

Nicol Prism
.


Ordinary
Extra-ordinary .

nE= 1.51
nbalsam= 1.51

nO= 1.51